Molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 1-18

  Ding, Xiaoyan ^a,b   Patel, Mrinali ^a,c   Chan, Chi Chao ^a  

^a NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Age related macular degeneration; Bruch's membrane; Drusen; Genetics; Inflammation; Molecular pathology; Retinal photoreceptors; Retinal pigment epithelium; Single nucleotide polymorphism; Vascular endothelial growth factor

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY C3 C5 CONVERTASE; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CX3CR1; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C2; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C7; COMPLEMENT FACTOR H; COMPLEMENT FACTOR I; CYTOKINE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; VASCULOTROPIN A;

ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; CELL DEGENERATION; CHLAMYDIAL PNEUMONIA; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; COMPLEMENT SYSTEM; DNA REPAIR; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY CELL; MACROPHAGE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MICROGLIA; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RETINA MACULA AGE RELATED DEGENERATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MACULAR DEGENERATION; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; RETINA;

EID: 59849104241     PISSN: 13509462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (206)

1. Allikmets R. A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy. Nat. Genet. 17 (1997) 122
2. Allikmets R., Shroyer N.F., Singh N., Seddon J.M., Lewis R.A., Bernstein P.S., Peiffer A., Zabriskie N.A., Li Y., Hutchinson A., Dean M., Lupski J.R., and Leppert M. Mutation of the Stargardt disease gene (ABCR) in age-related macular degeneration. Science 277 (1997) 1805-1807
3. Alsenz J., Schulz T.F., Lambris J.D., Sim R.B., and Dierich M.P. Structural and functional analysis of the complement component factor H with the use of different enzymes and monoclonal antibodies to factor H. Biochem. J. 232 (1985) 841-850
4. Ambati J., Anand A., Fernandez S., Sakurai E., Lynn B.C., Kuziel W.A., Rollins B.J., and Ambati B.K. An animal model of age-related macular degeneration in senescent Ccl-2- or Ccr-2-deficient mice. Nat. Med 9 (2003) 1390-1397
5. Anderson D.H., Talaga K.C., Rivest A.J., Barron E., Hageman G.S., and Johnson L.V. Characterization of beta amyloid assemblies in drusen: the deposits associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration. Exp. Eye Res. 78 (2004) 243-256
6. Apte R.S., Richter J., Herndon J., and Ferguson T.A. Macrophages inhibit neovascularization in a murine model of age-related macular degeneration. PLoS Med. 3 (2006) e310
7. Arbour N.C., Lorenz E., Schutte B.C., Zabner J., Kline J.N., Jones M., Frees K., Watt J.L., and Schwartz D.A. TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans. Nat. Genet. 25 (2000) 187-191
8. AREDS (Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group). A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch. Ophthalmol 119 (2001) 1417-1436
9. Azarian S.M., and Travis G.H. The photoreceptor rim protein is an ABC transporter encoded by the gene for recessive Stargardt's disease (ABCR). FEBS Lett. 409 (1997) 247-252
10. Baird P.N., Richardson A.J., Robman L.D., Dimitrov P.N., Tikellis G., McCarty C.A., and Guymer R.H. Apolipoprotein (APOE) gene is associated with progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Hum. Mutat 27 (2006) 337-342
11. Baird P.N., Robman L.D., Richardson A.J., Dimitrov P.N., Tikellis G., McCarty C.A., and Guymer R.H. Gene-environment interaction in progression of AMD: the CFH gene, smoking and exposure to chronic infection. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17 (2008) 1299-1305
12. Ballinger S.W., Van Houten B., Jin G.F., Conklin C.A., and Godley B.F. Hydrogen peroxide causes significant mitochondrial DNA damage in human RPE cells. Exp. Eye Res. 68 (1999) 765-772
13. Barreau C., Paillard L., and Osborne H.B. AU-rich elements and associated factors: are there unifying principles?. Nucleic Acids Res. 33 (2005) 7138-7150
14. Barron M.J., Johnson M.A., Andrews R.M., Clarke M.P., Griffiths P.G., Bristow E., He L.P., Durham S., and Turnbull D.M. Mitochondrial abnormalities in ageing macular photoreceptors. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 (2001) 3016-3022
15. Bojanowski C.M., Tuo J., Chew E.Y., Csaky K.G., and Chan C.C. Analysis of Hemicentin-1, hOgg1, and E-selectin single nucleotide polymorphisms in age-related macular degeneration. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 103 (2005) 44-45 37-44; discussion
16. Bojanowski C.M., Shen D., Chew E.Y., Ning B., Csaky K.G., Green W.R., Chan C.C., and Tuo J. An apolipoprotein E variant may protect against age-related macular degeneration through cytokine regulation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen 47 (2006) 594-602
17. Bora N., Jha P., and Bora P. The role of complement in ocular pathology. Semin. Immunopathol 30 (2008) 85-95
18. Brancato R., Introini U., Pierro L., Setaccioli M., Forti M., Bolognesi G., and Tremolada G. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiomatous prolifieration (RAP) in retinal. Eur. J. Ophthalmol 12 (2002) 467-472
19. Brantley Jr. M.A., Edelstein S.L., King J.M., Plotzke M.R., Apte R.S., Kymes S.M., and Shiels A. Association of complement factor H and LOC387715 genotypes with response of exudative age-related macular degeneration to photodynamic therapy. Eye 2008 February 22 [Epub ahead of print] (2008)
20. Bressler N.M., Bressler S.B., Congdon N.G., Ferris III F.L., Friedman D.S., Klein R., Lindblad A.S., Milton R.C., and Seddon J.M. Potential public health impact of Age-Related Eye Disease Study results: AREDS report no. 11. Arch. Ophthalmol 121 (2003) 1621-1624
21. Cameron D.J., Yang Z., Gibbs D., Chen H., Kaminoh Y., Jorgensen A., Zeng J., Luo L., Brinton E., Brinton G., Brand J.M., Bernstein P.S., Zabriskie N.A., Tang S., Constantine R., Tong Z., and Zhang K. HTRA1 variant confers similar risks to geographic atrophy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cell Cycle 6 (2007) 1122-1125
22. Chan C.C., Tuo J., Bojanowski C.M., Csaky K.G., and Green W.R. Detection of CX3CR1 single nucleotide polymorphism and expression on archived eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Histol. Histopathol 20 (2005) 857-863
23. Chan C.C., Shen D., Zhou M., Ross R.J., Ding X., Zhang K., Green W.R., and Tuo J. Human HtrA1 in the archived eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 105 (2007) 97-98 92-7; discussion
24. Chan C.C., Ross R.J., Shen D., Ding X., Majumdar Z., Bojanowski C.M., Zhou M., Salem Jr. N., Bonner R., and Tuo J. Ccl2/Cx3cr1-deficient mice: an animal model for age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Res. 40 (2008) 124-128
25. Chen L.J., Liu D.T., Tam P.O., Chan W.M., Liu K., Chong K.K., Lam D.S., and Pang C.P. Association of complement factor H polymorphisms with exudative age-related macular degeneration. Mol. Vis 12 (2006) 1536-1542
26. Chen H., Liu B., Lukas T.J., and Neufeld A.H. The aged retinal pigment epithelium/choroid: a potential substratum for the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. PLoS ONE 3 (2008) e2339
27. Cherepanoff S., Mitchell P., Wang J.J., and Gillies M.C. Retinal autoantibody profile in early age-related macular degeneration: preliminary findings from the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol 34 (2006) 590-595
28. Cho E., Hung S., Willett W.C., Spiegelman D., Rimm E.B., Seddon J.M., Colditz G.A., and Hankinson S.E. Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 73 (2001) 209-218
29. Churchill A.J., Carter J.G., Lovell H.C., Ramsden C., Turner S.J., Yeung A., Escardo J., and Atan D. VEGF polymorphisms are associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15 (2006) 2955-2961
30. Clausen T., Southan C., and Ehrmann M. The HtrA family of proteases: implications for protein composition and cell fate. Mol. Cell 10 (2002) 443-455
31. Coffey P.J., Gias C., McDermott C.J., Lundh P., Pickering M.C., Sethi C., Bird A., Fitzke F.W., Maass A., Chen L.L., Holder G.E., Luthert P.J., Salt T.E., Moss S.E., and Greenwood J. Complement factor H deficiency in aged mice causes retinal abnormalities and visual dysfunction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (2007) 16651-16656
32. Coleman, H.R., Chan, C.C., Ferris, F.L. III, Chew, E.Y., 2008. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet 372, 1835-1845.
33. Combadiere C., Gao J., Tiffany H.L., and Murphy P.M. Gene cloning, RNA distribution, and functional expression of mCX3CR1, a mouse chemotactic receptor for the CX3C chemokine fractalkine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 253 (1998) 728-732
34. Combadiere C., Feumi C., Raoul W., Keller N., Rodero M., Pezard A., Lavalette S., Houssier M., Jonet L., Picard E., Debre P., Sirinyan M., Deterre P., Ferroukhi T., Cohen S.Y., Chauvaud D., Jeanny J.C., Chemtob S., Behar-Cohen F., and Sennlaub F. CX3CR1-dependent subretinal microglia cell accumulation is associated with cardinal features of age-related macular degeneration. J. Clin. Invest 117 (2007) 2920-2928
35. Conley Y.P., Jakobsdottir J., Mah T., Weeks D.E., Klein R., Kuller L., Ferrell R.E., and Gorin M.B. CFH, ELOVL4, PLEKHA1 and LOC387715 genes and susceptibility to age-related maculopathy: AREDS and CHS cohorts and meta-analyses. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15 (2006) 3206-3218
36. Crabb J.W., Miyagi M., Gu X., Shadrach K., West K.A., Sakaguchi H., Kamei M., Hasan A., Yan L., Rayborn M.E., Salomon R.G., and Hollyfield J.G. Drusen proteome analysis: an approach to the etiology of age-related macular degeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 14682-14687
37. Csaky K., Baffi J., Chan C.C., and Byrnes G.A. Clinicopathologic correlation of progressive fibrovascular proliferation associated with occult choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol 122 (2004) 650-652
38. Curcio C.A., and Millican C.L. Basal linear deposit and large drusen are specific for early age-related maculopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol 117 (1999) 329-339
39. Dastgheib K., and Green W.R. Granulomatous reaction to Bruch's membrane in age-related macular degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol 112 (1994) 813-818
40. de Jong P.T. Age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med 355 (2006) 1474-1485
41. de Jong P.T., Bockhoorn S.S., Vingerling J.R., Uitterlinden A.G., and Hoffman A. Polymorphisms in the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene and Risk of Aging Macula Disorder: The Rotterdam Study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) E-2119
42. De La Paz M.A., Guy V.K., Abou-Donia S., Heinis R., Bracken B., Vance J.M., Gilbert J.R., Gass J.D., Haines J.L., and Pericak-Vance M.A. Analysis of the Stargardt disease gene (ABCR) in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 106 (1999) 1531-1536
43. Deangelis M.M., Ji F., Adams S., Morrison M.A., Harring A.J., Sweeney M.O., Capone Jr. A., Miller J.W., Dryja T.P., Ott J., and Kim I.K. Alleles in the HtrA serine peptidase 1 gene alter the risk of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 115 (2008) 1209-1215 e7
44. Decanini A., Nordgaard C.L., Feng X., Ferrington D.A., and Olsen T.W. Changes in select redox proteins of the retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol 143 (2007) 607-615
45. Despriet D.D., Bergen A.A., Merriam J.E., Zernant J., Barile G.R., Smith R.T., Barbazetto I.A., van Soest S., Bakker A., de Jong P.T., Allikmets R., and Klaver C.C. Comprehensive analysis of the candidate genes CCL2, CCR2, and TLR4 in age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (2008) 364-371
46. Dewan A., Liu M., Hartman S., Zhang S.S., Liu D.T., Zhao C., Tam P.O., Chan W.M., Lam D.S., Snyder M., Barnstable C., Pang C.P., and Hoh J. HTRA1 promoter polymorphism in wet age-related macular degeneration. Science 314 (2006) 989-992
47. Dinu V., Miller P.L., and Zhao H. Evidence for association between multiple complement pathway genes and AMD. Genet. Epidemiol 31 (2007) 224-237
48. Donati M.C., Carifi G., Virgili G., and Menchini U. Retinal angiomatous proliferation: association with clinical and angiographic features. Ophthalmologica 220 (2006) 31-36
49. Edwards A.O., Ritter III R., Abel K.J., Manning A., Panhuysen C., and Farrer L.A. Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science 308 (2005) 421-424
50. Edwards A.O., Chen D., Fridley B.L., James K.M., Wu Y., Abecasis G., Swaroop A., Othman M., Branham K., Iyengar S.K., Sivakumaran T.A., Klein R., Klein B.E., and Tosakulwong N. Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (2008) 1652-1659
51. Emilsson V., Thorleifsson G., Zhang B., Leonardson A.S., Zink F., Zhu J., Carlson S., Helgason A., Walters G.B., Gunnarsdottir S., Mouy M., Steinthorsdottir V., Eiriksdottir G.H., Bjornsdottir G., Reynisdottir I., Gudbjartsson D., Helgadottir A., Jonasdottir A., Jonasdottir A., Styrkarsdottir U., Gretarsdottir S., Magnusson K.P., Stefansson H., Fossdal R., Kristjansson K., Gislason H.G., Stefansson T., Leifsson B.G., Thorsteinsdottir U., Lamb J.R., Gulcher J.R., Reitman M.L., Kong A., Schadt E.E., and Stefansson K. Genetics of gene expression and its effect on disease. Nature 452 (2008) 423-428
52. Ennis S., Jomary C., Mullins R., Cree A., Chen X., Macleod A., Jones S., Collins A., Stone E., and Lotery A. Association between the SERPING1 gene and age-related macular degeneration: a two-stage case-control study. Lancet. 2008 October 6 [Epub ahead of print] (2008)
53. Espinosa-Heidmann D.G., Suner I.J., Hernandez E.P., Monroy D., Csaky K.G., and Cousins S.W. Macrophage depletion diminishes lesion size and severity in experimental choroidal neovascularization. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (2003) 3586-3592
54. Fagerness J.A., Maller J.B., Neale B.M., Reynolds R.C., Daly M.J., Seddon J.M., et al. Variation near complement factor I is associated with risk of advanced AMD. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2008 August 6 [Epub ahead of print] (2008)
55. Feher J., Kovacs I., Artico M., Cavallotti C., Papale A., and Balacco Gabrieli C. Mitochondrial alterations of retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration. Neurobiol. Aging 27 (2006) 983-993
56. Ferrara N., Gerber H.P., and LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat. Med 9 (2003) 669-676
57. Ferrara N., Damico L., Shams N., Lowman H., and Kim R. Development of ranibizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antigen binding fragment, as therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina 26 (2006) 859-870
58. Finn J.E., and Mathieson P.W. Molecular analysis of C3 allotypes in patients with nephritic factor. Clin. Exp. Immunol 91 (1993) 410-414
59. Fisher S.A., Abecasis G.R., Yashar B.M., Zareparsi S., Swaroop A., Iyengar S.K., Klein B.E., Klein R., Lee K.E., Majewski J., Schultz D.W., Klein M.L., Seddon J.M., Santangelo S.L., Weeks D.E., Conley Y.P., Mah T.S., Schmidt S., Haines J.L., Pericak-Vance M.A., Gorin M.B., Schulz H.L., Pardi F., Lewis C.M., and Weber B.H. Meta-analysis of genome scans of age-related macular degeneration. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) 2257-2264
60. Fong A.M., Robinson L.A., Steeber D.A., Tedder T.F., Yoshie O., Imai T., and Patel D.D. Fractalkine and CX3CR1 mediate a novel mechanism of leukocyte capture, firm adhesion, and activation under physiologic flow. J. Exp. Med 188 (1998) 1413-1419
61. Foxman E.F., Zhang M., Hurst S.D., Muchamuel T., Shen D., Wawrousek E.F., Chan C.C., and Gery I. Inflammatory mediators in uveitis: differential induction of cytokines and chemokines in Th1- versus Th2-mediated ocular inflammation. J. Immunol 168 (2002) 2483-2492
62. Frank R.N., Amin R.H., and Puklin J.E. Antioxidant enzymes in the macular retinal pigment epithelium of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol 127 (1999) 694-709
63. Friedman D.S., O'Colmain B.J., Munoz B., Tomany S.C., McCarty C., de Jong P.T., Nemesure B., Mitchell P., and Kempen J. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch. Ophthalmol 122 (2004) 564-572
64. Fritsche L.G., Loenhardt T., Janssen A., Fisher S.A., Rivera A., Keilhauer C.N., and Weber B.H. Age-related macular degeneration is associated with an unstable ARMS2 (LOC387715) mRNA. Nat. Genet. 40 (2008) 892-896
65. Garneau N.L., Wilusz J., and Wilusz C.J. The highways and byways of mRNA decay. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8 (2007) 113-126
66. Gehrs K.M., Anderson D.H., Johnson L.V., and Hageman G.S. Age-related macular degeneration-emerging pathogenetic and therapeutic concepts. Ann. Med 38 (2006) 450-471
67. Ghazi N.G. Retinal angiomatous proliferation in age-related macular degeneration. Retina 22 (2002) 509-511 author reply 512
68. Godley B.F., Shamsi F.A., Liang F.Q., Jarrett S.G., Davies S., and Boulton M. Blue light induces mitochondrial DNA damage and free radical production in epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 21061-21066
69. Gold B., Merriam J.E., Zernant J., Hancox L.S., Taiber A.J., Gehrs K., Cramer K., Neel J., Bergeron J., Barile G.R., Smith R.T., Hageman G.S., Dean M., and Allikmets R. Variation in factor B (BF) and complement component 2 (C2) genes is associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat. Genet. 38 (2006) 458-462
70. Goverdhan S.V., Ennis S., Hannan S.R., Madhusudhana K.C., Cree A.J., Luff A.J., and Lotery A.J. Interleukin-8 promoter polymorphism -251A/T is a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. Br. J. Ophthalmol 92 (2008) 537-540
71. Gragoudas E.S., Adamis A.P., Cunningham Jr. E.T., Feinsod M., and Guyer D.R. Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med 351 (2004) 2805-2816
72. Grau S., Richards P.J., Kerr B., Hughes C., Caterson B., Williams A.S., Junker U., Jones S.A., Clausen T., and Ehrmann M. The role of human HtrA1 in arthritic disease. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 6124-6129
73. Green W.R. Retina: growth and aging. In: Bilyk F., Font G., Howes J., and McLean R. (Eds). Ophthalmic Pathology, fourth rev. ed. Vol. 2 (1996), Saunders 676-681
74. Green W.R. Histopathology of age-related macular degeneration. Mol. Vis 5 (1999) 27
75. Green W.R., and Enger C. Age-related macular degeneration histopathologic studies. The 1992 Lorenz E. Zimmerman Lecture. Ophthalmology 100 (1993) 1519-1535
76. Grossniklaus H.E., Ling J.X., Wallace T.M., Dithmar S., Lawson D.H., Cohen C., Elner V.M., Elner S.G., and Sternberg Jr. P. Macrophage and retinal pigment epithelium expression of angiogenic cytokines in choroidal neovascularization. Mol. Vis 8 (2002) 119-126
77. Gupta N., Brown K.E., and Milam A.H. Activated microglia in human retinitis pigmentosa, late-onset retinal degeneration, and age-related macular degeneration. Exp. Eye Res. 76 (2003) 463-471
78. Hageman G.S., Mullins R.F., Russell S.R., Johnson L.V., and Anderson D.H. Vitronectin is a constituent of ocular drusen and the vitronectin gene is expressed in human retinal pigmented epithelial cells. FASEB J 13 (1999) 477-484
79. Hageman G.S., Luthert P.J., Victor Chong N.H., Johnson L.V., Anderson D.H., and Mullins R.F. An integrated hypothesis that considers drusen as biomarkers of immune-mediated processes at the RPE-Bruch's membrane interface in aging and age-related macular degeneration. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 20 (2001) 705-732
80. Hageman G.S., Anderson D.H., Johnson L.V., Hancox L.S., Taiber A.J., Hardisty L.I., Hageman J.L., Stockman H.A., Borchardt J.D., Gehrs K.M., Smith R.J., Silvestri G., Russell S.R., Klaver C.C., Barbazetto I., Chang S., Yannuzzi L.A., Barile G.R., Merriam J.C., Smith R.T., Olsh A.K., Bergeron J., Zernant J., Merriam J.E., Gold B., Dean M., and Allikmets R. A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 7227-7232
81. Haines J.L., Hauser M.A., Schmidt S., Scott W.K., Olson L.M., Gallins P., Spencer K.L., Kwan S.Y., Noureddine M., Gilbert J.R., Schnetz-Boutaud N., Agarwal A., Postel E.A., and Pericak-Vance M.A. Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science 308 (2005) 419-421
82. Haines J.L., Schnetz-Boutaud N., Schmidt S., Scott W.K., Agarwal A., Postel E.A., Olson L., Kenealy S.J., Hauser M., Gilbert J.R., and Pericak-Vance M.A. Functional candidate genes in age-related macular degeneration: significant association with VEGF, VLDLR, and LRP6. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (2006) 329-335
83. Hakobyan S., Harris C.L., van den Berg C.W., Fernandez-Alonso M.C., Goicoechea de Jorge E., Rodriguez de Cordoba S., Rivas G., Mangione P., Pepys M.B., and Morgan B.P. Complement factor H binds to denatured rather than to native pentameric C-reactive protein. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 30451-30460
84. Howes K.A., Liu Y., Dunaief J.L., Milam A., Frederick J.M., Marks A., and Baehr W. Receptor for advanced glycation end products and age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45 (2004) 3713-3720
85. Hunter M.A., Dunbar M.T., and Rosenfeld P.J. Retinal angiomatous proliferation: clinical characteristics and treatment options. Optometry 75 (2004) 577-588
86. Hutchison J., and Tay W. Symmetrical central choroidoretinal disease occurring in senile persons. R. Lond. Ophthal. Hosp. Rep 8 (1875) 231-244
87. Ishida B.Y., Bailey K.R., Duncan K.G., Chalkley R.J., Burlingame A.L., Kane J.P., and Schwartz D.M. Regulated expression of apolipoprotein E by human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J. Lipid Res. 45 (2004) 263-271
88. Jager R.D., Mieler W.F., and Miller J.W. Age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med 358 (2008) 2606-2617
89. Jakobsdottir J., Conley Y.P., Weeks D.E., Mah T.S., Ferrell R.E., and Gorin M.B. Susceptibility genes for age-related maculopathy on chromosome 10q26. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 77 (2005) 389-407
90. Joachim S.C., Bruns K., Lackner K.J., Pfeiffer N., and Grus F.H. Analysis of IgG antibody patterns against retinal antigens and antibodies to alpha-crystallin, GFAP, and alpha-enolase in sera of patients with "wet" age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol 245 (2007) 619-626
91. Johnson L.V., Ozaki S., Staples M.K., Erickson P.A., and Anderson D.H. A potential role for immune complex pathogenesis in drusen formation. Exp. Eye Res. 70 (2000) 441-449
92. Johnson L.V., Leitner W.P., Staples M.K., and Anderson D.H. Complement activation and inflammatory processes in Drusen formation and age related macular degeneration. Exp. Eye Res. 73 (2001) 887-896
93. Johnson L.V., Leitner W.P., Rivest A.J., Staples M.K., Radeke M.J., and Anderson D.H. The Alzheimer's A beta-peptide is deposited at sites of complement activation in pathologic deposits associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 11830-11835
94. Johnson P.T., Betts K.E., Radeke M.J., Hageman G.S., Anderson D.H., and Johnson L.V. Individuals homozygous for the age-related macular degeneration risk-conferring variant of complement factor H have elevated levels of CRP in the choroid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 17456-17461
95. Jun G., Klein B.E., Klein R., Fox K., Millard C., Capriotti J., Russo K., Lee K.E., Elston R.C., and Iyengar S.K. Genome-wide analyses demonstrate novel loci that predispose to drusen formation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (2005) 3081-3088
96. Kaiser P.K. Antivascular endothelial growth factor agents and their development: therapeutic implications in ocular diseases. Am. J. Ophthalmol 142 (2006) 660-668
97. Kaiser J. Genetics. First gene for severe dry macular degeneration. Science 321 (2008) 1146-1147
98. Kalayoglu M.V., Bula D., Arroyo J., Gragoudas E.S., D'Amico D., and Miller J.W. Identification of Chlamydia pneumoniae within human choroidal neovascular membranes secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol 243 (2005) 1080-1090
99. Kanda A., Chen W., Othman M., Branham K.E., Brooks M., Khanna R., He S., Lyons R., Abecasis G.R., and Swaroop A. A variant of mitochondrial protein LOC387715/ARMS2, not HTRA1, is strongly associated with age-related macular degeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (2007) 16227-16232
100. Kaur I., Hussain A., Hussain N., Das T., Pathangay A., Mathai A., Hussain A., Nutheti R., Nirmalan P.K., and Chakrabarti S. Analysis of CFH, TLR4, and APOE polymorphism in India suggests the Tyr402His variant of CFH to be a global marker for age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (2006) 3729-3735
101. Khabar K.S. The AU-rich transcriptome: more than interferons and cytokines, and its role in disease. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 25 (2005) 1-10
102. Kindzelskii A.L., Elner V.M., Elner S.G., Yang D., Hughes B.A., and Petty H.R. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) of retinal pigment epithelial cells participates in transmembrane signaling in response to photoreceptor outer segments. J. Gen. Physiol 124 (2004) 139-149
103. Klaver C.C., Kliffen M., van Duijn C.M., Hofman A., Cruts M., Grobbee D.E., van Broeckhoven C., and de Jong P.T. Genetic association of apolipoprotein E with age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63 (1998) 200-206
104. Klein R. Overview of progress in the epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 14 (2007) 184-187
105. Klein M.L., Schultz D.W., Edwards A., Matise T.C., Rust K., Berselli C.B., Trzupek K., Weleber R.G., Ott J., Wirtz M.K., and Acott T.S. Age-related macular degeneration. Clinical features in a large family and linkage to chromosome 1q. Arch. Ophthalmol 116 (1998) 1082-1088
106. Klein R., Klein B.E., Tomany S.C., Meuer S.M., and Huang G.H. Ten-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: The Beaver Dam eye study. Ophthalmology 109 (2002) 1767-1779
107. Klein R.J., Zeiss C., Chew E.Y., Tsai J.Y., Sackler R.S., Haynes C., Henning A.K., SanGiovanni J.P., Mane S.M., Mayne S.T., Bracken M.B., Ferris F.L., Ott J., Barnstable C., and Hoh J. Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science 308 (2005) 385-389
108. Klein M.L., Francis P.J., Rosner B., Reynolds R., Hamon S.C., Schultz D.W., Ott J., and Seddon J.M. CFH and LOC387715/ARMS2 genotypes and treatment with antioxidants and zinc for age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 115 (2008) 1019-1025
109. Klein R., Knudtson M.D., Klein B.E., Wong T.Y., Cotch M.F., Liu K., Cheng C.Y., Burke G.L., Saad M.F., Jacobs Jr. D.R., and Sharrett A.R. Inflammation, complement factor H, and age-related macular degeneration. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Ophthalmology 115 (2008) 1742-1749
110. Kliffen M., Sharma H.S., Mooy C.M., Kerkvliet S., and de Jong P.T. Increased expression of angiogenic growth factors in age-related maculopathy. Br. J. Ophthalmol 81 (1997) 154-162
111. Koch A.E., Polverini P.J., Kunkel S.L., Harlow L.A., DiPietro L.A., Elner V.M., Elner S.G., and Strieter R.M. Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. Science 258 (1992) 1798-1801
112. Kovacs K.A., Pamer Z., Kovacs A., Fekete S., Miseta A., Kovacs B., and Kovacs G.L. Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with age-related macular degeneration and Alzheimer's disease in south-western Hungary. Ideggyogy Sz 60 (2007) 169-172
113. Krasnianski A., von Ahsen N., Heinemann U., Meissner B., Kretzschmar H.A., Armstrong V.W., and Zerr I. ApoE distribution and family history in genetic prion diseases in Germany. J. Mol. Neurosci 34 (2008) 45-50
114. Kuziel W.A., Morgan S.J., Dawson T.C., Griffin S., Smithies O., Ley K., and Maeda N. Severe reduction in leukocyte adhesion and monocyte extravasation in mice deficient in CC chemokine receptor 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (1997) 12053-12058
115. Lafaut B.A., Aisenbrey S., Vanden Broecke C., and Bartz-Schmidt K.U. Clinicopathological correlation of deep retinal vascular anomalous complex in age related macular degeneration. Br. J. Ophthalmol 84 (2000) 1269-1274
116. Laine M., Jarva H., Seitsonen S., Haapasalo K., Lehtinen M.J., Lindeman N., Anderson D.H., Johnson P.T., Jarvela I., Jokiranta T.S., Hageman G.S., Immonen I., and Meri S. Y402H polymorphism of complement factor H affects binding affinity to C-reactive protein. J. Immunol 178 (2007) 3831-3836
117. Langmann T. Microglia activation in retinal degeneration. J. Leukoc. Biol. 81 (2007) 1345-1351
118. Launay S., Maubert E., Lebeurrier N., Tennstaedt A., Campioni M., Docagne F., Gabriel C., Dauphinot L., Potier M.C., Ehrmann M., Baldi A., and Vivien D. HtrA1-dependent proteolysis of TGF-beta controls both neuronal maturation and developmental survival. Cell Death Differ 15 (2008) 1408-1416
119. Lee S.J., Kim J.H., Kim J.H., Chung M.J., Wen Q., Chung H., Kim K.W., and Yu Y.S. Human apolipoprotein E2 transgenic mice show lipid accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium and altered expression of VEGF and bFGF in the eyes. J. Microbiol Biotechnol 17 (2007) 1024-1030
120. Lehner T. Special regulatory T cell review: The resurgence of the concept of contrasuppression in immunoregulation. Immunology 123 (2008) 40-44
121. Lin J.M., Wan L., Tsai Y.Y., Lin H.J., Tsai Y., Lee C.C., Tsai C.H., Tseng S.H., and Tsai F.J. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms in age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol 145 (2008) 1045-1051
122. Lopez P.F., Lambert H.M., Grossniklaus H.E., and Sternberg Jr. P. Well-defined subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 100 (1993) 415-422
123. Lu B., Rutledge B.J., Gu L., Fiorillo J., Lukacs N.W., Kunkel S.L., North R., Gerard C., and Rollins B.J. Abnormalities in monocyte recruitment and cytokine expression in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med 187 (1998) 601-608
124. Luo L., Harmon J., Yang X., Chen H., Patel S., Mineau G., Yang Z., Constantine R., Buehler J., Kaminoh Y., Ma X., Wong T.Y., Zhang M., and Zhang K. Familial aggregation of age-related macular degeneration in the Utah population. Vis. Res. 48 (2008) 494-500
125. Majewski J., Schultz D.W., Weleber R.G., Schain M.B., Edwards A.O., Matise T.C., Acott T.S., Ott J., and Klein M.L. Age-related macular degeneration-a genome scan in extended families. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (2003) 540-550
126. Malek G., Johnson L.V., Mace B.E., Saloupis P., Schmechel D.E., Rickman D.W., Toth C.A., Sullivan P.M., and Bowes Rickman C. Apolipoprotein E allele-dependent pathogenesis: a model for age-related retinal degeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 11900-11905
127. Mantovani A., Sica A., Sozzani S., Allavena P., Vecchi A., and Locati M. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol 25 (2004) 677-686
128. Mares-Perlman J.A., Brady W.E., Klein R., VandenLangenberg G.M., Klein B.E., and Palta M. Dietary fat and age-related maculopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol 113 (1995) 743-748
129. Mata N.L., Tzekov R.T., Liu X., Weng J., Birch D.G., and Travis G.H. Delayed dark-adaptation and lipofuscin accumulation in abcr+/- mice: implications for involvement of ABCR in age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 (2001) 1685-1690
130. Midena E., Degli Angeli C., Blarzino M.C., Valenti M., and Segato T. Macular function impairment in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 38 (1997) 469-477
131. Misch E.A., and Hawn T.R. Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to human disease. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 114 (2008) 347-360
132. Mold C., Gewurz H., and Du Clos T.W. Regulation of complement activation by C-reactive protein. Immunopharmacology 42 (1999) 23-30
133. Montes T., Goicoechea de Jorge E., Ramos R., Goma M., Pujol O., Sanchez-Corral P., and Rodriguez de Cordoba S. Genetic deficiency of complement factor H in a patient with age-related macular degeneration and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Mol. Immunol 45 (2008) 2897-2904
134. Mori K., Horie-Inoue K., Kohda M., Kawasaki I., Gehlbach P.L., Awata T., Yoneya S., Okazaki Y., and Inoue S. Association of the HTRA1 gene variant with age-related macular degeneration in the Japanese population. J. Hum. Genet. 52 (2007) 636-641
135. Mullins R.F., Russell S.R., Anderson D.H., and Hageman G.S. Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease. FASEB J 14 (2000) 835-846
136. Mullins R.F., Aptsiauri N., and Hageman G.S. Structure and composition of drusen associated with glomerulonephritis: implications for the role of complement activation in drusen biogenesis. Eye 15 (2001) 390-395
137. Nordgaard C.L., Berg K.M., Kapphahn R.J., Reilly C., Feng X., Olsen T.W., and Ferrington D.A. Proteomics of the retinal pigment epithelium reveals altered protein expression at progressive stages of age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (2006) 815-822
138. Nordgaard C.L., Karunadharma P.P., Feng X., Olsen T.W., and Ferrington D.A. Mitochondrial proteomics of the retinal pigment epithelium at progressive stages of age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (2008) 2848-2855
139. Nozaki M., Raisler B.J., Sakurai E., Sarma J.V., Barnum S.R., Lambris J.D., Chen Y., Zhang K., Ambati B.K., Baffi J.Z., and Ambati J. Drusen complement components C3a and C5a promote choroidal neovascularization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 2328-2333
140. Nussenblatt R.B., and Ferris III F. Age-related macular degeneration and the immune response: implications for therapy. Am. J. Ophthalmol 144 (2007) 618-626
141. Ogata N., Yamamoto C., Miyashiro M., Yamada H., Matsushima M., and Uyama M. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta mRNA in experimental choroidal neovascularization. Curr. Eye Res. 16 (1997) 9-18
142. Oka C., Tsujimoto R., Kajikawa M., Koshiba-Takeuchi K., Ina J., Yano M., Tsuchiya A., Ueta Y., Soma A., Kanda H., Matsumoto M., and Kawaichi M. HtrA1 serine protease inhibits signaling mediated by Tgfbeta family proteins. Development 131 (2004) 1041-1053
143. Okamoto H., Umeda S., Obazawa M., Minami M., Noda T., Mizota A., Honda M., Tanaka M., Koyama R., Takagi I., Sakamoto Y., Saito Y., Miyake Y., and Iwata T. Complement factor H polymorphisms in Japanese population with age-related macular degeneration. Mol. Vis 12 (2006) 156-158
144. Ong J.M., Zorapapel N.C., Rich K.A., Wagstaff R.E., Lambert R.W., Rosenberg S.E., Moghaddas F., Pirouzmanesh A., Aoki A.M., and Kenney M.C. Effects of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E on retinal abnormalities in ApoE-deficient mice. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 (2001) 1891-1900
145. Patel M., and Chan C.C. Immunopathological aspects of age-related macular degeneration. Semin. Immunopathol 30 (2008) 97-110
146. Patel N., Ohbayashi M., Nugent A.K., Ramchand K., Toda M., Chau K.Y., Bunce C., Webster A., Bird A.C., Ono S.J., and Chong V. Circulating anti-retinal antibodies as immune markers in age-related macular degeneration. Immunology 115 (2005) 422-430
147. Penfold P.L., Wong J.G., Gyory J., and Billson F.A. Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on microglial morphology and quantitative expression of MHC-II in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol 29 (2001) 188-192
148. Pickering M.C., Cook H.T., Warren J., Bygrave A.E., Moss J., Walport M.J., and Botto M. Uncontrolled C3 activation causes membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in mice deficient in complement factor H. Nat. Genet. 31 (2002) 424-428
149. Rakoczy E.P., Yu M.J., Nusinowitz S., Chang B., and Heckenlively J.R. Mouse models of age-related macular degeneration. Exp. Eye Res. 82 (2006) 741-752
150. Richardson A.J., Islam F.M., Guymer R.H., Cain M., and Baird P.N. A tag-single nucleotide polymorphisms approach to the vascular endothelial growth factor-A gene in age-related macular degeneration. Mol. Vis 13 (2007) 2148-2152
151. Rinne M., Caldwell D., and Kelley M.R. Transient adenoviral N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase overexpression imparts chemotherapeutic sensitivity to human breast cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther 3 (2004) 955-967
152. Rivera A., Fisher S.A., Fritsche L.G., Keilhauer C.N., Lichtner P., Meitinger T., and Weber B.H. Hypothetical LOC387715 is a second major susceptibility gene for age-related macular degeneration, contributing independently of complement factor H to disease risk. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) 3227-3236
153. Robman L., Mahdi O., McCarty C., Dimitrov P., Tikellis G., McNeil J., Byrne G., Taylor H., and Guymer R. Exposure to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and progression of age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Epidemiol 161 (2005) 1013-1019
154. Roque R.S., Rosales A.A., Jingjing L., Agarwal N., and Al-Ubaidi M.R. Retina-derived microglial cells induce photoreceptor cell death in vitro. Brain Res. 836 (1999) 110-119
155. Rosenfeld P.J., Brown D.M., Heier J.S., Boyer D.S., Kaiser P.K., Chung C.Y., and Kim R.Y. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med 355 (2006) 1419-1431
156. Ross R.J., Bojanowski C.M., Wang J.J., Chew E.Y., Rochtchina E., Ferris III F.L., Mitchell P., Chan C.C., and Tuo J. The LOC387715 polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration: replication in three case-control samples. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) 1128-1132
157. Ross R.J., Zhou M., Shen D., Fariss R.N., Ding X., Bojanowski C.M., Tuo J., and Chan C.C. Immunological protein expression profile in Ccl2/Cx3cr1 deficient mice with lesions similar to age-related macular degeneration. Exp. Eye Res. 86 (2008) 675-683
158. Russell S.R., Mullins R.F., Schneider B.L., and Hageman G.S. Location, substructure, and composition of basal laminar drusen compared with drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol 129 (2000) 205-214
159. Sakurai E., Anand A., Ambati B.K., van Rooijen N., and Ambati J. Macrophage depletion inhibits experimental choroidal neovascularization. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (2003) 3578-3585
160. Sarks S.H., Arnold J.J., Killingsworth M.C., and Sarks J.P. Early drusen formation in the normal and aging eye and their relation to age related maculopathy: a clinicopathological study. Br. J. Ophthalmol 83 (1999) 358-368
161. Schmidt S., Klaver C., Saunders A., Postel E., De La Paz M., Agarwal A., Small K., Udar N., Ong J., Chalukya M., Nesburn A., Kenney C., Domurath R., Hogan M., Mah T., Conley Y., Ferrell R., Weeks D., de Jong P.T., van Duijn C., Haines J., Pericak-Vance M., and Gorin M. A pooled case-control study of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in age-related maculopathy. Ophthalmic Genet. 23 (2002) 209-223
162. Schmidt S., Haines J.L., Postel E.A., Agarwal A., Kwan S.Y., Gilbert J.R., Pericak-Vance M.A., and Scott W.K. Joint effects of smoking history and APOE genotypes in age-related macular degeneration. Mol. Vis 11 (2005) 941-949
163. Schmidt S., Hauser M.A., Scott W.K., Postel E.A., Agarwal A., Gallins P., Wong F., Chen Y.S., Spencer K., Schnetz-Boutaud N., Haines J.L., and Pericak-Vance M.A. Cigarette smoking strongly modifies the association of LOC387715 and age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2006) 852-864
164. Schultz D.W., Klein M.L., Humpert A., Majewski J., Schain M., Weleber R.G., Ott J., and Acott T.S. Lack of an association of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms with familial age-related macular degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol 121 (2003) 679-683
165. Seddon J.M., Ajani U.A., Sperduto R.D., Hiller R., Blair N., Burton T.C., Farber M.D., Gragoudas E.S., Haller J., Miller D.T., et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. JAMA 272 (1994) 1413-1420
166. Seddon J.M., Rosner B., Sperduto R.D., Yannuzzi L., Haller J.A., Blair N.P., and Willett W. Dietary fat and risk for advanced age-related macular degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol 119 (2001) 1191-1199
167. Seddon J.M., Cote J., and Rosner B. Progression of age-related macular degeneration: association with dietary fat, transunsaturated fat, nuts, and fish intake. Arch. Ophthalmol 121 (2003) 1728-1737
168. Seddon J.M., Gensler G., Milton R.C., Klein M.L., and Rifai N. Association between C-reactive protein and age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 291 (2004) 704-710
169. Seddon J.M., Francis P.J., George S., Schultz D.W., Rosner B., and Klein M.L. Association of CFH Y402H and LOC387715 A69S with progression of age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 297 (2007) 1793-1800
170. Shanmugaratnam J., Berg E., Kimerer L., Johnson R.J., Amaratunga A., Schreiber B.M., and Fine R.E. Retinal Muller glia secrete apolipoproteins E and J. which are efficiently assembled into lipoprotein particles. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 50 (1997) 113-120
171. Shen D., Tuo J., Patel M., Herzlich A.A., Ding X., Chew E.Y., and Chan C.C. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, complement factor H variant and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2008 November 7 [Epub ahead of print] (2008)
172. Shuler Jr. R.K., Schmidt S., Gallins P., Hauser M.A., Scott W.K., Caldwell J., Agarwal A., Haines J.L., Pericak-Vance M.A., and Postel E.A. Peripheral reticular pigmentary change is associated with complement factor H polymorphism (Y402H) in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 115 (2008) 520-524
173. Skerka C., Lauer N., Weinberger A.A., Keilhauer C.N., Suhnel J., Smith R., Schlotzer-Schrehardt U., Fritsche L., Heinen S., Hartmann A., Weber B.H., and Zipfel P.F. Defective complement control of factor H (Y402H) and FHL-1 in age-related macular degeneration. Mol. Immunol 44 (2007) 3398-3406
174. Smith C. Genomics: SNPs and human disease. Nature 435 (2005) 993
175. Smith W., and Mitchell P. Family history and age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Aust. N.Z.J. Ophthalmol 26 (1998) 203-206
176. Smith W., Mitchell P., and Leeder S.R. Dietary fat and fish intake and age-related maculopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol 118 (2000) 401-404
177. Smith S.R., Tong Z., Constantine R., Brinton E., Cameron J., Gibbs D., Schneider S., Harmon J., Yang Z., and Zhang K. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms and their association with age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (2007) E-2097
178. Souied E.H., Benlian P., Amouyel P., Feingold J., Lagarde J.P., Munnich A., Kaplan J., Coscas G., and Soubrane G. The epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene as a potential protective factor for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol 125 (1998) 353-359
179. Souied E.H., Ducroq D., Rozet J.M., Gerber S., Perrault I., Munnich A., Coscas G., Soubrane G., and Kaplan J. ABCR gene analysis in familial exudative age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 (2000) 244-247
180. Stone E.M., Webster A.R., Vandenburgh K., Streb L.M., Hockey R.R., Lotery A.J., and Sheffield V.C. Allelic variation in ABCR associated with Stargardt disease but not age-related macular degeneration. Nat. Genet. 20 (1998) 328-329
181. Tam P.O., Ng T.K., Liu D.T., Chan W.M., Chiang S.W., Chen L.J., DeWan A., Hoh J., Lam D.S., and Pang C.P. HTRA1 variants in exudative age-related macular degeneration and interactions with smoking and CFH. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (2008) 2357-2365
182. Tan J.S., Wang J.J., Flood V., Rochtchina E., Smith W., and Mitchell P. Dietary antioxidants and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 115 (2008) 334-341
183. Tsai Y.Y., Lin J.M., Wan L., Lin H.J., Tsai Y., Lee C.C., Tsai C.H., Tsai F.J., and Tseng S.H. Interleukin gene polymorphisms in age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (2008) 693-698
184. Tsoumakidou M., Demedts I.K., Brusselle G.G., and Jeffery P.K. Dendritic cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: new players in an old game. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 177 (2008) 1180-1186
185. Tsutsumi C., Sonoda K.H., Egashira K., Qiao H., Hisatomi T., Nakao S., Ishibashi M., Charo I.F., Sakamoto T., Murata T., and Ishibashi T. The critical role of ocular-infiltrating macrophages in the development of choroidal neovascularization. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74 (2003) 25-32
186. Tuo J., Smith B.C., Bojanowski C.M., Meleth A.D., Gery I., Csaky K.G., Chew E.Y., and Chan C.C. The involvement of sequence variation and expression of CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. FASEB J 18 (2004) 1297-1299
187. Tuo J., Ning B., Bojanowski C.M., Lin Z.N., Ross R.J., Reed G.F., Shen D., Jiao X., Zhou M., Chew E.Y., Kadlubar F.F., and Chan C.C. Synergic effect of polymorphisms in ERCC6 5′ flanking region and complement factor H on age-related macular degeneration predisposition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 9256-9261
188. Tuo J., Bojanowski C.M., Zhou M., Shen D., Ross R.J., Rosenberg K.I., Cameron D.J., Yin C., Kowalak J.A., Zhuang Z., Zhang K., and Chan C.C. Murine ccl2/cx3cr1 deficiency results in retinal lesions mimicking human age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) 3827-3836
189. Tuo J., Ross R.J., Reed G.F., Yan Q., Wang J.J., Bojanowski C.M., Chew E.Y., Feng X., Olsen T.W., Ferris III F.L., Mitchell P., and Chan C.C. The HtrA1 promoter polymorphism, smoking, and age-related macular degeneration in multiple case-control samples. Ophthalmology 115 (2008) 1891-1898
190. Tzourio C., Arima H., Harrap S., Anderson C., Godin O., Woodward M., Neal B., Bousser M.G., Chalmers J., Cambien F., and MacMahon S. APOE genotype, ethnicity, and the risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 70 (2008) 1322-1328
191. Wahl S.M. Transforming growth factor-beta: innately bipolar. Curr. Opin. Immunol 19 (2007) 55-62
192. Walport M.J. Complement. First of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med 344 (2001) 1058-1066
193. Walport M.J. Complement. Second of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med 344 (2001) 1140-1144
194. Wang J.J., Ross R.J., Tuo J., Burlutsky G., Tan A.G., Chan C.C., Favaloro E.J., Williams A., and Mitchell P. The LOC387715 polymorphism, inflammatory markers, smoking, and age-related macular degeneration. A population-based case-control study. Ophthalmology 115 (2008) 693-699
195. Weeks D.E., Conley Y.P., Tsai H.J., Mah T.S., Schmidt S., Postel E.A., Agarwal A., Haines J.L., Pericak-Vance M.A., Rosenfeld P.J., Paul T.O., Eller A.W., Morse L.S., Dailey J.P., Ferrell R.E., and Gorin M.B. Age-related maculopathy: a genomewide scan with continued evidence of susceptibility loci within the 1q31, 10q26, and 17q25 regions. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75 (2004) 174-189
196. Weng J., Mata N.L., Azarian S.M., Tzekov R.T., Birch D.G., and Travis G.H. Insights into the function of Rim protein in photoreceptors and etiology of Stargardt's disease from the phenotype in abcr knockout mice. Cell 98 (1999) 13-23
197. Wong T.Y., Shankar A., Klein R., Bray M.S., Couper D.J., Klein B.E., Sharrett A.R., and Folsom A.R. Apolipoprotein E gene and early age-related maculopathy: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Ophthalmology 113 (2006) 255-259
198. Wylegala E., and Teper S.J. VEGF in age-related macular degeneration. Part II. VEGF inhibitors use in age-related macular degeneration treatment. Klin. Oczna 109 (2007) 97-100
199. Xu H., Chen M., Manivannan A., Lois N., and Forrester J.V. Age-dependent accumulation of lipofuscin in perivascular and subretinal microglia in experimental mice. Aging Cell 7 (2008) 58-68
200. Yang Z., Camp N.J., Sun H., Tong Z., Gibbs D., Cameron D.J., Chen H., Zhao Y., Pearson E., Li X., Chien J., Dewan A., Harmon J., Bernstein P.S., Shridhar V., Zabriskie N.A., Hoh J., Howes K., and Zhang K. A variant of the HTRA1 gene increases susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Science 314 (2006) 992-993
201. Yang Z., Stratton C., Francis P.J., Kleinman M.E., Tan P.L., Gibbs D., Tong Z., Chen H., Constantine R., Yang X., Chen Y., Zeng J., Davey L., Ma X., Hau V.S., Wang C., Harmon J., Buehler J., Pearson E., Patel S., Kaminoh Y., Watkins S., Luo L., Zabriskie N.A., Bernstein P.S., Cho W., Schwager A., Hinton D.R., Klein M.L., Hamon S.C., Simmons E., Yu B., Campochiaro B., Sunness J.S., Campochiaro P., Jorde L., Parmigiani G., Zack D.J., Katsanis N., Ambati J., and Zhang K. Toll-like receptor 3 and geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med 359 (2008) 1456-1463
202. Yannuzzi L.A., Negrao S., Iida T., Carvalho C., Rodriguez-Coleman H., Slakter J., Freund K.B., Sorenson J., Orlock D., and Borodoker N. Retinal angiomatous proliferation in age-related macular degeneration. Retina 21 (2001) 416-434
203. Yates J.R., Sepp T., Matharu B.K., Khan J.C., Thurlby D.A., Shahid H., Clayton D.G., Hayward C., Morgan J., Wright A.F., Armbrecht A.M., Dhillon B., Deary I.J., Redmond E., Bird A.C., and Moore A.T. Complement C3 variant and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med 357 (2007) 553-561
204. Yu J., Wiita P., Kawaguchi R., Honda J., Jorgensen A., Zhang K., Fischetti V.A., and Sun H. Biochemical analysis of a common human polymorphism associated with age-related macular degeneration. Biochemistry 46 (2007) 8451-8461
205. Zareparsi S., Reddick A.C., Branham K.E., Moore K.B., Jessup L., Thoms S., Smith-Wheelock M., Yashar B.M., and Swaroop A. Association of apolipoprotein E alleles with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration in a large cohort from a single center. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45 (2004) 1306-1310
206. Zareparsi S., Buraczynska M., Branham K.E., Shah S., Eng D., Li M., Pawar H., Yashar B.M., Moroi S.E., Lichter P.R., Petty H.R., Richards J.E., Abecasis G.R., Elner V.M., and Swaroop A. Toll-like receptor 4 variant D299G is associated with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) 1449-1455