Biological strategies to counteract the effects of mycotoxins

Journal of Food Protection

Volumn 72, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 2006-2016

  Kabak, Bulent ^a   Dobson, Alan D W ^b  

^a HITIT UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

MYCOTOXIN;

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL; BIOSYNTHESIS; CEREAL; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD CONTROL; FOOD HANDLING; FUNGUS; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HUMAN; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; PRODUCT SAFETY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CEREALS; CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD HANDLING; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; FUNGI; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; MYCOTOXINS; PEST CONTROL, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 70349436110     PISSN: 0362028X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-72.9.2006     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Abrunhosa, L., R. Serra, and A. Venâncio. 2002, Biodegradation of ochratoxin A by fungi isolated from grapes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:7493-7496.
2. Alberts, J. F., Y. Engelbrecht, P. S. Steyn, W. H. Holzapfel, and W, H. van Zyl. 2006. Biological degradation of AFB1 by Rhodococcus erythropolis cultures. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 109:121-126.
3. Aravind, K. L., V. S. Patil, G. Devegowda, B. Umakantha, and S. P. Ganpule. 2003. Efficacy of esterified glucomannan to counteract mycotoxicosis in naturally contaminated feed on performance and serum biochemical, haematological parameters in boilers. Poult. Sci. 82:571-576.
4. Avantaggiato, G., R. Havenaar, and A. Visconti. 2004. Evaluation of the intestinal absorption of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol by an in vitro gastrointestinal model, and the binding efficacy of activated carbon and other adsorbent materials. Food Chem. Toxicol. 42:817824.
5. Baptista, A. S., A. L. Abdalla, C. L. Aguiar, A. A. S. Baptista, D. Micheluchi, A. C. Zampronio, D. S. Pires, E. M. Gloria, M. A. Calori-Domingues, J. M. M. Walder, M. R. Vizioli, and J. Horii. 2008. Utilization of diets amended with yeast and amino acids for the control of aflatoxicosis. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24: 2547-2554.
6. Basmacioglu, H., H. Oǧuz, M. Ergül, R. Col, and Y. O. Birdane. 2005. Effect of dietary esterified glucomannan on performance, serum biochemistry and haematology in broilers exposed to aflatoxin. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 50:31-39.
7. Bata, A., and R. Lásztity. 1999. Detoxification of mycotoxincontaminated food and feed by microorganisms. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 10:223-228.
8. Baxter, E. D., I. R, Slaiding, and B. Kelly. 2001. Behavior of ochratoxin A in brewing. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 59:98-100.
9. Bejaoui, H., F, Mathieu, P. Taillandier, and A. Lebrihi. 2006. Biodegradation of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus section Nigri species isolated from French grapes: a potential means of ochratoxin A decontamination in grape juices and musts. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 255:203-208.
10. 1 by a bacterial strain isolated from soil. Biodegradation 17:31-38.
11. Bleve, G., F. Grieco, G. Cozzi, A. Logrieco, and A. Visconti. 2006. Isolation of epiphytic yeasts with potential for biocontrol of Aspergillus carbonarius and A. niger on grape. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 108:204-209.
12. 12. Bolognani, F., C. J. Rumney, and I. R. Rowland. 1997. Influence of carcinogen binding by lactic acid-producing bacteria on tissue distribution and in vivo mutagenicity of dietary carcinogens. Food Chem. Toxicol. 35:535-545. (Pubitemid 27273774)
13. Böswald, C., G. Engelhardt, H. Vogel, and P. R. Walnöfer. 1995. Metabolism of the Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol by yeast strains of technological relevance. Nat. Toxins 3:138-144.
14. Brown, R. L., P. J. Cotty, and T. E. Cleveland. 1991. Reduction in aflatoxin content of maize by atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. J. Food Prot. 54:623-626.
15. 15. Caridi, A. 2007. New perspectives in safety and quality enhancement of wine through selection of yeasts based on the parietal adsorption activity. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 30:167-172. (Pubitemid 350051495)
16. Caridi, A., F. Galvano, A. Tafuri, and A. Ritieni. 2006. Ochratoxin A removal during winemaking. Enzyme Microb. Technol, 40:122-126.
17. 17. Cecchini, F., M. Morassut, E, G. Moruno, and R. Di Stefano. 2006. Influence of yeast strain on ochratoxin A content during fermentation of white and red must. Food Microbiol. 23:411-417. (Pubitemid 43294589)
18. Chang, P.-K., and S. S. Hua, 2007. Nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus TX9-8 competitively prevents aflatoxin accumulation by A. flavus isolates of large and small sclerotial morphotypes. Int. J, Food Microbiol. 114:275-279.
19. Ciegler, A., E. B. Lillehoj, R. E. Peterson, and H. H. Hall. 1966. Microbial detoxification of aflatoxin. Appl. Microbiol. 14:934-939.
20. 20. Cleveland, T., P. F. Dowd, A. E. Desjardins, D. Bhatnagar, and P. J. Cotty. 2003, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on pre-harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in US crops. Pest Manag. Sci. 59:629-642. (Pubitemid 36741205)
21. 21. Coallier-Ascah, J., and E. S. Idziak, 1985. Interaction between Streptococcus lactis and Aspergillus flavus on production of aflatoxin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:163-167. (Pubitemid 15184418)
22. Cole, R. J., J. W, Dorner, and P. D. Blankenship. March 1994. Nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus parasiticus strains and their use in controlling aflatoxin contamination. U.S. patent 5,292,661.
23. 23. Corsetti, A., M. Gobbetti, J. Rossi, and P. Damiani. 1998. Antimould activity of sourdough lactic acid bacteria: identification of a mixture of organic acids produced by Lactobacillus sanfrancisco CBl. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 50:253-256. (Pubitemid 28414549)
24. Cotty, P, J. December 1992. Use of native Aspergillus flavus strains to prevent aflatoxin contamination. U.S. patent 5,171,686.
25. Cotty, P. J. 1994. Influence of field application of an atoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus on the populations of Aspergillus flavus infecting cotton bolls and on the aflatoxin content of cottonseed. Phytopathology 84:1270-1277.
26. 26. Dänicke, S., T. Goyarts, and H. Valenta. 2007. On the specific and unspecific effects of a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent on piglets when fed with uncontaminated or with Fusarium toxins contaminated diets. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 61:266-275. (Pubitemid 47147950)
27. Dawson, W. A. J. M., M. Jestoi, A. Rizzo, P. Nicholson, and G. L. Bateman. 2004. Field evaluation of fungal competitors of Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum, casual agents of ear blight of winter wheat, for the control of mycotoxin production in grain. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 14:783-799.
28. 28. Del Prete, V., H. Rodriguez, A. V. Carrascosa, B. De Las Rivas, E. Garcia-Moruno, and R. Muñoz. 2007. In vitro removal of ochratoxin A by wine lactic acid bacteria. J. Food Prot. 70:2155-2160. (Pubitemid 47479856)
29. De Muynck, C., A. I. J. Leroy, S. De Maeseneire, F. Amaut, W. Soetaert, and E. J, Vandamme. 2004. Potential of selected lactic acid bacteria to produce food compatible antifungal metabolites. Microbiol. Res. 159:339-346.
30. 30. Diamond, H., and B. M. Cooke. 2003. Preliminary studies on biological control of the Fusarium ear blight complex of wheat, Crop Prot. 22:99-107. (Pubitemid 35456612)
31. 1 by several potential sequestering agents. Mycopathologia 156:223-226.
32. Dorner, J. W., R. J. Cole, and P. D. Blankenship. 1998. Effect of inoculum rate of biological control agents on preharvest aflatoxin contamination of peanuts. Biol. Control 12:171-176.
33. Dorner, J. W., R. J. Cole, W. J. Connick, D. J. Daigle, M. R. McGuire, and B. S, Shasha. 2003. Evaluation of biological control formulations to reduce aflatoxin contamination in peanuts. Biol. Control 26:318-324.
34. Dorner, J, W., R. J. Cole, and D. T. Wicklow. 1999. Aflatoxin reduction in com through field application of competitive fungi., J. Food Prot. 62:650-656.
35. Dorner, J. W., and M., C. Lamb. 2006. Development and commercial use of afla-guard® an aflatoxin biocontrol agent. Mycotoxin Res. 21 : 33-38.
36. 1 degradation by Flavobacterium aurantiacum. J. Food Prot. 61:1666-1669.
37. 1 degradation by Flavobacterium aurantiacum. J. Food Prot. 63:102-105.
38. 1 degradation by Flavobacterium aurantiacum in the presence of reducing conditions and seryl and sulfhydryl group inhibitors, J., Food Prot. 64:268-271.
39. 39. Duvick, J, 2001. Prospects for reducing fumonisin contamination of maize through genetic modification. Environ. Health Perspect. 109: 337-342. (Pubitemid 32492797)
40. Duvick, J., T. Rood, and X. Wang, February 1998. Fumonisin detoxification enzymes. U.S. patent 5,716,820.
41. El-Gendy, S. M., and E. H. Marth. 1981. Growth of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in the presence of Lactobacillus casei. J. Food Prot. 44:211-212.
42. 42. El-Nezami, H., A. Chrevatidis, S. Auriola, S. Salminen, and H. Mykkänen. 2002. Removal of common Fusarium toxins in vitro by strains of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium. Food Addit. Contam. 19:680-686. (Pubitemid 34823527)
43. 43. El-Nezami, H., P. Kankaanpää, S. Salminen, and J. Ahokas. 1998. Ability of dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria to bind a common food carcinogen, aflatoxin B1. Food Chem. Toxicol. 36:321-326. (Pubitemid 28255345)
44. 44. El-Nezami, H., P. Kankaanpää, S. Salminen, and J. Ahokas. 1998. Physicochemical alterations enhance the ability of dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria to remove aflatoxin from contaminated media. J. Food Prot. 61:466-468. (Pubitemid 28219453)
45. 45. El-Nezami, H., H. Mykkänen, P. Kankaanpää, S. Salminen, and J. Ahokas. 2000. Ability of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium strains to remove aflatoxin Bi from the chicken duodenum. J. Food Prot. 63:549-552. (Pubitemid 30208712)
46. El-Nezami, H., H. Mykkänen, P. Kankaanpää, T. Soumalainen, S. Salminen, and J. Ahokas. 2000. Ability of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium to influence the faecal aflatoxin content in healthy Egyptian volunteers: a pilot clinical study. Biosci. Microflora 19:41-115
47. 47. Erginkaya, Z., C. Kavas, I. Var, B. Kabak, and M. Güven. 2004. Antifungal activity of several lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Arch. Lebensmittelhyg. 55:49-72. (Pubitemid 39081437)
48. 48. Evidente, A., C. Amalfitano, R. Pengue, and C. Altomare. 1999. High performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of fusapyrone and deoxyfusapyrone, two antifungal a-pyrones from Fusarium semitectum. Nat. Toxins 7:133-137. (Pubitemid 30232576)
49. 1 capacity of autochthonous strains of lactic acid bacteria. J. Food Prot. 72:189-192.
50. Fernando, W. G, D., Y. Chen, and P. Parks. 2002. Effect of three Bacillus sp. from wheat on FHB reduction, p. 73-76. In 2002 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum Proceedings. U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative, East Lansing, MI.
51. Florianowicz, T. 2001. Antifungal activity of some microorganisms against Penicillium expansum. Eur. J. Food Technol. 212:282-286.
52. 1. Food Addit. Contam. 24:416-420.
53. Food and Agriculture Organization. 1996. Basic facts on the world cereal situation. Food Outlook, 5/6, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
54. Fuchs, S., G. Sontag, R. Stidl, V. Ehrlich, M. Kundi, and S. Knasmüller. 2008. Detoxification of patulin and ochratoxin A, two abundant mycotoxins, by lactic acid bacteria, Food Chem. Toxicol. 46:1398-1407.
55. Galvano, F., A. Piva, A. Ritieni, and G. Galvano. 2001. Dietary strategies to counteract the effects of mycotoxins: a review. J. Food Prot. 64:120-131.
56. Garda, J., R, M. Macedo, R. Faria, L. Bemd, G. C. Dors, and E, Badiale-Furlong. 2005. Alcoholic fermentation effects on malt spiked with trichothecenes. Food Control 16:423-428.
57. Gourama, H. 1997. Inhibition of growth and mycotoxin production of Pénicillium by Lactobacillus species. Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. 30:279-283.
58. Gourama, H., and L, B. Bullerman. 1995, Antimycotic and antiaflatoxigenic effect of lactic acid bacteria. J. Food Prot. 58: 1275-1280.
59. Gourama, H., and L, B, Bullerman, 1997. Anti-aflatoxigenic activity of Lactobacillus casei subsp. pseudoplantarum. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 34:131-143.
60. Gratz, S., H. Mykkänen, A. C. Ouwehand, R, Juvonen, S. Salminen, and H. El-Nezami. 2004. Intestinal mucus alters the ability of probiotic bacteria to bind aflatoxin Bi in vitro. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:6306-6308.
61. Gwiazdowska, D., K. Czaczyk, M. Filipiak, and R. Gwiazdowski. 2008. Effects of Propionibacterium on the growth and mycotoxin production by some species of Fusarium and Alternaria. Pol. J. Microbiol. 57:205-212.
62. Haskard, C., C. Binnion, and J. Ahokas. 2000. Factors affecting the sequestration of aflatoxin by Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG. Chem. Biol. Interact. 128:39-49.
63. Hosoda, M., H. Hashimoto, H. Fang, K. Yamazaki, and A. Hosono. 1997, Inhibitory effect of milk cultured with Lactobacillus strains on the aflatoxin mutagenicity. Anim. Sci. Technol. 68:555-562.
64. Hua, S.-S, T., J. L. Baker, and M. Flores-Espiritu. 1999. Interactions of saprophytic yeasts with a nor mutant of Aspergillus flavus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:2738-2740.
65. Hussein, H. S, and J, M, Brasel, 2001, Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology 167:101-134.
66. Huwig, A., S. Freimund, O. Kappeli, and H. Dutler. 2001. Mycotoxin detoxification of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicol. Lett. 122:179-188.
67. Hwang, C.-A., and F. A, Draughon. 1994. Degradation of ochratoxin A by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. J. Food Prot. 57:410-414.
68. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1993. Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol. 56. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
69. Kabak, B., A. D. W. Dobson, and I. Var. 2006. Strategies to prevent mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed: a review. Crit, Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 46:593-619.
70. 1 by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. Milchwissenschaft 59: 301-303.
71. 1 from food model by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 43:617-624.
72. 72. Karaman, M., H. Basmacioglu, M. Ortatath, and H. Oǧuz. 2005. Evaluation of the detoxifying effect of yeast glucomannan on aflatoxicosis in broilers as assessed by gross examination and histopathology. Br. Poult. Sci. 46:394-400. (Pubitemid 40870185)
73. 73. Karlovsky, P, 1999. Biological detoxification of fungal toxins and its use in plant breeding, feet, and food production. Nat. Toxins 7:1-23. (Pubitemid 29397223)
74. Karunaratne, A., E, Wezenberg, and L. B, Bullerman. 1990. Inhibition of mold growth and aflatoxin production by Lactobacillus spp, J. Food Prot. 53:230-236.
75. Khan, M. R., and F, M. Doohan. 2009. Bacterium-mediated control of Fusarium head blight disease of wheat and barley and associated mycotoxin contamination of grain, Biol. Control 48:42-47.
76. Khan, N. I., D. A. Schisler, M. J. Boechm, P. J, Slininger, and R. J. Bohast. 2001. Selection and evaluation of microorganisms for biocontrol of Fusarium head blight of wheat indicated by Gibberella zeae. Plant Dis. 85:1253-1258.
77. Lahtinen, S. J., C., A. Haskard, A. C. Ouwehand, S, J. Salminen, and J. T. Ahokas. 2004, Binding of aflatoxin Bi to cell wall components of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG, Food Addit. Contam. 21: 158-164.
78. Laitila, A., H.-L. Alakomi, L. Raaska, T. Mattila-Sandholm, and A. Haikara. 2002. Antifungal activities of two Lactobacillus plantarum strains against Fusarium moulds in vitro and in malting of barley, J. Appl. Microbiol. 93:566-576.
79. 1 accumulation by Kluyveromyces isolates at different water activity conditions. Mycopathologia 162:347-353.
80. 80. Lavermicocca, P., F. Valerio, A, Evidente, S. Lazzaroni, A, Corsetti, and M. Gobbetti. 2000, Purification and characterization of novel antifungal compounds from the sourdough Lactobacillus plantarum strain 21B. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:4084-4090. (Pubitemid 30691895)
81. 81. Lind, H, H. Jonsson, and J. Schnürer. 2005. Antifungal effect of dairy Propionibacteria-contribution of organic acids. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 98:157-165. (Pubitemid 40164941)
82. 1 removal by Flavobacterium aurantiacum. J. Food Prot. 58:91-94.
83. Line, J. E., R. E. Bracken, and R, E. Wilkinson. 1994. Evidence for degradation of aflatoxin Bi by Flavobacterium aurantiacum. J. Food Prot. 57:788-791.
84. 1 by enzymes isolated from Armillariella tabascens. Food Chem. Toxicol. 36:563-574.
85. 1 contaminated com. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44:2058-2063.
86. Magnusson, J., K. Ström, S. Roos, J. Sjögren, and J. Schnürer. 2003. Broad and complex antifungal activity among environmental isolates. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 219:129-135.
87. 87. Megharaj, M., I. Garthwaite, and J. H. Thiele. 1997. Total biodegradation of the oestrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone by a bacterial culture. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 24:329-333. (Pubitemid 27239544)
88. Mokoena, M. P., P. K. Chelule, and N, Gqaleni. 2006. The toxicity and decreased concentration of aflatoxin Bi in natural lactic acid fermented maize meal. J. Appl. Microbiol. 100:773-777.
89. Moss, M. O., and M. T. Long. 2002. Fate of patulin in the presence of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Addit. Contam. 19:387-399.
90. Niderkom, V., H. Boudra, and D. P. Morgavi. 2006. Binding of Fusarium mycotoxins by fermentative bacteria in vitro. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:849-856.
91. Niku-Paavola, M.-L., A. Laitila, T. Mattila-Sandholm, and A. Haikara. 1999. New types of antimicrobial compounds produced by Lactobacillus plantarum. J. Appl. Microbiol. 86:29-35.
92. Nourozian, J., H. R. Etebarian, and G. Khodakaramian. 2006. Biological control of Fusarium graminearum on wheat by antagonistic bacteria. J. Sci. Technol. 28:29-38.
93. 1 to bifidobacteria in vitro. J. Food Prot. 63:1133-1136.
94. Palazzini, J. M., M. L. Ramirez, A. M. Torres, and S. N. Chulze. 2007. Potential biocontrol agents for Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol production in wheat, Crop Prot. 26:1702-1710.
95. 1 binding by dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2152-2156.
96. Peltonen, K., H. El-Nezami, M. Pierides, S. Salminen, and J. Ahokas. 2000. Binding of aflatoxin Bi by probiotic bacteria. J. Sci. Food Agric. 80:1942-1945.
97. Pereira, P., A. Nesci, and M. Etcheverry. 2007. Effects of biocontrol agents on Fusarium vertlcilltoides count and fumonisin content in the maize agroecosystem: impact on rhizospheric bacterial and fungal groups. Biol. Control 42:281-287.
98. 1 and ochratoxin A detoxification. J. Appl. Microbiol. 104:1495-1502.
99. Péteri, Z., J. Téren, J, Vagvölgyi, and J. Varga. 2007. Ochratoxin degradation and adsorption caused by astaxanthin-producing yeasts. Food Microbiol. 24:205-210.
100. Petersson, S., M. W. Hansen, K. Axberg, K. Huit, and J. Schnürer. 1998. Ochratoxin A accumulation in cultures of Penicillium verrucosum with the antagonistic yeast Pichia anomala and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mycol. Res. 102:1003-1008.
101. Petersson, S., and J, Schnürer. 1995. Biocontrol of mold in highmoisture wheat storage under airtight conditions by Pichia anómala, Pichia guillermondii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl, Environ. Microbiol, 61:1027-1032.
102. 1 and fumonisin Bi in mixed cultures of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium proliferation on maize. Nat. Toxins 7:331-336.
103. 1 in a food model. J. Food Prot. 63:645-650,
104. Pitt, J. I. 2000. Toxigenic fungi: which are important? Med, Mycol. 38:17-22.
105. Plocková, M., J. Tomanová, and J. Chumchalová. 1997. Inhibition of mould growth and spore production by Lactobacillus acidophilus CH5 metabolites. Bull. Food Res, 36:237-247.
106. Politis, I., K. Fegeros, S. Nitsch, G. Schatzmayr, and D. Kantas. 2005. Use of Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans to suppress the effects of ochratoxicosis on the immune system of broiler chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 46:58-65.
107. Raju, M. V. L. N., and G. Devegowda. 2000. Influence of esterified-giucomannan on performance and organ morphology, serum biochemistry and haematology in broilers exposed to individual and combined mycotoxicosis (aflatoxin, ochratoxin and T-2 toxin). Br. Poult. Sci. 41:640-650.
108. Reddy, K. R. N., C. S. Reddy, and K, Muralidharan. 2009. Potential of botanicals and biocontrol agents on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus infecting rice grains. Food Control 20:173-178.
109. Rouse, S., D. Harnett, A. Vaughan, and D. Van Sinderen. 2007. Lactic acid bacteria with potential to eliminate fungal spoilage in foods. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1021:1-9.
110. Roy, U., V. K, Batish, S. Grover, and S. Neelakantan. 1996. Production of antifungal substance by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CHD-28.3. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 32:27-34.
111. Sakuda, A., M. Ono, K. Furihata, J. Nakayama, A. Suzuki, and A, Isogai. 1996. Aflastatin A, a novel inhibitor of aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus, from Streptomyces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:7855-7856.
112. Schisler, D. A., N. I, Khan, and M. J. Boehm, February 2006. Bacillus species NRRL B-30212 for reducing Fusarium head blight in cereals, U.S. patent 7,001,755.
113. Schisler, D. A., N. I, Khan, M. J. Boehm, P. E. Lipps, P. J. Slininger, and S. Zhang, 2006. Selection and evaluation of the potential of choline-metabolising microbial strains to reduce Fusarium head blight. Biol. Control 39:497-506.
114. Schisler, D. A., N. I. Khan, M, J. Boehm, and P. J, Slininger. 2002, Greenhouse and field evaluation of biological control of Fusarium head blight on durum wheat, Plant Dis. 86:1350-1356.
115. 115. Schnürer, J., and J. Magnusson. 2005. Antifungal lactic acid bacteria as biopreservatives. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 16:70-78. (Pubitemid 40984904)
116. Scott, P. M., S. R. Kanhere, E. F. Dailey, and J. M. Farber, 1992, Fermentation of wort containing deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Mycotoxin Res. 8:58-66.
117. 2. Food Addit. Contam. 12:31-40.
118. 1. Nat. Toxins 7: 175-178.
119. 1 by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with potential decontaminating abilities in indigenous fermented foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 113:41-46.
120. 120. Skrinjar, M., J. L. Rasić, and V. Stojicić. 1996. Lowering of ochratoxin A level in milk by yogurt bacteria and bifidobacteria. Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 41:26-28. (Pubitemid 126419713)
121. Stanley, V. G., R. Ojo, S. Woldesenbet, D. H. Hutchinson, and L. F. Kuběna. 1993. The use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to suppress the effects of aflatoxicosis in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 72:1867-1872.
122. Stiles, J., S. Penkar, M. Plocková, J, Chumchalová, and L. B. Bullerman. 2002, Antifungal activity of sodium acetate and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. J. Food Prot. 65:1188-1191.
123. Stinson, E. E., S. F. Osman, C. N. Huhtanen, and D. D. Bills, 1978. Disappearance of patulin during alcoholic fermentation of apple juice. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:620-622.
124. Ström, K., J. Sjögren, A. Broberg, and J, Schnürer, 2002. Lactobacillus plantarum MiLAB 393 produces the antifungal cyclic dipeptides cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) and cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-OH-L-Pro) and 3-phenyllactic acid, Appl, Environ, Microbiol, 68:4322-4327.
125. Sweeney, M. J., and A, D. W, Dobson. 1999. Molecular biology of mycotoxin biosynthesis, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 175:149-163.
126. 126. Turbic, A., J. T. Ahokas, and C A. Haskard, 2002. Selective in vitro binding of dietary mutagens, individually or in combination, by lactic acid bacteria. Food Addit. Contam. 19:144-152. (Pubitemid 34092963)
127. Var, I., Z. Erginkaya, and B. Kabak. 2009. Reduction of ochratoxin A levels in white wine by yeast treatments. J. Inst. Brew. 115:30-34.
128. 128. Var, I., and B. Kabak. 2004. Removal of aflatoxins by viable and heat-killed lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Arch. Lebensmittelhyg. 55:97-120. (Pubitemid 39538761)
129. 129. Varga, J., Z. Péteri, K. Tábori, J. Téren, and C. Vagvölgyi, 2005. Degradation of ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins by Rhizopus isolates, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 99:321-328. (Pubitemid 40460342)
130. Varga, J., K. Rigo, and J. Teren. 2000. Degradation of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus species. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 59:1-7.
131. Wiseman, D. W., and E. H. Marth. 1981. Growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus when in the presence of Streptococcus lactis. Mycopathologia 73:49-56.
132. 132. Yiannikouris, A., G. André, A. Buléon, G. Jeminet, I. Canet, J. François, G. Bertin, and J.-P. Jouany. 2004, Comprehensive conformational study of key interactions involved in zearalenone complexation with ß-D-glucans, Biomacromolecules 5:2176-2185. (Pubitemid 39585269)
133. 133. Yiannikouris, A., J. Francois, L. Poughon, C-G. Dussap, G. Bertin, G. Jeminet, and J.-P. Jounay. 2004, Adsorption of zearalenone by ßD-glucans in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. J. Food Prot. 67:1195-1200. (Pubitemid 38751890)
134. Yuen, G, and C C. Jochum. 2002. Report on induced resistance and field biological control of Fusarium head blight by Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3, p. 127. In 2002 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum Proceedings. U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative, East Lansing, MI.