Bacteriocins from Lactobacillus plantarum - production, genetic organization and mode of action;Bacteriocinas de Lactobacillus plantarum - produção, organização genética e modo de ação

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 209-221

  Todorov, Svetoslav D ^a  

^a STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Genetic organization; Lactobacillus plantarum; Mode of action; Plantaricin

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM;

EID: 69249113857     PISSN: 15178382     EISSN: 16784405     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S1517-83822009000200001     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Abee, T. (1995). Pore-forming bacteriocins of Gram-positive bacteria and self-protection mechanisms of producer organisms. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 129: 1-9.
2. Abee, T.; Klaenhammer, T.R.; Letellier, L. (1995). Kinetic studies of the action of lactacin F, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus johnsonii that forms poration complexes in the cytoplasmic membrane. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60: 1006-1013.
3. Anderssen, E.L.; Diep, D.B.; Nes, I.F.; Eijsink, V.G.H.; Nissen-Meyer, J. (1998). Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus plantarum C11: Two new two-peptide bacteriocins, plantaricins EF and JK, and the induction factor plantaricin A. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64: 2269-2272.
4. Atrih, A.; Rekhif, N.; Moir, A.J.G.; Lebrihi, A.; Lefebvre, G. (2001). Mode of action, purification and amino acid sequence of plantaricin C19, an anti-Listeria bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum C19. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 68: 93-104.
5. Atrih, A.; Rekhif, N.; Milliere, J.B.; Lefebvre, G. (1993). Detection and characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum C19. Can. J. Microbiol., 39: 1173-1179.
6. Aymerich, T.; Holo, H.; Håvarstein, L.S.; Hugas, M.; Garriga, M.; Nes, I.F. (1996). Biochemical and genetic characterization of enterocin A from Enterococcus faecium, a new antilisterial bacteriocin in the pediocin family of bacteriocins. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62: 1676-1682.
7. Bhugaloo-Vial, P.; Dousset, X.; Metivier, A.; Sorokine, O.; Anglade, P.; Boyaval., P.; Marion, D. (1996). Purification and amino acid sequence of piscicocin V1a and V1b, two class IIa bacteriocins secreted by Carnobacterium piscicola V1 that display significantly different levels of specific inhibitory activity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66: 4410-4416.
8. Bhunia, A.K.; Johnson, M.C.; Ray, B.; Kalchayanand, N. (1991). Mode of action of Pediocin AcH from Pediococcus acidilactici H on sensitive bacterial strains. J. Appl. Bacteriocil., 70: 25-33.
9. Bruno, M.E.C.; Montville, T.J. (1993). Common mechanistic action of bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59: 3003-3010.
10. Chen, Y.; Montville, T.J. (1995). Efflux of ions and ATP depletion induced by pediocin PA-1 are concomitant with cell-death in Listeria monocytogenes Scott-A. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 79: 684-690.
11. Chen, Y.; Ludescher, R.D.; Montville, T.J. (1997). Electrostatic interactions, but not the YGNGV consensus motif, govern the binding of pediocin PA-1 and its fragments to phospholipid vesicles. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63: 4770-4777.
12. Chen, Y.; Shapira, R.; Eisenstein, M.; Montville, T.J. (1997). Functional characterization of pediocin PA-1 binding to liposomes in the absence of a protein receptor and its relationship to a predicted tertiary structure. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63: 524-531.
13. Chikindas, M.L.; García-Garcerá, M.J.; Driessen, A.J.M.; Ledeboer, A.M.; Nissen-Meyer, J.; Nes, I.F.; Abee, T.; Konings, W.N.; Venema, G. (1993). Pediocin PA-1, a bacteriocin from Pediococcus acidilactici PAC1.0, forms hydrophilic pores in the cytoplasmic membrane of target cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59: 3577-3584.
14. Cintas, L.M.; Casaus, P.; Holo, H.; Hernandez, P.E.; Nes, I.F.; Håvarstein, L.S. (1998). Enterocins L50A and L50B, two novel bacteriocins from Enterococcus faecium L50, are related to staphylococcal hemolysins. J. Bacteriol., 180: 1988-1994.
15. Daeschel, M.A.; McKenney, M.C.; McDonald, L.C. (1990). Bacteriocidal activity of Lactobacillus plantarum C-11. Food Microbiol., 7: 91-98.
16. De Vuyst, L.; Vandamme, E.J. (1994). Nisin, a lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis: Properties, biosynthesis, fermentation and applications. In: De Vuyst, L.; Vandamme, E.J. (eds). Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Microbiology, genetics and applications, pp. 151-221. Blackie Academic and Professional, London.
17. Deegan, L.H.; Cotter, P.D.; Hill, C.; Ross, P. (2006). Bacterlocins: Biological tools for bio-preservation and shelf-life extension. Int. Dairy J., 16: 1058-1071.
18. Diep, D.B.; Håvarstein, L.S.; Nes, I.F. (1995). A bacteriocin-like peptide induces bacteriocin synthesis in Lactobacillus plantarum C11. Mol. Microbiol., 18: 631-639.
19. Diep, D.B.; Håvarstein, L.S.; Nes, I.F. (1996). Characterization of the locus responsible for the bacteriocin production in Lactobacillus plantarum C11. J. Bacteriol., 178: 4472-4483.
20. Diep, D.B.; Håvarstein, L.S.; Nissen-Meyer, J.; Nes, I.F. (1994). The geneencoding plantaricin A, a bacteriocin from Lactobacillus plantarum C11, is located on the same transcription unit as an agr-like regulatory system. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60: 160-166.
21. Ehrmann, M.A.; Remiger, A.; Eijsink, V.G.H.; Vogel, R.F. (2000). A gene cluster encoding plantaricin 1.25 beta and other bacteriocin-like peptides in Lactobacillus plantarum TMW1.25. Biochem. Bioph. Acta - Gene Strr. Express., 1490: 355-361.
22. Eijsink, V.G.H.; Skeie, M.; Middelhoven, P.H.; Brurberg, M.B.; Nes, I.F. (1998). Comparative studies of Class IIa bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64: 3275-3281.
23. Enan, G.; Essaway, A.A.; Uyttendaele, M.; Debevere, J. (1996). Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus plantarum UG1 isolated from dry sausages: charcterization, production, and bactericidal action of plantaricin UG1. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 30: 189-215.
24. Engelke, G.; Gutowskieckel, Z.; Kiesau, P.; Siegers, K.; Hammelmann M.; Entian, K.D. (1994). Regulation of nisin biosynthesis and immunity on Lactococcus lactis 6F3. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60: 814-825.
25. Ennahar, S.; Sashihara, T.; Sonomoto, K.; Ishizaki, A. (2000). Class IIa bacteriocins: biosynthesis, structure and activity. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 24: 85-106.
26. Ennahar, S.; Aoude-Werner, D.; Sorokine, O.; van Dorsselaer, A.; Bringel, F.B.; Hubert, J.C.; Hasselmann, C. (1996). Production of pediocin AcH by Lactobacillus plantarum WHE92 isolated from cheese. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62: 4381-4387.
27. Fath, M.J.; Kolter, B. (1993). ABC transporters: Bacterial exporters. Microbiol. Rev., 57: 995-1017.
28. Fimland, G.; Blingsmo, O.R.; Sletten, K.; Jung, G.; Nes, I.F.; Nissen-Meyer, J. (1996). New biologically active hybrid bacteriocins constructed by combining regions from various ediocin-like bacteriocins: the C-terminal region is important for determining specificity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62: 3313-3318.
29. Fimland, G.; Jack, R.; Jung, G.; Nes, I.F.; Nissen-Meyer, J. (1998). The bactericidal activity of pediocin PA-1 is specifically inhibited by a 15-mer fragment that spans the bacteriocin from the center toward the C terminus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64: 5057-5060.
30. 37, a defensive peptide from Gram-positive bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides. J. Biolog. Chem., 271:14421-14429.
31. Franz, C.M.A.P.; Du Toit, M.; Olasupo, N.A.; Schillinger, U.; Holzapfel, W.H. (1998). Plantaricin D, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum BFE 905 from ready-to-eat salad. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 26:231-235.
32. Fregeau Gallagher, N.L.; Sailer, M.; Niemczura, W.P.; Nakashima, T.T.; Stiles, M.E.; Vederas, J.C. (1997). Three-dimensional structure of leucocin A in trifluoroethanol and dodecylphosphocholine micelles: Spatial location of residues critical for biological activity in type IIa bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria. Biochem., 36: 15062-15072.
33. Fremaux, C.; Klaenhammer, T.R. (1994). Helveticin J, a large heat-labile bacteriocin from Lactobacillus helveticus. In: De Vuyst, L.; Vandamme, E.J. (eds). Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Microbiology, genetics and applications, pp. 319-329. Blackie Academic and Professional, London.
34. Fricourt, B.V.; Barefoot, S.F.; Testin, R.F.; Hayasaka, S.S. (1994). Detection and activity of plantaricin F an antibacterial substance from Lactobacillus plantarum BF001 isolated from processed channel catfish. J. Food Protect., 57: 698-702.
35. Garriga, M.; Hugas, M.; Aymerich, T.; Monfort, J.M. (1993). Bacteriocinogenic activity of lactobacilli from fermented sausages. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 75: 142-148.
36. González, B.; Arca, P.; Mayo, B.; Suárez, J.E. (1994). Detection, purification and partial characterization of plantaricin C, a bacteriocin produced by a Lactobacillus plantarum strain of dairy origin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60: 2158-2163.
37. Håvarstein, L.S.; Diep, D.B.; Nes, I.F. (1995). A family of bacteriocin ABC transporters carry out proteolytic processing of their substrates concomitant with export. Mol. Microbiol., 16: 229-240.
38. Héchard, Y.; Sahl, H.G. (2002). Mode of action of modified and unmodified bacteriocins from Gram-positive bacteria. Biochemie, 84: 545-557.
39. Jack, R.W.; Carne, A.; Metzger, J.; Stefanovic, S.; Sahl, H.G.; Jung, G.; Tagg, J. (1994). Elucidation of the structure of SA-FF22, a lanthionine containing antibacterial peptide produced by Streptococcus pyogenes strain FF22. Europ. J. Biochem., 220: 455-462.
40. Jack, R.W.; Tagg, J.R.; Ray, B. (1995). Bacteriocins of Gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol. Rev., 59: 171-200.
41. Jiménez-Díaz, R.; Rios-Sánchez, R.M.; Desmazeaud, M.; Ruiz-Barba, J.L.; Piard, J. (1993). Plantaricins S and T, two new bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus plantarum LPCO10 isolated from a green olive fermentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59: 1416-1424.
42. Jiménez-Díaz, R.; Ruiz-Barba, J.L.; Cathcart, D.P.; Holo, H.; Nes, I.F.; Sletten, K.H.; Warner, P.J. (1995). Purification and partial amino acid sequence of plantaricin S, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum LPCO10, the activity of which depends on the complementary action of two peptides. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61: 4459-4463.
43. Kaiser, A.L.; Montville, T.J. (1996). Purification of the bacteriocin bavaricin MN and characterization of its mode of action against Listeria monocytogenes Scott A cells and lipid vesicles. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62: 4529-4535.
44. Kanatani, K.; Oshimura, M. (1994). Plasmid-associated bacteriocin production by a Lactobacillus plantarum strain. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 58: 2084-2086.
45. Kato, T.; Matsuda, T.; Ogawa, E.; Ogawa, H.; Kato, H.; Doi, U.; Nakamura, R. (1994). Plantaricin-149, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum NRIC 149. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 77: 277-282.
46. Kelly, W.J.; Asmundson, R.V.; Huang, C.M. (1996). Characterization of plantaricin KW30, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 81: 657-662.
47. Klaenhammer, T.R. (1993). Genetics of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 12: 39-86.
48. Kolter, R.; Moreno, F. (1992). Genetics of ribosomally synthesized peptide antibiotics. Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 46: 141-163.
49. Leer, R.J.; van der Vossen, J.M.B.M.; van Giezen, M.; van Noort, J.M.; Pouwels, P.H. (1995). Genetic analysis of acidocin B, a novel bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Microbiol., 141: 1629-1635.
50. Lewus, C.B.; Kaiser, A.; Montville, T.J. (1991). Inhibition of food-borne bacterial pathogens by bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria isolated from meat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57: 1683-1688.
51. Maftah, A.; Renault, D.; Vignoles, C.; Héchard, Y.; Bressolier, P.; Ratinaud, M.H.; Cenatiempo, Y.; Julien, R. (1993). Membrane permeabilization of Listeria monocytogenes and mitochondria by the bacteriocin mesentericin Y105. J. Bacteriol., 175: 3232-3235.
52. Maldonado. A.; Ruiz-Barba, J.L.; Floriano, B.; Jimenez-Diaz, R. (2002). The locus responsible for production of plantaricin S, a class IIb bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum LPCO10, is widely distributed among wild-type Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from olive fermentations. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 77: 117-124.
53. Marugg, J.D.; Gonzalez, C.F.; Kunka, B.S.; Ledeboer, A.M.; Pucci, M.J.; Toonen, M.Y.; Walker, S.A.; Zoetmulder, L.C.M.; Vandenberg, P.A. (1992). Cloning, expression, and nucleotide sequence of genes involved in production of pediocin PA-1, a bacteriocin from Pediococcus acidilactici PAC1.0. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58: 2360-2367.
54. Messi, P.; Bondi, M.; Sabia, C.; Battini, R.; Manicardi, G. (2001). Detection and preliminary characterization of a bacteriocin (plantaricin 35d) produced by a Lactobacillus plantarum strain. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 64: 193-198.
55. Miller, K.W.; Schamber, R.; Osmanagaoglu, O.; Ray, B. (1998). Isolation and characterization of pediocin AcH chimeric protein mutants with altered bactericidal activity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64: 1997-2005.
56. Moll, G.; Ubbink-Kok, T.; Hildeng-Hauge, H.; Nissen-Meyer, J.; Nes, I.F.; Konings, W.N.; Driessen, A.J.M. (1996). Lactococcin G is a potassium ion-conducting, two-component bacteriocin. J. Bacteriol., 178: 600-605.
57. Moll, G.N.; Konings, W.N.; Driessen, A.J.M. (1999). Bacteriocins: mechanism of membrane insertion and pore formation. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 76: 185-198.
58. Montville, T.J.; Winkowski, K.; Ludescher, R.D. (1995). Models and mechanisms for bacteriocin action and application. Int. Dairy J., 5: 797-814.
59. Montville, T.J.; Bruno, M.E.C. (1994). Evidence that dissipation of proton motive force is a common mechanism of action for bacteriocins and other antimicrobial proteins. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 24: 53-74.
60. Montville, T.J.; Chen, Y. (1998). Mechanistic action of pediocin and nisin: recent progress and unresolved questions. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50: 511-519.
61. Nes, I.F., Tagg, J.R. (1996). Novel lantibiotics and their pre-peptides. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 69: 89-97.
62. Nes, I.F.; Diep, D.B.; Håvarstein, L.S.; Brurberg, M.B.; Eijsink, V.; Holo, H. (1996). Biosynthesis of bacteriocins in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 70: 113-128.
63. Nissen-Meyer, J.; Larsen, A.G.; Sletten, K.; Daeschel, M.; Nes, I.F. (1993). Purification and characterization of plantaricin A, a Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriocin whose activity depends on the action of two peptides. J. Gen. Microbiol., 139: 1973-1978.
64. Okereke, A., Montville, T.J. (1991). Bacteriocin-mediated inhibition of Clostridium botulinum spores by lactic acid bacteria at refrigeration and abuse temperatures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57: 3423-3428.
65. Okereke, A., Montville, T.J. (1991). Bacteriocin inhibition of Clostridium botulinum spores by lactic acid bacteria. J. Food Protect., 54, 349-353.
66. Olasupo, N.A. (1996). Bacteriocins of Lactobacillus plantarum strains from fermented foods. Folia Microbiol., 41; 130-136.
67. Olasupo, N.A. (1998). Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by plantaricin NA, an antibacterial substance from Lactobacillus plantarum. Folia Microbiol., 43; 151-155.
68. Olukoya, D.K.; Tichaczek, P.S.; Butsch, A.; Vogel, R.F.; Hammes, W.P. (1993). Characterization of the bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus pentosus DK7 isolated from ogi and Lactobacillus plantarum DK9 from fufu. Chemie, Mikrobiol., Technol. Lebensmittel, 15: 65-68.
69. Ouwehand, A.C.; Vesterlund, S. (2004). Antimicrobial components from lactic acid bacteria. In: Lactic acid bacteria: microbiology and functional aspects. Salminen, S.; von Wright, A.; Ouwehand, A. (Eds.), Ed.3. Pages: 375-395. Marcel Dekker; New York; USA.
70. Paynter, M.J.B.; Brown, K.A.; Hayasaka, S.S. (1997). Factors affecting the production of an antimicrobial agent, plantaricin F, by Lactobacillus plantarum BF001. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 24: 159-165.
71. Powell, J.E.; Todorov, S.D.; van Reenen, C.A.; Dicks, L.M.T.; Witthuhn, R.C. (2006). Growth inhibition of Enterococcus mundtii in Kefir by in situ production of bacteriocin ST8KF. Le Lait, 86: 401-405.
72. Powell, J.E.; Witthuhn, R.C.; Todorov, S.D.; Dicks, L.M.T. (2007). Characterization of bacteriocin ST8KF produced by a kefir isolate Lactobacillus plantarum ST8KF. Int. Dairy J., 17: 190-198.
73. Quadri, L.E.N.; Kleerebezem, M.; Kuipers, O.P.; de Vos, W.M.; Roy, K.L.; Vederas, J.C.; Stiles, M.E. (1997). Characterization of a locus from Carnobacterium piscicola LV17B involved in bacteriocin production and immunity: Evidence for global inducer-mediated transcriptional regulation. J. Bacteriol., 179: 6163-6171.
74. Quadri, L.E.N.; Sailer, M.; Terebiznik, M.R.; Roy, K.L.; Vederas, J.C.; Stiles, M.E. (1995). Characterization of the protein conferring immunity to the antimicrobial peptide carnobacteriocin B2 and expression of carnobacteriocins B2 and BM1. J. Bacteriol., 177: 1144-1151.
75. Rauch, P.J.G.; de Vos, W.M. (1992). Characterization of the novel nisinsucrose conjugative transposon TN5276 and its insertion in Lactococcus lactis. J. Bacteriol., 174: 1280-1287.
76. Ray, B.; Schamber, R.; Miller, K.W. (1999). The pediocin AcH precursor is biologically active. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65: 2281-2286.
77. Rekhif, N.; Atrih, A.; Lefebvre, G. (1994). Characterization and partial purification of plantaricin LC74, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum LC74. Biotechnol Lett., 16: 771-776.
78. Rekhif, N.; Atrih, A.; Lefebvre, G. (1995). Activity of plantaricin SA6, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum SA6 isolated from fermented sausage. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 78: 349-358.
79. Richard, C.; Canon, R.; Naghmouchi, K.; Bertrand, D.; Prevost, H.; Drider, D. (2006). Evidence on correlation between number of disulfide bridge and toxicity of class IIa bacteriocins. Food Microbiol., 23: 175-183.
80. Rojo-Bezares, B.; Saenz, Y.; Navarro, L.; Zarazaga, M.; Ruiz-Larrea, F.; Torres, C. (2007). Coculture-inducible bacteriocin activity of Lactobacillus plantarum strain J23 isolated from grape must. Food Microbiol., 24: 482-491.
81. Sahl, H.; Bierbaum, G. (1998). Lantibiotics: Biosynthesis and biological activities of uniquely modified peptides from Gram-positive bacteria. Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 52: 41-79.
82. Schillinger, U.; Lücke, F. (1989). Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus sake isolated from meat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55: 1901-1906.
83. Siegers, K.; Entian, K.D. (1995). Genes involved in immunity of the lantibiotic nisin produced by Lactococcus lactis 6F3. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61: 1082-1089.
84. Sprules, T.; Kawulka, K.E.; Vederas, J.C. (2004). NMR solution structure of ImB2, a protein conferring immunity to antimicrobial activity of the type IIa bacteriocin, carnobacteriocin B2. Biochem., 43: 11740-11749.
85. Stephens, S.K.; Floriano, B.; Cathcart, D.P.; Bayley, S.A.; Witt, V.F.; Jiménez-Díaz, R.; Warner, P.J.; Ruiz-Barba, J.L. (1998). Molecular analysis of the locus responsible for the production of plantaricin S, a two-peptide bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum LPCO10. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64: 1871-1877.
86. Suma, K.; Misra, M.C.; Varadaraj, M.C. (1998). Plantaricin LP84, a broad spectrum heat-stable bacteriocin of Lactobacillus plantarum NCIM 2084 produced in a simple glucose broth medium. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 40, 17-25.
87. Todorov, S.; Gotcheva, B.; Dousset, X.; Onno, B.; Ivanova, I. (2000). Influence of growth medium on bacteriocin production in Lactobacillus plantarum ST31. J. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Eq., 14: 50-55.
88. Todorov, S.; Onno, B.; Sorokine, O.; Chobert, J.M.; Ivanova I.; Dousset, X. (1999). Detection and characterization of a novel antibacterial substance produced by Lactobacillus plantarum ST 31 isolated from sourdough. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 48: 167-177.
89. Todorov, S.D. (2008). Bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus plantarum AMA-K isolated from Amasi, a Zimbabwean fermented milk product and study of adsorption of bacteriocin AMA-K to Listeria spp. Braz. J. Microbiol., 38: 178-187.
90. Todorov, S.D.; Dicks L.M.T. (2004). Partial characterization of bacteriocins produced by four lactic acid bacteria isolated from regional South African barley beer. Ann. Microbiol., 54: 51-61.
91. Todorov, S.D.; Dicks, L.M.T. (2004). Screening of Lactic acid bacteria from South African barley beer for the production of bacteriocin-like compounds. Folia Microbiol., 49: 406-410.
92. Todorov, S.D.; Dicks, L.M.T. (2005). Characterization of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from spoiled black olives. J. Basic Microbiol., 45: 312-322.
93. Todorov, S.D.; Dicks L.M.T. (2005). Effect of growth medium on bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus plantarum ST194BZ, a strain isolated from boza. Food Technol. Biotechnol., 43: 165-173.
94. Todorov, S.D.; Dicks L.M.T. (2005). Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from molasses produces bacteriocins active against Gram-negative bacteria. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 36: 318-326.
95. Todorov, S.D.; Dicks L.M.T. (2006). Effect of medium components on bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus plantarum strains ST23LD and ST341LD, isolated from spoiled olive brine. Microbiol. Res., 161: 102-108.
96. Todorov, S.D.; Dicks L.M.T. (2006). Medium components effecting bacteriocin production by two strains of Lactobacillus plantarum ST414BZ and ST664BZ isolated from boza. Biologia, 61: 269-274.
97. Todorov, S.D.; Dicks L.M.T. (2006). Parameters affecting the adsorption of plantaricin 423, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum 423 isolated from sorghum beer. Biotechn. J., 1: 405-409.
98. Todorov, S.D.; Dicks L.M.T. (2006). Screening for bacteriocin producer lactic acid bacteria from boza, a traditional cereal beverage from Bulgaria. Characterization of produced bacteriocins. Process Biochem., 41: 11-19.
99. Todorov, S.D.; Meincken M.; Dicks L.M.T. (2006). Factors affecting the adsorption of bacteriocins ST194BZ and ST23LD to Latobacillus sakei and Enterococcus sp. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 52: 159-167.
100. Todorov, S.D.; Nyati, H.; Meincken, M.; Dicks, L.M.T. (2007). Partial characterization of bacteriocin AMA-K, produced by Lactobacillus plantarum AMA-K isolated from naturally fermented milk from Zimbabwe. Food Control, 18: 656-664.
101. Todorov, S.D.; Powell, J.E.; Meincken, M.; Witthuhn R.C.; Dicks L.M.T. (2007). Factors affecting the adsorption of Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriocin bacST8KF to Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria innocua. Int. J. Dairy Technol., 60: 221-227.
102. Todorov, S.D.; van Reenen, C.A.; Dicks L.M.T. (2007). Pre-treatment of growth medium with Amberlite® XAD-1180 produces higher levels of bacteriocin plantaricin 423. Centr. Europ. J. Biol., 2: 588-596.
103. Todorov, S.D.; Van Reenen, C.A.; Dicks, L.M.T. (2004). Optimization of bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus plantarum ST13BR, a strain isolated from barley beer. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 50: 149-157.
104. Turner, D.L.; Brennan, L.; Meyer, H.E.; Lohaus, C.; Siethoff, C.; Costa, H.S.; Gonzalez, B.; Santos, H.; Suarez, J.E. (1999). Solution structure of plantaricin C, a novel lantibiotic. Europ. J. Biochem., 264: 833-839.
105. Van Belkum, M.J.; Stiles, M.E. (1995). Molecular characterization of genes involved in the production of the bacteriocin leucocin A from Leuconostoc gelidum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61: 3573-3579.
106. Van Belkum, M.J.; Hayema, B.J.; Jeeninga, R.E.; Kok, J.; Venema, G. (1991). Organization and nucleotide sequences of two lactococcal bacteriocin operons. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57: 492-498.
107. Van Belkum, M.J.; Worobo, R.W.; Stiles, M.E. (1997). Double-glycinetype leader peptides direct secretion of bacteriocins by ABC transporters: colicin V secretion in Lactococcus actis. Mol. Microbiol., 23: 1293-1301.
108. Van Reenen, C.A.; Dicks, L.M.T.; Chikindas, M.L. (1998). Isolation, purification and partial characterization of plantaricin 423, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum. J Appl Microbiol., 84: 1131-1137.
109. Van Reenen, C.A.; van Zyl, W.H.; Dicks, L.M.T. (2006). Expression of the immunity protein of plantaricin 423, produced by Lactobacillus plantarum 423, and analysis of the plasmid encoding the bacteriocin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72: 7644-7651.
110. Van Reenen, C.A.; van Zyl, W.H.; Chikindas, M.L.; Dicks, L.M.T. (2003). Characterization and heterologous expression of a class IIa bacteriocin, plantaricin 423, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 81: 29-40.
111. Venema, K.; Kok, J.; Marugg, J.D.; Toonen, M.Y.; Ledeboer, A.M.; Venema, G.; Chikindas, M.L. (1995). Functional analysis of the pediocin operon of Pediococcus acidilactici PAC1.0: PedB is the immunity protein and PedD is the precursor processing enzyme. Mol. Microbiol., 17: 515-522.
112. Verellen, T.L.J.; Bruggeman, G.; Van Reenen, C.A.; Dicks, L.M.T.; Vandamme, E.J. (1998). Fermentation optimization of plantaricin 423, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum 423. J. Ferment. Bioengin., 86: 174-179.
113. Von Mollendorff, J.W.; Todorov, S.D.; Dicks, L.M.T. (2006). Comparison of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from boza, a cereal-based fermented beverage from the Balkan Peninsula. Curr. Microbiol., 53: 209-216.
114. West, C.A.; Warner, P.J. (1988). Plantacin B, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum NCDO 1193. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 49: 163-165.
115. Wickner, W.; Driessen, A.J.M.; Hartl, F. (1991). The enzymology of protein translocation across the Escherichia coli plasma membrane. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 60: 101-124.
116. Worobo, R.W.; van Belkum, M.J.; Sailer, M.; Roy, K.L.; Vederas, J.C.; Stiles, M.E. (1995). A signal peptide secretion-dependent bacteriocin from Carnobacterium divergens. J. Bacteriol., 177: 3143-3149.
117. Zhao, H.; Sood, R.; Jutila, A.; Bose, S.; Fimland, G.; Nissen-Meyer, J.; Kinnunen, P.K.J. (2006). Interaction of the antimicrobial peptide pheromone Plantaricin A with model membranes: Implications for a novel mechanism of action. Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Biomembr., 1758: 1461-1474.