A comprehensive atlas of the topography of functional groups of the dopamine transporter

Synapse

Volumn 58, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 72-94

  Volz, Trent J ^a   Schenk, James O ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Amino acid; Chemical modification; Review; Side chain; Site directed mutagenesis

Indexed keywords

ALANINE; AMINO ACID; AMPHETAMINE; ARGININE; ASPARAGINE; ASPARTIC ACID; COCAINE; COCAINE DERIVATIVE; CYSTEINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTAMINE; GLYCINE; HISTIDINE; ISOLEUCINE; LEUCINE; LYSINE; METHAMPHETAMINE; METHIONINE; PHENYLALANINE; PROLINE; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; SERINE; THREONINE; TRYPTOPHAN; TYROSINE; VALINE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; HUMAN; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NERVE CELL MEMBRANE; NERVE DEGENERATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RAT; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; SITE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AMINO ACIDS; ANIMALS; CELL MEMBRANE; DOPAMINE PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; HUMANS; IONS; MOLECULAR CONFORMATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY; RATS;

EID: 26644465295     PISSN: 08874476     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/syn.20183     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Adachi DK, Kalivas PW, Schenk JO. 1990a. Neurotensin binding to dopamine. J Neurochem 54:1321-1328.
2. Adachi DK, Kalivas PW, Schenk JO. 1990b. Neurotensin binding to dopamine. J Neurochem 54:1321-1328.
3. Appell M, Berfield JL, Wang LC, Dunn WJ, Chen N, Reith ME. 2004. Structure-activity relationships for substrate recognition by the human dopamine transporter. Biochem Pharmacol 67:293-302.
4. Baucum AJ, Rau KS, Riddle EL, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE. 2004. Methamphetamine increases dopamine transporter higher molecular weight complex formation via a dopamine- and hyperthermia-associated mechanism. J Neurosci 24:3436-3443.
5. Berfield JL, Wang LC, Reith ME. 1999. Which form of dopamine is the substrate for the human dopamine transporter: the cationic or the uncharged species? J Biol Chem 274:4876-4882.
6. Herman SB, Zigmond MJ, Hastings TG. 1996. Modification of dopamine transporter function: effect of reactive oxygen species and dopamine. J Neurochem 67:593-600.
7. Bjerggaard C, Fog JU, Hastrup H, Madsen K, Loland CJ, Javitch JA, Gether U. 2004. Surface targeting of the dopamine transporter involves discrete epitopes in the distal C terminus but does not require canonical PDZ domain interactions. J Neurochem 24: 7024-7036.
8. 2+. Eur J Pharmacol 266: 87-97.
9. Brass M, Wieland A, Bonisch H. 1999. Molecular cloning and functional expression of the mouse dopamine transporter. J Neural Transm 106:657-662.
10. Cannon JG. 1984. Dopamine analog stereoisomers. In: Smith DF, editor. CRC Handbook of Stereoisomers: Drugs in Psychopharmacology. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc. p 117-141.
11. Cao CJ, Young MM, Wong JB, Mahran LG, Eldefrawi ME. 1989. Putative cocaine receptor in striatum is a glycoprotein with active thiol function. Membr Biochem 8:207-220.
12. Carroll FI, Howell LL, Kuhar MJ. 1999. Pharmacotherapies for treatment of cocaine abuse: preclinical aspects. J Med Chem 42: 2721-2736.
13. Carroll FI, Lewin AH, Boja JW, Kuhar MJ. 1992. Cocaine receptor: biochemical characterization and structure-activity relationships of cocaine analogues at the dopamine transporter. J Med Chem 35:969-981.
14. Carroll FI, Lewin AH, Mascarella SW 2002. Dopamine transporter uptake blockers: structure-activity relationships. In: Reith ME, editor. Neurotransmitter Transporters: Structure, Function, and Regulation, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Humana Press p 381-432.
15. Chang MY, Lee SH, Kim JH, Lee KH, Kim YS, Son H, Lee YS. 2001. Protein kinase C-mediated functional regulation of dopamine transporter is not achieved by direct phosphorylation of the dopamine transporter protein. J Neurochem 77:754-761.
16. Chaparro-Huerta V, Beas-Zarate C, Guerrero MU, Feria-Velasco A. 1997. Nitric oxide involvement in regulating the dopamine transport in the striatal region of rat brain. Neurochem Int 31:607-616.
17. Chen C, Zhen J, Reith ME. 2004a. Mutation of Try84 and Asp313 of the dopamine transporter reveals similar mode of binding interactoins for GBR12909 and benztropine as opposed to cocaine. J Neurochem 89:853-864.
18. Chen N, Ferrer JV, Javitch JA, Justice JB, Jr. 2000. Transport-dependent accessibility of a cytoplasmic loop cysteine in the human dopamine transporter. J Biol Chem 275:1608-1614.
19. Chen N, Justice JB. 2000. Differential effect of structural modification of human dopamine transporter on the inward and outward transport of dopamine. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 75:208-215.
20. Chen N, Reith ME. 2000. Structure and function of the dopamine transporter. Eur J Pharmacol 405:329-339.
21. Chen N, Reith ME. 2002. Structure-function relationships for biogenic amine neurotransmitter transporters. In: Reith ME, editor. Neurotransmitter Transporters: Structure, Function, and Regulation, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Humana Press p 53-110.
22. Chen N, Rickey J, Berfield JL, Reith MEA. 2004b. Aspartate 345 of the dopamine transporter is crit. for conformational changes in substrate translocation and cocaine binding. J Biol Chem 279: 5508-5519.
23. Chen N, Sun L, Reith ME. 2002. Cationic interactions at the human dopamine transporter reveal binding conformations for dopamine distinguishable from those for the cocaine analog 2 α-carbomethoxy-3 α-(4- fluorophenyl)tropane. J Neurochem 81:1383-1393.
24. Chen N, Vaughan RA, Reith ME. 2001. The role of conserved tryptophan and acidic residues in the human dopamine transporter as characterized by site-directed mutagenesis. J Neurochem 77:1116-1127.
25. Danek Burgess KS, Justice JB. 1999. Effects of serine mutations in transmembrane domain 7 of the human norepinephrine transporter on substrate binding and transport. J Neurochem 73:656-664.
26. Dexter DT, Jenner P. 1997. Alterations in iron in neurodegenerative disorders: Implications and possible therapeutic agents. In: Yasui M, Strong MJ, Ota K, Verity MA, editors. Mineral and Metal Neurotoxicity. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc p 365-378.
27. Edvardsen O, Dahl SG. 1994. A putative model of the dopamine transporter. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 27:265-274.
28. Eshleman AJ, Neve RL, Janowsky A, Neve KA. 1995. Characterization of a recombinant human dopamine transporter in multiple cell lines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:276-283.
29. Ferrer JV, Javitch JA. 1998. Cocaine alters the accessibility of endogenous cysteines in putative extracellular and intracellular loops of the human dopamine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:9238-9243.
30. Fleckenstein AE, Metzger RR, Beyeler ML, Gibb JW, Hanson GR. 1997a. Oxygen rdicals diminish dopamine transporter function in rat striatum. Eur J Pharmacol 334:111-114.
31. Fleckenstein AE, Metzger RR, Wilkins DG, Gibb JW, Hanson GR. 1997b. Rapid and reversible effects of methamphetamine on dopamine transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282:834-838.
32. Foster JD, Pananusorn B, Vaughan RA. 2002. Dopamine transporters are phosphorylated on N-terminal serines in rat striatum. J Biol Chem 277:25178-25186.
33. Gallant P, Malutan T, McLean H, Verellen L, Caveney S, Donly C. 2003. Functionally distinct dopamine and octopamine transporters in the CNS of the cabbage lopper moth. Eur J Biochem 270:664-674.
34. Gerard C, Chehhal H, Hugel RP. 1994. Complexes of iron(III) with ligands of biological interest: dopamine and 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid. Polyhedron 13:391-397.
35. +2 binding sites. Life Sci 68:2187-2198.
36. Giros B, Caron MG. 1993. Molecular characterization of the dopamine transporter. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:43-49.
37. Giros B, el Mestikawy S, Bertrand L, Caron MG. 1991. Cloning and functional characterization of a cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter. FEBS Lett 295:149-154.
38. Giros B, el Mestikawy S, Godinot N, Zheng K, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Caron MG. 1992. Cloning, pharmacological characterization, and chromosome assignment of the human dopamine transporter. Mol Pharmacol 42:383-390.
39. Goldberg NR, Beuming T, Soyer OS, Goldstein RA, Weinstein H, Javitch JA. 2003. Probing conformational changes in neurotransmitter transporters: a structural context. Eur J Pharmacol 479:3-12.
40. Granas C, Ferrer J, Loland CJ, Javitch JA, Gether U. 2003. N-terminal truncation of the dopamine transporter abolishes phorbol ester- and substance P receptor-stimulated phosphorylation without impairing transporter internalization. J Biol Chem 278:4990-5000.
41. Grol CJ. 1979. The chemistry of dopamine. In: Horn AS, Korf J, Westerink BHC, editors. The Neurobiology of Dopamine. New York: Academic Press, p 7-27.
42. Hanson GR, Rau KS, Fleckenstein AE. 2004. The methamphetamine experience: a NIDA partnership. Neuropharmacology 47: 92-100.
43. Hastrup H, Karlin A, Javitch JA. 2001. Symmetrical dimer of the human dopamine transporter revealed by cross-linking Cys-306 at the extracellular end of the sixth transmembrane segment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:10055-10060.
44. Hastrup H, Sen N, Javitch JA. 2003. The human dopamine transporter forms a tetramer in the plasma membrane: cross-linking of a cysteine in the fourth transmembrane segment is sensitive to cocaine analogs. J Biol Chem 278:45045-45048.
45. Heron C, Costentin J, Bonnet JJ. 1994. Evidence that pure uptake inhibitors including cocaine interact slowly with the dopamine neuronal carrier. Eur J Pharmacol 264:391-398.
46. Hersch SM, Yi H, Heilman CJ, Edwards RH, Levey AI. 1997. Subcellular localization and molecular topology of the dopamine transporter in the striatum and substantia nigra. J Comp Neurol 388:211-227.
47. Holzschuh J, Ryu S, Aberger F, Driever W. 2001. Dopamine transporter expression distinguishes dopaminergic neurons from other catecholaminergic neurons in the developing zebrafish embryo. Mech Dev 101:237-243.
48. Horn AS. 1974. The conformation of dopamine at its uptake site; further studies with rigid analogues. J Pharm Pharmacol 26:735-737.
49. Horn AS. 1976. Characteristics of transport in dopaminergic neurons. In: Paton DM, editor. The Mechanism of Neuronal and Extraneuronal Transport of Catecholamines. New York: Raven Press p 195-214.
50. Horn AS. 1979. Characteristics of dopamine uptake. In: Horn AS, Korf J, Westerink BHC, editors. The Neurobiology of Dopamine. New York: Academic Press p 217-235.
51. Huang X, Xu R, Hawley MD, Hopkins TL, Kramer KJ. 1998. Electrochemical oxidation of N-acyldopamines and regioselective reactions of their quinones with N-acetylcysteine and thiourea. Arch Biochem Biophys 352:19-30.
52. 2G values implicate regions important for transporter functions. Mol Pharmacol 57:1093-1103.
53. Itokawa M, Lin Z, Uhl GR. 2002. Dopamine efflux via wild-type and mutant dopamine transporters: alanine substitution for proline-572 enhances efflux and reduces dependence on extracellular dopamine, sodium and chloride concentrations. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 108:71-80.
54. Javitch JA, D'Amato RJ, Strittmatter SM, Snyder SH. 1985. Parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin, N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahy-dropyridine: uptake of the metabolite N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine by dopamine neurons explains selective toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:2173-2177.
55. Jayanthi LD, Apparsundaram S, Malone MD, Ward E, Miller DM, Eppler M, Blakely RD. 1998. The Caenorhabditis elegans gene T23G5.5 encodes an antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter. Mol Pharmacol 54:601-609.
56. Johnson KM, Bergmann JS, Kozikowski AP. 1992. Cocaine and dopamine differentially protect [3H]mazindol binding sites from alkylation by N-ethylmaleimide. Eur J Pharmacol 227:411-415.
57. Kaye DM, Gruskin S, Smith AI, Esler MD. 2000. Nitric oxide mediated modulation of norepinephrine transport: identification of a potential target for S-nitrosylation. Br J Pharmacol 130:1060-1064.
58. Khoshbouei H, Sen N, Guptaroy B, Johnson LA, Lund D, Gnegy ME, Galli A, Javitch JA. 2004. N-terminal phosphorylation of the dopamine transporter is required for amphetamine-induced efflux. PLoS Biology 2:387-393.
59. Kilty JE, Lorang D, Amara SG. 1991. Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive rat dopamine transporter. Science 254:578-579.
60. Kiss T, Gergely A. 1979. Complexes of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl derivatives III: Equilibrium study of parent and some mixed ligand complexes of dopamine, alanine, and pyrocatechol with nickel(II), copper(II), and zine(II) ions. Inorganica Chimica Acta 36:31-36.
61. Kitayama S, Dohi T. 1996. Cellular and molecular aspects of monoamine neurotransmitter transporters. Jpn J Pharmacol 72:195-208.
62. Kitayama S, Shimada S, Xu H, Markham L, Donovan DM, Uhl GR. 1992. Dopamine transporter site-directed mutations differentially alter substrate transport and cocaine binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7782-7785.
63. Kitayama S, Wang JB, Uhl GR. 1993. Dopamine transporter mutants selectively enhance MPP+ transport. Synapse 15:58-62.
64. Kitayama S, Morita K, Dohi T, Wang JB, Davis SC, Uhl GR. 1996. Dissection of dopamine and cocaine binding sites on the rat dopamine transporter expressed in COS cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 801: 388-393.
65. Kitayama S, Mitsuhata C, Davis S, Wang JB, Sato T, Morita K, Uhl GR, Dohi T. 1998. MPP+ toxicity and plasma membrane dopamine transporter: study using cell lines expressing the wild-type and mutant rat dopamine transporters. Biochim Biophys Acta 1404:305-313.
66. Komulainen H, Tuomisto J. 1981a. Effect of heavy metals on dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin uptake and release in rat brain synaptosomes. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 48:199-204.
67. Komulainen H, Tuomisto J. 1981b. Interference of methyl mercury with monoamine uptake and release in rat brain synaptosomes. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 48:212-222.
68. Kuhar MJ, Ritz MC, Boja JW. 1991. The dopamine hypothesis of the reinforcing properties of cocaine. Trends Neurosci 14:299-302.
69. Landschulz WH, Johnson PF, McKnight SL. 1988. The leucine zipper: a hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins. Science 240:1759-1764.
70. LaVoie MJ, Hastings TG. 1999. Dopamine quinone formation and protein modification associated with the striatal neurotoxicity of methamphetamine: evidence against a role for extracellular dopamine. J Neurosci 15:1308-1317.
71. Lee SH, Chang MY, Lee KH, Park BS, Lee YS, Chin HR. 2000. Importance of valine at position 152 for the substrate transport and 2β-carbomethoxy- 3β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane binding of dopamine transporter. Mol Pharmacol 57:883-889.
72. Lehninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM. 1993. Principles of biochemistry. New York: Worth Publishers.
73. Lewin AH, Gao YG, Abraham P, Boja JW, Kuhar MJ, Carroll FI. 1992. 2 beta-substituted analogues of cocaine. Synthesis and inhibition of binding to the cocaine receptor. J Med Chem 35:135-140.
74. Li L-B, Chen N, Ramamoorthy S, Chi L, Cui X-N, Wang Lijuan C, Reith Maarten EA. 2004. The role of N-glycosylation in function and surface trafficking of the human dopamine transporter. J Biol Chem 279:21012-21020.
75. Lin AMY, Kao LS, Chai CY. 1995. Involvement of nitric oxide in dopaminergic transmission in rat striatum: an in vivo electrochemical study. J Neurochem 65:2043-2049.
76. Lin Z, Uhl GR. 2002. Dopamine transporter mutants with cocaine resistance and normal dopamine uptake provide targets for cocaine antagonism. Mol Pharmacol 61:885-891.
77. Lin Z, Uhl GR. 2003. Human dopamine transporter gene variation: effects of protein coding variants V55A and V382A on expression and uptake activities. Pharmacogenomics J 3:159-168.
78. Lin Z, Wang W, Kopajtic T, Revay RS, Uhl GR. 1999. Dopamine transporter: transmembrane phenylalanine mutations can selectively influence dopamine uptake and cocaine analog recognition. Mol Pharmacol 56:434-447.
79. Lin Z, Itokawa M, Uhl GR. 2000a. Dopamine transporter proline mutations influence dopamine uptake, cocaine analog recognition, and expression. FASEB J 14:715-728.
80. Lin Z, Wang W, Uhl GR. 2000b. Dopamine transporter tryptophan mutants highlight candidate dopamine- and cocaine-selective domains. Mol Pharmacol 58:1581-1592.
81. Loland CJ, Norregaard L, Gether U. 1999. Denning proximity relationships in the tertiary structure of the dopamine transporter. Identification of a conserved glutamic acid as a third coordinate in the endogenous Zn(2+)-binding site. J Biol Chem 274:36928-36934.
82. Loland CJ, Norregaard L, Litman T, Gether U. 2002. Generation of an activating Zn(2+) switch in the dopamine transporter: mutation of an intracellular tyrosine constitutively alters the conformational equilibrium of the transport cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:1683-1688.
83. +2-site engineering. Eur J Pharmacol 479:187-197.
84. Loland CJ, Granaes C, Javitch JA, Gether U. 2004. Identification of intracellular residues in dopamine transporter crit. for regulation of transporter conformation and cocaine binding. J Biol Chem 279:3228-3238.
85. Lonart G, Johnson KM. 1994. Inhibitory effects of nitric oxide on the uptake of [3H]dopamine and [3H]glutamate by striatal synaptosomes. J Neurochem 63:2108-2117.
86. Maguire ME, Goldmann PH, Gilman AG. 1974. Reaction of tritiumlabeled norepinephrine with particulate fractions of cells responsive to catechol amines. Mol Pharmacol 10:563-581.
87. Maiya R, Buck KJ, Harris RA, Mayfield RD. 2002. Ethanol-sensitive sites on the human dopamine transporter. J Biol Chem 277: 30724-30729.
88. Mayer RA, Kindt MV, Heikkila RE. 1986. Prevention of the nigrostriatal toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine by inhibitors of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine transport. J Neurochem 47:1073-1079.
89. Meiergerd SM, Schenk JO. 1994. Striatal transporter for dopamine: catechol structure-activity studies and susceptibility to chemical modification. J Neurochem 62:998-1008.
90. Meinild A, Sitte HH, Gether U. 2004. Zinc potentiates an uncoulped anion conductance associated with the dopamine transporter. J Biol Chem 279:49671-49679.
91. Meltzer PC, Liang AY, Blundell P, Gonzalez MD, Chen Z, George C, Madras BK. 1997. 2-Carbomethoxy-3-aryl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes: potent non-nitrogen inhibitors of monoamine transporters. J Med Chem 40:2661-2673.
92. Miller GM, Yatin SM, De La Garza R, II, Goulet M, Madras BK. 2001. Cloning of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters from monkey brain: relevance to cocaine sensitivity. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 87:124-143.
93. Miranda M, Sorkina T, Grammatopoulos TN, Zawada WM, Sorkin A. 2004. Multiple mol. determinants in carboxyl terminus regulate dopamine transporter export from endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 279:30760-30770.
94. Mitsuhata C, Kitayama S, Monta K, Vandenbergh D, Uhl GR, Dohi T. 1998. Tyrosine-533 of rat dopamine transporter: involvement in interactions with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and cocaine. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 56:84-88.
95. Nagy PI, Takacs-Novak K. 2004. Tautomeric and conformational equilibria of biologically important (hydroxyphenyl)alkylamines in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 6: 2838-2848.
96. Nair MS, Arasu PT, Mansoor SS, Shenbagavalli P, Neelakantan MA. 1995. Stability and structure of copper(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II) heterobinuclear complexes containing some biologically important ligands. Indian J Chem 34A:365-369.
97. Newman AH, Kulkarni S. 2002. Probes for the dopamine transporter: new leads toward a cocaine-abuse therapeutic-a focus on analogues of benztropine and rimcazole. Med Res Rev 22:429-464.
98. Nirenberg MJ, Vaughan RA, Uhl G, Kuhar M, Pickel VM. 1996. The dopamine transporter is localized to dendritic and axonal plasma membranes of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 16:436-447.
99. Norgaard-Nielsen K, Norregaard L, Hastrup H, Javitch JA, Gether U. 2002. Zn(2+) site engineering at the oligomeric interface of the dopamine transporter. FEES Lett 524:87-91.
100. Norregaard L, Frederiksen D, Nielsen EO, Gether U. 1998. Delineation of an endogenous zinc-binding site in the human dopamine transporter. EMBO J 17:4266-4273.
101. Norregaard L, Visiers I, Loland CJ, Ballesteros J, Weinstein H, Gether U. 2000. Structural probing of a microdomain in the dopamine transporter by engineering of artificial Zn2+ binding sites. Biochemistry 39:15836-15846.
102. Norregaard L, Loland CJ, Gether U. 2003. Evidence for distinct sodium-, dopamine- and cocaine-dependent conformational changes in transmembrane segments 7 and 8 of dopamine transporter. J Biol Chem 278:30587-30596.
103. Olivier B, Soudijn W, vam Wijngaarden I. 2000. Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine transporters in the central nervous system and their inhibitors. Prog Drug Res 54:59-119.
104. Park SU, Ferrer JV, Javitch JA, Kühn DM. 2002. Peroxynitrite inactivates the human dopamine transporter by modification of cysteine 342: potential mechanism of neurotoxicity in dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 22:4399-4405.
105. Pogun S, Baumann MH, Kuhar MJ. 1994. Nitric oxide inhibits [3H]dopamine uptake. Brain Res 641:83-91.
106. Porzgen P, Park SK, Hirsh J, Sonders MS, Amara SG. 2001. The antidepressant-sensitive dopamine transporter in Drosophila melanogaster: a primordial carrier for catecholamines. Mol Pharmacol 59:83-95.
107. Povlock SL, Amara SG. 1997. The structure and function of norepinephrine, dopamine, and seratonin transporters. In: Reith ME, editor. Neurotransmitter transporters: structure, function, and regulation. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, p. 1-28.
108. Pristupa ZB, Wilson JM, Huffman BJ, Kish SJ, Niznik HB. 1994. Pharmacological heterogeneity of the cloned and native human dopamine transporter: disassociation of [3H]WIN 35,428 and [3H]GBR 12,935 binding. Mol Pharmacol 45:125-135.
109. Refahi-Lyamani F, Saadouni S, Costentin J, Bonnet JJ. 1995. Interaction of two sulfhydryl reagents with a cation recognition site on the neuronal dopamine carrier evidences small differences between [3H]GBR 12783 and [3H]cocaine binding sites. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 351:136-145.
110. Reith ME, Selmeci G. 1992. Radiolabeling of dopamine uptake sites in mouse striatum: comparision of binding sites for cocaine, mazindol, and GBR 12935. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 345:309-318.
111. Reith ME, Xu C, Coffey LL. 1996. Binding domains for blockers and substrates on the cloned human dopamine transporter studied by protection against ZV-ethylmaleimide-induced reduction of 2 β-carbomethoxy-3 β-(4-fluorophenyl)[3H]tropane ([3H]WIN 35,428) binding. Biochem Pharmacol 52:1435-1446.
112. Reith ME, Xu C, Chen N. 1997. Pharmacology and regulation of the neuronal dopamine transporter. Eur J Pharmacol 324:1-10.
113. Reith ME, Berfield JL, Wang LC, Ferrer JV, Javitch JA. 2001. The uptake inhibitors cocaine and benztropine differentially alter the conformation of the human dopamine transporter. J Biol Chem 276:29012-29018.
114. Ritchfield EK. 1993. Zinc modulation of drug binding, cocaine affinity states, and dopamie uptake on the dopamine uptake complex. Mol Pharmacol 43:100-108.
115. Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR, Kuhar MJ. 1987. Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self-administration of cocaine. Science 237:1219-1223.
116. Saadouni S, Refahi-Lyamani F, Costentin J, Bonnet JJ. 1994. Cocaine and GBR 12783 recognize nonidentical, overlapping binding domains on the dopamine neuronal carrier. Eur J Pharmacol 268:187-197.
117. Schenk JO. 2002. The functioning neuronal transporter for dopamine: kinetic mechanisms and effects of amphetamines, cocaine and methylphenidate. Prog Drug Res 59:111-131.
118. Schenk JO, Morocco MT, Ziemba VA. 1991. Interactions between the argininyl moieties of neurotensin and the catechol protons of dopamine. J Neurochem 57:1787-1795.
119. Schenk JO, George SE, Schumacher PD. 2003. What can be learned from studies of multisubstrate mechanisms of neuronal dopamine transport?. Eur J Pharmacol 479:223-228.
120. Scholze P, Norregaard L, Singer EA, Freissmuth M, Gether U, Sitte HH. 2002. The role of zinc ions in reverse transport mediated by monoamine transporters. J Biol Chem 277:21505-21513.
121. Schweri MM. 1990. N-ethylmaleimide irreversibly inhibits the binding of [3H]threo(+/-)-methylphenidate to the stimulant recognition site. Neuropharmacology 29:901-908.
122. Schweri MM. 1994. Mercuric chloride and p-chloromercuriphenyl-sulfonate exert a biphasic effect on the binding of the stimulant [3H]methylphenidate to the dopamine transporter. Synapse 16: 188-194.
123. Shen X, Dryhurst G. 1998. Iron- and manganese-catalyzed autoxidation of dopamine in the presence of L-cysteine: possible insights into iron-and manganese-mediated dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 11:824-837.
124. Shimada S, Kitayama S, Lin CL, Patel A, Nanthakumar E, Gregor P, Kuhar M, Uhl G. 1991. Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter complementary DNA. Science 254: 576-578.
125. Singer HS, Hahn I, Moran TH. 1991. Abnormal dopamine uptake sites in postmortem striatum from patients with Tourette's Syndrome Ann Neurol 30:558-562.
126. Storch A, Ludolph AC, Schwarz J. 2004. Dopamine transporter: involvement in selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity and degeneration. J Neural Transm 111:1267-1286.
127. Surratt CK, Wang JB, Yuhasz S, Amzel M, Kwon HM, Handler JS, UhI GR. 1993. Sodium- and chloride-dependent transporters in brain, kidney, and gut: lessons from complementary DNA cloning and structure-function studies. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2: 744-760.
128. Syringas M, Janin F, Mezghanni S, Giros B, Costentin J, Bonnet JJ. 2000. Structural domains of chimeric dopamine-noradrenaline human transporters involved in the Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependence of dopamine transport. Mol Pharmacol 58:1404-1411.
129. Torres GE, Carneiro A, Seamans K, Fiorentini C, Sweeney A, Yao WD, Caron MG. 2003. Oligomerization and trafficking of the human dopamine transporter. Mutational analysis identifies critical domains important for the functional expression of the transporter. J Biol Chem 278:2731-2739.
130. Uhl G, Lin Z. 2003. The top 20 dopamine transporter mutants: structure-function relationships and cocaine actions. Eur J Pharmacol 479:71-82.
131. Uhl G, Lin Z, Metzger T, Dar DE. 1998. Dopamine transporter mutants, small molecules, and approaches to cocaine antagonist/dopamine transporter disinhibitor development. Methods Enzymol 296:456-465.
132. Uhl GR, Kitayama S. 1993. A cloned dopamine transporter. Potential insights into Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Adv Neurol 60:321-324.
133. Urban JJ, Cramer CJ, Famini GR. 1992. A computational study of solvent effects on the conformation of dopamine. J Am Chem Soc 114:8226-8231.
134. Usdin TB, Mezey E, Chen C, Brownstein MJ, Huffman BJ. 1991. Cloning of the cocaine-sensitive bovine dopamine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:11168-11171.
135. Vandenbergh DJ, Persico AM, Uhl GR. 1992. A human dopamine transporter cDNA predicts reduced glycosylation, displays a novel repetitive element and provides racially-dimorphic TaqI RFLPs Brain Res Mol Brain Res 15:161-166
136. Vaughan RA. 1998. Cocaine and GBR photoaffinity labels as probes of dopamine transporter structure. Methods Enzymol 296:219-230.
137. Vaughan RA, Kuhar MJ. 1996. Dopamine transporter ligand binding domains. Structural and functional properties revealed by limited proteolysis. J Biol Chem 271:21672-21680.
138. Vijayvargiya BL, Chakrawarti PB, Sharma HN. 1980. Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) complexes of dopamine and isoprenaline. J Indian Chem Soc LVII:471-474.
139. Volz TJ, Bjorklund NL, Schenk JO. 2005. Methylphenidate analogs with behavioral differences interact differently with arginine residues on the dopamine transporter in rat striatum. Synapse 57: 175-178.
140. Volz TJ, Kim M, Schenk JO. 2004. Covalent and noncovalent chemical modifications of arginine residues decrease dopamine transporter activity. Synapse 52:272-282.
141. Volz TJ, Schenk JO. 2004. L-arginine increases dopamine transporter activity in rat striatum via a nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. Synapse 54:173-182.
142. Vrindavanam NS, Arnaud P, Ma JX, Altman-Hamamdzic S, Parratto NP, Sallee FR. 1996. The effects of phosphorylation on the functional regulation of an expressed recombinant human dopamine transporter. Neurosci Lett 216:133-136.
143. Waldman ID, Rowe DC, Abramowitz A, Kozel ST, Mohr JH, Sherman SL, Cleveland HH, Sanders ML, Gard JMC, Stever C. 1998. Association and linkage of the dopamine transporter gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: heterogeneity owing to diagnostic subytpe and severity. Am J Hum Genet 63: 1767-1776.
144. Wang JB, Moriwaki A, Uhl GR. 1995. Dopamine transporter cysteine mutants: second extracellular loop cysteines are required for transporter expression. J Neurochem 64:1416-1419.
145. Wang W, Sonders MS, Ukairo OT, Scott H, Kloetzel MK, Surratt CK. 2003. Dissociation of high-affinity cocaine analog binding and dopamine uptake inhibition at the dopamine transporter. Mol Pharmacol 64:430-439.
146. Whitehead RE, Ferrer JV, Javitch JA, Justice JB. 2001. Reaction of oxidized dopamine with endogenous cysteine residues in the human dopamine transporter. J Neurochem 76:1242-1251.
147. Willoughby J, Cowburn RF, Hardy JA, Glover V, Sandler M. 1989. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium uptake by human and rat striatal synaptosomes. J Neurochem 52:627-631.
148. Wu X, Gu HH. 1999. Molecular cloning of the mouse dopamine transporter and pharmacological comparison with the human homologue. Gene 233:163-170.
149. Xu C, Coffey LL, Reith ME. 1997. Binding domains for blockers and substrates on the dopamine transporter in rat striatal membranes studied by protection against N-ethylmaleimide-induced reduction of [3H]WIN 35,428 binding. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 355:64-73.
150. Zahniser NR, Doolen S. 2001. Chronic and acute regulation of Na+/Cl-dependent neurotransmitter transporters: drugs, substrates, presynaptic receptors, and signaling systems. Pharmacol Ther 92: 21-55.
151. Zhen J, Maiti S, Chen N, Dutta AK, Reith Maarten EA. 2004. Interaction between a hydroxypiperidine analogue of 4-(2-benzhydryloxy-ethyl)-1-(4- fluorobenzyl)piperidine and Aspartate 68 in the human dopamine transporter. Eur J Pharmacol 506:17-16.