메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 178-193

Ghrelin: A molecular target for weight regulation, glucose and lipid metabolism

Author keywords

Acylated ghrelin; Diabetes; Food intake; Ghrelin; GHS receptor; Glucose; Insulin secretion; Lipid metabolism; Metabolism; Obesity; Unacylated ghrelin; Wasting syndrome

Indexed keywords

2 METHYLALANYL DEXTRO TRYPTOPHAN 1 FORMAMIDO 2 (3 INDOLYL)ETHYLAMIDE; 2,4 DIMETHOXYBENZYLPHENETHYL(PYRIDINE 2 YL)CARBOXYLTRIAZOLE; 3 (2 HYDROXYPROPYLAMINO) 3 METHYL N [2,3,4,5 TETRAHYDRO 2 OXO 1 [[2' (1H TETRAZOL 5 YL) 1,1' BIPHENYL 4 YL]METHYL] 1H 1 BENZAZEPIN 3 YL]BUTANAMIDE; 3 AMINO 3 METHYL N [2,3,4,5 TETRAHYDRO 2 OXO 1 [[2' (1H TETRAZOL 5 YL) 1,1' BIPHENYL 4 YL]METHYL] 1H 1 BENZAZEPIN 3 YL]BUTANAMIDE; BIM 28163; CAPROMORELIN; GHRELIN; GHRELIN ANTIBODY; GHRELIN RECEPTOR; GLUCOSE; GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTOR 1A STIMULATING AGENT; HEXARELIN; HISTIDYL DEXTRO TRYPTOPHYLALANYLTRYPTOPHYL DEXTRO PHENYLALANYLLYSINAMIDE; HORMONE RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; IBUTAMOREN; INSULIN; IPAMORELIN; JMV 2806; JMV 2844; JMV 2951; JMV 3008; L 692400; LIPID; LY 44471; METENKEPHALIN[2 DEXTRO TRYPTOPHAN]; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PRALMORELIN; SM 130686; TABIMORELIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

EID: 58149129514     PISSN: 18722148     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187221408786241766     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (3)

References (198)
  • 2
    • 16844386575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nutrition paradox - underweight and obesity in developing countries
    • Caballero B. A nutrition paradox - underweight and obesity in developing countries. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1514-1516.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.352 , pp. 1514-1516
    • Caballero, B.1
  • 3
    • 2942554887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002
    • Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA 2004; 291: 2847-2850.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 2847-2850
    • Hedley, A.A.1    Ogden, C.L.2    Johnson, C.L.3    Carroll, M.D.4    Curtin, L.R.5    Flegal, K.M.6
  • 4
    • 33748991141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics of obesity and the prediction of risk for health
    • Walley AJ, Blakemore AI, Froguel P. Genetics of obesity and the prediction of risk for health. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15: R124-R130.
    • (2006) Hum Mol Genet , vol.15
    • Walley, A.J.1    Blakemore, A.I.2    Froguel, P.3
  • 5
    • 0034937853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of childhood obesity on morbidity and mortality
    • Maffeis C, Tato L. Long-term effects of childhood obesity on morbidity and mortality. Horm Res 2001; 55(1): 42-45.
    • (2001) Horm Res , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 42-45
    • Maffeis, C.1    Tato, L.2
  • 7
    • 0842324779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity wars: Molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic
    • Flier JS. Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic. Cell 2004; 116: 337-350.
    • (2004) Cell , vol.116 , pp. 337-350
    • Flier, J.S.1
  • 9
    • 33750115577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin: A hormone regulating food intake and energy homeostasis
    • Gil-Campos M, Aguilera CM, Canete R, Gil A. Ghrelin: a hormone regulating food intake and energy homeostasis. Br J Nutr 2006; 96: 201-226.
    • (2006) Br J Nutr , vol.96 , pp. 201-226
    • Gil-Campos, M.1    Aguilera, C.M.2    Canete, R.3    Gil, A.4
  • 10
    • 36549003525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin and ghrelin: Peripheral hormones modulating memory and hippocampal function
    • McNay EC. Insulin and ghrelin: peripheral hormones modulating memory and hippocampal function. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7: 628-632.
    • (2007) Curr Opin Pharmacol , vol.7 , pp. 628-632
    • McNay, E.C.1
  • 11
    • 41149115559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can gut hormones control appetite and prevent obesity?
    • Chaudhri OB, Wynne K, Bloom SR. Can gut hormones control appetite and prevent obesity? Diabetes Care 2008; 31 (2): S284-S289.
    • (2008) Diabetes Care , vol.31 , Issue.2
    • Chaudhri, O.B.1    Wynne, K.2    Bloom, S.R.3
  • 13
    • 0033540056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach
    • Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999; 402: 656-660.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 656-660
    • Kojima, M.1    Hosoda, H.2    Date, Y.3    Nakazato, M.4    Matsuo, H.5    Kangawa, K.6
  • 14
    • 2942528459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin
    • van Der Lely AJ, Tschop M, Heiman ML, Ghigo E. Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Endocr Rev 2004; 25: 426-457.
    • (2004) Endocr Rev , vol.25 , pp. 426-457
    • van Der Lely, A.J.1    Tschop, M.2    Heiman, M.L.3    Ghigo, E.4
  • 16
    • 15544385058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin: Structure and function
    • Kojima M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin: structure and function. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 495-522.
    • (2005) Physiol Rev , vol.85 , pp. 495-522
    • Kojima, M.1    Kangawa, K.2
  • 17
    • 9444246501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release
    • Howard AD, Feighner SD, Cully DF, et al. A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science 1996; 273: 974-977.
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 974-977
    • Howard, A.D.1    Feighner, S.D.2    Cully, D.F.3
  • 18
    • 0035083793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biologic activities of growth hormone secretagogues in humans
    • Ghigo E, Arvat E, Giordano R, et al. Biologic activities of growth hormone secretagogues in humans. Endocrine 2001; 14: 87-93.
    • (2001) Endocrine , vol.14 , pp. 87-93
    • Ghigo, E.1    Arvat, E.2    Giordano, R.3
  • 19
    • 0035039474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unnatural growth hormone-releasing peptide begets natural ghrelin
    • Bowers CY. Unnatural growth hormone-releasing peptide begets natural ghrelin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1464-1469.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 1464-1469
    • Bowers, C.Y.1
  • 20
    • 0035217073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H NMR structural analysis of human ghrelin and its six truncated analogs
    • Silva EMV, Bednarek MA, Gao YD. 1H NMR structural analysis of human ghrelin and its six truncated analogs. Biopolymers 2001; 59: 489-501.
    • (2001) Biopolymers , vol.59 , pp. 489-501
    • Silva, E.M.V.1    Bednarek, M.A.2    Gao, Y.D.3
  • 21
    • 0035860282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-activity relationship of ghrelin: Pharmacological study of ghrelin peptides
    • Matsumoto M, Hosoda H, Kitajima Y, et al. Structure-activity relationship of ghrelin: pharmacological study of ghrelin peptides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287: 142-146.
    • (2001) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.287 , pp. 142-146
    • Matsumoto, M.1    Hosoda, H.2    Kitajima, Y.3
  • 22
    • 0034698072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Purification and characterization of rat des-Gln14-Ghrelin, a second endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor
    • Hosoda H, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Purification and characterization of rat des-Gln14-Ghrelin, a second endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 21995-22000.
    • (2000) J Biol Chem , vol.275 , pp. 21995-22000
    • Hosoda, H.1    Kojima, M.2    Matsuo, H.3    Kangawa, K.4
  • 23
    • 6344291317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Administration of acylated ghrelin reduces insulin sensitivity, whereas the combination of acylated plus unacylated ghrelin strongly improves insulin sensitivity
    • Gauna C, Meyler FM, Janssen JA, et al. Administration of acylated ghrelin reduces insulin sensitivity, whereas the combination of acylated plus unacylated ghrelin strongly improves insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 5035-5042.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 5035-5042
    • Gauna, C.1    Meyler, F.M.2    Janssen, J.A.3
  • 24
    • 57349122419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The continuous infusion of acylated ghrelin enhances GH secretion and worsen glucose metabolism in humans
    • in press
    • Broglio F, Prodam F, Riganti F. The continuous infusion of acylated ghrelin enhances GH secretion and worsen glucose metabolism in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 2008 (in press).
    • (2008) J Endocrinol Invest
    • Broglio, F.1    Prodam, F.2    Riganti, F.3
  • 25
    • 2942666142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans
    • Broglio F, Gottero C, Prodam F, et al. Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3062-3065.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 3062-3065
    • Broglio, F.1    Gottero, C.2    Prodam, F.3
  • 26
    • 14044250280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin stimulates, while des-octanoyl ghrelin inhibits, glucose output by primary hepatocytes
    • Gauna C, Delhanty PJ, Hofland LJ, et al. Ghrelin stimulates, while des-octanoyl ghrelin inhibits, glucose output by primary hepatocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 1055-1060.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 1055-1060
    • Gauna, C.1    Delhanty, P.J.2    Hofland, L.J.3
  • 28
    • 34547157499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gauna C, van de ZB, van KA, Themmen AP, van Der Lely AJ, Delhanty PJ. Unacylated ghrelin is not a functional antagonist but a full agonist of the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 274: 30-34.
    • Gauna C, van de ZB, van KA, Themmen AP, van Der Lely AJ, Delhanty PJ. Unacylated ghrelin is not a functional antagonist but a full agonist of the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 274: 30-34.
  • 29
    • 38849090670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of the acyltransferase that octanoylates ghrelin, an appetite-stimulating peptide hormone
    • Yang J, Brown MS, Liang G, Grishin NV, Goldstein JL. Identification of the acyltransferase that octanoylates ghrelin, an appetite-stimulating peptide hormone. Cell 2008; 132: 387-396.
    • (2008) Cell , vol.132 , pp. 387-396
    • Yang, J.1    Brown, M.S.2    Liang, G.3    Grishin, N.V.4    Goldstein, J.L.5
  • 30
    • 4344690017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin gene polymorphisms and ghrelin, insulin, IGF-I, leptin and anthropometric data in children and adolescents
    • Vivenza D, Rapa A, Castellino N, et al. Ghrelin gene polymorphisms and ghrelin, insulin, IGF-I, leptin and anthropometric data in children and adolescents. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 151: 127-133.
    • (2004) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.151 , pp. 127-133
    • Vivenza, D.1    Rapa, A.2    Castellino, N.3
  • 31
    • 0034880513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations in the preproghrelin/ghrelin gene associated with obesity in humans
    • Ukkola O, Ravussin E, Jacobson P, et al. Mutations in the preproghrelin/ghrelin gene associated with obesity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 3996-3999.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 3996-3999
    • Ukkola, O.1    Ravussin, E.2    Jacobson, P.3
  • 33
    • 20144389880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation analysis of the preproghrelin gene: No association with obesity and type 2 diabetes
    • Larsen LH, Gjesing AP, Sorensen TI, et al. Mutation analysis of the preproghrelin gene: no association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Clin Biochem 2005; 38: 420-424.
    • (2005) Clin Biochem , vol.38 , pp. 420-424
    • Larsen, L.H.1    Gjesing, A.P.2    Sorensen, T.I.3
  • 34
    • 27744600963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intake
    • Zhang JV, Ren PG, Vsian-Kretchmer O, et al. Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intake. Science 2005; 310: 996-999.
    • (2005) Science , vol.310 , pp. 996-999
    • Zhang, J.V.1    Ren, P.G.2    Vsian-Kretchmer, O.3
  • 35
    • 44649098808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin: Three pieces of the same puzzle
    • Soares JB, Leite-Moreira AF. Ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin: Three pieces of the same puzzle. Peptides 2008; 29: 1255-1270.
    • (2008) Peptides , vol.29 , pp. 1255-1270
    • Soares, J.B.1    Leite-Moreira, A.F.2
  • 36
    • 33846926049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of obestatin effects on food intake: Should obestatin be renamed ghrelin-associated peptide (GAP)?
    • Gourcerol G, St-Pierre DH, Tache Y. Lack of obestatin effects on food intake: should obestatin be renamed ghrelin-associated peptide (GAP)? Regul Pept 2007; 141: 1-7.
    • (2007) Regul Pept , vol.141 , pp. 1-7
    • Gourcerol, G.1    St-Pierre, D.H.2    Tache, Y.3
  • 37
    • 33845911774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of obestatin on energy balance and growth hormone secretion in rodents
    • Nogueiras R, Pfluger P, Tovar S, et al. Effects of obestatin on energy balance and growth hormone secretion in rodents. Endocrinology 2007; 148: 21-26.
    • (2007) Endocrinology , vol.148 , pp. 21-26
    • Nogueiras, R.1    Pfluger, P.2    Tovar, S.3
  • 38
    • 44649103391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obestatin induction of early response gene expression in gastrointestinal and adipose tissues and the mediatory role of GPR39
    • Zhang JV, Jahr H, Luo CW, et al. Obestatin induction of early response gene expression in gastrointestinal and adipose tissues and the mediatory role of GPR39. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22: 1464-1475.
    • (2008) Mol Endocrinol , vol.22 , pp. 1464-1475
    • Zhang, J.V.1    Jahr, H.2    Luo, C.W.3
  • 40
    • 33751062773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central obestatin administration does not modify either spontaneous or ghrelin-induced food intake in rats
    • Seoane LM, Al-Massadi O, Pazos Y, Pagotto U, Casanueva FF. Central obestatin administration does not modify either spontaneous or ghrelin-induced food intake in rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2006; 29: RC13-RC15.
    • (2006) J Endocrinol Invest , vol.29
    • Seoane, L.M.1    Al-Massadi, O.2    Pazos, Y.3    Pagotto, U.4    Casanueva, F.F.5
  • 41
    • 40449096914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obestatin: Its physicochemical characteristics and physiological functions
    • Tang SQ, Jiang QY, Zhang YL, et al. Obestatin: Its physicochemical characteristics and physiological functions. Peptides 2008; 29: 639-645.
    • (2008) Peptides , vol.29 , pp. 639-645
    • Tang, S.Q.1    Jiang, Q.Y.2    Zhang, Y.L.3
  • 42
    • 43049159720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral obestatin has no effect on feeding behavior and brain Fos expression in rodents
    • Kobelt P, Wisser AS, Stengel A, et al. Peripheral obestatin has no effect on feeding behavior and brain Fos expression in rodents. Peptides 2008; 29: 1018-1027.
    • (2008) Peptides , vol.29 , pp. 1018-1027
    • Kobelt, P.1    Wisser, A.S.2    Stengel, A.3
  • 43
    • 3042735648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans
    • Gnanapavan S, Kola B, Bustin SA, et al. The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2988-2991.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 2988-2991
    • Gnanapavan, S.1    Kola, B.2    Bustin, S.A.3
  • 44
    • 3843070931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin gene expression is markedly higher in fetal pancreas compared with fetal stomach: Effect of maternal fasting
    • Chanoine JP, Wong AC. Ghrelin gene expression is markedly higher in fetal pancreas compared with fetal stomach: effect of maternal fasting. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 3813-3820.
    • (2004) Endocrinology , vol.145 , pp. 3813-3820
    • Chanoine, J.P.1    Wong, A.C.2
  • 45
    • 0037098974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ghrelin cell: A novel developmentally regulated islet cell in the human pancreas
    • Wierup N, Svensson H, Mulder H, Sundler F. The ghrelin cell: a novel developmentally regulated islet cell in the human pancreas. Regul Pept 2002; 107: 63-69.
    • (2002) Regul Pept , vol.107 , pp. 63-69
    • Wierup, N.1    Svensson, H.2    Mulder, H.3    Sundler, F.4
  • 46
    • 1242318803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin is expressed in a novel endocrine cell type in developing rat islets and inhibits insulin secretion from INS-1 (832/13) cells
    • Wierup N, Yang S, McEvilly RJ, Mulder H, Sundler F. Ghrelin is expressed in a novel endocrine cell type in developing rat islets and inhibits insulin secretion from INS-1 (832/13) cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52: 301-310.
    • (2004) J Histochem Cytochem , vol.52 , pp. 301-310
    • Wierup, N.1    Yang, S.2    McEvilly, R.J.3    Mulder, H.4    Sundler, F.5
  • 47
    • 0034731310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin: Two major forms of rat ghrelin peptide in gastrointestinal tissue
    • Hosoda H, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin: two major forms of rat ghrelin peptide in gastrointestinal tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 279: 909-913.
    • (2000) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.279 , pp. 909-913
    • Hosoda, H.1    Kojima, M.2    Matsuo, H.3    Kangawa, K.4
  • 48
    • 0346949031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural divergence of human ghrelin. Identification of multiple ghrelin-derived molecules produced by post-translational processing
    • Hosoda H, Kojima M, Mizushima T, Shimizu S, Kangawa K. Structural divergence of human ghrelin. Identification of multiple ghrelin-derived molecules produced by post-translational processing. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 64-70.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 64-70
    • Hosoda, H.1    Kojima, M.2    Mizushima, T.3    Shimizu, S.4    Kangawa, K.5
  • 49
    • 36148983403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constant intravenous ghrelin infusion in healthy young men: Clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects
    • Vestergaard ET, Hansen TK, Gormsen LC, et al. Constant intravenous ghrelin infusion in healthy young men: Clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293: H3020-3026.
    • (2007) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.293
    • Vestergaard, E.T.1    Hansen, T.K.2    Gormsen, L.C.3
  • 51
    • 0037762542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin can bind to a species of high density lipoprotein associated with paraoxonase
    • Beaumont NJ, Skinner VO, Tan TM, et al. Ghrelin can bind to a species of high density lipoprotein associated with paraoxonase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 8877-8880.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 8877-8880
    • Beaumont, N.J.1    Skinner, V.O.2    Tan, T.M.3
  • 52
    • 2342473272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequencing analysis of the ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a) gene
    • Vartiainen J, Poykko SM, Raisanen T, Kesaniemi YA, Ukkola O. Sequencing analysis of the ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a) gene. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 150: 457-463.
    • (2004) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.150 , pp. 457-463
    • Vartiainen, J.1    Poykko, S.M.2    Raisanen, T.3    Kesaniemi, Y.A.4    Ukkola, O.5
  • 53
    • 1142285486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and functional characterization of two alternatively spliced growth hormone secretagogue receptor transcripts from the pituitary of black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegeli
    • Chan CB, Cheng CH. Identification and functional characterization of two alternatively spliced growth hormone secretagogue receptor transcripts from the pituitary of black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 214: 81-95.
    • (2004) Mol Cell Endocrinol , vol.214 , pp. 81-95
    • Chan, C.B.1    Cheng, C.H.2
  • 54
    • 33746739498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and the short- and long-term regulation of appetite and body weight
    • Cummings DE. Ghrelin and the short- and long-term regulation of appetite and body weight. Physiol Behav 2006; 89: 71-84.
    • (2006) Physiol Behav , vol.89 , pp. 71-84
    • Cummings, D.E.1
  • 55
    • 1842480284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin stimulation of growth hormone release and appetite is mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor
    • Sun Y, Wang P, Zheng H, Smith RG. Ghrelin stimulation of growth hormone release and appetite is mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 4679-4684.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 4679-4684
    • Sun, Y.1    Wang, P.2    Zheng, H.3    Smith, R.G.4
  • 56
    • 33947536063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological, pathological and potential therapeutic roles of ghrelin
    • Leite-Moreira AF, Soares JB. Physiological, pathological and potential therapeutic roles of ghrelin. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12: 276-288.
    • (2007) Drug Discov Today , vol.12 , pp. 276-288
    • Leite-Moreira, A.F.1    Soares, J.B.2
  • 57
    • 0242330291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High constitutive signaling of the ghrelin receptor - identification of a potent inverse agonist
    • Holst B, Cygankiewicz A, Jensen TH, Ankersen M, Schwartz TW. High constitutive signaling of the ghrelin receptor - identification of a potent inverse agonist. Mol Endocrinol 2003; 17: 2201-2210.
    • (2003) Mol Endocrinol , vol.17 , pp. 2201-2210
    • Holst, B.1    Cygankiewicz, A.2    Jensen, T.H.3    Ankersen, M.4    Schwartz, T.W.5
  • 58
    • 34447530948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of an efficacy switch region in the ghrelin receptor responsible for interchange between agonism and inverse agonism
    • Holst B, Mokrosinski J, Lang M, et al. Identification of an efficacy switch region in the ghrelin receptor responsible for interchange between agonism and inverse agonism. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 15799-15811.
    • (2007) J Biol Chem , vol.282 , pp. 15799-15811
    • Holst, B.1    Mokrosinski, J.2    Lang, M.3
  • 59
    • 33644653308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of constitutive activity of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in familial short stature
    • Pantel J, Legendre M, Cabrol S, et al. Loss of constitutive activity of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in familial short stature. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 760-768.
    • (2006) J Clin Invest , vol.116 , pp. 760-768
    • Pantel, J.1    Legendre, M.2    Cabrol, S.3
  • 60
    • 10744222895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin receptor gene: Identification of several sequence variants in extremely obese children and adolescents, healthy normal-weight and underweight students, and children with short normal stature
    • Wang HJ, Geller F, Dempfle A, et al. Ghrelin receptor gene: identification of several sequence variants in extremely obese children and adolescents, healthy normal-weight and underweight students, and children with short normal stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 157-162.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 157-162
    • Wang, H.J.1    Geller, F.2    Dempfle, A.3
  • 61
    • 27344437877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel growth hormone secretagogue-1a receptor antagonist that blocks ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion but induces increased body weight gain
    • Halem HA, Taylor JE, Dong JZ, et al. A novel growth hormone secretagogue-1a receptor antagonist that blocks ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion but induces increased body weight gain. Neuroendocrinology 2005; 81: 339-349.
    • (2005) Neuroendocrinology , vol.81 , pp. 339-349
    • Halem, H.A.1    Taylor, J.E.2    Dong, J.Z.3
  • 62
    • 4444246201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin both inhibit isoproterenol-induced lipolysis in rat adipocytes via a non-type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor
    • Muccioli G, Pons N, Ghe C, Catapano F, Granata R, Ghigo E. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin both inhibit isoproterenol-induced lipolysis in rat adipocytes via a non-type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 498: 27-35.
    • (2004) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.498 , pp. 27-35
    • Muccioli, G.1    Pons, N.2    Ghe, C.3    Catapano, F.4    Granata, R.5    Ghigo, E.6
  • 63
    • 12144290080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of ghrelin and biological activity of specific receptors for ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in human prostate neoplasms and related cell lines
    • Cassoni P, Ghe C, Marrocco T, et al. Expression of ghrelin and biological activity of specific receptors for ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in human prostate neoplasms and related cell lines. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 150: 173-184.
    • (2004) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.150 , pp. 173-184
    • Cassoni, P.1    Ghe, C.2    Marrocco, T.3
  • 64
    • 43049099290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of ghrelin structure and membrane binding by phosphorylation
    • Dehlin E, Liu J, Yun SH, et al. Regulation of ghrelin structure and membrane binding by phosphorylation. Peptides 2008; 29: 904-911.
    • (2008) Peptides , vol.29 , pp. 904-911
    • Dehlin, E.1    Liu, J.2    Yun, S.H.3
  • 65
    • 33645857375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Des-acyl ghrelin induces food intake by a mechanism independent of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor
    • Toshinai K, Yamaguchi H, Sun Y, et al. Des-acyl ghrelin induces food intake by a mechanism independent of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Endocrinology 2006; 147: 2306-2314.
    • (2006) Endocrinology , vol.147 , pp. 2306-2314
    • Toshinai, K.1    Yamaguchi, H.2    Sun, Y.3
  • 66
    • 35948975083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptors. Toward the understanding of the molecular identity of novel ghrelin/GHS receptors
    • Muccioli G, Baragli A, Granata R, Papotti M, Ghigo E. Heterogeneity of ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptors. Toward the understanding of the molecular identity of novel ghrelin/GHS receptors. Neuroendocrinology 2007; 86: 147-164.
    • (2007) Neuroendocrinology , vol.86 , pp. 147-164
    • Muccioli, G.1    Baragli, A.2    Granata, R.3    Papotti, M.4    Ghigo, E.5
  • 67
    • 27744583284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin: Endocrine, metabolic and cardiovascular actions
    • Broglio F, Prodam F, Me E, et al. Ghrelin: endocrine, metabolic and cardiovascular actions. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28: 23-25.
    • (2005) J Endocrinol Invest , vol.28 , pp. 23-25
    • Broglio, F.1    Prodam, F.2    Me, E.3
  • 68
    • 38649110116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hexarelin Signaling to PPARgamma in Metabolic Diseases
    • Demers A, Rodrigue-Way A, Tremblay A. Hexarelin Signaling to PPARgamma in Metabolic Diseases. PPAR Res 2008; 2008: 364784.
    • (2008) PPAR Res 2008 , pp. 364784
    • Demers, A.1    Rodrigue-Way, A.2    Tremblay, A.3
  • 69
    • 17944379112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans
    • Ariyasu H, Takaya K, Tagami T, et al. Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4753-4758.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 4753-4758
    • Ariyasu, H.1    Takaya, K.2    Tagami, T.3
  • 70
  • 73
    • 3142658638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in the dynamics of circulating ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin in human obesity
    • Yildiz BO, Suchard MA, Wong ML, McCann SM, Licinio J. Alterations in the dynamics of circulating ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin in human obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 10434-10439.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 10434-10439
    • Yildiz, B.O.1    Suchard, M.A.2    Wong, M.L.3    McCann, S.M.4    Licinio, J.5
  • 74
    • 33845603200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastric sensorimotor functions and hormone profile in normal weight, overweight, and obese people
    • Vazquez RMI, Camilleri M, Stephens DA, et al. Gastric sensorimotor functions and hormone profile in normal weight, overweight, and obese people. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1717-1724.
    • (2006) Gastroenterology , vol.131 , pp. 1717-1724
    • Vazquez, R.M.I.1    Camilleri, M.2    Stephens, D.A.3
  • 76
    • 0000067107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics and pathophysiology of human obesity
    • Cummings DE, Schwartz MW. Genetics and pathophysiology of human obesity. Annu Rev Med 2003; 54: 453-471.
    • (2003) Annu Rev Med , vol.54 , pp. 453-471
    • Cummings, D.E.1    Schwartz, M.W.2
  • 77
    • 33845642664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: A review
    • Klok MD, Jakobsdottir S, Drent ML. The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a review. Obes Rev 2007; 8: 21-34.
    • (2007) Obes Rev , vol.8 , pp. 21-34
    • Klok, M.D.1    Jakobsdottir, S.2    Drent, M.L.3
  • 78
    • 33846567516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in 24-h area-under-the-curve ghrelin values following diet-induced weight loss are associated with loss of fat-free mass, but not with changes in fat mass, insulin levels or insulin sensitivity
    • Purnell JQ, Cummings D, Weigle DS. Changes in 24-h area-under-the-curve ghrelin values following diet-induced weight loss are associated with loss of fat-free mass, but not with changes in fat mass, insulin levels or insulin sensitivity. Int J Obes 2007; 31: 385-389.
    • (2007) Int J Obes , vol.31 , pp. 385-389
    • Purnell, J.Q.1    Cummings, D.2    Weigle, D.S.3
  • 79
    • 0036342530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A variation in the ghrelin gene increases weight and decreases insulin secretion in tall, obese children
    • Korbonits M, Gueorguiev M, O'Grady E, et al. A variation in the ghrelin gene increases weight and decreases insulin secretion in tall, obese children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 4005-4008.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 4005-4008
    • Korbonits, M.1    Gueorguiev, M.2    O'Grady, E.3
  • 80
    • 33748464912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequencing analysis of ghrelin gene 5′ flanking region: Relations between the sequence variants, fasting plasma total ghrelin concentrations, and body mass index
    • Vartiainen J, Kesaniemi YA, Ukkola O. Sequencing analysis of ghrelin gene 5′ flanking region: relations between the sequence variants, fasting plasma total ghrelin concentrations, and body mass index. Metabolism 2006; 55: 1420-1425.
    • (2006) Metabolism , vol.55 , pp. 1420-1425
    • Vartiainen, J.1    Kesaniemi, Y.A.2    Ukkola, O.3
  • 81
    • 41549128569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of association of ghrelin precursor gene variants and percentage body fat or serum lipid profiles
    • Martin GR, Loredo JC, Sun G. Lack of association of ghrelin precursor gene variants and percentage body fat or serum lipid profiles. Obesity 2008; 16: 908-912.
    • (2008) Obesity , vol.16 , pp. 908-912
    • Martin, G.R.1    Loredo, J.C.2    Sun, G.3
  • 82
    • 34447263548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in the preproghrelin gene correlate with higher body mass index, fat mass, and body dissatisfaction in young Japanese women
    • Ando T, Ichimaru Y, Konjiki F, Shoji M, Komaki G. Variations in the preproghrelin gene correlate with higher body mass index, fat mass, and body dissatisfaction in young Japanese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 25-32.
    • (2007) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.86 , pp. 25-32
    • Ando, T.1    Ichimaru, Y.2    Konjiki, F.3    Shoji, M.4    Komaki, G.5
  • 83
    • 33646388384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of acylated ghrelin during oral glucose tolerance test is correlated with wholebody insulin sensitivity in children with Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Paik KH, Choe YH, Park WH, et al. Suppression of acylated ghrelin during oral glucose tolerance test is correlated with wholebody insulin sensitivity in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 1876-1881.
    • (2006) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.91 , pp. 1876-1881
    • Paik, K.H.1    Choe, Y.H.2    Park, W.H.3
  • 84
    • 4043161192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between fasting plasma ghrelin levels and age, body mass index (BMI), BMI percentiles, and 24-hour plasma ghrelin profiles in Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Paik KH, Jin DK, Song SY, et al. Correlation between fasting plasma ghrelin levels and age, body mass index (BMI), BMI percentiles, and 24-hour plasma ghrelin profiles in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3885-3889.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 3885-3889
    • Paik, K.H.1    Jin, D.K.2    Song, S.Y.3
  • 85
    • 0036928761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High circulating ghrelin: A potential cause for hyperphagia and obesity in prader-willi syndrome
    • DelParigi A, Tschop M, Heiman ML, et al. High circulating ghrelin: a potential cause for hyperphagia and obesity in prader-willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 5461-5464.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 5461-5464
    • DelParigi, A.1    Tschop, M.2    Heiman, M.L.3
  • 86
    • 11144356346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated fasting plasma ghrelin in prader-willi syndrome adults is not solely explained by their reduced visceral adiposity and insulin resistance
    • Goldstone AP, Thomas EL, Brynes AE, et al. Elevated fasting plasma ghrelin in prader-willi syndrome adults is not solely explained by their reduced visceral adiposity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1718-1726.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 1718-1726
    • Goldstone, A.P.1    Thomas, E.L.2    Brynes, A.E.3
  • 87
    • 33644863991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 9-year-old male with a duplication of chromosome 3p25.3p26.2: Clinical report and gene expression analysis
    • Bittel DC, Kibiryeva N, Dasouki M, Knoll JH, Butler MG. A 9-year-old male with a duplication of chromosome 3p25.3p26.2: clinical report and gene expression analysis. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140: 573-579.
    • (2006) Am J Med Genet A , vol.140 , pp. 573-579
    • Bittel, D.C.1    Kibiryeva, N.2    Dasouki, M.3    Knoll, J.H.4    Butler, M.G.5
  • 88
    • 0042200265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in ghrelin and ghrelin receptor expression according to feeding status
    • Kim MS, Yoon CY, Park KH, et al. Changes in ghrelin and ghrelin receptor expression according to feeding status. Neuroreport 2003; 14: 1317-1320.
    • (2003) Neuroreport , vol.14 , pp. 1317-1320
    • Kim, M.S.1    Yoon, C.Y.2    Park, K.H.3
  • 89
    • 0036175425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin drives GH secretion during fasting in man
    • Muller AF, Lamberts SW, Janssen JA, et al. Ghrelin drives GH secretion during fasting in man. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 146: 203-207.
    • (2002) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.146 , pp. 203-207
    • Muller, A.F.1    Lamberts, S.W.2    Janssen, J.A.3
  • 90
    • 21344462845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous 24-h ghrelin secretion pattern in fasting subjects: Maintenance of a meal-related pattern
    • Natalucci G, Riedl S, Gleiss A, Zidek T, Frisch H. Spontaneous 24-h ghrelin secretion pattern in fasting subjects: maintenance of a meal-related pattern. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 152: 845-850.
    • (2005) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.152 , pp. 845-850
    • Natalucci, G.1    Riedl, S.2    Gleiss, A.3    Zidek, T.4    Frisch, H.5
  • 91
    • 18844375807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenous circulating ghrelin does not mediate GH rhythmicity or response to fasting
    • Avram AM, Jaffe CA, Symons KV, Barkan AL. Endogenous circulating ghrelin does not mediate GH rhythmicity or response to fasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 2982-2987.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 2982-2987
    • Avram, A.M.1    Jaffe, C.A.2    Symons, K.V.3    Barkan, A.L.4
  • 92
    • 14044256656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fasting unmasks a strong inverse association between ghrelin and cortisol in serum: Studies in obese and normal-weight subjects
    • Espelund U, Hansen TK, Hojlund K, et al. Fasting unmasks a strong inverse association between ghrelin and cortisol in serum: studies in obese and normal-weight subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 741-746.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 741-746
    • Espelund, U.1    Hansen, T.K.2    Hojlund, K.3
  • 93
    • 43249089526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel ghrelin assays provide evidence for independent regulation of ghrelin acylation and secretion in healthy young men
    • Liu J, Prudom C, Nass R, et al. Novel ghrelin assays provide evidence for independent regulation of ghrelin acylation and secretion in healthy young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 1980-1987.
    • (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.93 , pp. 1980-1987
    • Liu, J.1    Prudom, C.2    Nass, R.3
  • 94
    • 43249111449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for acyl-ghrelin modulation of growth hormone release in the fed state
    • Nass R, Farhy L, Liu J, et al. Evidence for acyl-ghrelin modulation of growth hormone release in the fed state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 1988-1994.
    • (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.93 , pp. 1988-1994
    • Nass, R.1    Farhy, L.2    Liu, J.3
  • 95
    • 15944407209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic role of growth hormone in humans with particular reference to fasting
    • Norrelund H. The metabolic role of growth hormone in humans with particular reference to fasting. Growth Horm IGF Res 2005; 15: 95-122.
    • (2005) Growth Horm IGF Res , vol.15 , pp. 95-122
    • Norrelund, H.1
  • 96
    • 33750308532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nutritional control of ghrelin secretion in humans: The effects of enteral vs. parenteral nutrition
    • Prodam F, Me E, Riganti F, et al. The nutritional control of ghrelin secretion in humans: The effects of enteral vs. parenteral nutrition. Eur J Nutr 2006; 45: 399-405.
    • (2006) Eur J Nutr , vol.45 , pp. 399-405
    • Prodam, F.1    Me, E.2    Riganti, F.3
  • 97
    • 20244366719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ingested medium-chain fatty acids are directly utilized for the acyl-modification of ghrelin
    • Nishi Y, Hiejima H, Hosoda H, et al. Ingested medium-chain fatty acids are directly utilized for the acyl-modification of ghrelin. Endocrinology 2005; 146: 2709-2715.
    • (2005) Endocrinology , vol.146 , pp. 2709-2715
    • Nishi, Y.1    Hiejima, H.2    Hosoda, H.3
  • 98
    • 0036925201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma ghrelin, obesity, and the polycystic ovary syndrome: Correlation with insulin resistance and androgen levels
    • Pagotto U, Gambineri A, Vicennati V, Heiman ML, Tschop M, Pasquali R. Plasma ghrelin, obesity, and the polycystic ovary syndrome: correlation with insulin resistance and androgen levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 5625-5629.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 5625-5629
    • Pagotto, U.1    Gambineri, A.2    Vicennati, V.3    Heiman, M.L.4    Tschop, M.5    Pasquali, R.6
  • 100
    • 17844403548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential association of basal and postprandial plasma ghrelin with leptin, insulin, and type 2 diabetes
    • Erdmann J, Lippl F, Wagenpfeil S, Schusdziarra V. Differential association of basal and postprandial plasma ghrelin with leptin, insulin, and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2005; 54: 1371-1378.
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , pp. 1371-1378
    • Erdmann, J.1    Lippl, F.2    Wagenpfeil, S.3    Schusdziarra, V.4
  • 102
    • 17744374270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endocrine activities of ghrelin, a natural growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), in humans: Comparison and interactions with hexarelin, a nonnatural peptidyl GHS, and GH-releasing hormone
    • Arvat E, Maccario M, Di Vito L, et al. Endocrine activities of ghrelin, a natural growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), in humans: comparison and interactions with hexarelin, a nonnatural peptidyl GHS, and GH-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1169-1174.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 1169-1174
    • Arvat, E.1    Maccario, M.2    Di Vito, L.3
  • 103
    • 0034687376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents
    • Tschop M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000; 407: 908-913.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.407 , pp. 908-913
    • Tschop, M.1    Smiley, D.L.2    Heiman, M.L.3
  • 104
    • 0035514596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin causes hyperphagia and obesity in rats
    • Wren AM, Small CJ, Abbott CR, et al. Ghrelin causes hyperphagia and obesity in rats. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2540-2547.
    • (2001) Diabetes , vol.50 , pp. 2540-2547
    • Wren, A.M.1    Small, C.J.2    Abbott, C.R.3
  • 105
    • 0035843183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding
    • Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, et al. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 2001; 409: 194-198.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.409 , pp. 194-198
    • Nakazato, M.1    Murakami, N.2    Date, Y.3
  • 106
    • 0035143816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, is a novel orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin action through the activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/Y1 receptor pathway
    • Shintani M, Ogawa Y, Ebihara K, et al. Ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, is a novel orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin action through the activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/Y1 receptor pathway. Diabetes 2001; 50: 227-232.
    • (2001) Diabetes , vol.50 , pp. 227-232
    • Shintani, M.1    Ogawa, Y.2    Ebihara, K.3
  • 107
    • 2542475178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orexigenic action of peripheral ghrelin is mediated by neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein
    • Chen HY, Trumbauer ME, Chen AS, et al. Orexigenic action of peripheral ghrelin is mediated by neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 2607-2612.
    • (2004) Endocrinology , vol.145 , pp. 2607-2612
    • Chen, H.Y.1    Trumbauer, M.E.2    Chen, A.S.3
  • 108
    • 29244455638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of AgRP on Ghrelin-induced feeding in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
    • Shrestha YB, Wickwire K, Giraudo SQ. Role of AgRP on Ghrelin-induced feeding in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Regul Pept 2006; 133: 68-73.
    • (2006) Regul Pept , vol.133 , pp. 68-73
    • Shrestha, Y.B.1    Wickwire, K.2    Giraudo, S.Q.3
  • 109
    • 0038304457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice
    • Asakawa A, Inui A, Kaga T, et al. Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice. Gut 2003; 52: 947-952.
    • (2003) Gut , vol.52 , pp. 947-952
    • Asakawa, A.1    Inui, A.2    Kaga, T.3
  • 110
    • 0037471384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenous ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide acting in the arcuate nucleus in response to fasting
    • Bagnasco M, Tulipano G, Melis MR, Argiolas A, Cocchi D, Muller EE. Endogenous ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide acting in the arcuate nucleus in response to fasting. Regul Pept 2003; 111: 161-167.
    • (2003) Regul Pept , vol.111 , pp. 161-167
    • Bagnasco, M.1    Tulipano, G.2    Melis, M.R.3    Argiolas, A.4    Cocchi, D.5    Muller, E.E.6
  • 112
    • 34347391255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a mouse ghrelin gene transcript that contains intron 2 and is regulated in the pituitary and hypothalamus in response to metabolic stress
    • Kineman RD, Gahete MD, Luque RM. Identification of a mouse ghrelin gene transcript that contains intron 2 and is regulated in the pituitary and hypothalamus in response to metabolic stress. J Mol Endocrinol 2007; 38: 511-521.
    • (2007) J Mol Endocrinol , vol.38 , pp. 511-521
    • Kineman, R.D.1    Gahete, M.D.2    Luque, R.M.3
  • 113
    • 34249829624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin suppresses ghrelin-induced activation of neuropeptide Y neurons in the arcuate nucleus via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and phosphodiesterase 3-mediated pathway
    • Kohno D, Nakata M, Maekawa F, et al. Leptin suppresses ghrelin-induced activation of neuropeptide Y neurons in the arcuate nucleus via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and phosphodiesterase 3-mediated pathway. Endocrinology 2007; 148: 2251-2263.
    • (2007) Endocrinology , vol.148 , pp. 2251-2263
    • Kohno, D.1    Nakata, M.2    Maekawa, F.3
  • 114
    • 0035133586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin
    • Asakawa A, Inui A, Kaga T, et al. Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 337-345.
    • (2001) Gastroenterology , vol.120 , pp. 337-345
    • Asakawa, A.1    Inui, A.2    Kaga, T.3
  • 115
    • 33751120393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gut vagal afferents are not necessary for the eating-stimulatory effect of intraperitoneally injected ghrelin in the rat
    • Arnold M, Mura A, Langhans W, Geary N. Gut vagal afferents are not necessary for the eating-stimulatory effect of intraperitoneally injected ghrelin in the rat. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 11052-11060.
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 11052-11060
    • Arnold, M.1    Mura, A.2    Langhans, W.3    Geary, N.4
  • 116
    • 0037232370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholine does not play a major role in mediating the endocrine responses to ghrelin, a natural ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor, in humans
    • Broglio F, Gottero C, Benso A, et al. Acetylcholine does not play a major role in mediating the endocrine responses to ghrelin, a natural ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor, in humans. Clin Endocrinol 2003; 58: 92-98.
    • (2003) Clin Endocrinol , vol.58 , pp. 92-98
    • Broglio, F.1    Gottero, C.2    Benso, A.3
  • 117
    • 33745834734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin action in the brain controls adipocyte metabolism
    • Theander-Carrillo C, Wiedmer P, Cettour-Rose P, et al. Ghrelin action in the brain controls adipocyte metabolism. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 1983-1993.
    • (2006) J Clin Invest , vol.116 , pp. 1983-1993
    • Theander-Carrillo, C.1    Wiedmer, P.2    Cettour-Rose, P.3
  • 118
    • 0242580169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deletion of ghrelin impairs neither growth nor appetite
    • Sun Y, Ahmed S, Smith RG. Deletion of ghrelin impairs neither growth nor appetite. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23: 7973-7981.
    • (2003) Mol Cell Biol , vol.23 , pp. 7973-7981
    • Sun, Y.1    Ahmed, S.2    Smith, R.G.3
  • 119
    • 2542597708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic deletion of ghrelin does not decrease food intake but influences metabolic fuel preference
    • Wortley KE, Anderson KD, Garcia K, et al. Genetic deletion of ghrelin does not decrease food intake but influences metabolic fuel preference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 8227-8232.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 8227-8232
    • Wortley, K.E.1    Anderson, K.D.2    Garcia, K.3
  • 120
    • 31044452189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of ghrelin protects against early-onset obesity
    • Wortley KE, Del Rincon JP, Murray JD, et al. Absence of ghrelin protects against early-onset obesity. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 3573-3578.
    • (2005) J Clin Invest , vol.115 , pp. 3573-3578
    • Wortley, K.E.1    Del Rincon, J.P.2    Murray, J.D.3
  • 121
    • 10844287775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin
    • Asakawa A, Inui A, Fujimiya M, et al. Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin. Gut 2005; 54: 18-24.
    • (2005) Gut , vol.54 , pp. 18-24
    • Asakawa, A.1    Inui, A.2    Fujimiya, M.3
  • 122
    • 33644701212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracisternal des-acyl ghrelin inhibits food intake and non-nutrient gastric emptying in conscious rats
    • Chen CY, Chao Y, Chang FY, Chien EJ, Lee SD, Doong ML. Intracisternal des-acyl ghrelin inhibits food intake and non-nutrient gastric emptying in conscious rats. Int J Mol Med 2005; 16: 695-699.
    • (2005) Int J Mol Med , vol.16 , pp. 695-699
    • Chen, C.Y.1    Chao, Y.2    Chang, F.Y.3    Chien, E.J.4    Lee, S.D.5    Doong, M.L.6
  • 123
    • 35348979155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between desacylated and acylated ghrelin and insulin sensitivity in the metabolic syndrome
    • Barazzoni R, Zanetti M, Ferreira C, et al. Relationships between desacylated and acylated ghrelin and insulin sensitivity in the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 3935-3940.
    • (2007) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.92 , pp. 3935-3940
    • Barazzoni, R.1    Zanetti, M.2    Ferreira, C.3
  • 124
    • 34948875154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal and postprandial plasma levels of PYY, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, gastrin and insulin in women with moderate and morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome
    • Zwirska-Korczala K, Konturek SJ, Sodowski M, et al. Basal and postprandial plasma levels of PYY, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, gastrin and insulin in women with moderate and morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 58 (1): 13-35.
    • (2007) J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-35
    • Zwirska-Korczala, K.1    Konturek, S.J.2    Sodowski, M.3
  • 125
    • 0037162116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery
    • Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1623-1630.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 1623-1630
    • Cummings, D.E.1    Weigle, D.S.2    Frayo, R.S.3
  • 126
    • 0038298327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and gastric bypass: Is there a hormonal contribution to surgical weight loss?
    • Cummings DE, Shannon MH. Ghrelin and gastric bypass: is there a hormonal contribution to surgical weight loss? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2999-3002.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 2999-3002
    • Cummings, D.E.1    Shannon, M.H.2
  • 127
    • 12244288887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma ghrelin, peptide YY, and insulin
    • Korner J, Bessler M, Cirilo LJ, et al. Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma ghrelin, peptide YY, and insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 359-365.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 359-365
    • Korner, J.1    Bessler, M.2    Cirilo, L.J.3
  • 128
    • 39449105160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of gastric bypass and gastric banding on glucose kinetics and gut hormone release
    • Rodieux F, Giusti V, D'Alessio DA, Suter M, Tappy L. Effects of gastric bypass and gastric banding on glucose kinetics and gut hormone release. Obesity 2008; 16: 298-305.
    • (2008) Obesity , vol.16 , pp. 298-305
    • Rodieux, F.1    Giusti, V.2    D'Alessio, D.A.3    Suter, M.4    Tappy, L.5
  • 129
    • 33747657740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is ghrelin a signal of decreased fat-free mass in elderly subjects?
    • Bertoli S, Magni P, Krogh V, et al. Is ghrelin a signal of decreased fat-free mass in elderly subjects? Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 155: 321-330.
    • (2006) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.155 , pp. 321-330
    • Bertoli, S.1    Magni, P.2    Krogh, V.3
  • 130
    • 34247172873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging results of anticatabolic therapy with ghrelin
    • Akamizu T, Kangawa K. Emerging results of anticatabolic therapy with ghrelin. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007; 10:278-283.
    • (2007) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care , vol.10 , pp. 278-283
    • Akamizu, T.1    Kangawa, K.2
  • 131
    • 0037423693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-cachectic effect of ghrelin in nude mice bearing human melanoma cells
    • Hanada T, Toshinai K, Kajimura N, et al. Anti-cachectic effect of ghrelin in nude mice bearing human melanoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 301: 275-279.
    • (2003) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.301 , pp. 275-279
    • Hanada, T.1    Toshinai, K.2    Kajimura, N.3
  • 132
    • 0037314839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased plasma ghrelin level in lung cancer cachexia
    • Shimizu Y, Nagaya N, Isobe T, et al. Increased plasma ghrelin level in lung cancer cachexia. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 774-778.
    • (2003) Clin Cancer Res , vol.9 , pp. 774-778
    • Shimizu, Y.1    Nagaya, N.2    Isobe, T.3
  • 133
    • 18844441671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active ghrelin levels and active/total ghrelin ration in cancer-induced cachexia
    • Garcia JM, Garcia-Touza M, Hijazi RA, et al. Active ghrelin levels and active/total ghrelin ration in cancer-induced cachexia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 2920-2926.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 2920-2926
    • Garcia, J.M.1    Garcia-Touza, M.2    Hijazi, R.A.3
  • 134
    • 0037383867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin in chronic liver disease
    • Tacke F, Brabant G, Kruck E, et al. Ghrelin in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 2003; 38: 447-454.
    • (2003) J Hepatol , vol.38 , pp. 447-454
    • Tacke, F.1    Brabant, G.2    Kruck, E.3
  • 135
    • 0037384111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin improves left ventricular dysfunction and cardiac cachexia in heart failure
    • Nagaya N, Kangawa K. Ghrelin improves left ventricular dysfunction and cardiac cachexia in heart failure. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2003; 3: 146-151.
    • (2003) Curr Opin Pharmacol , vol.3 , pp. 146-151
    • Nagaya, N.1    Kangawa, K.2
  • 136
    • 24344477087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and bone metabolism in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and healthy adolescents
    • Misra M, Miller KK, Stewart V, et al. Ghrelin and bone metabolism in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and healthy adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 5082-5087.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 5082-5087
    • Misra, M.1    Miller, K.K.2    Stewart, V.3
  • 137
    • 20444433958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma acylated ghrelin levels correlate with subjective symptoms of functional dyspepsia in female patients
    • Shinomiya T, Fukunaga M, Akamizu T, et al. Plasma acylated ghrelin levels correlate with subjective symptoms of functional dyspepsia in female patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 648-653.
    • (2005) Scand J Gastroenterol , vol.40 , pp. 648-653
    • Shinomiya, T.1    Fukunaga, M.2    Akamizu, T.3
  • 138
    • 1042275336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin promote adipogenesis directly in vivo by a mechanism independent of the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor
    • Thompson NM, Gill DA, Davies R, et al. Ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin promote adipogenesis directly in vivo by a mechanism independent of the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 234-242.
    • (2004) Endocrinology , vol.145 , pp. 234-242
    • Thompson, N.M.1    Gill, D.A.2    Davies, R.3
  • 139
    • 2342582164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of adipogenesis by ghrelin
    • Zhang W, Zhao L, Lin TR, et al. Inhibition of adipogenesis by ghrelin. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15: 2484-2491.
    • (2004) Mol Biol Cell , vol.15 , pp. 2484-2491
    • Zhang, W.1    Zhao, L.2    Lin, T.R.3
  • 140
    • 0037373522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues receptor on rat adipogenesis
    • Choi K, Roh SG, Hong YH, et al. The role of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues receptor on rat adipogenesis. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 754-759.
    • (2003) Endocrinology , vol.144 , pp. 754-759
    • Choi, K.1    Roh, S.G.2    Hong, Y.H.3
  • 141
    • 19944396453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin regulates mitochondrial-lipid metabolism gene expression and tissue fat distribution in liver and skeletal muscle
    • Barazzoni R, Bosutti A, Stebel M, et al. Ghrelin regulates mitochondrial-lipid metabolism gene expression and tissue fat distribution in liver and skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288: E228-E235.
    • (2005) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.288
    • Barazzoni, R.1    Bosutti, A.2    Stebel, M.3
  • 142
    • 4544235733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mitogenic and antiapoptotic actions of ghrelin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
    • Kim MS, Yoon CY, Jang PG, et al. The mitogenic and antiapoptotic actions of ghrelin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 18: 2291-2301.
    • (2004) Mol Endocrinol , vol.18 , pp. 2291-2301
    • Kim, M.S.1    Yoon, C.Y.2    Jang, P.G.3
  • 143
    • 33644522042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin stimulates insulin-induced glucose uptake in adipocytes
    • Patel AD, Stanley SA, Murphy KG, et al. Ghrelin stimulates insulin-induced glucose uptake in adipocytes. Regul Pept 2006; 134: 17-22.
    • (2006) Regul Pept , vol.134 , pp. 17-22
    • Patel, A.D.1    Stanley, S.A.2    Murphy, K.G.3
  • 144
    • 22044441761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin regulates adiposity in white adipose tissue and UCP1 mRNA expression in brown adipose tissue in mice
    • Tsubone T, Masaki T, Katsuragi I, Tanaka K, Kakuma T, Yoshimatsu H. Ghrelin regulates adiposity in white adipose tissue and UCP1 mRNA expression in brown adipose tissue in mice. Regul Pept 2005; 130: 97-103.
    • (2005) Regul Pept , vol.130 , pp. 97-103
    • Tsubone, T.1    Masaki, T.2    Katsuragi, I.3    Tanaka, K.4    Kakuma, T.5    Yoshimatsu, H.6
  • 146
    • 35649027860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin gene-related peptides modulate rat white adiposity
    • Giovambattista A, Gaillard RC, Spinedi E. Ghrelin gene-related peptides modulate rat white adiposity. Vitam Horm 2008; 77: 171-205.
    • (2008) Vitam Horm , vol.77 , pp. 171-205
    • Giovambattista, A.1    Gaillard, R.C.2    Spinedi, E.3
  • 147
    • 34247326500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effect of leptin and ghrelin injection on postprandial glycogen and lipid synthesis in rats
    • Bassil MS, Mrayati MM, Hwalla NC, Obeid OA. Acute effect of leptin and ghrelin injection on postprandial glycogen and lipid synthesis in rats. Ann Nutr Metab 2007; 51:14-21.
    • (2007) Ann Nutr Metab , vol.51 , pp. 14-21
    • Bassil, M.S.1    Mrayati, M.M.2    Hwalla, N.C.3    Obeid, O.A.4
  • 149
    • 0036085711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of gastric ghrelin cells in man and other mammals: Studies in adult and fetal tissues
    • Rindi G, Necchi V, Savio A, et al. Characterisation of gastric ghrelin cells in man and other mammals: studies in adult and fetal tissues. Histochem Cell Biol 2002; 117: 511-519.
    • (2002) Histochem Cell Biol , vol.117 , pp. 511-519
    • Rindi, G.1    Necchi, V.2    Savio, A.3
  • 150
    • 0036959760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of ghrelin and of the GH secretagogue receptor by pancreatic islet cells and related endocrine tumors
    • Volante M, Allia E, Gugliotta P, et al. Expression of ghrelin and of the GH secretagogue receptor by pancreatic islet cells and related endocrine tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 1300-1308.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 1300-1308
    • Volante, M.1    Allia, E.2    Gugliotta, P.3
  • 151
  • 152
    • 19944400070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological analysis of ghrelin and its receptor distribution in the rat pancreas
    • Kageyama H, Funahashi H, Hirayama M, et al. Morphological analysis of ghrelin and its receptor distribution in the rat pancreas. Regul Pept 2005; 126: 67-71.
    • (2005) Regul Pept , vol.126 , pp. 67-71
    • Kageyama, H.1    Funahashi, H.2    Hirayama, M.3
  • 153
    • 33646534187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin prevents development of diabetes at adult age in streptozotocin-treated newborn rats
    • Irako T, Akamizu T, Hosoda H, et al. Ghrelin prevents development of diabetes at adult age in streptozotocin-treated newborn rats. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1264-1273.
    • (2006) Diabetologia , vol.49 , pp. 1264-1273
    • Irako, T.1    Akamizu, T.2    Hosoda, H.3
  • 154
    • 33846435771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acylated and unacylated ghrelin promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of pancreatic {beta} cells and human islets. Involvement of cAMP/PKA, ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling
    • Granata R, Settanni F, Biancone L, et al. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of pancreatic {beta} cells and human islets. Involvement of cAMP/PKA, ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling. Endocrinology 2007; 148: 512-529.
    • (2007) Endocrinology , vol.148 , pp. 512-529
    • Granata, R.1    Settanni, F.2    Biancone, L.3
  • 155
    • 0030967950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone secretagogues stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and are diabetogenic in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat
    • Clark RG, Thomas GB, Mortensen DL, et al. Growth hormone secretagogues stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and are diabetogenic in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 4316-4323.
    • (1997) Endocrinology , vol.138 , pp. 4316-4323
    • Clark, R.G.1    Thomas, G.B.2    Mortensen, D.L.3
  • 156
    • 0037085391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin modulates the downstream molecules of insulin signaling in hepatoma cells
    • Murata M, Okimura Y, Iida K, et al. Ghrelin modulates the downstream molecules of insulin signaling in hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 5667-5674.
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 5667-5674
    • Murata, M.1    Okimura, Y.2    Iida, K.3
  • 157
    • 33646365060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion in scheduled meal-fed sheep
    • Takahashi H, Kurose Y, Kobayashi S, et al. Ghrelin enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion in scheduled meal-fed sheep. J Endocrinol 2006; 189: 67-75.
    • (2006) J Endocrinol , vol.189 , pp. 67-75
    • Takahashi, H.1    Kurose, Y.2    Kobayashi, S.3
  • 158
    • 0037372044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-dependent inhibition by ghrelin of insulin secretion in the mouse
    • Reimer MK, Pacini G, Ahren B. Dose-dependent inhibition by ghrelin of insulin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 916-921.
    • (2003) Endocrinology , vol.144 , pp. 916-921
    • Reimer, M.K.1    Pacini, G.2    Ahren, B.3
  • 159
    • 9444264700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ signaling in beta-cells: Implication in the glycemic control in rodents
    • 2+ signaling in beta-cells: implication in the glycemic control in rodents. Diabetes 2004; 53: 3142-3151.
    • (2004) Diabetes , vol.53 , pp. 3142-3151
    • Dezaki, K.1    Hosoda, H.2    Kakei, M.3
  • 160
    • 0036181821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory effect of ghrelin on insulin and pancreatic somatostatin secretion
    • Egido EM, Rodriguez-Gallardo J, Silvestre RA, Marco J. Inhibitory effect of ghrelin on insulin and pancreatic somatostatin secretion. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 146: 241-244.
    • (2002) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.146 , pp. 241-244
    • Egido, E.M.1    Rodriguez-Gallardo, J.2    Silvestre, R.A.3    Marco, J.4
  • 161
    • 0034751526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans
    • Broglio F, Arvat E, Benso A, et al. Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5083-5086.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 5083-5086
    • Broglio, F.1    Arvat, E.2    Benso, A.3
  • 162
    • 43049170316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin is a physiological regulator of insulin release in pancreatic islets and glucose homeostasis
    • Dezaki K, Sone H, Yada T. Ghrelin is a physiological regulator of insulin release in pancreatic islets and glucose homeostasis. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 118: 239-249.
    • (2008) Pharmacol Ther , vol.118 , pp. 239-249
    • Dezaki, K.1    Sone, H.2    Yada, T.3
  • 163
    • 0141453037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ghrelin on the insulin and glycemic responses to glucose, arginine, or free fatty acids load in humans
    • Broglio F, Gottero C, Benso A, et al. Effects of ghrelin on the insulin and glycemic responses to glucose, arginine, or free fatty acids load in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 4268-4272.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 4268-4272
    • Broglio, F.1    Gottero, C.2    Benso, A.3
  • 164
    • 33846034095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of acylated and nonacylated ghrelin with insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese postmenopausal women
    • St-Pierre DH, Karelis AD, Coderre L, et al. Association of acylated and nonacylated ghrelin with insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 264-269.
    • (2007) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.92 , pp. 264-269
    • St-Pierre, D.H.1    Karelis, A.D.2    Coderre, L.3
  • 165
    • 32244439458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IA-2beta, but not IA-2, is induced by ghrelin and inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
    • Doi A, Shono T, Nishi M, Furuta H, Sasaki H, Nanjo K. IA-2beta, but not IA-2, is induced by ghrelin and inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 885-890.
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.103 , pp. 885-890
    • Doi, A.1    Shono, T.2    Nishi, M.3    Furuta, H.4    Sasaki, H.5    Nanjo, K.6
  • 166
    • 1542270842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ghrelin on insulin and glucagon secretion: A study of isolated pancreatic islets and intact mice
    • Salehi A, de la Cour CD, Hakanson R, Lundquist I. Effects of ghrelin on insulin and glucagon secretion: a study of isolated pancreatic islets and intact mice. Regul Pept 2004; 118: 143-150.
    • (2004) Regul Pept , vol.118 , pp. 143-150
    • Salehi, A.1    de la Cour, C.D.2    Hakanson, R.3    Lundquist, I.4
  • 167
    • 33644825587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin differentially affects hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in mice
    • Heijboer AC, Van den Hoek AM, Parlevliet ET, et al. Ghrelin differentially affects hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in mice. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 732-738.
    • (2006) Diabetologia , vol.49 , pp. 732-738
    • Heijboer, A.C.1    Van den Hoek, A.M.2    Parlevliet, E.T.3
  • 168
    • 11144226216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transgenic mice overexpressing des-acyl ghrelin show small phenotype
    • Ariyasu H, Takaya K, Iwakura H, et al. Transgenic mice overexpressing des-acyl ghrelin show small phenotype. Endocrinology 2005; 146: 355-364.
    • (2005) Endocrinology , vol.146 , pp. 355-364
    • Ariyasu, H.1    Takaya, K.2    Iwakura, H.3
  • 169
    • 33646141847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ablation of ghrelin improves the diabetic but not obese phenotype of ob/ob mice
    • Sun Y, Asnicar M, Saha PK, Chan L, Smith RG. Ablation of ghrelin improves the diabetic but not obese phenotype of ob/ob mice. Cell Metab 2006; 3: 379-386.
    • (2006) Cell Metab , vol.3 , pp. 379-386
    • Sun, Y.1    Asnicar, M.2    Saha, P.K.3    Chan, L.4    Smith, R.G.5
  • 170
    • 33845534952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of pancreatic islet-derived ghrelin enhances insulin secretion to prevent hig-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance
    • Dezaki K, Sone H, Koimizu M, et al. Blockade of pancreatic islet-derived ghrelin enhances insulin secretion to prevent hig-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance. Diabetes 2006; 3486-3493.
    • (2006) Diabetes , pp. 3486-3493
    • Dezaki, K.1    Sone, H.2    Koimizu, M.3
  • 171
    • 33244468123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma ghrelin levels in healthy elderly volunteers: The levels of acylated ghrelin in elderly females correlate positively with serum IGF-I levels and bowel movement frequency and negatively with systolic blood pressure
    • Akamizu T, Murayama T, Teramukai S, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels in healthy elderly volunteers: the levels of acylated ghrelin in elderly females correlate positively with serum IGF-I levels and bowel movement frequency and negatively with systolic blood pressure. J Endocrinol 2006; 188: 333-344.
    • (2006) J Endocrinol , vol.188 , pp. 333-344
    • Akamizu, T.1    Murayama, T.2    Teramukai, S.3
  • 173
    • 0033867587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of a novel gastric peptide hormone: The motilin-related peptide
    • Tomasetto C, Karam SM, Ribieras S, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel gastric peptide hormone: the motilin-related peptide. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 395-405.
    • (2000) Gastroenterology , vol.119 , pp. 395-405
    • Tomasetto, C.1    Karam, S.M.2    Ribieras, S.3
  • 174
    • 58149138221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sheppard, P., Deisher, T.:WO9842840 (1998).
    • Sheppard, P., Deisher, T.:WO9842840 (1998).
  • 175
    • 33846099155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • d-Lys-GHRP-6 does not modify the endocrine response to acylated ghrelin or hexarelin in humans
    • Benso A, Prodam F, Lucatello B, et al. d-Lys-GHRP-6 does not modify the endocrine response to acylated ghrelin or hexarelin in humans. Neuropeptides 2007; 41: 45-49.
    • (2007) Neuropeptides , vol.41 , pp. 45-49
    • Benso, A.1    Prodam, F.2    Lucatello, B.3
  • 176
    • 58149135511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heiman, M.L., Kikly, K.K., Manetta, J.V., Witcher, D.R.: WO05026211A2 (2005).
    • Heiman, M.L., Kikly, K.K., Manetta, J.V., Witcher, D.R.: WO05026211A2 (2005).
  • 177
    • 58149130659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kikly, K.K., Manetta, J.V., Witcher, D.R.: WO06019577A1 (2006).
    • Kikly, K.K., Manetta, J.V., Witcher, D.R.: WO06019577A1 (2006).
  • 178
    • 58149122139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Witcher, D.R., Kikly, K.K., Manetta, J.V.: WO060553473A2 (2006).
    • Witcher, D.R., Kikly, K.K., Manetta, J.V.: WO060553473A2 (2006).
  • 181
    • 58149113816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heiman, M.L., Kikly, K.K., Manetta, J.V., Witcher, D.R.: WO0516951A2 (2005).
    • Heiman, M.L., Kikly, K.K., Manetta, J.V., Witcher, D.R.: WO0516951A2 (2005).
  • 182
    • 58149122138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marquis, D.M., Vasserot, A. P., Witcher, D.R.: WO06091381 (2006).
    • Marquis, D.M., Vasserot, A. P., Witcher, D.R.: WO06091381 (2006).
  • 183
    • 58149108324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heiman, M., L.: US20060269550A1 (2006).
    • Heiman, M., L.: US20060269550A1 (2006).
  • 184
    • 58149138220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boving, T.E.G., Klysner, S.: WO04024183A1 (2004).
    • Boving, T.E.G., Klysner, S.: WO04024183A1 (2004).
  • 185
    • 33744781059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of the Leu72Met polymorphism of the ghrelin gene with the risk of Type 2 diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
    • Mager U, Lindi V, Lindstrom J, et al. Association of the Leu72Met polymorphism of the ghrelin gene with the risk of Type 2 diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 685-689.
    • (2006) Diabet Med , vol.23 , pp. 685-689
    • Mager, U.1    Lindi, V.2    Lindstrom, J.3
  • 186
    • 19944427023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic linkage and association of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (ghrelin receptor) gene in human obesity
    • Baessler A, Hasinoff MJ, Fischer M, et al. Genetic linkage and association of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (ghrelin receptor) gene in human obesity. Diabetes 2005; 54: 259-267.
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , pp. 259-267
    • Baessler, A.1    Hasinoff, M.J.2    Fischer, M.3
  • 187
    • 33750434312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preproghrelin Leu72Met variant contributes to overweight in middle-aged men of a Japanese large cohort
    • Kuzuya M, Ando F, Iguchi A, Shimokata H. Preproghrelin Leu72Met variant contributes to overweight in middle-aged men of a Japanese large cohort. Int J Obes 2006; 30: 1609-1614.
    • (2006) Int J Obes , vol.30 , pp. 1609-1614
    • Kuzuya, M.1    Ando, F.2    Iguchi, A.3    Shimokata, H.4
  • 189
    • 58149140865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghigo, E., van der Lely, A.J.: WO03051389A2 (2003).
    • Ghigo, E., van der Lely, A.J.: WO03051389A2 (2003).
  • 190
    • 58149115899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghigo, E., van der Lely, A.J.: WO05039624A2 (2005).
    • Ghigo, E., van der Lely, A.J.: WO05039624A2 (2005).
  • 191
    • 58149111581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nilsson, H., Lange, B.H., Post, C., Nielsen, T.G.: WO0597173A2 (2005).
    • Nilsson, H., Lange, B.H., Post, C., Nielsen, T.G.: WO0597173A2 (2005).
  • 192
    • 58149130658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schambye, H.T., Lange, B.H., Jensen, P.H.: WO06058539A2 (2006).
    • Schambye, H.T., Lange, B.H., Jensen, P.H.: WO06058539A2 (2006).
  • 193
    • 58149111580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dong, Z.X., Eynon, J.S., Shen, Y.: WO07014258A2 (2007).
    • Dong, Z.X., Eynon, J.S., Shen, Y.: WO07014258A2 (2007).
  • 194
    • 38549158121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of intravenous ghrelin for cancer-related anorexia/ cachexia: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-crossover study
    • Strasser F, Lutz TA, Maeder MT, et al. Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of intravenous ghrelin for cancer-related anorexia/ cachexia: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-crossover study. Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 300-308.
    • (2008) Br J Cancer , vol.98 , pp. 300-308
    • Strasser, F.1    Lutz, T.A.2    Maeder, M.T.3
  • 195
    • 58149128476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hoveyeda, H., Peterson, M., Fraser, G., Ramaseshan, M.: WO06009674A1 (2006).
    • Hoveyeda, H., Peterson, M., Fraser, G., Ramaseshan, M.: WO06009674A1 (2006).
  • 196
    • 58149124614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polvino, W.J.: WO06029930A1 (2006).
    • Polvino, W.J.: WO06029930A1 (2006).
  • 197
    • 58149115898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geesaman, B.J.: EP1781311A2 (2007).
    • Geesaman, B.J.: EP1781311A2 (2007).
  • 198
    • 58149126624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US20070191283A1 2007
    • Polvino, W.J.: US20070191283A1 (2007).
    • Polvino, W.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.