Chapter 20 Role of the amygdala in processing visual social stimuli

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 156, Issue , 2006, Pages 363-378

  Adolphs, Ralph ^a   Spezio, Michael ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

amygdala; emotion; face processing; lesion studies; simulation; social cognition

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; AROUSAL; ATTENTION; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN FUNCTION; COGNITION; DEPTH PERCEPTION; EMOTION; FACE; GAZE; HUMAN; INSULA; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOGNITION; REVIEW; SIMULATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; VISUAL CORTEX; VISUAL STIMULATION; ANIMAL; FACIAL EXPRESSION; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY;

AMYGDALA; ANIMALS; ATTENTION; EXPRESSED EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMANS; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHOTIC STIMULATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 33749249580     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56020-0     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Adams Jr. R.B., and Kleck R.E. Perceived gaze direction and the processing of facial displays of emotion. Psychol. Sci. 14 (2003) 644-647
2. Adolphs R. Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: psychological and neurological mechanisms. Behav. Cogn. Neurosci. Rev. 1 (2002) 21-61
3. Adolphs R., Baron-Cohen S., and Tranel D. Impaired recognition of social emotions following amygdala damage. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14 (2002) 1264-1274
4. Adolphs R., Damasio H., Tranel D., Cooper G., and Damasio A.R. A role for somatosensory cortices in the visual recognition of emotion as revealed by three-dimensional lesion mapping. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 2683-2690
5. Adolphs R., Damasio H., Tranel D., and Damasio A.R. Cortical systems for the recognition of emotion in facial expressions. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 7678-7687
6. Adolphs R., Gosselin F., Buchanan T.W., Tranel D., Schyns P., and Damasio A.R. A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature 433 (2005) 68-72
7. Adolphs R., Russell J.A., and Tranel D. A role for the human amygdala in recognizing emotional arousal from unpleasant stimuli. Psychol. Sci. 10 (1999) 167-171
8. Adolphs R., and Tranel D. Intact recognition of emotional prosody following amygdala damage. Neuropsychologia 37 (1999) 1285-1292
9. Adolphs R., and Tranel D. Amygdala damage impairs emotion recognition from scenes only when they contain facial expressions. Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 1281-1289
10. Adolphs R., Tranel D., and Damasio A.R. The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature 393 (1998) 470-474
11. Adolphs R., Tranel D., and Damasio A.R. Dissociable neural systems for recognizing emotions. Brain Cogn. 52 (2003) 61-69
12. Adolphs R., Tranel D., Damasio H., and Damasio A. Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala. Nature 372 (1994) 669-672
13. Adolphs R., Tranel D., Damasio H., and Damasio A.R. Fear and the human amygdala. J. Neurosci. 15 (1995) 5879-5891
14. Adolphs R., Tranel D., Hamann S., Young A.W., Calder A.J., Phelps E.A., Anderson A., Lee G.P., and Damasio A.R. Recognition of facial emotion in nine individuals with bilateral amygdala damage. Neuropsychologia 37 (1999) 1111-1117
15. Aggleton A., Burton M., and Passingham R. Cortical and subcortical afferents to the amygdala of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Brain Res. 190 (1980) 347-368
16. Amaral D.G., Bauman M.D., Capitanio J.P., Lavenex P., Mason W.A., Mauldin-Jourdain M.L., and Mendoza S.P. The amygdala: is it an essential component of the neural network for social cognition?. Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 517-522
17. Amaral D.G., Behniea H., and Kelly J.L. Topographic organization of projections from the amygdala to the visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Neuroscience 118 (2003) 1099-10120
18. Amaral D.G., and Insausti R. Retrograde transport of D-[3 H]-aspartate injected into the monkey amygdaloid complex. Exp. Brain Res. 88 (1992) 375-388
19. Amaral D.G., and Price J.L. Amygdalo-cortical projections in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J. Comp. Neurol. 230 (1984) 465-496
20. Anders S., Lotze M., Erb M., Grodd W., and Birbaumer N. Brain activity underlying emotional valence and arousal: a response-related fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 23 (2004) 200-209
21. Anderson A.K., and Phelps E.A. Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature 411 (2001) 305-309
22. Anderson A.K., and Phelps E.A. Is the human amygdala critical for the subjective experience of emotion? Evidence of intact dispositional affect in patients with amygdala lesions. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14 (2002) 709-720
23. Anderson A.K., Spencer D.D., Fulbright R.K., and Phelps E.A. Contribution of the anteromedial temporal lobes to the evaluation of facial emotion. Neuropsychology 14 (2000) 526-536
24. Bachevalier J., Beauregard M., and Alvarado M.C. Long-term effects of neonatal damage to the hippocampal formation and amygdaloid complex on object discrimination and object recognition in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Behav. Neurosci. 113 (1999) 1127-1151
25. Bachevalier J., and Loveland K.A. The orbitofrontal-amygdala circuit and self-regulation of social-emotional behavior in autism. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 30 (2006) 97-117
26. Bagshaw M.H., and Benzies S. Multiple measures of the orienting reaction and their dissociation after amygdalectomy in monkeys. Exp. Neurol. 20 (1968) 175-187
27. Bagshaw M.H., and Coppock H.W. Galvanic skin response conditioning deficit in amygdalectomized monkeys. Exp. Neurol. 20 (1968) 188-196
28. Baron-Cohen S., Ring H.A., Bullmore E.T., Wheelwright S., Ashwin C., and Williams S.C. The amygdala theory of autism. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 24 (2000) 355-364
29. Baron-Cohen S., Ring H.A., Wheelwright S., Bullmore E.T., Brammer M.J., Simmons A., and Williams S.C. Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11 (1999) 1891-1898
30. Bauman M.D., Lavenex P., Mason W.A., Capitanio J.P., and Amaral D.G. The development of mother-infant interactions after neonatal amygdala lesions in rhesus monkeys. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 711-721
31. Bauman M.D., Lavenex P., Mason W.A., Capitanio J.P., and Amaral D.G. The development of social behavior following neonatal amygdala lesions in rhesus monkeys. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16 (2004) 1388-1411
32. Bechara A., Tranel D., Damasio H., Adolphs R., Rockland C., and Damasio A.R. Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science 269 (1995) 1115-1118
33. Breiter H.C., Etcoff N.L., Whalen P.J., Kennedy W.A., Rauch S.L., Buckner R.L., Strauss M.M., Hyman S.E., and Rosen B.R. Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron 17 (1996) 875-887
34. Broks P., Young A.W., Maratos E.J., Coffey P.J., Calder A.J., Isaac C.L., Mayes A.R., Hodges J.R., Montaldi D., Cezayirli E., Roberts N., and Hadley D. Face processing impairments after encephalitis: amygdala damage and recognition of fear. Neuropsychologia 36 (1998) 59-70
35. Brothers L., Ring B., and Kling A. Response of neurons in the macaque amygdala to complex social stimuli. Behav. Brain Res. 41 (1990) 199-213
36. Buchel C., Morris J., Dolan R.J., and Friston K.J. Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron 20 (1998) 947-957
37. Calder A.J., Keane J., Manes F., Antoun N., and Young A.W. Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury. Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 1077-1078
38. Calder A.J., Lawrence A.D., Keane J., Scott S.K., Owen A.M., Christoffels I., and Young A.W. Reading the mind from eye gaze. Neuropsychologia 40 (2002) 1129-1138
39. Calder A.J., Young A.W., Rowland D., Perrett D.I., Hodges J.R., and Etcoff N.L. Facial emotion recognition after bilateral amygdala damage: differentially severe impairment of fear. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 13 (1996) 699-745
40. Campbell R., Heywood C.A., Cowey A., Regard M., and Landis T. Sensitivity to eye gaze in prosopagnosic patients and monkeys with superior temporal sulcus ablation. Neuropsychologia 28 (1990) 1123-1142
41. Canli T., Sivers H., Whitfield S.L., Gotlib I.H., and Gabrieli J.D. Amygdala response to happy faces as a function of extraversion. Science 296 (2002) 2191
42. Damasio A.R. The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 351 (1996) 1413-1420
43. de Gelder B., Vroomen J., Pourtois G., and Weiskrantz L. Non-conscious recognition of affect in the absence of striate cortex. Neuroreport. 10 (1999) 3759-3763
44. Dicks D., Myers R.E., and Kling A. Uncus and amygdala lesions: effects on social behavior in the free-ranging rhesus monkey. Science 165 (1968) 69-71
45. Downing P.E., Jiang Y., Shuman M., and Kanwisher N. A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body. Science 293 (2001) 2470-2473
46. Duhamel J.R., Colby C.L., and Goldberg M.E. Ventral intraparietal area of the macaque: congruent visual and somatic response properties. J. Neurophysiol. 79 (1998) 126-136
47. Emery N.J. The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 24 (2000) 581-604
48. Emery N.J., and Amaral D.G. The role of the amygdala in primate social cognition. In: Lane R.D. NadelL. (Ed). Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion (1999), Oxford University Press, Oxford
49. Emery N.J., Capitanio J.P., Mason W.A., Machado C.J., Mendoza S.P., and Amaral D.G. The effects of bilateral lesions of the amygdala on dyadic social interactions in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Behav. Neurosci. 115 (2001) 515-544
50. Fine C., Lumsden J., and Blair R.J. Dissociation between 'theory of mind' and executive functions in a patient with early left amygdala damage. Brain 124 (2001) 287-298
51. Freese J.L., and Amaral D.G. The organization of projections from the amygdala to visual cortical areas TE and V1 in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 486 (2005) 295-317
52. Gallese V., Keysers C., and Rizzolatti G. A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8 (2004) 396-403
53. Ghashghaei H.T., and Barbas H. Pathways for emotion: interactions of prefrontal and anterior temporal pathways in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 115 (2002) 1261-1279
54. Glascher J., and Adolphs R. Processing of the arousal of subliminal and supraliminal emotional stimuli by the human amygdala. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 10274-10282
55. Grossman E.D., and Blake R. Brain areas active during visual perception of biological motion. Neuron 35 (2002) 1167-1175
56. Hart A.J., Whalen P.J., Shin L.M., McInerney S.C., Fischer H., and Rauch S.L. Differential response in the human amygdala to racial outgroup vs ingroup face stimuli. Neuroreport 11 (2000) 2351-2355
57. Haxby J.V., Gobbini M.I., Furey M.L., Ishai A., Schouten J.L., and Pietrini P. Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex. Science 293 (2001) 2425-2430
58. Haxby J.V., Hoffman E.A., and Gobbini M.I. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4 (2000) 223-233
59. Heberlein A.S., Adolphs R., Tranel D., and Damasio H. Cortical regions for judgments of emotions and personality traits from point-light walkers. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16 (2004) 1143-1158
60. Hennenlotter A., Schroeder U., Erhard P., Castrop F., Haslinger B., Stoecker D., Lange K.W., and Ceballos-Baumann A.O. A common neural basis for receptive and expressive communication of pleasant facial affect. Neuroimage 26 (2005) 581-591
61. Hooker C.I., Paller K.A., Gitelman D.R., Parrish T.B., Mesulam M.M., and Reber P.J. Brain networks for analyzing eye gaze. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 17 (2003) 406-418
62. Izquierdo A., Suda R.K., and Murray E.A. Comparison of the effects of bilateral orbital prefrontal cortex lesions and amygdala lesions on emotional responses in rhesus monkeys. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 8534-8542
63. Jones E.G., and Burton H. A projection from the medial pulvinar to the amygdala in primates. Brain Res. 104 (1976) 142-147
64. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E., and Davidson R.J. The role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in mediating fear and anxiety in the primate. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 5506-5515
65. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E., Davidson R.J., and Kelley A.E. The primate amygdala mediates acute fear but not the behavioral and physiological components of anxious temperament. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 2067-2074
66. Kanwisher N., McDermott J., and Chun M.M. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 4302-4311
67. Kawashima R., Sugiura M., Kato T., Nakamura A., Hatano K., Ito K., Fukuda H., Kojima S., and Nakamura K. The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring. A PET study. Brain 122 Pt 4 (1999) 779-783
68. Kim H., Somerville L.H., Johnstone T., Polis S., Alexander A.L., Shin L.M., and Whalen P.J. Contextual modulation of amygdala responsivity to surprised faces. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16 (2004) 1730-1745
69. Kling A. Effects of amygdalectomy and testosterone on sexual behavior of male juvenile macaques. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 65 (1968) 466-471
70. Kling A. Differential effects of amygdalectomy in male and female nonhuman primates. Arch. Sex Behav. 3 (1974) 129-134
71. Kling A.S., and Brothers L.A. The amygdala and social behavior. In: Aggleton A.P. (Ed). The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction (1992), Wiley-Liss, New York
72. Kling A., Lancaster J., and Benitone J. Amygdalectomy in the free-ranging vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops). J. Psychiatr. Res. 7 (1970) 191-199
73. Kling A., Steklis H.D., and Deutsch S. Radiotelemetered activity from the amygdala during social interactions in the monkey. Exp. Neurol. 66 (1979) 88-96
74. Kluver H., and Bucy P.C. Psychic blindness and other symptoms following bilateral temporal amygdalectomy in Rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Physiol. 119 (1937) 352-353
75. Kluver H., and Bucy P.C. Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 2 (1939) 979-1000
76. Kluver H., and Bucy P.C. Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. 1939. J. Neuropsych. Clin. Neurosci. 9 (1997) 606-620
77. Knight D.C., Nguyen H.T., and Bandettini P.A. The role of the human amygdala in the production of conditioned fear responses. Neuroimage 26 (2005) 1193-1200
78. Liddell B.J., Brown K.J., Kemp A.H., Barton M.J., Das P., Peduto A., Gordon E., and Williams L.M. A direct brainstem-amygdala-cortical 'alarm' system for subliminal signals of fear. Neuroimage 24 (2005) 235-243
79. McCarthy G. Physiological studies of face processing in humans. In: Gazzaniga M.S. (Ed). The New Cognitive Neurosciences (1999), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 393-410
80. McGaugh J.L. The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27 (2004) 1-28
81. Mesulam M.M., Van Hoesen G.W., Pandya D.N., and Geschwind N. Limbic and sensory connections of the inferior parietal lobule (area PG) in the rhesus monkey: a study with a new method for horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. Brain Res. 136 (1977) 393-414
82. Meunier M., and Bachevalier J. Comparison of emotional responses in monkeys with rhinal cortex or amygdala lesions. Emotion 2 (2002) 147-161
83. Meunier M., Bachevalier J., Murray E.A., Malkova L., and Mishkin M. Effects of aspiration versus neurotoxic lesions of the amygdala on emotional responses in monkeys. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11 (1999) 4403-4418
84. Morris J.S., DeGelder B., Weiskrantz L., and Dolan R.J. Differential extrageniculostriate and amygdala responses to presentation of emotional faces in a cortically blind field. Brain 124 (2001) 1241-1252
85. Morris J.S., Friston K.J., Buchel C., Frith C.D., Young A.W., Calder A.J., and Dolan R.J. A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions. Brain 121 Pt 1 (1998) 47-57
86. Morris J.S., Frith C.D., Perrett D.I., Rowland D., Young A.W., Calder A.J., and Dolan R.J. A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature 383 (1996) 812-815
87. Morris J.S., Ohman A., and Dolan R.J. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature 393 (1998) 467-470
88. Morris J.S., Ohman A., and Dolan R.J. A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating "unseen" fear. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 1680-1685
89. Ohman A. The role of the amygdala in human fear: automatic detection of threat. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30 (2005) 953-958
90. Patterson II J.C., Ungerleider L.G., and Bandettini P.A. Task-independent functional brain activity correlation with skin conductance changes: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 17 (2002) 1797-1806
91. Pegna A.J., Khateb A., Lazeyras F., and Seghier M.L. Discriminating emotional faces without primary visual cortices involves the right amygdala. Nat. Neurosci. 8 (2005) 24-25
92. Phelps E.A., O'Connor K.J., Cunningham W.A., Funayama E.S., Gatenby J.C., Gore J.C., and Banaji M.R. Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12 (2000) 729-738
93. Pinsk M.A., DeSimone K., Moore T., Gross C.G., and Kastner S. Representations of faces and body parts in macaque temporal cortex: a functional MRI study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005) 6996-7001
94. Pourtois G., Sander D., Andres M., Grandjean D., Reveret L., Olivier E., and Vuilleumier P. Dissociable roles of the human somatosensory and superior temporal cortices for processing social face signals. Eur. J. Neurosci. 20 (2004) 3507-3515
95. Prather M.D., Lavenex P., Mauldin-Jourdain M.L., Mason W.A., Capitanio J.P., Mendoza S.P., and Amaral D.G. Increased social fear and decreased fear of objects in monkeys with neonatal amygdala lesions. Neuroscience 106 (2001) 653-658
96. Pribram K.H., Reitz S., McNeil M., and Spevack A.A. The effect of amygdalectomy on orienting and classical conditioning in monkeys. Pavlov J. Biol. Sci. 14 (1979) 203-217
97. Price J.L. Comparative aspects of amygdala connectivity. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 985 (2003) 50-58
98. Price J.L., and Amaral D.G. An autoradiographic study of the projections of the central nucleus of the monkey amygdala. J. Neurosci. 1 (1981) 1242-1259
99. Puce A., Allison T., Bentin S., Gore J.C., and McCarthy G. Temporal cortex activation in humans viewing eye and mouth movements. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 2188-2199
100. Rizzolatti G., and Craighero L. The mirror-neuron system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27 (2004) 169-192
101. Romanski L.M., Giguere M., Bates J.F., and Goldman-Rakic P.S. Topographic organization of medial pulvinar connections with the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 379 (1997) 313-332
102. Rosvold H.E., Mirsky A.F., and Pribram K.H. Influence of amygdalectomy on social behavior in monkeys. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 47 (1954) 173-178
103. Spiridon M., and Kanwisher N. How distributed is visual category information in human occipito-temporal cortex? An fMRI study. Neuron 35 (2002) 1157-1165
104. Sugase Y., Yamane S., Ueno S., and Kawano K. Global and fine information coded by single neurons in the temporal visual cortex. Nature 400 (1999) 869-873
105. Tranel D., and Damasio H. Intact electrodermal skin conductance responses after bilateral amygdala damage. Neuropsychologia 27 (1989) 381-390
106. Vuilleumier P., Richardson M.P., Armony J.L., Driver J., and Dolan R.J. Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activa during emotional face processing. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 1271-1278
107. Vuilleumier P., and Schwartz S. Beware and be aware: capture of spatial attention by fear-related stimuli in neglect. Neuroreport 12 (2001) 1119-1122
108. Vuilleumier P., and Schwartz S. Emotional facial expressions capture attention. Neurology 56 (2001) 153-158
109. Wang L., McCarthy G., Song A.W., and Labar K.S. Amygdala activation to sad pictures during high-field (4 tesla) functional magnetic resonance imaging. Emotion 5 (2005) 12-22
110. Ward R., Danziger S., and Bamford S. Response to visual threat following damage to the pulvinar. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 571-573
111. Weiskrantz L. Behavioral changes associated with ablation of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 49 (1956) 381-391
112. Whalen P.J. Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 7 (1999) 177-187
113. Whalen P.J., Shin L.M., McInerney S.C., Fischer H., Wright C.I., and Rauch S.L. A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger. Emotion 1 (2001) 70-83
114. Wicker B., Keysers C., Plailly J., Royet J.P., Gallese V., and Rizzolatti G. Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron 40 (2003) 655-664
115. Wicker B., Michel F., Henaff M.A., and Decety J. Brain regions involved in the perception of gaze: a PET study. Neuroimage 8 (1998) 221-227
116. Wicker B., Perrett D.I., Baron-Cohen S., and Decety J. Being the target of another's emotion: a PET study. Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 139-146
117. Williams LM., Brammer M.J., Skerrett D., Lagopolous J., Rennie C., Kozek K., Olivieri G., Peduto T., and Gordon E. The neural correlates of orienting: an integration of fMRI and skin conductance orienting. Neuroreport 11 (2000) 3011-3015
118. Williams M.A., McGlone F., Abbott D.F., and Mattingley J.B. Differential amygdala responses to happy and fearful facial expressions depend on selective attention. Neuroimage 24 (2005) 417-425
119. Williams L.M., Phillips M.L., Brammer M.J., Skerrett D., Lagopoulos J., Rennie C., Bahramali H., Olivieri G., David A.S., Peduto A., and Gordon E. Arousal dissociates amygdala and hippocampal fear responses: evidence from simultaneous fMRI and skin conductance recording. Neuroimage 14 (2001) 1070-1079
120. Winston J.S., O'Doherty J., and Dolan R.J. Common and distinct neural responses during direct and incidental processing of multiple facial emotions. Neuroimage 20 (2003) 84-97
121. Winston J.S., Strange B.A., O'Doherty J., and Dolan R.J. Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces. Nat. Neurosci. 5 (2002) 277-283
122. Young A.W., Aggleton J.P., Hellawell D.J., Johnson M., Broks P., and Hanley J.R. processing impairments after amygdalotomy. Brain 118 Pt 1 (1995) 15-24