Symptoms of anxiety and depression in young adults: Genetic and environmental influences on stability and change

Twin Research and Human Genetics

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 450-461

  Nes, Ragnhild B ^a   Røysamb, Espen ^a,b   Reichborn Kjennerud, Ted ^a,b   Harris, Jennifer R ^a   Tambs, Kristian ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ADULTHOOD; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BIOMETRY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; DIZYGOTIC TWINS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC RISK; HERITABILITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MONOZYGOTIC TWINS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; QUESTIONNAIRES; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; TWINS, DIZYGOTIC; TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC;

EID: 34250845089     PISSN: 18324274     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1375/twin.10.3.450     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Aalto-Setälä, T., Maruunen, M., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Poikolainen, K., & Lönnquist, J., (2001). One-month prevalence of depression and other DSM-IV disorders among young adults. Psychological Medicine, 31, 791-801.
2. Agrawal, A., Jacobsen, K., Gardner, C. O., Prescott, K., & Kendler, K. S. (2004). A population based twin study of sex differences in depressive symptoms. Twin Research, 7, 176-181.
3. Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317-332.
4. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480.
5. Bienvenu O. J., Brown C., Samuels J. F., Liang K. Y., Costa P. T., Eaton W. W., & Nestadt G. (2001). Normal personality traits and comorbidity among phobic, panic, and major depressive disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Psychiatry Research, 102, 73-85.
6. Bogner, H. R., & Gallo, J. J. (2004). Are higher rates of depression in women accounted for by differential symptom reporting? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 126-132.
7. Burke, K. C., Burke, J. D., Regier, D. A., & Rae, D. S. (1990). Age at onset of selected mental disorders in five community populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 511-518.
8. Carmelli, D., Swan, G. E., Kelly-Hayes, M., Wolf, P. A., Reed, T., & Miller, B. (2000). Longitudinal changes in the contribution of genetic and environmental influences to symptoms of depression in older male twins. Psychology and Aging, 15, 505-510.
9. Eley, T. C., & Stevenson, J. (1999). Exploring the covariation between anxiety and depression symptoms: A genetic analysis of the effects of age and sex. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40, 1273-1282.
10. Fanous, A., Gardner, C. O., Prescott, C. A., Cancro, R., & Kendler, K. S. (2002). Neuroticism, major depression and gender: A population-based twin study. Psychological Medicine, 32, 719-728.
11. Foley, D. L., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2001). Genetic and environmental risk factors for depression assessed by subject-rated Symptom Check List versus Structured Clinical Interview. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1413-1423.
12. Gillespie, N., Evans, D. M., Wright, M. J., & Martin, N. G. (2004). Genetic Simplex modeling of Eysenck's dimensions of personality in a sample of young Australian twins. Twin Research, 7, 637-648.
13. Gillespie, N., Kirk, K. M., Evans, D. M., Heath, A. C., Hickie, I. B., & Martin, N. G. (2004). Do the genetic and environmental determinants of anxiety and depression change with age? A longitudinal study of Australian twins. Twin Research, 7, 39-53.
14. Goldberg, D., Rickels, K., & Downing, R. (1976). A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 61-67.
15. Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1988) A User's Guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor, Berks: NFER - Nelson.
16. Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 128-140.
17. Happonen, M., Pulkkinen, L., Kaprio, J., van der Meere, J., Viken, R. J., & Rose, R. J. (2002). The heritability of depressive symptoms: Multiple informants and multiple measures. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 671-689.
18. Harris, J. R., Prescott, C. A., Rønning, T., Kendler, K. S., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Torgersen, S., & Tambs, K (2006). The effects of non-response and attrition on quantitative genetic studies of personality disorders. Manuscript in preparation.
19. Hesbacher, P. T., Rickels, R., Morris, R. J., Newman, H., & Rosenfeld, M. D. (1980). Psychiatric illness in family practice. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 6-10.
20. Hettema, J. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2004). Genetic and environmental sources of covariation between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1581-1587.
21. Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., Myers, J. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2006). A Population-based twin study of the relationship between neuroticism and internalizing disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 857-864.
22. Jardine, R., Martin, N. G., Henderson, A. S., & Rao, D. C. (1984). Genetic covariation between neuroticism and the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Genetic Epidemiology, 1, 89-107.
23. Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., & Prescott, A. C. (2002). Toward a comprehensive developmental model for major depression in women. American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 1133-1145.
24. Kendler, K. S., Gatz, M., Gardner, C. O., & Pedersen, N. (2006). A Swedish national twin study of lifetime major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 109-114.
25. Kendler, K. S., Heath, A., Martin, N. G., & Eaves, L. J. (1986). Symptoms of anxiety and depression in a volunteer twin population. The etiologic role of genetic and environmental factors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 213-221.
26. Kendler, K. S., & Karkowski-Shuman, L. (1997). Stressful life events and genetic liability to major depression: Genetic control of exposure to the environment. Psychological Medicine, 27, 539-547.
27. Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., & Prescott, A. C. (2005). Sex differences in the relationship between social support and risk for major depression: A longitudinal study of opposite-sex twin pairs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 250-256.
28. Kendler, K. S., Neale, M., Kessler, R. Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992). Depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Same genes, (partly) different environments? Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 716-722.
29. Kendler, K. S., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J., & Neale, M. C. (2003). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in women and men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 929-937.
30. Kendler, K. S., Thornton, L. M., & Prescott, A. C. (2001). Gender differences in the rates of exposure to stressful life events and sensitivity to their depressogenic effects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 587-593.
31. Kendler, K. S., Walter, E. E., Truett, K. T., Heath, A. C., Neale, M. C., Martin, N. G., & Eaves, L. J. (1994). Sources of individual differences in depressive symptoms: Analysis of two samples of twins and their families. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1605-1614.
32. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H. U., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 5, 8-19.
33. Kirk, K. M., Birley, A. J., Statham, D. J., Haddon, B., Lake, R. I., Andrews, J. G., & Martin, N. G. (2000). Anxiety and depression in twin and sib pairs extremely discordant and concordant for neuroticism: prodromus to a linkage study. Twin Research, 3, 299-309.
34. Koeter, M. W. (1992). Validity of the GHQ and SCL anxiety and depression scales: A comparative study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 24, 271-279.
35. Kringlen, E., Torgersen, S., & Cramer, V. (2001). A Norwegian psychiatric epidemiological study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1091-1098.
36. Krishnan, K. R. (2002). Biological risk factors in late life depression. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 185-192.
37. Krueger, R. K. (1999). The structure of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 921-926.
38. Loehlin, L. C. (1992). Genes and environment in personality development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
39. Maciejewski, P. K., Prigerson, H. G., & Mazure, C. M. (2001). Sex differences in event-related risk for major depression. Psychological Medicine, 31, 593-604.
40. Magnus, P., Berg, K., & Nance, W. E. (1983). Predicting zygosity in Norwegian twin pairs born 1915-1960. Clinical Genetics, 24, 103-112.
41. McGue, M., Bacon, S., & Lykken, D.T. (1993). Personality stability and change in early adulthood: A behavioral genetic analysis. Developmental Psychology, 29, 96-109.
42. Merikangas, K. R., Zhang, H., Avenevoli, S., Acharyya, S., Neuenschwander, M., & Angst, J. (2005). Longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety in a prospective community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 993-1000.
43. Narrow, W. E., Rae, D. S., Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. A. (2002). Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States: Using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile 2 surveys' estimates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 115-123.
44. Nazroo, J. Y., Edwards, A. C., & Brown, G.W. (1997). Gender differences in the onset of depression following a shared life event: A study of couples. Psychological Medicine, 27, 9-19.
45. Neale, M. C., Boker, S. M., Xie, G., & Maes, H. (1999). Mx: Statistical modeling (5th ed.). Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia.
46. Neale, M. C., & Cardon, L. R. (1992). Methodology for genetic studies of twins and families. Dordrect: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
47. Neale, M. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1993). Estimating and controlling for the effects of volunteer bias with pairs of relatives. Behavior Genetics, 23, 271-277.
48. Neale, M. C., Eaves, L. J., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). The power of the classical twin study to resolve variation in threshold traits. Behavior Genetics, 24, 239-258.
49. Neale, M. C., & Maes, H.M. (2003). Methodology for genetic studies of twins and families. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisherts B.V.
50. Nes, R. B., Røysamb, E., Tambs, K., Harris, J. R., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2006). Subjective well-being: Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1033-1042.
51. Newman, D. L., Moffitt, T. E, Caspi, A., & Stanton, W. R. (1996). Psychiatric disorder in a birth cohort of young adults: Prevalence, comorbidity, clinical significance and new case incidence from ages 11 to 21. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 552-562.
52. Rice, F., Harold, G. T., & Thapar, A. (2002). Assessing the effects of age, sex and shared environment on the genetic aetiology of depression in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 1039-1051.
53. Rijsdijk, F. V., Schnieder, H., Ormel, J., Sham, P., Goldberg, D. P., & Spector, T. D. (2003). Genetic and environmental influences on psychological distress in the population: General Health Questionnaire analyses in UK twins. Psychological Medicine, 33, 793-801.
54. Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. A. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press.
55. Schmitz, S., Cherny, S. S., & Fulker, D. W. (1998). Increase in power through multivariate analyses. Behavior Genetics, 28, 357-363.
56. Scourfield, J., Rice, F., Thapar, A., Harold, G. T., Martin, N., & McGuffin, P. (2003). Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: Changing aetiological influences with development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 968-976.
57. Tambs, K., Harris, J. R., & Magnus, P. (1995). Sex-specific causal factors and effects of common environment for symptoms of anxiety and depression in twins. Behavior Genetics, 25, 33-44.
58. Tambs, K., & Mourn, T. (1993). How well can a few questionnaire items indicate anxiety and depression? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 87, 364-367.
59. Vollebergh, W. A. M., Iedema, J., Bijl, R. V., de Graaf, R., Smit, F., & Ormel, J. (2001). The structure and stability of common mental disorders: The Nemesis Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 5, 597-603.
60. Wittchen, H. U., Nelson, C. B., & Lachner, G. (1998). Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychological Medicine, 28, 109-126.