Significance of phytic acid and supplemental phytase in chicken nutrition: A review

World's Poultry Science Journal

Volumn 64, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 553-580

  Singh, P K ^a  

^a BIHAR VETERINARY COLLEGE   (India)

Author keywords

Digestibility; Phosphorus; Phytase; Phytic acid; Pollution; Poultry; Protein

Indexed keywords

AVES;

EID: 56049124112     PISSN: 00439339     EISSN: 17434777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0043933908000202     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. AFSHARMANESH, M. and POURREZA, J. (2005) Effects of calcium, citric acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin D on the efficacy of phytase in broiler starters. International Journal of Poultry Science 4(6): 418-424
2. AHMAD, T., RASSOL, S., SARWAR, M., HAQ, A. and HASAN, Z. (2000) Effect of microbial phytase produced from a fungus Aspergillus niger on bioavailability of phosphorus and calcium in broiler chicken. Animal Feed Science and Technology 83: 103-114
3. AKYUREK, H., SENKOYLU, N. and OZDUVEN, M.L. (2005) Effect of microbial phytase on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 4(1):22-26
4. ANDERSON, P.A. (1985) Interaction between protein and constituents that affect protein quality. In: FINLEY, J.W. AND HOPKINS, D.T. (Eds) Digestibility and Amino Acid Availability in Cereals and Oilseeds. pp 31-45, American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., St Paul, MN.
5. ANGEL, R., SAVLOR, W.W., MITCHELL, A.D., POWERS, W. and APPLEGATE, T.J. (2006) Effect of dietary phosphorus, phytase and 25- hydroxycholecalciferol on broiler chicken bone mineralization, litter phosphorus, and processing yields. Poultry Science 85 (7):1200-1211.
6. ASADA, K., TANAKA, K. and KASAI, Z. (1969) Formation of phytic acid in cereal grain. Annals of New York Academy Science 165: 801-806.
7. AOYAGI, S. and BAKER, D. (1995) Effect of microbial phytase and 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on dietary copper utilization in chicks. Poultry Science 74: 121-126.
8. BALLAM, G.C., NELSON, T.S. and KIRBY, L.K. (1984) Effect of fiber and phytate source and of calcium and phosphorus level on phytate hydrolysis in the chick. Poultry Science 63: 333-338.
9. BARRIER-GILLOT, B., CASADO, P., JONDREVILLE, C. and GATEL, F. (1996) Wheat-phosphorus availability: I- In vitro study: factors affecting endogenous phytasic activity and phytic phosphorous content. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 70: 62-68.
10. BASSIRI, A. and NAHAPETION, A. (1977) Differences in concentrations and interrelationships of phytate, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, zinc and iron in wheat varieties grown under dry land and irrigated conditions. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 24:1118-1122.
11. BIEHL, R.R., BAKER, D.H. and DELUCA, H.F. (1995) Hydroxylated cholecalciferol compounds act additively with microbial phytase to improve phosphorus, zinc and manganese in chicks fed soy-based diets. Journal of Nutrition 125: 2407-2416.
12. BIEHL, R.R. and BAKER, D.H. (1997) Microbial phytase improves amino acid utilization in young chicks fed diets based on soyabean meal but not diets based on peanut meal. Poultry Science 76: 355-360.
13. BROZ, J., OLDANE, P., PERRIN-VOLTZ, A.H., RYCHEN, G., SCHULZE, J. and NUCHES, C.S. (1994) Effect of supplemental phytase on performance and phosphorus utilization in broiler Chickens fed low phosphorus diet without addition of inorganic phosphorus. British Poultry Science 35: 273-280.
14. CABAHUG, S., RAVINDRAN, V., BRYDEN, W.L. and SELLE, P.H. (1999) Response of broilers to microbial phytase supplementation as influenced by dietary phytic acid and non-phytate phosphorus levels. I. Effects on broiler performance and toe ash content. British Poultry Science 40: 660-666.
15. CALDWELL, R.A. (1992) Effect of calcium and phytic acid on the activation of trypsinogen and the stability of trypsin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40: 43-46.
16. CARLOS, A.B. and EDWARDS, H.M. Jr. (1998) The effects of 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and phytase on natural phytate phosphorus utilization by laying hens. Poultry Science 77: 850-858.
17. CAWLEY, R.W. and MITCHELL, T.A. (1968) Inhibition of wheat alpha-amylase by bran phytic acid. Journal of the Sciences of Food and Agriculture 19: 106-110,
18. CHAMPAGNE, E.T. (1988) Effects of pH on mineral-phytate, protein-mineral-phytate and mineral-fiber interactions. Possible consequences of atrophic gastritis on mineral bioavailability from high fiber foods. Journal of American College of Nutrition 38: 199-215.
19. CHERYAN, M. (1980) Phytic acid interactions in food systems. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 13: 297-302.
20. COOPER, J.R. and GOWING, H.S. (1983) Mammalian small intestine phytase (EC 3.1.3.8). British Journal of Nutrition 50: 673-678.
21. CORTES, C.A., FUENTE, M.B., FERNANDES, T.S., MOJICA, E. and AVILA, M.C. (2007) Evaluation of the presence of a microbial phytase (Peniophora lycii) in sorghum-soyabean phosphorus-deficient meal diets, for broilers on ileal protein, and amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy. Veterinaria Mexico 38 (1): 21-30.
22. COSGROVE, D.J. (1966) The chemistry and biochemistry of inositol phosphates. Review of Pure and Applied Chemistry 16: 209-215.
23. COSGROVE, D.J. (1980) Inositol Phosphates: Their Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physiology. Elsevier Publication Scientific Publishing Co., New York.
24. COWIESON, A.J. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2007) Effect of phytic acid and microbial phytase on the flow and amino acid composition of endogenous protein at the terminal ileum of growing broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 98 (4): 745-752.
25. DAVIES, N.T. and REID, H. (1979) An evaluation of the phytate, zinc, copper, iron and manganese contents of and zinc availability form soya-based textured-vegetable-protein meat substitutes or meat-extenders. British Journal of Nutrition 41: 579-588.
26. DAVIS, P.N., NORRIS, L.C. and KRATZER, F.H. (1961) Interference of soyabean protein with the utilization of trace minerals. Journal of Nutrition 77: 217-221.
27. DE BOLAND, A.R., GAMER, G.B. and O'Dell. B.L. (1975) Identification and properties of phytate in cereal grains and oil seed products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 23: 1186-1189.
28. DE RHAM, O. and JOST, T. (1979) Phytate-protein interactions in soybean extracts and low-phytate soy protein products Journal of Food Science 44: 596-601.
29. DENBOW, D.M., RAVINDRAN, V., KORNEGAY, E.T., YI, Z. and HULET. R.M. (1995) Improving phosphorous availability in soyabean meal for broilers by supplemental phytase. Poultry Science 74: 1831-1842.
30. DESHPANDE, S.S. and CHERYAN, M. (1984) Effects of phytic acid divalent cations, and their interactions on alpha-amylase activity. Journal of Food Science 49: 516-519.
31. EASTWOOD, M.A. (1973) Vegetable fiber: Its physical properties. Proceeding of Nutrition Society 32: 137-143.
32. EDWARDS, H.M. Jr. (1966) The effect of protein source in the diet of Zn65 absorption and excretion by chickens. Poultry Science 45: 421-422.
33. EDWARDS, H.M. Jr. (1983) Phosphorus. 1. Effect of breed and strain on utilization of sub-optimal levels of phosphorus in the rations. Poultry Science 62: 77-84.
34. EDWARDS, D.R and DANIEL, T.C. (1992) Environmental impacts of on-farm poultry waste disposal- a review. Bioresource Technology 41: 9-33.
35. EDWARDS, H.M. Jr. and VELTMAN, J.R. Jr. (1983). The role of calcium and phosphorus in the etiology of tibial dyschondroplasia in young chicks. Journal of Nutrition 113: 1568.
36. EDWARDS, H.M. Jr., PALO, P., SOONCHAERENYING, S. and ELLIOT, M.A. (1989). Factors influencing the bioavailability of phytate phosphorus to chickens. In: SOUTHGATE, D., JOHNSON, I. & FENWICK, G.R. (Eds) Nutrient availability: Chemical and Biological Aspects, pp. 271-276 (The Royal Society of Chemistry. Cambridge).
37. EDWARDS, H.M. Jr. (1993) Dietary 1, 25- dihydroxycholecalciferolsupplementaion increases natural phytate phosphorus utilization in chickens. Journal of Nutrition 123: 567-577.
38. EECKHOUT, W. and DE PAEPE, M. (1994) Total phosphorus phytate-phosphorus and phytase activity in plant feed stuffs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 47: 19-29.
39. EECKHOUT, W. and DD PAEPE, M. (1996) In vitro and in vivo comparison of microbial and plant phytase. In: COELHO, M.B. & KORNEGAY, E.T. (Eds) Phytase in Animal Nutrition and Waste Management, pp. 237-240 (BASF, New Jersey).
40. ENGELEN, A.J., VAN DER HEEFT, E.C., RANDSDORP, P.H.G. and SMITH, E.L.C. (1994) Simple and Rapid determination of phytase activity. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International 77: 760-764.
41. ERDMAN, J.W. Jr. (1979) Oilseed phytate: Nutritional implications. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society 56: 736-741,
42. EWING, W.R. (1963) Poultry Nutrition. 5th Ed. The Ray Ewing Company, Passadena, California.
43. FARRELL, D.J., MARTIN, E. PAEPE, J.J., BONGARTS, M., SUDAMAN, A. and THOMSON, G. (1993) The beneficial effects of microbial phytase ion diets of broiler chickens and ducklings. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 69: 278-286.
44. GIFFORD, S.R. and CLYDESDALE, F.M. (1990) Interactions among calcium, zinc and phytate with three protein sources. Journal of Food Science 55: 1720-1724.
45. GORDON, R.W. and ROLAND, S.R. (1997) Performance of commercial laying hens fed various phosphorus levels with and without supplemental phytase. Poultry Science 76: 1172-1177.
46. HAN, Y.W. (1988) Removal of phytic acid from soyabean and cottonseed meals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 36: 1181-1183.
47. HEDGE, S.N., ROLLS, B.A., TURVEY, A. and COATES, M.E. (1978) The effects on chicks of dietary fiber from different source: A growth factor in wheat bran. British Journal of Nutrition 40:63-69.
48. INTERNATIONAL UNION of BIOCHEMISTRY (1979) Enzyme nomenclature: Recommendations (1978) of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York, pp 242-247.
49. JOHNSTON, S.L. and SOUTHERN, L.L. (2000) The effect of varying mixes uniformity (stimulated) of phytase on growth performance, mineral retention, and bone mineralization in chicks. Poultry Science 79: 1485-1490.
50. JONGBLOED, A.W and KEMME, P.A. (1990) Effect of pelleting mixed feeds on phytase activity and the apparent absorbability of phosphorus and calcium in pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 28: 233-242.
51. JONDREVILLE, C., LESCOAT, P., MAGNIN, M., FEUERSTEIN, D., GRUENBERG, B. and NYS, Y. (2007) Sparing erect of microbial phytase on zinc supplementation in maize-soyabean meal diets for chickens. Animal 1(6): 804-811.
52. KARIM, A. (2006) Responses of broiler chicks to non-phytate phosphorus levels and phytase supplementation. International Journal of Poultry Science 5 (3): 251-254.
53. KIES, A.K., VAN HEMERT, K.H.F and SAUCER, W.C. (2001) Effect of phytase on protein and amino acid digestibility and energy retention. World's Poultry Science Journal 57: 109-126.
54. KNUCKLES, B.E. and BETSCHART, A.A. (1987) Effect of phytate and other myo-inositol phosphate esters on alpha-amylase digestion of starch. Journal of Food Science 52: 719-721,
55. KONDRA, P.A., SELL, J.L. and GUENTER, W. (1974). Response of meat and egg type chickens to high fiber diet. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 54: 651-658.
56. KORNEGAY, E.T. (1996a) Nutritional, environmental and economic considerations for using phytase in pig and poultry diets. In: KORNEGAY, E.T. (Ed).Nutrient management of food animals to enhance and protect the environment, pp. 277-302 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL).
57. KORNEGAY, E.T. (1996b) Effect of Natuphos phytase on protein and amino acid digestibility and nitrogen retention of poultry. In: COELHO, M.B. & KORNEGAY, E.T. (Eds) Phytase in Animal Nutrition and Waste Management, pp. 439-514 (BASF Corporation, Mount Olive, NJ).
58. KORNEGAY, E.T., RAVINDRAN, V. and DENBOW, D.M. (1996) Improving phytate phosphorus availability in corn and soyabean meal for broilers using microbial phytase and calculation of phosphorus equivalency values for phytase. Poultry Science 75: 240-249.
59. KORNEGAY, E.T., DENBOW, D.M. and ZHANG, Z. (1999) Influence of microbial phytase supplementation of a low protein/amino acid diet on performance, ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids, and carcass measurements of finishing broilers. In: COELHO, M.B. & KORNEGAY, E.T. (Eds) Phytase in Animal Nutrition and Waste Management, pp. 557-572 (BASF Corporation, Mount Olive, NJ).
60. KRATZER, F.H., ALFRED, J.B., DAVIS, P.N., MARSHALL, B.J. and VOHRA, V. (1959) The effect of autoclaving soyabean protein and the addition of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid on biological activity of dietary zinc for turkey poults. Journal of Nutrition 68: 313-23.
61. KUNDU, B., BISWAS, P., RAJENDRAN, D. and DANDOPATH, S.K. (2000) Effect of supplementation of phytase enzyme and gradual replacement of dicalcium phosphate on the performance of commercial broker chicken. In: Proceedings of III Biennial conference of Animal Nutrition Association, Hisar, India. Abst. No. 128.
62. LEASE, J.G. (1966) The effect of autoclaving sesame meal on its phytic acid content and on the availability of its zinc to the chicks. Poultry Science 45:237-241.
63. LEESON, S. (1993) Recent advances in fat utilization by poultry. In: FARRELL, D.J. (Ed) Recent Advance in Animal Nutrition in Australia, pp 170-181 (University of New England. Armidale, Australia).
64. LIENER, I.E. (1989) Anti nutritional factors in legume seeds: State of art. In: HUISMEN, J., VAN DER POEL, T.F.B. & LIENER, I.E. (Eds) Recent Advances of Research on Anti- nutritional Factors in Legume Seeds, pp. 6-13 (Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands).
65. LIM, H.S., NAMKUNG, H., UM, J.S., KANG, K.R., KIM, B.S. and PAIK, I.K. (2000) The effect of phytase supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens fed diets with different levels of non-phytate phosphorus. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (2): 250-257.
66. LOTT, J.N.A. (1984) Accumulation of seed reserves of phosphorus and other minerals. In: MURRAY, D.R. (Ed) Seed Physiology, Vol.1, pp. 139-166 (Academic Press, London).
67. MA, X. and SHAN, A. (2002) Effect of germination and heating on phytase activity in cereal seeds. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 15(7): 1036-1039.
68. MADDAIAH, V.T., KUMICK, A.A., HULLET, B.J. and REID, B.L. (1964) Nature of intestinal phytase activity. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 115:1054-1057.
69. MAENZ, D.D., ENGELE-SCHAAN C.M. and CLASSEN, H.L. (1997) Endogenous phytase activity in the small intestinal brush border membrane of broiler chicks and laying hens. Poultry Science 76 (suppl.): 71.
70. MAENZ, D.D. and CLASSEN, H.L. (1998) Phytase activity in the small intestinal brush border membrane of the chicken. Poultry Science 77: 557-563.
71. MAGA, J.A. (1982) Phytate: its chemistry, occurrence, food interactions, nutritional significance and methods of analysis. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 30: 1-9.
72. MANANGI, M.K. and COON, C.K. (2006).Evaluation of phytase enzyme with chicks fed basal diets containing different soyabean meal samples. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 15(2):292-306.
73. McWARD, G.W. (1969) Effect of phytic acid and ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) on the chick requirement for magnesium. Poultry Science 48:791-794.
74. McGRATH, J.M., SIMS, J.T., MAGURIE, R.O., SAYLOR, W.W., ANGEL, C.R. and TURNER, B.L. (2006) Broiler diet modification and litter storage: impact of phosphorus in litters, soils, and runoff. Journal of Environmental Quality 34(5): 1896-1909.
75. MILES, R.D. and NELSON, T.S. (1974) The effect of enzymatic hydrolysis of phytate on the available energy content of feed ingredients for chicken and rats. Poultry Science 53: 1714-1717.
76. MILLER, G.A., YOUNGES, V.L. and OPLINGER, E.S. (1980) Effect of available soil phosphorus and environment on the phytic acid concentration in oats. Cereal Chemistry 57: 192.
77. MILLS, C.F. (1985) Dietary interactions involving the trace elements. Annual Review of Nutrition 5:173-175.
78. MITCHELL, R.D. and EDWARDS, H.M. (1996) Effect of phytase and 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on phytate utilization and the quantitative requirement for calcium and phosphorus in young broiler chickens. Poultry Science 75: 95-110.
79. MOHANNA, C. and NYS, N. (1999) Changes in zinc and manganese availability in broilers chicks induced by vegetal and microbial phytase. Animal Feed Science and Technology 77: 241-253.
80. MOHAMMED, A., GIBNEY, M.J. and TAYLOR, T.G. (1991) The effect of dietary levels of inorganic phosphorus, calcium and cholecalciferol on the digestibility of phytate phosphorus by the chick. British Journal of Nutrition 66: 251-259.
81. NAHM, K.H. (2003) Bioavailability of phosphorus in manure. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 14 (2):53-62.
82. NAMKUNG, H. and LEESON, S. (1999) Effect of phytase enzyme on dietary nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and the ideal digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids. Poultry Science 78: 1317-1319.
83. NAYANI, N.R. and MARKAKIS, P. (1986) Phytases. In: GRAF, E. (Ed.) Phytic acid: Chemistry and Applications, pp. 101-110 (Pitlatus Press, Minneapolis).
84. NELSON, T.S. (1967) The utilization of phytate phosphorus by poultry: a review. Poultry Science 46: 862-871.
85. NELSON, T.S., SHIEH, T.R., WODZINSKI, R.J. and WARE, J.H. (1968) The availability of phytate phosphorus in soybean meal before and after treatment with a mould phytase. Poultry Science 47: 1842-1848.
86. NELSON, T.S., SHIEH, T.R., WODZINSKI, R.J. and WARE, J.H. (1971) Effect of supplemental phytase on the utilization of phytate phosphorus by chicks. Journal of Nutrition 101: 1289-1294.
87. NELSON, T.S. (1976) The hydrolysis of phytate phosphorus by chicks and laying hens. Poultry Science 55: 2262.
88. NELSON, T.S. and KIRBY, L.K. (1987) The calcium binding properties of natural phytate in chick diets. Nutrition Report International 35: 949-956.
89. NELSON, T.S. and WALKER, A.C. (1964) The biological evaluation of phosphorus compounds: A summary. Poultry Science 43: 94-98.
90. NEWKIRK, R.W. and CLASEN, H.L. (1995) Nutritional impact of canola meal phytate in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 74 (Suppl.1): 14.
91. NOSWORTHY, N. and CALDWELL, R.A. (1988) The interaction of zinc (II) and phytic acid with soya bean glycinin. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 44: 143-150.
92. NWOKOLO, E.N. and BRAGG, D.B. (1977) Influence of phytic acid and crude fiber on the availability of minerals from four protein supplements in growing chicks. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 57: 475-477.
93. NRC (1984) Nutrient Requirement of Poultry. Nutrients Requirements of Domestic Animals. 9th Edn. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
94. OBERLEAS, D. (1973) Phytate: In: Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC, pp. 363-371.
95. OBERLEAS, D. and HARLAND, B.F. (1996) Impact of phytate on nutrient availability. In: COELHO, M..B. & KORNEGAY, E.T. (Eds) Phytase in Animal Nutrition and waste Management. BASF Corporation, Mount Olive, NJ.
96. O'DELL, B.L. (1962) Mineral availability and metal binding constituents of the diet. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference of Feed Manufacturers, Ithaca, New York, pp.77-82.
97. O'DELL, B.L., DE BOLAND, A.R and KOIRTYOHANN, S.R. (1972) Distribution of phytate and nutritionally important elements among the morphological components of cereal grains. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 20: 718-721.
98. O'DELL, B.L. and DE BOLAND, A.R. (1976) Complexation of phytate with protein and cations in corn germ and oil seed meals. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 24 (4): 804-808.
99. OKUBO, K., MYERS, D.V. and IACOBUCCI, G.A. (1976) Binding of phytic to glycinin. Cereal Chemistry 53: 513-524.
100. OMOSAIYE, O. and CHERYAN, M. (1979) Low-phytate, full fat soy protein product by ultrafilteration of aqueous extracts of whole soyabean. Cereal Chemistry 56: 58-62.
101. PAIK, I. (2003) Application of phytase, Microbial or plant origin to reduce phosphorus excretion in poultry production. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 16(1): 124-135.
102. PANDA, A.K., RAO, S.V.R., RAJU, M.V.L.N., GAUJA, S.S and BHANJA, S.K. (2007) Performance of broiler chickens fed low non phytate phosphorus diets supplemented with microbial phytase. Journal of Poultry Science 44(3): 258-264.
103. PERNEY, K.M., CANTOR, A.H., STRAW, M.L. and HERKELMAN, K.L. (1993) The effect of dietary phytase on growth performance and phosphorus utilization of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 72: 2106-2114.
104. PILLAI, P.B., O'CONNER, D.T., OWENS, C.M. and EMMERT, J.L. (2006) Efficacy of an Escherichia coli phytase in broilers fed adequate or reduced phosphorus diets and its effect on carcass characteristics. Poultry Science 85(10): 1737-1745.
105. POINTILLART, A. (1988) Phytate phosphorus utilization in growing pigs. In: BURACZEWSKA, L., BURACZEWSKA, C. & ZEBROWSKA, T. (Eds) Digestive physiology in pigs , Proceeding of the 4th International Seminar, pp.192-196 (Polish Academy of Science, Jablona, Poland).
106. PENG, Y.L., GUO, Y. M. and YUAN, J.M. (2003) Effects of microbial phytase replacing partial inorganic phosphorus supplementation and xylanase on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility on broilers fed wheat based diets. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 16(2): 239-247.
107. PRATTLEY, C.A., STANLEY, D.W. and VANDER VOORT, F.R. (1982) Protein-phytate interactions in soya beans. II. Mechanism of protein-phytate bindings affected by calcium. Journal of Food Chemistry 6: 255-271.
108. POURREZA, J. and EBADI, M.R. (2006) Effect of supplemental phytase on metabolisable energy and nutrients digestibility of sorghum, corn and wheat. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resource 9(4): 191-200.
109. PUNNA, S. and ROLAND, S.R. (1999) Influence of supplemental phytase on first cycle laying hens fed phosphorus deficient diets from day one of age. Poultry Science 78: 1407-1411.
110. QIAN, H., KORNEGAY, E.T. and DENBOW, D.W. (1995) Utilization of phytate phosphorus and calcium as influenced by microbial phytase, vitamin D3 and the calcium: total phosphorus ratios in broiler diets. Poultry Science 74 (Suppl.1): 126.
111. QIAN, H., KORNEGAY, E.T. and DENBOW, D.W. (1996) Phosphorus equivalence of microbial phytase in turkeys diets as influenced by calcium to phosphorus ratios and phosphorus levels. Poultry Science 75: 69-81.
112. RAMA RAO, S.V., REDDY, V.R. and REDDY, R.S. (1999) Enhancement of phytate phosphorus availability in the diets of commercial broilers and layers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 79: 211-222.
113. RAVINDRAN, V., RAVINDRAN, G. and SIVALOGAN, S. (1994) Total and phytate phosphorus contents of various foods and feedstuffs of plant origin. Food Chemistry 50: 133-136.
114. RAVIDRAN, V., BRYDEN, W.L. and KORNEGAY, E.T. (1995) Phytates: Occurrence, bioavailability and implications in poultry nutrition. Poultry and Avian Biology Review 6 (2): 125-143.
115. RAVINDRAN, V., CARBAHUG, S., RAVINDRAN, G. and BRYDEN, W.L. (1999a) Influence of microbial phytase on apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in feedstuffs for broilers. Poultry Science 78: 699-706.
116. RAVINDRAN, V., HEW, LI., RAVINDRAN, G. and BRYDEN, W.L. (1999b) A comparison of ileal digesta and excreta analysis for the determination of amino acid digestibility in food ingredients for poultry. British Poultry Science 40: 266-274.
117. RAVINDRAN, V., CARBAHUG, S., RAVINDRAN, G., SELLE, P.H. and BRYDEN, W.L. (2000) Response of broiler chickens to microbial phytase supplementation as influenced by dietary phytic acid and non-phytate phosphorous levels. II. Effects on apparent metabolisable energy, nutrient digestibility and nutrient retention. British Poultry Science 41: 193-200.
118. RAVINDRAN, V., SELLE, P.H., RAVINDRAN, G., MOREL, P.C.H., KIES, A.K. and BRYDEN, W.L. (2001) Influence of supplemental microbial phytase on the performance, apparent metabolizable energy, and ileal amino acid digestibility of broilers fed a lysine-deficient diet. Poultry Science 80: 338-344.
119. REDDY N.R., SATHE S.K. and SALUNKHE D.K. (1982) Phytates in legumes and cereals. Advances in Food Research 28: 1-9.
120. REID, R.L. and FRANKLIN, M.C. (1947) The utilization phytate-phosphorus by sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal 23:136-140.
121. ROBERSON, K.D. and EDWARDS, H.M. (1994) Effects of 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and phytase on zinc utilization in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 73:1312-1326.
122. RUTHERFORD, S.M., EDWARDS, E.C.A. and SELLE, P.H. (1997) Effect of phytase on lycine-rich polard complexes. In: CRANWELL, P.D. (Ed) Manipulating Pig Production, Vol. 6 (Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Victoria).
123. SAITOH, M. (2001) The trend of studies on reducing nutrient excretion in poultry and pigs by nutritional approaches. Animal Science Journal 72 (8): 177-199.
124. SCHEIRDELERM, S.E. and SELL, J.L. (1987) Utilization of phytate phosphorus in laying hens as influenced by dietary phosphorus and calcium. Nutritional Report International 35: 1073.
125. SCHEURMANN, S.E. VON, LANTZSCH, H.L. and MENKE, K.H. (1988) In vivo experiments on the hydrolysis of phytate. 2. Activity of plant phytase. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 60: 64.
126. SCHINDLER, D.N. (1977) The evaluation of phosphorus limitation in lakes. Science 195: 260-263.
127. SCHONER, F.J., HOPPE, P.P. and SCHWARZ, G. and WIESCHE, H. (1993) Effect of microbial phytase and inorganic phosphate in broiler chickens: performance and mineral retention at various calcium levels. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 69: 235-244.
128. SEBASTIAN, S., TOUCHBURN, S.P. and CHAVEZ, E.R. (1994) Enhancement of mineral utilization and growth performance of broilers chickens by microbial phytase supplementation of a corn-soyabean meal diet. Proceedings of XX world's poultry congress, World's Poultry Science Journal Association, New Delhi, India.
129. SEBASTIAN, S., TOUCHBURN, S.P., CHAVEZ, E.R. and LAGUE, P.C. (1996a) The effects of supplemental microbial phytase on the performance and utilization of dietary calcium, phosphorus, copper and zinc in broiler chickens fed corn-soyabean diets. Poultry Science 75: 729-736.
130. SEBASTIAN, S., TOUCHBURN, S.P., CHAVEZ, E.R. and LAGUE, P.C. (1996b) Efficacy of supplemental microbial phytase at different dietary calcium levels on growth performance and mineral utilization of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 75: 1516-1523.
131. SEBASTIAN, S., TOUCHBURN, S.P., CHAVEZ, E.R. and LAGUE, P.C. (1997) Apparent digestibility of protein and amino acids in broiler chickens fed a corn-soybean diet supplemented with microbial phytase. Poultry Science 76: 1760-1769.
132. SEBASTIAN, S., TOUCH BURN, S.P. and CHAVEZ, E.R. (1998) Implications of Phytic acid and supplemented microbial phytase in poultry nutrition: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 54: 27-47.
133. SELLE, P.H., RAVINDRAN, V., CALDWELL, R.A. and BRYDEN, W.L. (2000) Phytate and phytase: consequences for protein utilization. Nutrition Research and Review 13: 255-278.
134. SELLE, P.H., CRESWELL, D.C., CADAGON, D.J., PARTRIDGE, G.G. and SCOTT, T.T. (2006) Phytase supplementation of wheat based broiler diets reduces dependence on meat and bone meal. Journal of Poultry Science 43(4): 330.338.
135. SELLE, P.H., RAVINDRAN, V., RAVINDRAN, G. and BRYDEN, W.L. (2007) Effect of dietary lysine and microbial phytase on growth performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 20 (7): 1100-1107.
136. SHAFEY, T.M., Mc DOANALD, M.W. and DINGLE, J.G. (1991) Effect of dietary calcium and available phosphorus concentration on intestinal pH and on the availability of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc from the intestinal contents of meat chickens. British Poultry Science 32: 185-194.
137. SIMONS, P.C.M., VERSTEEGH, H.A.J., JONGBLOED, A. W., KEMME, P.A., SLUMP, P., BOS, K.D., WOLTERS, M.G.E., BEUDEKER, R.F. and VERSCHOOOR, G.J. (1990) Improvement of phosphorus availability by microbial phytase in broilers and pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 64: 525-540.
138. SINGH, M. and KRIKORIAN, A.D. (1982) Inhibition of trypsin activity in vitro by phytate. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 30: 799-800.
139. SINGH, J. and SIKKA, S.S. (2006) Effect of phytase supplementation at different Ca:P ratios of the growth performance of broiler chicks. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 41 (2): 159-164.
140. SINGH, P.K. (2002) Utilisation of phytic acid in poultry diets. Poultry Planner. 3 (11): 17-19.
141. SINGH, P.K. and KHATTA, V.K. (2002) Phytase supplementation for economic and eco-friendly broiler production. Journal of Eco- Physiology 5 (3-4): 117-121.
142. SINGH, P.K. and KHATTA, V.K. (2003a) Effect of phytase supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens fed wheat based diets. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 20 (1): 57-62.
143. SINGH, P.K. and KHATTA, V.K. (2003b) Effect of phytase supplementation on the broiler production. Poultry Planner 4 (10): 13-14.
144. SINGH, P.K., KHATTA, V.K. and THAKUR, R.S. (2003a) Effect of phytase supplementation in maize based diet on growth performance and nutrients utilization of broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 73 (4): 455-458.
145. SINGH, P.K., KHATTA, V.K., THAKUR, R.S., DEY, S. and SANGWAN, M.L. (2003b) Effects of phytase supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens fed maize and wheat based diets with different levels of non-phytate phosphorus. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 16 (11): 1642-1649.
146. SINGH, P.K. and KHATTA, V.K. (2004) Economics of broilers raised on phytase-supplemented diets. Indian Journal of Animal Research 10 (2): 121-124.
147. SINGH, P.K. (2004) Wheat: An alternative of maize in poultry rations? Poultry Line 4 (10): 23-26.
148. SOHAIL, S.S. and ROLAND, S.R. (2000) Influence of phytase on calcium utilization in commercial layers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 9: 81-87.
149. SUKUMAR, D. and JALAUDEEN, A. (2003) Effect of supplemental phytase in diets on certain economic traits in layer chickens. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 73 (12): 1357-1359.
150. TAYLOR, T.G. (1965) The availability of the calcium and phosphorus of plant materials for animals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 24:633-637.
151. TEMPERTON, H., DUDLEY, J. and PICKERING, G.L. (1965a) Phosphorus requirement of poultry. IV. The effects on growing pullets on feeding diets containing no animal protein or supplementary phosphorus. British Poultry Science 6:125-133.
152. TEMPERTON, H., DUDLEY, J. and PICKERING, G.L. (1965b) Phosphorus requirement of poultry. V. The effects during the subsequent laying year of feeding growing diets containing no animal protein or supplementary phosphorus. British Poultry Science 6: 135-141.
153. THOMPSON, L.U. and YOON, J.H. (1984) Starch digestibility as affected by poly phenols and phytic acid. Journal of Food Science 49: 1228-1229.
154. TYAGI, P.K., TYAGI, P.K. and VERMA S.V.S. (1998) Phytate phosphorus content of some common poultry feed stuffs. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 33 (1): 86-88.
155. TURK, M., SANDBERG, A.S., CARLSSON, N.G. and ANDID, T. (2000) Inositol hexaphosphate hydrolysis by baker's yeast, capacity, kinetics and degradation products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 100-104.
156. VANDEPEPOPULIERE, J.M., AMMERMAN, C.B. and HARMS, R.M. (1961) The relationship of calcium: phosphorus ratios to the utilization of plant and inorganic phosphorus by the chick. Poultry Science 40: 951-958.
157. VAN DER KLIS, J.D. and VERSTEEGH, H.A.J., SIMONS, P.C.M and KIES, A.K. (1997) The efficacy of phytase in corn-soyabean meal based diets for laying hens. Poultry Science 76: 1535-1542.
158. VINIL, S.P., KADIRVELAN, C., THIRUMALAI, S., VALLI, S. and CHANDRABOSE, B. (2000) The role of phytase and other enzymes in augmenting the bioavailability of nutrients in broilers. Proceedings of XX Annual conference of Indian Poultry Science Association, Chennai, India. Abst. No. PPN. 97.
159. VOHRA, P., GRAY, G.A. and KRATZER, F.H. (1965) Phytic acid-metal complexes. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 120: 447.
160. 3 levels on the utilization of calcium phytate. Poultry Science 43: 926-931.
161. WALDROUP, P.W., KERSEY, J.H., SALEH, E.A., FRITIS, C.A., YAN, F., STILORN, H.L., CRUM, R. C. Jr. and RABOY, V. (2000) Non-phytate phosphorus requirement and phosphorus requirement and phosphorus excretion of broiler chicks fed diets composed of normal or high available phosphate corn with or without microbial phytase. Poultry Science 79: 1451-1459.
162. WASSERMAN, R.H. and TAYLOR, A.N. (1973) Intestinal absorption of phosphorus in the chicks. Effect of vitamin D and other parameters. Journal of Nutrition 103: 586-599.
163. WICKER, D.L. (1999) Phosphorus reduction techniques examined. Feedstuffs 71 (24): 12-14.
164. WISE, A. (1983) Dietary factors determining the biological activity of phytase. Nutrition Abstract and Reviews 53: 791-806.
165. WODZINSKI, R.J. and ULLAH, A.H.J. (1996) Phytase. Advances in Applied Microbiology 42: 263-303.
166. YAN, F. and WALDROUP, R.W. (2006) Non-phytate phosphorus requirement and phosphorus excretion of broiler chicks fed diets composed of normal or high available phosphate corn as influenced by phytase supplementation and vitamin D source. International Journal of Poultry Science. 5(3): 219-228.
167. YI, Z., KORNEGAY, E.T. and MEGUIRK, A. (1994) Replacement value of inorganic phosphorus by microbial phytase for pigs and poultry. Journal of Animal Science 72 (Suppl.1): 330.
168. YI, Z., KORNEGAY, E.T. and DENBOW, D.M. (1996a) Supplemental microbial phytase improves the zinc utilization in broilers. Poultry Science 75: 540-546.
169. YI, Z., KORNEGAY, E.T. and DENBOW, D.M. (1996b) Effect of microbial phytase on nitrogen and amino acid digestibility and nitrogen retention of turkey poults fed corn-soyabean meal diets. Poultry Science 75: 979-990.
170. ZANINI, S.F. and SAZZAD, M.H. (1999) Effect of microbial phytase on growth and mineral utilization in broiler fed on maize soyabean based diets. British Poultry Science 40: 348-352.
171. ZHANG, X., KORNEGAY, ROLAND, D.A., MCDANIEL, G.R. and RAO, S.K. (1999). Effect of Natuphos® phytase supplementation to feed on performance and ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids in broilers. Poultry Science 78: 1567-1572.