Environment, diet and CpG island methylation: Epigenetic signals in gastrointestinal neoplasia

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 1346-1359

  Johnson, Ian T ^a   Belshaw, Nigel J ^a  

^a NORWICH RESEARCH PARK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Colorectal cancer; Epigenome; Folate; Nutrition; Selenium

Indexed keywords

FOLIC ACID; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; SELENIUM;

ARTICLE; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CPG ISLAND; DIET; DIETARY INTAKE; DNA METHYLATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPIGENETICS; GASTROINTESTINAL TUMOR; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN;

ANIMALS; CPG ISLANDS; DIET; DNA METHYLATION; ENVIRONMENT; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 39149091066     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.101     Document Type: Article

References (177)

1. Administration, F.a.D. 1996. Amendment of standards of identity for enriched grain products to require addition of folic acid. Final rule. 21 CFR Parts 136, 137, and 139. Federal Register 61, 8781-8807.
2. Aggarwal B.B., Shishodia S., Sandur S.K., Pandey M.K., and Sethi G. Inflammation and cancer: how hot is the link?. Biochem. Pharmacol. 72 (2006) 1605-1621
3. Belshaw N.J., Elliott G.O., Williams E.A., Mathers J.C., Buckley L., Bahari B., and Johnson I.T. Methylation of the ESR1 CpG island in the colorectal mucosa is an 'all or nothing' process in healthy human colon, and is accelerated by dietary folate supplementation in the mouse. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33 (2005) 709-711
4. Bird A. DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes Dev. 16 (2002) 6-21
5. Blewitt M.E., Vickaryous N.K., Paldi A., Koseki H., and Whitelaw E. Dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation at an epigenetically sensitive allele in mice. PLoS Genet. 2 (2006) e49
6. Blot W.J., Devesa S.S., Kneller R.W., and Fraumeni Jr. J.F. Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Jama 265 (1991) 1287-1289
7. Campbell-Thompson M., Lynch I.J., and Bhardwaj B. Expression of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes and ERbeta isoforms in colon cancer. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 632-640
8. Canada H. Regulations amending the Food and Drug Regulations. Canada Gazette part 1 131 (1997) 3702-3737
9. Castro R., Rivera I., Ravasco P., Camilo M.E., Jakobs C., Blom H.J., and de Almeida I.T. 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C -->T and 1298A -->C mutations are associated with DNA hypomethylation. J. Med. Genet. 41 (2004) 454-458
10. Castro R., Rivera I., Struys E.A., Jansen E.E., Ravasco P., Camilo M.E., Blom H.J., Jakobs C., and Tavares de Almeida I. Increased homocysteine and S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations and DNA hypomethylation in vascular disease. Clin. Chem. 49 (2003) 1292-1296
11. Champagne F.A., Weaver I.C., Diorio J., Dymov S., Szyf M., and Meaney M.J. Maternal care associated with methylation of the estrogen receptor-alpha1b promoter and estrogen receptor-alpha expression in the medial preoptic area of female offspring. Endocrinology 147 (2006) 2909-2915
12. Choi S.W., Friso S., Dolnikowski G.G., Bagley P.J., Edmondson A.N., Smith D.E., and Mason J.B. Biochemical and molecular aberrations in the rat colon due to folate depletion are age-specific. J. Nutr. 133 (2003) 1206-1212
13. Choi S.W., Friso S., Ghandour H., Bagley P.J., Selhub J., and Mason J.B. Vitamin B-12 deficiency induces anomalies of base substitution and methylation in the DNA of rat colonic epithelium. J. Nutr. 134 (2004) 750-755
14. Choi S.W., Friso S., Keyes M.K., and Mason J.B. Folate supplementation increases genomic DNA methylation in the liver of elder rats. Br. J. Nutr. 93 (2005) 31-35
15. Choi S.W., Stickel F., Baik H.W., Kim Y.I., Seitz H.K., and Mason J.B. Chronic alcohol consumption induces genomic but not p53-specific DNA hypomethylation in rat colon. J. Nutr. 129 (1999) 1945-1950
16. Clarizia A.D., Bastos-Rodrigues L., Pena H.B., Anacleto C., Rossi B., Soares F.A., Lopes A., Rocha J.C., Caballero O., Camargo A., Simpson A.J., and Pena S.D. Relationship of the methylenetetrahydrofolate eductase C677T polymorphism with microsatellite instability and promoter hypermethylation in sporadic colorectal cancer. Genet. Mol. Res. 5 (2006) 315-322
17. Colella S., Shen L., Baggerly K.A., Issa J.P., and Krahe R. Sensitive and quantitative universal pyrosequencing methylation analysis of CpG sites. Biotechniques 35 (2003) 146-150
18. Cooney C.A., Dave A.A., and Wolff G.L. Maternal methyl supplements in mice affect epigenetic variation and DNA methylation of offspring. J. Nutr. 132 (2002) 2393S-2400S
19. Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process -- First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res. 52 (1992) 6735-6740
20. Cottrell S.E., Distler J., Goodman N.S., Mooney S.H., Kluth A., Olek A., Schwope I., Tetzner R., Ziebarth H., and Berlin K. A real-time PCR assay for DNA-methylation using methylation-specific blockers. Nucleic Acids Res. 32 (2004) e10
21. Cox R., and Goorha S. A study of the mechanism of selenite-induced hypomethylated DNA and differentiation of Friend erythroleukemic cells. Carcinogenesis 7 (1986) 2015-2018
22. Cravo M., Fidalgo P., Pereira A., Gouveia-Oliveria A., Chaves P., Selhub J., Mason J., Mira F., and Leitao C. DNA methylation as an intermediate biomarker in colorectal cancer: Modulation by folic acid supplementation. European J. Cancer Prevent. 3 (1994) 473-479
23. Cravo M.L., Pinto A.G., Chaves P., Cruz J.A., Lage P., Nobre Leitao C., and Costa Mira F. Effect of folate supplementation on DNA methylation of rectal mucosa in patients with colonic adenomas: correlation with nutrient intake. Clin. Nutr. 17 (1998) 45-49
24. Crew K.D., and Neugut A.I. Epidemiology of gastric cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 12 (2006) 354-362
25. Cropley J.E., Suter C.M., Beckman K.B., and Martin D.I. Germ-line epigenetic modification of the murine A vy allele by nutritional supplementation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 17308-17312
26. Cross H.S., Kallay E., Lechner D., Gerdenitsch W., Adlercreutz H., and Armbrecht H.J. Phytoestrogens and vitamin D metabolism: a new concept for the prevention and therapy of colorectal, prostate, and mammary carcinomas. J. Nutr. 134 (2004) 1207S-1212S
27. Dashwood R.H., Myzak M.C., and Ho E. Dietary HDAC inhibitors: time to rethink weak ligands in cancer chemoprevention?. Carcinogenesis 27 (2006) 344-349
28. Davis C.D., and Uthus E.O. Dietary selenite and azadeoxycytidine treatments affect dimethylhydrazine-induced aberrant crypt formation in rat colon and DNA methylation in HT-29 cells. J. Nutr. 132 (2002) 292-297
29. Davis C.D., Uthus E.O., and Finley J.W. Dietary selenium and arsenic affect DNA methylation in vitro in Caco-2 cells and in vivo in rat liver and colon. J. Nutr. 130 (2000) 2903-2909
30. Day J.K., Bauer A.M., DesBordes C., Zhuang Y., Kim B.E., Newton L.G., Nehra V., Forsee K.M., MacDonald R.S., Besch-Williford C., Huang T.H., and Lubahn D.B. Genistein alters methylation patterns in mice. J. Nutr. 132 (2002) 2419S-2423S
31. De Cabo S.F., Santos J., and Fernandez-Piqueras J. Molecular and cytological evidence of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine as an innocuous undermethylating agent in vivo. Cytogenet. Cell. Genet. 71 (1995) 187-192
32. Dixon R.A., and Ferreira D. Genistein. Phytochemistry 60 (2002) 205-211
33. Duthie S.J., Grant G., and Narayanan S. Increased uracil misincorporation in lymphocytes from folate-deficient rats. Br. J. Cancer 83 (2000) 1532-1537
34. Duthie S.J., Narayanan S., Brand G.M., and Grant G. DNA stability and genomic methylation status in colonocytes isolated from methyl-donor-deficient rats. Eur. J. Nutr. 39 (2000) 106-111
35. Eads C.A., Danenberg K.D., Kawakami K., Saltz L.B., Blake C., Shibata D., Danenberg P.V., and Laird P.W. MethyLight: a high-throughput assay to measure DNA methylation. Nucleic Acids Res. 28 (2000) E32
36. Eads C.A., Lord R.V., Kurumboor S.K., Wickramasinghe K., Skinner M.L., Long T.I., Peters J.H., DeMeester T.R., Danenberg K.D., Danenberg P.V., Laird P.W., and Skinner K.A. Fields of aberrant CpG island hypermethylation in Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 60 (2000) 5021-5026
37. Eads C.A., Lord R.V., Wickramasinghe K., Long T.I., Kurumboor S.K., Bernstein L., Peters J.H., DeMeester S.R., DeMeester T.R., Skinner K.A., and Laird P.W. Epigenetic patterns in the progression of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 3410-3418
38. Ehrlich M., Woods C.B., Yu M.C., Dubeau L., Yang F., Campan M., Weisenberger D.J., Long T., Youn B., Fiala E.S., and Laird P.W. Quantitative analysis of associations between DNA hypermethylation, hypomethylation, and DNMT RNA levels in ovarian tumors. Oncogene 25 (2006) 2636-2645
39. Esfandiari F., Green R., Cotterman R.F., Pogribny I.P., James S.J., and Miller J.W. Methyl deficiency causes reduction of the methyl-CpG-binding protein, MeCP2, in rat liver. Carcinogenesis 24 (2003) 1935-1940
40. Esteller M. Cancer epigenetics: DNA methylation and chromatin alterations in human cancer. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 532 (2003) 39-49
41. Esteller M. Epigenetics provides a new generation of oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes. Br. J. Cancer 94 (2006) 179-183
42. Esteller M. The necessity of a human epigenome project. Carcinogenesis 27 (2006) 1121-1125
43. Esteller M., Corn P.G., Baylin S.B., and Herman J.G. A gene hypermethylation profile of human cancer. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 3225-3229
44. Esteller M., Fraga M.F., Guo M., Garcia-Foncillas J., Hedenfalk I., Godwin A.K., Trojan J., Vaurs-Barriere C., Bignon Y.J., Ramus S., Benitez J., Caldes T., Akiyama Y., Yuasa Y., Launonen V., Canal M.J., Rodriguez R., Capella G., Peinado M.A., Borg A., Aaltonen L.A., Ponder B.A., Baylin S.B., and Herman J.G. DNA methylation patterns in hereditary human cancers mimic sporadic tumorigenesis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (2001) 3001-3007
45. Fang M., Chen D., and Yang C.S. Dietary polyphenols may affect DNA methylation. J. Nutr. 137 (2007) 223S-228S
46. Fang M.Z., Chen D., Sun Y., Jin Z., Christman J.K., and Yang C.S. Reversal of hypermethylation and reactivation of p16INK4a, RARbeta, and MGMT genes by genistein and other isoflavones from soy. Clin. Cancer Res. 11 (2005) 7033-7041
47. Fang M.Z., Wang Y., Ai N., Hou Z., Sun Y., Lu H., Welsh W., and Yang C.S. Tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits DNA methyltransferase and reactivates methylation-silenced genes in cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 7563-7570
48. Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115 (2005) 911-919 quiz 920
49. Feil R. Environmental and nutritional effects on the epigenetic regulation of genes. Mutat. Res. 600 (2006) 46-57
50. Feinberg A.P., Ohlsson R., and Henikoff S. The epigenetic progenitor origin of human cancer. Nat. Rev. Genet. 7 (2006) 21-33
51. Fenech M., Aitken C., and Rinaldi J. Folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine status and DNA damage in young Australian adults. Carcinogenesis 19 (1998) 1163-1171
52. Fiala E.S., Staretz M.E., Pandya G.A., El-Bayoumy K., and Hamilton S.R. Inhibition of DNA cytosine methyltransferase by chemopreventive selenium compounds, determined by an improved assay for DNA cytosine methyltransferase and DNA cytosine methylation. Carcinogenesis 19 (1998) 597-604
53. Finnegan E.J., Kovac K.A., Jaliqot E., Sheldon C.C., Peacock W.J., and Dennis E.S. The downregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) expression in plants with low levels of DNA methylation and by vernalization occurs by distinct mechanisms. Plant J. 44 (2005) 420-432
54. Fowler B.M., Giuliano A.R., Piyathilake C., Nour M., and Hatch K. Hypomethylation in cervical tissue: is there a correlation with folate status?. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 7 (1998) 901-906
55. Fraga M.F., Ballestar E., Paz M.F., Ropero S., Setien F., Ballestar M.L., Heine-Suner D., Cigudosa J.C., Urioste M., Benitez J., Boix-Chornet M., Sanchez-Aguilera A., Ling C., Carlsson E., Poulsen P., Vaag A., Stephan Z., Spector T.D., Wu Y.Z., Plass C., and Esteller M. Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005) 10604-10609
56. Friso S., Choi S.W., Girelli D., Mason J.B., Dolnikowski G.G., Bagley P.J., Olivieri O., Jacques P.F., Rosenberg I.H., Corrocher R., and Selhub J. A common mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene affects genomic DNA methylation through an interaction with folate status. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 5606-5611
57. Frosst P., Blom H.J., Milos R., Goyette P., Sheppard C.A., Matthews R.G., Boers G.J., den Heijer M., Kluijtmans L.A., van den Heuvel L.P., et al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat. Genet. 10 (1995) 111-113
58. Fuso A., Seminara L., Cavallaro R.A., D'Anselmi F., and Scarpa S. S-adenosylmethionine/homocysteine cycle alterations modify DNA methylation status with consequent deregulation of PS1 and BACE and beta-amyloid production. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 28 (2005) 195-204
59. Ghoshal K., Li X., Datta J., Bai S., Pogribny I., Pogribny M., Huang Y., Young D., and Jacob S.T. A folate- and methyl-deficient diet alters the expression of DNA methyltransferases and methyl CpG binding proteins involved in epigenetic gene silencing in livers of F344 rats. J. Nutr. 136 (2006) 1522-1527
60. Gilbert J., Gore S.D., Herman J.G., and Carducci M.A. The clinical application of targeting cancer through histone acetylation and hypomethylation. Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (2004) 4589-4596
61. Giovannucci E. Epidemiologic studies of folate and colorectal neoplasia: a review. J. Nutr. 132 (2002) 2350S-2355S
62. Gonzalez S., Huerta J.M., Alvarez-Uria J., Fernandez S., Patterson A.M., and Lasheras C. Serum selenium is associated with plasma homocysteine concentrations in elderly humans. J. Nutr. 134 (2004) 1736-1740
63. Gunter M.J., and Leitzmann M.F. Obesity and colorectal cancer: epidemiology, mechanisms and candidate genes. J. Nutr. Biochem. 17 (2006) 145-156
64. Hendrich B., and Tweedie S. The methyl-CpG binding domain and the evolving role of DNA methylation in animals. Trends Genet. 19 (2003) 269-277
65. Herceg Z. Epigenetics and cancer: towards an evaluation of the impact of environmental and dietary factors. Mutagenesis 22 (2007) 91-103
66. Hodge D.R., Peng B., Cherry J.C., Hurt E.M., Fox S.D., Kelley J.A., Munroe D.J., and Farrar W.L. Interleukin 6 supports the maintenance of p53 tumor suppressor gene promoter methylation. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 4673-4682
67. Hodge D.R., Xiao W., Clausen P.A., Heidecker G., Szyf M., and Farrar W.L. Interleukin-6 regulation of the human DNA methyltransferase (HDNMT) gene in human erythroleukemia cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 39508-39511
68. Hoffman D.R., Cornatzer W.E., and Duerre J.A. Relationship between tissue levels of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenylhomocysteine, and transmethylation reactions. Can. J. Biochem. 57 (1979) 56-65
69. Ingrosso D., Cimmino A., Perna A.F., Masella L., De Santo N.G., De Bonis M.L., Vacca M., D'Esposito M., D'Urso M., Galletti P., and Zappia V. Folate treatment and unbalanced methylation and changes of allelic expression induced by hyperhomocysteinaemia in patients with uraemia. Lancet 361 (2003) 1693-1699
70. Issa J.P. CpG-island methylation in aging and cancer. Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol. 249 (2000) 101-118
71. Issa J.P. CpG island methylator phenotype in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4 (2004) 988-993
72. Issa J.P., Ahuja N., Toyota M., Bronner M.P., and Brentnall T.A. Accelerated age-related CpG island methylation in ulcerative colitis. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 3573-3577
73. Issa J.P., Ottaviano Y.L., Celano P., Hamilton S.R., Davidson N.E., and Baylin S.B. Methylation of the oestrogen receptor CpG island links ageing and neoplasia in human colon. Nat. Genet. 7 (1994) 536-540
74. Jackson J.P., Lindroth A.M., Cao X., and Jacobsen S.E. Control of CpNpG DNA methylation by the KRYPTONITE histone H3 methyltransferase. Nature 416 (2002) 556-560
75. Jacob R.A., Gretz D.M., Taylor P.C., James S.J., Pogribny I.P., Miller B.J., Henning S.M., and Swendseid M.E. Moderate folate depletion increases plasma homocysteine and decreases lymphocyte DNA methylation in postmenopausal women. J. Nutr. 128 (1998) 1204-1212
76. Jaenisch R., and Bird A. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Nat. Genet. 33 Suppl (2003) 245-254
77. James S.J., Pogribny I.P., Pogribna M., Miller B.J., Jernigan S., and Melnyk S. Mechanisms of DNA damage, DNA hypomethylation, and tumor progression in the folate/methyl-deficient rat model of hepatocarcinogenesis. J. Nutr. 133 (2003) 3740S-3747S
78. Jass J.R. Limitations of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in colorectum. Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (2004) 5969-5970
79. Jhaveri M.S., Wagner C., and Trepel J.B. Impact of extracellular folate levels on global gene expression. Mol. Pharmacol. 60 (2001) 1288-1295
80. Johnson I.T. New approaches to the role of diet in the prevention of cancers of the alimentary tract. Mutat. Res. 551 (2004) 9-28
81. Jones P.A., and Baylin S.B. The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3 (2002) 415-428
82. Jones P.L., Veenstra G.J., Wade P.A., Vermaak D., Kass S.U., Landsberger N., Strouboulis J., and Wolffe A.P. Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nat. Genet. 19 (1998) 187-191
83. Kawakami K., Ruszkiewicz A., Bennett G., Moore J., Watanabe G., and Iacopetta B. The folate pool in colorectal cancers is associated with DNA hypermethylation and with a polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Clin. Cancer Res. 9 (2003) 5860-5865
84. Key T.J., Allen N.E., Spencer E.A., and Travis R.C. The effect of diet on risk of cancer. Lancet. 360 (2002) 861-868
85. Kim Y.I. Nutritional epigenetics: impact of folate deficiency on DNA methylation and colon cancer susceptibility. J. Nutr. 135 (2005) 2703-2709
86. Kim Y.I. Folate: a magic bullet or a double edged sword for colorectal cancer prevention?. Gut. 55 (2006) 1387-1389
87. Kim Y.I. Folate and colorectal cancer: An evidence-based critical review. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 51 (2007) 267-292
88. Kim Y.I., Baik H.W., Fawaz K., Knox T., Lee Y.M., Norton R., Libby E., and Mason J.B. Effects of folate supplementation on two provisional molecular markers of colon cancer: a prospective, randomized trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96 (2001) 184-195
89. Kim Y.I., Christman J.K., Fleet J.C., Cravo M.L., Salomon R.N., Smith D., Ordovas J., Selhub J., and Mason J.B. Moderate folate deficiency does not cause global hypomethylation of hepatic and colonic DNA or c-myc-specific hypomethylation of colonic DNA in rats. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61 (1995) 1083-1090
90. Kim Y.I., Pogribny I.P., Basnakian A.G., Miller J.W., Selhub J., James S.J., and Mason J.B. Folate deficiency in rats induces DNA strand breaks and hypomethylation within the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65 (1997) 46-52
91. Kim Y.I., Salomon R.N., Graeme-Cook F., Choi S.W., Smith D.E., Dallal G.E., and Mason J.B. Dietary folate protects against the development of macroscopic colonic neoplasia in a dose responsive manner in rats. Gut. 39 (1996) 732-740
92. Lambert J.D., Lee M.J., Diamond L., Ju J., Hong J., Bose M., Newmark H.L., and Yang C.S. Dose-dependent levels of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in human colon cancer cells and mouse plasma and tissues. Drug Metab. Dispos. 34 (2006) 8-11
93. Le Leu R.K., Young G.P., and McIntosh G.H. Folate deficiency diminishes the occurrence of aberrant crypt foci in the rat colon but does not alter global DNA methylation status. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15 (2000) 1158-1164
94. Le Leu R.K., Young G.P., and McIntosh G.H. Folate deficiency reduces the development of colorectal cancer in rats. Carcinogenesis 21 (2000) 2261-2265
95. Lee M.J., Maliakal P., Chen L., Meng X., Bondoc F.Y., Prabhu S., Lambert G., Mohr S., and Yang C.S. Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins after ingestion of green tea and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate by humans: formation of different metabolites and individual variability. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11 (2002) 1025-1032
96. Lee W.J., Shim J.Y., and Zhu B.T. Mechanisms for the inhibition of DNA methyltransferases by tea catechins and bioflavonoids. Mol. Pharmacol. 68 (2005) 1018-1030
97. Lee W.J., and Zhu B.T. Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. Carcinogenesis 27 (2006) 269-277
98. Lei H., Oh S.P., Okano M., Juttermann R., Goss K.A., Jaenisch R., and Li E. De novo DNA cytosine methyltransferase activities in mouse embryonic stem cells. Development 122 (1996) 3195-3205
99. Lewin K.J., and Appelman H.D. Barrett's oesophagus, columnar dysplasia and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. In: Lewin K.J., and Appelman H.D. (Eds). Tumors of the Esophagus and Stomach (1995), Airforce Institute of pathology, Washington 99-144
100. Lievers K.J., Boers G.H., Verhoef P., den Heijer M., Kluijtmans L.A., van der Put N.M., Trijbels F.J., and Blom H.J. A second common variant in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and its relationship to MTHFR enzyme activity, homocysteine, and cardiovascular disease risk. J. Mol. Med. 79 (2001) 522-528
101. Liu L., Wylie R.C., Andrews L.G., and Tollefsbol T.O. Aging, cancer and nutrition: the DNA methylation connection. Mech. Ageing Dev. 124 (2003) 989-998
102. Lynch J.P., and Hoops T.C. The genetic pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 16 (2002) 775-810
103. Magee P.J., and Rowland I.R. Phyto-oestrogens, their mechanism of action: current evidence for a role in breast and prostate cancer. Br. J. Nutr. 91 (2004) 513-531
104. Martinez M.E., Thompson P., Jacobs E.T., Giovannucci E., Jiang R., Klimecki W., and Alberts D.S. Dietary factors and biomarkers involved in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype-colorectal adenoma pathway. Gastroenterology 131 (2006) 1706-1716
105. McKeever M., Molloy A., Weir D.G., Young P.B., Kennedy D.G., Kennedy S., and Scott J.M. An abnormal methylation ratio induces hypomethylation in vitro in the brain of pig and man, but not in rat. Clin. Sci. (Lond) 88 (1995) 73-79
106. McMullen M.H., Rowling M.J., Ozias M.K., and Schalinske K.L. Activation and induction of glycine N-methyltransferase by retinoids are tissue- and gender-specific. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 401 (2002) 73-80
107. Michaud E.J., van Vugt M.J., Bultman S.J., Sweet H.O., Davisson M.T., and Woychik R.P. Differential expression of a new dominant agouti allele (Aiapy) is correlated with methylation state and is influenced by parental lineage. Genes Dev. 8 (1994) 1463-1472
108. Mithen R.F., Dekker M., Verkerk R., Rabot S., and Johnson I.T. The nutritional significance, biosynthesis and bioavailability of glucosinolates in human foods. J. Sci. Food Agri. 80 (2000) 967-984
109. Morgan H.D., Sutherland H.G., Martin D.I., and Whitelaw E. Epigenetic inheritance at the agouti locus in the mouse. Nat. Genet. 23 (1999) 314-318
110. Myzak M.C., Ho E., and Dashwood R.H. Dietary agents as histone deacetylase inhibitors. Mol. Carcinog. 45 (2006) 443-446
111. Nan X., Ng H.H., Johnson C.A., Laherty C.D., Turner B.M., Eisenman R.N., and Bird A. Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex. Nature 393 (1998) 386-389
112. Narlikar G.J., Fan H.Y., and Kingston R.E. Cooperation between complexes that regulate chromatin structure and transcription. Cell 108 (2002) 475-487
113. Nowell P.C. The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science 194 (1976) 23-28
114. Ogino S., Cantor M., Kawasaki T., Brahmandam M., Kirkner G.J., Weisenberger D.J., Campan M., Laird P.W., Loda M., and Fuchs C.S. CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) of colorectal cancer is best characterised by quantitative DNA methylation analysis and prospective cohort studies. Gut 55 (2006) 1000-1006
115. Ohm J.E., McGarvey K.M., Yu X., Cheng L., Schuebel K.E., Cope L., Mohammad H.P., Chen W., Daniel V.C., Yu W., Berman D.M., Jenuwein T., Pruitt K., Sharkis S.J., Watkins D.N., Herman J.G., and Baylin S.B. A stem cell-like chromatin pattern may predispose tumor suppressor genes to DNA hypermethylation and heritable silencing. Nat. Genet. 39 (2007) 237-242
116. Okano M., Bell D.W., Haber D.A., and Li E. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell 99 (1999) 247-257
117. Olthof M.R., Hollman P.C., Zock P.L., and Katan M.B. Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73 (2001) 532-538
118. Parkin D.M., Bray F., Ferlay J., and Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J. Clin. 55 (2005) 74-108
119. Paz M.F., Avila S., Fraga M.F., Pollan M., Capella G., Peinado M.A., Sanchez-Cespedes M., Herman J.G., and Esteller M. Germ-line variants in methyl-group metabolism genes and susceptibility to DNA methylation in normal tissues and human primary tumors. Cancer Res. 62 (2002) 4519-4524
120. Piyathilake C.J., Johanning G.L., Macaluso M., Whiteside M., Oelschlager D.K., Heimburger D.C., and Grizzle W.E. Localized folate and vitamin B-12 deficiency in squamous cell lung cancer is associated with global DNA hypomethylation. Nutr. Cancer 37 (2000) 99-107
121. Pogribny I.P., Basnakian A.G., Miller B.J., Lopatina N.G., Poirier L.A., and James S.J. Breaks in genomic DNA and within the p53 gene are associated with hypomethylation in livers of folate/methyl-deficient rats. Cancer Res. 55 (1995) 1894-1901
122. Pogribny I.P., and James S.J. De novo methylation of the p16INK4A gene in early preneoplastic liver and tumors induced by folate/methyl deficiency in rats. Cancer Lett. 187 (2002) 69-75
123. Pogribny I.P., and James S.J. Reduction of p53 gene expression in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with promoter region methylation without coding region mutation. Cancer Lett. 176 (2002) 169-174
124. Pogribny I.P., James S.J., Jernigan S., and Pogribna M. Genomic hypomethylation is specific for preneoplastic liver in folate/methyl deficient rats and does not occur in non-target tissues. Mutat. Res. 548 (2004) 53-59
125. Pogribny I.P., Miller B.J., and James S.J. Alterations in hepatic p53 gene methylation patterns during tumor progression with folate/methyl deficiency in the rat. Cancer Lett. 115 (1997) 31-38
126. Pogribny I.P., Poirier L.A., and James S.J. Differential sensitivity to loss of cytosine methyl groups within the hepatic p53 gene of folate/methyl deficient rats. Carcinogenesis 16 (1995) 2863-2867
127. Pogribny I.P., Ross S.A., Wise C., Pogribna M., Jones E.A., Tryndyak V.P., James S.J., Dragan Y.P., and Poirier L.A. Irreversible global DNA hypomethylation as a key step in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by dietary methyl deficiency. Mutat Res. 593 (2006) 80-87
128. Polley A.C., Mulholland F., Pin C., Williams E.A., Bradburn D.M., Mills S.J., Mathers J.C., and Johnson I.T. Proteomic analysis reveals field-wide changes in protein expression in the morphologically normal mucosa of patients with colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Res. 66 (2006) 6553-6562
129. Pufulete M., Al-Ghnaniem R., Leather A.J., Appleby P., Gout S., Terry C., Emery P.W., and Sanders T.A. Folate status, genomic DNA hypomethylation, and risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer: a case control study. Gastroenterology 124 (2003) 1240-1248
130. Pufulete, M., Al-Ghnaniem, R., Rennie, J.A., Appleby, P., Harris, N., Gout, S., Emery, P.W., Sanders, T.A. 2005. Influence of folate status on genomic DNA methylation in colonic mucosa of subjects without colorectal adenoma or cancer. Br J Cancer.
131. Rampersaud G.C., Kauwell G.P., Hutson A.D., Cerda J.J., and Bailey L.B. Genomic DNA methylation decreases in response to moderate folate depletion in elderly women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72 (2000) 998-1003
132. Reik W., and Walter J. Genomic imprinting: parental influence on the genome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2 (2001) 21-32
133. Richardson B. Impact of aging on DNA methylation. Ageing Res. Rev. 2 (2003) 245-261
134. Roman-Gomez J., Jimenez-Velasco A., Agirre X., Castillejo J.A., Navarro G., Garate L., Jose-Eneriz E.S., Cordeu L., Barrios M., Prosper F., Heiniger A., and Torres A. Promoter hypermethylation and global hypomethylation are independent epigenetic events in lymphoid leukemogenesis with opposing effects on clinical outcome. Leukemia 20 (2006) 1445-1448
135. Rondinone C.M. Adipocyte-derived hormones, cytokines, and mediators. Endocrine 29 (2006) 81-90
136. Rowling M.J., McMullen M.H., and Schalinske K.L. Vitamin A and its derivatives induce hepatic glycine N-methyltransferase and hypomethylation of DNA in rats. J. Nutr. 132 (2002) 365-369
137. Schlesinger Y., Straussman R., Keshet I., Farkash S., Hecht M., Zimmerman J., Eden E., Yakhini Z., Ben-Shushan E., Reubinoff B.E., Bergman Y., Simon I., and Cedar H. Polycomb-mediated methylation on Lys27 of histone H3 pre-marks genes for de novo methylation in cancer. Nat. Genet. 39 (2007) 232-236
138. Schulmann K., Sterian A., Berki A., Yin J., Sato F., Xu Y., Olaru A., Wang S., Mori Y., Deacu E., Hamilton J., Kan T., Krasna M.J., Beer D.G., Pepe M.S., Abraham J.M., Feng Z., Schmiegel W., Greenwald B.D., and Meltzer S.J. Inactivation of p16, RUNX3, and HPP1 occurs early in Barrett's-associated neoplastic progression and predicts progression risk. Oncogene 24 (2005) 4138-4148
139. Shane B. Folate fortification: enough already?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77 (2003) 8-9
140. Sheldon C.C., Finnegan E.J., Rouse D.T., Tadege M., Bagnall D.J., Helliwell C.A., Peacock W.J., and Dennis E.S. The control of flowering by vernalization. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3 (2000) 418-422
141. Sheldon C.C., Rouse D.T., Finnegan E.J., Peacock W.J., and Dennis E.S. The molecular basis of vernalization: the central role of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 3753-3758
142. Shen L., Kondo Y., Rosner G.L., Xiao L., Hernandez N.S., Vilaythong J., Houlihan P.S., Krouse R.S., Prasad A.R., Einspahr J.G., Buckmeier J., Alberts D.S., Hamilton S.R., and Issa J.P. MGMT promoter methylation and field defect in sporadic colorectal cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97 (2005) 1330-1338
143. Sibani S., Melnyk S., Pogribny I.P., Wang W., Hiou-Tim F., Deng L., Trasler J., James S.J., and Rozen R. Studies of methionine cycle intermediates (SAM, SAH), DNA methylation and the impact of folate deficiency on tumor numbers in Min mice. Carcinogenesis 23 (2002) 61-65
144. Slattery M.L., Curtin K., Sweeney C., Levin T.R., Potter J., Wolff R.K., Albertsen H., and Samowitz W.S. Diet and lifestyle factor associations with CpG island methylator phenotype and BRAF mutations in colon cancer. Int. J. Cancer 120 (2007) 656-663
145. So K., Tamura G., Honda T., Homma N., Waki T., Togawa N., Nishizuka S., and Motoyama T. Multiple tumor suppressor genes are increasingly methylated with age in non-neoplastic gastric epithelia. Cancer Sci. 97 (2006) 1155-1158
146. Sohn K.J., Stempak J.M., Reid S., Shirwadkar S., Mason J.B., and Kim Y.I. The effect of dietary folate on genomic and p53-specific DNA methylation in rat colon. Carcinogenesis 24 (2003) 81-90
147. Song J., Medline A., Mason J.B., Gallinger S., and Kim Y.I. Effects of dietary folate on intestinal tumorigenesis in the apcMin mouse. Cancer Res. 60 (2000) 5434-5440
148. Song J., Sohn K.J., Medline A., Ash C., Gallinger S., and Kim Y.I. Chemopreventive effects of dietary folate on intestinal polyps in Apc Msh2-/- mice. Cancer Res. 60 (2000) 3191-3199
149. Stebbing J., Bower M., Syed N., Smith P., Yu V., and Crook T. Epigenetics: an emerging technology in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Pharmacogenomics 7 (2006) 747-757
150. Steinmetz K.L., Pogribny I.P., James S.J., and Pitot H.C. Hypomethylation of the rat glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP) promoter region isolated from methyl-deficient livers and GSTP-positive liver neoplasms. Carcinogenesis 19 (1998) 1487-1494
151. Stempak J.M., Sohn K.J., Chiang E.P., Shane B., and Kim Y.I. Cell and stage of transformation-specific effects of folate deficiency on methionine cycle intermediates and DNA methylation in an in vitro model. Carcinogenesis 26 (2005) 981-990
152. Stern L.L., Mason J.B., Selhub J., and Choi S.W. Genomic DNA hypomethylation, a characteristic of most cancers, is present in peripheral leukocytes of individuals who are homozygous for the C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9 (2000) 849-853
153. Stresemann C., Brueckner B., Musch T., Stopper H., and Lyko F. Functional diversity of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 66 (2006) 2794-2800
154. Tamura G. Promoter methylation status of tumor suppressor and tumor-related genes in neoplastic and non-neoplastic gastric epithelia. Histol. Histopathol. 19 (2004) 221-228
155. Teodoridis J.M., Strathdee G., and Brown R. Epigenetic silencing mediated by CpG island methylation: potential as a therapeutic target and as a biomarker. Drug Resist. Updat. 7 (2004) 267-278
156. Toms J. CancerStats Monograph (2004), Cancer Research UK, London
157. Trasler J., Deng L., Melnyk S., Pogribny I., Hiou-Tim F., Sibani S., Oakes C., Li E., James S.J., and Rozen R. Impact of Dnmt1 deficiency, with and without low folate diets, on tumor numbers and DNA methylation in Min mice. Carcinogenesis 24 (2003) 39-45
158. Trayhurn P., and Beattie J.H. Physiological role of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue as an endocrine and secretory organ. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 60 (2001) 329-339
159. van der Put N.M., Gabreels F., Stevens E.M., Smeitink J.A., Trijbels F.J., Eskes T.K., van den Heuvel L.P., and Blom H.J. A second common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: an additional risk factor for neural-tube defects?. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62 (1998) 1044-1051
160. van Engeland M., Weijenberg M.P., Roemen G.M., Brink M., de Bruine A.P., Goldbohm R.A., van den Brandt P.A., Baylin S.B., de Goeij A.F., and Herman J.G. Effects of dietary folate and alcohol intake on promoter methylation in sporadic colorectal cancer: The Netherlands cohort study on diet and cancer. Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 3133-3137
161. Van Guelpen B., Hultdin J., Johansson I., Hallmans G., Stenling R., Riboli E., Winkvist A., and Palmqvist R. Low folate levels may protect against colorectal cancer. Gut 55 (2006) 1461-1466
162. Wang L.G., Beklemisheva A., Liu X.M., Ferrari A.C., Feng J., and Chiao J.W. Dual action on promoter demethylation and chromatin by an isothiocyanate restored GSTP1 silenced in prostate cancer. Mol. Carcinog. 46 (2007) 24-31
163. Wasson G.R., McGlynn A.P., McNulty H., O'Reilly S.L., McKelvey-Martin V.J., McKerr G., Strain J.J., Scott J., and Downes C.S. Global DNA and p53 region-specific hypomethylation in human colonic cells is induced by folate depletion and reversed by folate supplementation. J. Nutr. 136 (2006) 2748-2753
164. Waterland R.A. Do maternal methyl supplements in mice affect DNA methylation of offspring?. J. Nutr. 133 (2003) 238
165. Waterland R.A., and Jirtle R.L. Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Mol. Cell Biol. 23 (2003) 5293-5300
166. Weaver I.C., Cervoni N., Champagne F.A., D'Alessio A.C., Sharma S., Seckl J.R., Dymov S., Szyf M., and Meaney M.J. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 847-854
167. Weaver I.C., Meaney M.J., and Szyf M. Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 3480-3485
168. Widschwendter M., Fiegl H., Egle D., Mueller-Holzner E., Spizzo G., Marth C., Weisenberger D.J., Campan M., Young J., Jacobs I., and Laird P.W. Epigenetic stem cell signature in cancer. Nat. Genet. 39 (2007) 157-158
169. Williams K.T., and Schalinske K.L. New insights into the regulation of methyl group and homocysteine metabolism. J. Nutr. 137 (2007) 311-314
170. Wolff G.L., Kodell R.L., Moore S.R., and Cooney C.A. Maternal epigenetics and methyl supplements affect agouti gene expression in Avy/a mice. Faseb. J. 12 (1998) 949-957
171. Woodson K., Weisenberger D.J., Campan M., Laird P.W., Tangrea J., Johnson L.L., Schatzkin A., and Lanza E. Gene-specific methylation and subsequent risk of colorectal adenomas among participants of the polyp prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14 (2005) 1219-1223
172. Xiong Z., and Laird P.W. COBRA: a sensitive and quantitative DNA methylation assay. Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (1997) 2532-2534
173. Yang C.S., Maliakal P., and Meng X. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 42 (2002) 25-54
174. Yen T.T., Gill A.M., Frigeri L.G., Barsh G.S., and Wolff G.L. Obesity, diabetes, and neoplasia in yellow A(vy)/- mice: ectopic expression of the agouti gene. Faseb. J. 8 (1994) 479-488
175. Yoo C.B., and Jones P.A. Epigenetic therapy of cancer: past, present and future. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5 (2006) 37-50
176. Yuasa Y., Nagasaki H., Akiyama Y., Sakai H., Nakajima T., Ohkura Y., Takizawa T., Koike M., Tani M., Iwai T., Sugihara K., Imai K., and Nakachi K. Relationship between CDX2 gene methylation and dietary factors in gastric cancer patients. Carcinogenesis 26 (2005) 193-200
177. Zhu B.T., Patel U.K., Cai M.X., and Conney A.H. O-Methylation of tea polyphenols catalyzed by human placental cytosolic catechol-O-methyltransferase. Drug Metab. Dispos. 28 (2000) 1024-1030