No Life Without Death

Advances in Cancer Research

Volumn 97, Issue , 2007, Pages 111-138

  Krammer, Peter H ^a   Kamiński, Marcin ^a   Kießling, Michael ^a   Gülow, Karsten ^a  

^a GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIM PROTEIN; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE FACTOR 1; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE FACTOR 2; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE FACTOR 3; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE FACTOR 4; FAS ANTIGEN; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 1; MAX PROTEIN; MYC PROTEIN; NUCLEAR RECEPTOR NUR77; PROTEIN; PROTEIN BAD; PROTEIN BAK; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN BCL W; PROTEIN BCL XL; PROTEIN BID; PROTEIN MCL 1; PROTEIN NOXA; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS PROTEIN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; APOPTOSIS; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CELL DEATH; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STIMULATION; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE SYSTEM; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; REVIEW; T CELL DEPLETION; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD95; APOPTOSIS; APOPTOSIS REGULATORY PROTEINS; FAS LIGAND PROTEIN; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PROTEINS; HUMANS; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MICE; MITOCHONDRIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RECEPTORS, DEATH DOMAIN; SECOND MESSENGER SYSTEMS; T-LYMPHOCYTES; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 34047183698     PISSN: 0065230X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-230X(06)97005-5     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Algeciras-Schimnich A., Shen L., Barnhart B.C., Murmann A.E., Burkhardt J.K., and Peter M.E. Molecular ordering of the initial signaling events of CD95. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (2002) 207-220
2. Ashkenazi A., and Dixit V.M. Death receptors: Signaling and modulation. Science 281 (1998) 1305-1308
3. Badley A.D., Pilon A.A., Landay A., and Lynch D.H. Mechanisms of HIV-associated lymphocyte apoptosis. Blood 96 (2000) 2951-2964
4. Banda N.K., Bernier J., Kurahara D.K., Kurrle R., Haigwood N., Sekaly R.P., and Finkel T.H. Crosslinking CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus gp120 primes T cells for activation-induced apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 176 (1992) 1099-1106
5. Bauer M.K., Vogt M., Los M., Siegel J., Wesselborg S., and Schulze-Osthoff K. Role of reactive oxygen intermediates in activation-induced CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand expression. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 8048-8055
6. Beiqing L., Chen M., and Whisler R.L. Sublethal levels of oxidative stress stimulate transcriptional activation of c-jun and suppress IL-2 promoter activation in Jurkat T cells. J. Immunol. 157 (1996) 160-169
7. Chang D.W., Xing Z., Pan Y., Algeciras-Schimnich A., Barnhart B.C., Yaish-Ohad S., Peter M.E., and Yang X. c-FLIP(L) is a dual function regulator for caspase-8 activation and CD95-mediated apoptosis. EMBO J. 21 (2002) 3704-3714
8. Chang L.J., Chen C.H., Urlacher V., and Lee T.Z. Differential apoptosis effects of primate lentiviral Vpr and Vpx in mammalian cells. J. Biomed. Sci. 7 (2000) 322-333
9. Chaudhri G., Clark I.A., Hunt N.H., Cowden W.B., and Ceredig R. Effect of antioxidants on primary alloantigen-induced T cell activation and proliferation. J. Immunol. 137 (1986) 2646-2652
10. Chaudhri G., Hunt N.H., Clark I.A., and Ceredig R. Antioxidants inhibit proliferation and cell surface expression of receptors for interleukin-2 and transferrin in T lymphocytes stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. Cell. Immunol. 115 (1988) 204-213
11. Chen M., Elder R.T., Yu M., O'Gorman M.G., Selig L., Benarous R., Yamamoto A., and Zhao Y. Mutational analysis of Vpr-induced G2 arrest, nuclear localization, and cell death in fission yeast. J. Virol. 73 (1999) 3236-3245
12. Chow W.A., Fang J.J., and Yee J.K. The IFN regulatory factor family participates in regulation of Fas ligand gene expression in T cells. J. Immunol. 164 (2000) 3512-3518
13. Clements J.L. Known and potential functions for the SLP-76 adapter protein in regulating T-cell activation and development. Immunol. Rev. 191 (2003) 211-219
14. Collins K.L., Chen B.K., Kalams S.A., Walker B.D., and Baltimore D. HIV-1 Nef protein protects infected primary cells against killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature 391 (1998) 397-401
15. Conti L., Rainaldi G., Matarrese P., Varano B., Rivabene R., Columba S., Sato A., Belardelli F., Malorni W., and Gessani S. The HIV-1 vpr protein acts as a negative regulator of apoptosis in a human lymphoblastoid T cell line: Possible implications for the pathogenesis of AIDS. J. Exp. Med. 187 (1998) 403-413
16. Cory S., and Adams J.M. The Bcl2 family: Regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2 (2002) 647-656
17. Davis C.B., Dikic I., Unutmaz D., Hill C.M., Arthos J., Siani M.A., Thompson D.A., Schlessinger J., and Littman D.R. Signal transduction due to HIV-1 envelope interactions with chemokine receptors CXCR4 or CCR5. J. Exp. Med. 186 (1997) 1793-1798
18. Desbarats J., Freed J.H., Campbell P.A., and Newell M.K. Fas (CD95) expression and death-mediating function are induced by CD4 cross-linking on CD4+ T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 11014-11018
19. Devadas S., Zaritskaya L., Rhee S.G., Oberley L., and Williams M.S. Discrete generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by T cell receptor stimulation: Selective regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and fas ligand expression. J. Exp. Med. 195 (2002) 59-70
20. Dittmar M.T., McKnight A., Simmons G., Clapham P.R., Weiss R.A., and Simmonds P. HIV-1 tropism and co-receptor use. Nature 385 (1997) 495-496
21. Du C., Fang M., Li Y., Li L., and Wang X. Smac, a mitochondrial protein that promotes cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation by eliminating IAP inhibition. Cell 102 (2000) 33-42
22. Ehret A., Westendorp M.O., Herr I., Debatin K.M., Heeney J.L., Frank R., and Krammer P.H. Resistance of chimpanzee T cells to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-enhanced oxidative stress and apoptosis. J. Virol. 70 (1996) 6502-6507
23. Ensoli B., Barillari G., Salahuddin S.Z., Gallo R.C., and Wong-Staal F. Tat protein of HIV-1 stimulates growth of cells derived from Kaposi's sarcoma lesions of AIDS patients. Nature 345 (1990) 84-86
24. Faccio L., Fusco C., Chen A., Martinotti S., Bonventre J.V., and Zervos A.S. Characterization of a novel human serine protease that has extensive homology to bacterial heat shock endoprotease HtrA and is regulated by kidney ischemia. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 2581-2588
25. Featherstone M. Coactivators in transcription initiation: Here are your orders. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12 (2002) 149-155
26. Feldmann M., Dayan C., Grubeck-Loebenstein B., Rapoport B., and Londei M. Mechanism of Graves thyroiditis: Implications for concepts and therapy of autoimmunity. Int. Rev. Immunol. 9 (1992) 91-106
27. Finco T.S., Kadlecek T., Zhang W., Samelson L.E., and Weiss A. LAT is required for TCR-mediated activation of PLCgamma1 and the Ras pathway. Immunity 9 (1998) 617-626
28. Finkel T.H., Tudor-Williams G., Banda N.K., Cotton M.F., Curiel T., Monks C., Baba T.W., Ruprecht R.M., and Kupfer A. Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes. Nat. Med. 1 (1995) 129-134
29. French L.E., Hahne M., Viard I., Radlgruber G., Zanone R., Becker K., Muller C., and Tschopp J. Fas and Fas ligand in embryos and adult mice: Ligand expression in several immune-privileged tissues and coexpression in adult tissues characterized by apoptotic cell turnover. J. Cell Biol. 133 (1996) 335-343
30. Fridovich I. Quantitative aspects of the production of superoxide anion radical by milk xanthine oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 245 (1970) 4053-4057
31. Giorgio M., Migliaccio E., Orsini F., Paolucci D., Moroni M., Contursi C., Pelliccia G., Luzi L., Minucci S., and Marcaccio M. Electron transfer between cytochrome c and p66Shc generates reactive oxygen species that trigger mitochondrial apoptosis. Cell 122 (2005) 221-233
32. Golks A., Brenner D., Fritsch C., Krammer P.H., and Lavrik I.N. C-FLIPR-a new regulator of death receptor-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 14507-14513
33. Goltsev Y.V., Kovalenko A.V., Arnold E., Varfolomeev E.E., Brodianskii V.M., and Wallach D. CASH, a novel caspase homologue with death effector domains. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 19641-19644
34. Gougeon M.L., and Montagnier L. Programmed cell death as a mechanism of CD4 and CD8 T cell deletion in AIDS. Molecular control and effect of highly active anti-retroviral therapy. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 887 (1999) 199-212
35. Gourley T.S., and Chang C.H. Cutting edge: The class II transactivator prevents activation-induced cell death by inhibiting Fas ligand gene expression. J. Immunol. 166 (2001) 2917-2921
36. Grandori C., Cowley S.M., James L.P., and Eisenman R.N. The Myc/Max/Mad network and the transcriptional control of cell behavior. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16 (2000) 653-699
37. Griffith C.E., Zhang W., and Wange R.L. ZAP-70-dependent and -independent activation of Erk in Jurkat T cells. Differences in signaling induced by H2o2 and Cd3 cross-linking. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 10771-10776
38. Gulow K., Kaminski M., Darvas K., Suss D., Li-Weber M., and Krammer P.H. HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription substitutes for oxidative signaling in activation-induced T cell death. J. Immunol. 174 (2005) 5249-5260
39. Han D.K., Chaudhary P.M., Wright M.E., Friedman C., Trask B.J., Riedel R.T., Baskin D.G., Schwartz S.M., and Hood L. MRIT, a novel death-effector domain-containing protein, interacts with caspases and BclXL and initiates cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 11333-11338
40. Hashimoto F., Oyaizu N., Kalyanaraman V.S., and Pahwa S. Modulation of Bcl-2 protein by CD4 cross-linking: A possible mechanism for lymphocyte apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection and for rescue of apoptosis by interleukin-2. Blood 90 (1997) 745-753
41. He J., Choe S., Walker R., Di Marzio P., Morgan D.O., and Landau N.R. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R (Vpr) arrests cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle by inhibiting p34cdc2 activity. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 6705-6711
42. He Y.W., Deftos M.L., Ojala E.W., and Bevan M.J. RORgamma t, a novel isoform of an orphan receptor, negatively regulates Fas ligand expression and IL-2 production in T cells. Immunity 9 (1998) 797-806
43. Hengartner M.O. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 407 (2000) 770-776
44. Hengartner M.O., and Horvitz H.R. C. elegans cell survival gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of the mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2. Cell 76 (1994) 665-676
45. Herbein G., Mahlknecht U., Batliwalla F., Gregersen P., Pappas T., Butler J., O'rien W.A., and Verdin E. Apoptosis of CD8+ T cells is mediated by macrophages through interaction of HIV gp120 with chemokine receptor CXCR4. Nature 395 (1998) 189-194
46. Hildeman D.A., Mitchell T., Teague T.K., Henson P., Day B.J., Kappler J., and Marrack P.C. Reactive oxygen species regulate activation-induced T cell apoptosis. Immunity 10 (1999) 735-744
47. Hodge S., Novembre F.J., Whetter L., Gelbard H.A., and Dewhurst S. Induction of fas ligand expression by an acutely lethal simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVsmmPBj14. Virology 252 (1998) 354-363
48. Hogan P.G., Chen L., Nardone J., and Rao A. Transcriptional regulation by calcium, calcineurin, and NFAT. Genes Dev. 17 (2003) 2205-2232
49. Hsu S.C., Gavrilin M.A., Lee H.H., Wu C.C., Han S.H., and Lai M.Z. NF-kappa B-dependent Fas ligand expression. Eur. J. Immunol. 29 (1999) 2948-2956
50. Hu S., Vincenz C., Ni J., Gentz R., and Dixit V.M. I-FLICE, a novel inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor receptor-1- and CD-95-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 17255-17257
51. Inohara N., Koseki T., Hu Y., Chen S., and Nunez G. CLARP, a death effector domain-containing protein interacts with caspase-8 and regulates apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 10717-10722
52. Irmler M., Thome M., Hahne M., Schneider P., Hofmann K., Steiner V., Bodmer J.L., Schroter M., Burns K., Mattmann C., et al. Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP. Nature 388 (1997) 190-195
53. Israel N., Gougerot-Pocidalo M.A., Aillet F., and Virelizier J.L. Redox status of cells influences constitutive or induced NF-kappa B translocation and HIV long terminal repeat activity in human T and monocytic cell lines. J. Immunol. 149 (1992) 3386-3393
54. Jackman J.K., Motto D.G., Sun Q., Tanemoto M., Turck C.W., Peltz G.A., Koretzky G.A., and Findell P.R. Molecular cloning of SLP-76, a 76-kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein associated with Grb2 in T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 7029-7032
55. Jackson S.H., Devadas S., Kwon J., Pinto L.A., and Williams M.S. T cells express a phagocyte-type NADPH oxidase that is activated after T cell receptor stimulation. Nat. Immunol. 5 (2004) 818-827
56. Jacotot E., Ravagnan L., Loeffler M., Ferri K.F., Vieira H.L., Zamzami N., Costantini P., Druillennec S., Hoebeke J., Briand J.P., et al. The HIV-1 viral protein R induces apoptosis via a direct effect on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. J. Exp. Med. 191 (2000) 33-46
57. Jowett J.B., Planelles V., Poon B., Shah N.P., Chen M.L., and Chen I.S. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr gene arrests infected T cells in the G2 + M phase of the cell cycle. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 6304-6313
58. Joza N., Susin S.A., Daugas E., Stanford W.L., Cho S.K., Li C.Y., Sasaki T., Elia A.J., Cheng H.Y., Ravagnan L., et al. Essential role of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor in programmed cell death. Nature 410 (2001) 549-554
59. Katsikis P.D., Wunderlich E.S., Smith C.A., and Herzenberg L.A. Fas antigen stimulation induces marked apoptosis of T lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. J. Exp. Med. 181 (1995) 2029-2036
60. Kavurma M.M., Santiago F.S., Bonfoco E., and Khachigian L.M. Sp1 phosphorylation regulates apoptosis via extracellular FasL-Fas engagement. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 4964-4971
61. Kerr J.F., Wyllie A.H., and Currie A.R. Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer 26 (1972) 239-257
62. Kirchhoff S., Sebens T., Baumann S., Krueger A., Zawatzky R., Li-Weber M., Meinl E., Neipel F., Fleckenstein B., and Krammer P.H. Viral IFN-regulatory factors inhibit activation-induced cell death via two positive regulatory IFN-regulatory factor 1-dependent domains in the CD95 ligand promoter. J. Immunol. 168 (2002) 1226-1234
63. Klein J.A., Longo-Guess C.M., Rossmann M.P., Seburn K.L., Hurd R.E., Frankel W.N., Bronson R.T., and Ackerman S.L. The harlequin mouse mutation downregulates apoptosis-inducing factor. Nature 419 (2002) 367-374
64. Korsmeyer S.J., Wei M.C., Saito M., Weiler S., Oh K.J., and Schlesinger P.H. Pro-apoptotic cascade activates BID, which oligomerizes BAK or BAX into pores that result in the release of cytochrome c. Cell Death Differ. 7 (2000) 1166-1173
65. Krammer P.H. CD95's deadly mission in the immune system. Nature 407 (2000) 789-795
66. Krueger A., Baumann S., Krammer P.H., and Kirchhoff S. FLICE-inhibitory proteins: Regulators of death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (2001) 8247-8254
67. Krueger A., Fas S.C., Baumann S., and Krammer P.H. The role of CD95 in the regulation of peripheral T-cell apoptosis. Immunol. Rev. 193 (2003) 58-69
68. Kwon J., Devadas S., and Williams M.S. T cell receptor-stimulated generation of hydrogen peroxide inhibits MEK-ERK activation and lck serine phosphorylation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 35 (2003) 406-417
69. Lacana E., and D'Adamio L. Regulation of Fas ligand expression and cell death by apoptosis-linked gene 4. Nat. Med. 5 (1999) 542-547
70. Lahdenpohja N., and Hurme M. CD28-mediated activation in CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ T cells: Enhanced levels of reactive oxygen intermediates and c-Rel nuclear translocation in CD45RA+ cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 63 (1998) 775-780
71. Latinis K.M., Carr L.L., Peterson E.J., Norian L.A., Eliason S.L., and Koretzky G.A. Regulation of CD95 (Fas) ligand expression by TCR-mediated signaling events. J. Immunol. 158 (1997) 4602-4611
72. Lee J., Richburg J.H., Younkin S.C., and Boekelheide K. The Fas system is a key regulator of germ cell apoptosis in the testis. Endocrinology 138 (1997) 2081-2088
73. Lee S.L., Wesselschmidt R.L., Linette G.P., Kanagawa O., Russell J.H., and Milbrandt J. Unimpaired thymic and peripheral T cell death in mice lacking the nuclear receptor NGFI-B (Nur77). Science 269 (1995) 532-535
74. Li H., Zhu H., Xu C.J., and Yuan J. Cleavage of BID by caspase 8 mediates the mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis. Cell 94 (1998) 491-501
75. Li L.Y., Luo X., and Wang X. Endonuclease G is an apoptotic DNase when released from mitochondria. Nature 412 (2001) 95-99
76. Li P., Nijhawan D., Budihardjo I., Srinivasula S.M., Ahmad M., Alnemri E.S., and Wang X. Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell 91 (1997) 479-489
77. Lipton S.A., and Bossy-Wetzel E. Dueling activities of AIF in cell death versus survival: DNA binding and redox activity. Cell 111 (2002) 147-150
78. Liu X., Kim C.N., Yang J., Jemmerson R., and Wang X. Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: Requirement for dATP and cytochrome c. Cell 86 (1996) 147-157
79. Liu Z.G., Smith S.W., McLaughlin K.A., Schwartz L.M., and Osborne B.A. Apoptotic signals delivered through the T-cell receptor of a T-cell hybrid require the immediate-early gene nur77. Nature 367 (1994) 281-284
80. Li-Weber M., and Krammer P.H. Function and regulation of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand in the immune system. Semin. Immunol. 15 (2003) 145-157
81. Li-Weber M., Laur O., and Krammer P.H. Novel Egr/NF-AT composite sites mediate activation of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand promoter in response to T cell stimulation. Eur. J. Immunol. 29 (1999) 3017-3027
82. Li-Weber M., Laur O., Dern K., and Krammer P.H. T cell activation-induced and HIV tat-enhanced CD95(APO-1/Fas) ligand transcription involves NF-kappaB. Eur. J. Immunol. 30 (2000) 661-670
83. Lorenzo H.K., and Susin S.A. Mitochondrial effectors in caspase-independent cell death. FEBS Lett. 557 (2004) 14-20
84. Los M., Schenk H., Hexel K., Baeuerle P.A., Droge W., and Schulze-Osthoff K. IL-2 gene expression and NF-kappa B activation through CD28 requires reactive oxygen production by 5-lipoxygenase. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 3731-3740
85. Luo X., Budihardjo I., Zou H., Slaughter C., and Wang X. Bid, a Bcl2 interacting protein, mediates cytochrome c release from mitochondria in response to activation of cell surface death receptors. Cell 94 (1998) 481-490
86. Macreadie I.G., Castelli L.A., Hewish D.R., Kirkpatrick A., Ward A.C., and Azad A.A. A domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr containing repeated H(S/F)RIG amino acid motifs causes cell growth arrest and structural defects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 2770-2774
87. Malissen B. An evolutionary and structural perspective on T cell antigen receptor function. Immunol. Rev. 191 (2003) 7-27
88. Mann D.A., and Frankel A.D. Endocytosis and targeting of exogenous HIV-1 Tat protein. EMBO J. 10 (1991) 1733-1739
89. Matsue H., Edelbaum D., Shalhevet D., Mizumoto N., Yang C., Mummert M.E., Oeda J., Masayasu H., and Takashima A. Generation and function of reactive oxygen species in dendritic cells during antigen presentation. J. Immunol. 171 (2003) 3010-3018
90. McClure R.F., Heppelmann C.J., and Paya C.V. Constitutive Fas ligand gene transcription in Sertoli cells is regulated by Sp1. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 7756-7762
91. Medema J.P., Scaffidi C., Kischkel F.C., Shevchenko A., Mann M., Krammer P.H., and Peter M.E. FLICE is activated by association with the CD95 death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). EMBO J. 16 (1997) 2794-2804
92. Minemoto Y., Shimura M., Ishizaka Y., Masamune Y., and Yamashita K. Multiple centrosome formation induced by the expression of Vpr gene of human immunodeficiency virus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 258 (1999) 379-384
93. Mitsiades C.S., Poulaki V., and Mitsiades N. The role of apoptosis-inducing receptors of the tumor necrosis factor family in thyroid cancer. J. Endocrinol. 178 (2003) 205-216
94. Moore J.P. Coreceptors: Implications for HIV pathogenesis and therapy. Science 276 (1997) 51-52
95. Muzio M., Chinnaiyan A.M., Kischkel F.C., O'Rourke K., Shevchenko A., Ni J., Scaffidi C., Bretz J.D., Zhang M., Gentz R., et al. FLICE, a novel FADD-homologous ICE/CED-3-like protease, is recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO-1) death-inducing signaling complex. Cell 85 (1996) 817-827
96. Muzio M., Stockwell B.R., Stennicke H.R., Salvesen G.S., and Dixit V.M. An induced proximity model for caspase-8 activation. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 2926-2930
97. Neudorf S.M., Jones M.M., McCarthy B.M., Harmony J.A., and Choi E.M. The CD4 molecule transmits biochemical information important in the regulation of T lymphocyte activity. Cell. Immunol. 125 (1990) 301-314
98. Novogrodsky A., Ravid A., Rubin A.L., and Stenzel K.H. Hydroxyl radical scavengers inhibit lymphocyte mitogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 (1982) 1171-1174
99. Orie N.N., Zidek W., and Tepel M. Chemoattractant- and mitogen-induced generation of reactive oxygen species in human lymphocytes: The role of calcium. Exp. Physiol. 84 (1999) 515-520
100. Oshimi Y., Oda S., Honda Y., Nagata S., and Miyazaki S. Involvement of Fas ligand and Fas-mediated pathway in the cytotoxicity of human natural killer cells. J. Immunol. 157 (1996) 2909-2915
101. Oyaizu N., McCloskey T.W., Than S., Hu R., Kalyanaraman V.S., and Pahwa S. Cross-linking of CD4 molecules upregulates Fas antigen expression in lymphocytes by inducing interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion. Blood 84 (1994) 2622-2631
102. Oyaizu N., Adachi Y., Hashimoto F., McCloskey T.W., Hosaka N., Kayagaki N., Yagita H., and Pahwa S. Monocytes express Fas ligand upon CD4 cross-linking and induce CD4+ T cells apoptosis: A possible mechanism of bystander cell death in HIV infection. J. Immunol. 158 (1997) 2456-2463
103. Parrish J., Li L., Klotz K., Ledwich D., Wang X., and Xue D. Mitochondrial endonuclease G is important for apoptosis in C. elegans. Nature 412 (2001) 90-94
104. Piguet V., Chen Y.L., Mangasarian A., Foti M., Carpentier J.L., and Trono D. Mechanism of Nef-induced CD4 endocytosis: Nef connects CD4 with the mu chain of adaptor complexes. EMBO J. 17 (1998) 2472-2481
105. Planelles V., Jowett J.B., Li Q.X., Xie Y., Hahn B., and Chen I.S. Vpr-induced cell cycle arrest is conserved among primate lentiviruses. J. Virol. 70 (1996) 2516-2524
106. Rashba-Step J., Turro N.J., and Cederbaum A.I. Increased NADPH- and NADH-dependent production of superoxide and hydroxyl radical by microsomes after chronic ethanol treatment. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 300 (1993) 401-408
107. Rasper D.M., Vaillancourt J.P., Hadano S., Houtzager V.M., Seiden I., Keen S.L., Tawa P., Xanthoudakis S., Nasir J., Martindale D., et al. Cell death attenuation by 'Usurpin',a mammalian DED-caspase homologue that precludes caspase-8 recruitment and activation by the CD-95 (Fas, APO-1) receptor complex. Cell Death Differ. 5 (1998) 271-288
108. Re F., Braaten D., Franke E.K., and Luban J. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr arrests the cell cycle in G2 by inhibiting the activation of p34cdc2-cyclin B. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 6859-6864
109. Reth M. Hydrogen peroxide as second messenger in lymphocyte activation. Nat. Immunol. 3 (2002) 1129-1134
110. Rieux-Laucat F., Fischer A., and Deist F.L. Cell-death signaling and human disease. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 15 (2003) 325-331
111. Robinson B.S., Hii C.S., and Ferrante A. Activation of phospholipase A2 in human neutrophils by polyunsaturated fatty acids and its role in stimulation of superoxide production. Biochem. J. 336 Pt. 3 (1998) 611-617
112. Rogel M.E., Wu L.I., and Emerman M. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr gene prevents cell proliferation during chronic infection. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 882-888
113. Rosenberg Z.F., and Fauci A.S. The immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Adv. Immunol. 47 (1989) 377-431
114. Roshal M., Zhu Y., and Planelles V. Apoptosis in AIDS. Apoptosis 6 (2001) 103-116
115. Rothwarf D.M., and Karin M. The NF-kappa B activation pathway: A paradigm in information transfer from membrane to nucleus. Sci STKE 1999 (1999) RE1
116. Sandstrom P.A., Roberts B., Folks T.M., and Buttke T.M. HIV gene expression enhances T cell susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9 (1993) 1107-1113
117. Sandstrom P.A., Mannie M.D., and Buttke T.M. Inhibition of activation-induced death in T cell hybridomas by thiol antioxidants: Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 55 (1994) 221-226
118. Scaffidi C., Fulda S., Srinivasan A., Friesen C., Li F., Tomaselli K.J., Debatin K.M., Krammer P.H., and Peter M.E. Two CD95 (APO-1/Fas) signaling pathways. EMBO J. 16 (1998) 1675-1678
119. Schreck R., Rieber P., and Baeuerle P.A. Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J. 10 (1991) 1675-2258
120. Schulze-Osthoff K., Ferrari D., Los M., Wesselborg S., and Peter M.E. Apoptosis signaling by death receptors. Eur. J. Biochem. 254 (1998) 439-459
121. Schwartz O., Marechal V., Le Gall S., Lemonnier F., and Heard J.M. Endocytosis of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by the HIV-1 Nef protein. Nat. Med. 2 (1996) 338-342
122. Segal A.W., and Shatwell K.P. The NADPH oxidase of phagocytic leukocytes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 832 (1997) 215-222
123. Sekkat C., Dornand J., and Gerber M. Oxidative phenomena are implicated in human T-cell stimulation. Immunology 63 (1988) 431-437
124. Shimura M., Onozuka Y., Yamaguchi T., Hatake K., Takaku F., and Ishizaka Y. Micronuclei formation with chromosome breaks and gene amplification caused by Vpr, an accessory gene of human immunodeficiency virus. Cancer Res. 59 (1999) 2259-2264
125. Shimura M., Tanaka Y., Nakamura S., Minemoto Y., Yamashita K., Hatake K., Takaku F., and Ishizaka Y. Micronuclei formation and aneuploidy induced by Vpr, an accessory gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. FASEB J. 13 (1999) 621-637
126. Shostak L.D., Ludlow J., Fisk J., Pursell S., Rimel B.J., Nguyen D., Rosenblatt J.D., and Planelles V. Roles of p53 and caspases in the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by HIV-1 vpr. Exp. Cell Res. 251 (1999) 156-165
127. Shu H.B., Halpin D.R., and Goeddel D.V. Casper is a FADD- and caspase-related inducer of apoptosis. Immunity 6 (1997) 751-763
128. Siegel R.M., Frederiksen J.K., Zacharias D.A., Chan F.K., Johnson M., Lynch D., Tsien R.Y., and Lenardo M.J. Fas preassociation required for apoptosis signaling and dominant inhibition by pathogenic mutations. Science 288 (2000) 2354-2357
129. Sies H. Peroxisomal enzymes and oxygen metabolism in liver. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 78 (1977) 51-60
130. Smith C.A., Farrah T., and Goodwin R.G. The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: Activation, costimulation, and death. Cell 76 (1994) 959-962
131. Somma F., Tuosto L., Gilardini Montani M.S., Di Somma M.M., Cundari E., and Piccolella E. Engagement of CD4 before TCR triggering regulates both Bax- and Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptosis. J. Immunol. 164 (2000) 5078-5087
132. Srinivasula S.M., Ahmad M., Ottilie S., Bullrich F., Banks S., Wang Y., Fernandes-Alnemri T., Croce C.M., Litwack G., Tomaselli K.J., et al. FLAME-1, a novel FADD-like anti-apoptotic molecule that regulates Fas/TNFR1-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 18542-18545
133. Stassi G., and De Maria R. Autoimmune thyroid disease: New models of cell death in autoimmunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2 (2002) 195-204
134. Stewart S.A., Poon B., Jowett J.B., and Chen I.S. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr induces apoptosis following cell cycle arrest. J. Virol. 71 (1997) 5579-5592
135. Suda T., Takahashi T., Golstein P., and Nagata S. Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 75 (1993) 1169-1178
136. Surh C.D., and Sprent J. T-cell apoptosis detected in situ during positive and negative selection in the thymus [see comments]. Nature 372 (1994) 100-103
137. Susin S.A., Lorenzo H.K., Zamzami N., Marzo I., Snow B.E., Brothers G.M., Mangion J., Jacotot E., Costantini P., Loeffler M., et al. Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. Nature 397 (1999) 441-446
138. Suzuki Y., Imai Y., Nakayama H., Takahashi K., Takio K., and Takahashi R. A serine protease, HtrA2, is released from the mitochondria and interacts with XIAP, inducing cell death. Mol. Cell 8 (2001) 613-621
139. Takahashi T., Tanaka M., Brannan C.I., Jenkins N.A., Copeland N.G., Suda T., and Nagata S. Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell 76 (1994) 969-976
140. Tateyama M., Oyaizu N., McCloskey T.W., Than S., and Pahwa S. CD4 T lymphocytes are primed to express Fas ligand by CD4 cross-linking and to contribute to CD8 T-cell apoptosis via Fas/FasL death signaling pathway. Blood 96 (2000) 195-202
141. Tatla S., Woodhead V., Foreman J.C., and Chain B.M. The role of reactive oxygen species in triggering proliferation and IL-2 secretion in T cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 26 (1999) 14-24
142. Thompson C.B. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 267 (1995) 1456-1462
143. Thornberry N.A., and Lazebnik Y. Caspases: Enemies within. Science 281 (1998) 1312-1316
144. Turrens J.F., Freeman B.A., Levitt J.G., and Crapo J.D. The effect of hyperoxia on superoxide production by lung submitochondrial particles. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 217 (1982) 401-410
145. Vaux D.L., and Korsmeyer S.J. Cell death in development. Cell 96 (1999) 245-254
146. Vaux D.L., Cory S., and Adams J.M. Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 335 (1988) 440-442
147. Villalba M., Kasibhatla S., Genestier L., Mahboubi A., Green D.R., and Altman A. Protein kinase ctheta cooperates with calcineurin to induce Fas ligand expression during activation-induced T cell death. J. Immunol. 163 (1999) 5813-5819
148. Villunger A., Ghaffari-Tabrizi N., Tinhofer I., Krumbock N., Bauer B., Schneider T., Kasibhatla S., Greil R., Baier-Bitterlich G., Uberall F., et al. Synergistic action of protein kinase C theta and calcineurin is sufficient for Fas ligand expression and induction of a crmA-sensitive apoptosis pathway in Jurkat T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 29 (1999) 3549-3561
149. Walczak H., and Sprick M.R. Biochemistry and function of the DISC. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26 (2001) 452-453
150. Wange R.L., and Huang Y. T cell receptor signaling: Beyond complex complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 28827-28830
151. Watanabe D., Suda T., and Nagata S. Expression of Fas in B cells of the mouse germinal center and Fas-dependent killing of activated B cells. Int. Immunol. 7 (1995) 1949-1956
152. Watanabe N., Yamaguchi T., Akimoto Y., Rattner J.B., Hirano H., and Nakauchi H. Induction of M-phase arrest and apoptosis after HIV-1 Vpr expression through uncoupling of nuclear and centrosomal cycle in HeLa cells. Exp. Cell Res. 258 (2000) 261-269
153. Watanabe-Fukunaga R., Brannan C.I., Copeland N.G., Jenkins N.A., and Nagata S. Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356 (1992) 314-317
154. Weissman D., Rabin R.L., Arthos J., Rubbert A., Dybul M., Swofford R., Venkatesan S., Farber J.M., and Fauci A.S. Macrophage-tropic HIV and SIV envelope proteins induce a signal through the CCR5 chemokine receptor. Nature 389 (1997) 981-985
155. Westendorp M.O., Frank R., Ochsenbauer C., Stricker K., Dhein J., Walczak H., Debatin K.M., and Krammer P.H. Sensitization of T cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis by HIV-1 Tat and gp120. Nature 375 (1995) 497-500
156. Westendorp M.O., Shatrov V.A., Schulze-Osthoff K., Frank R., Kraft M., Los M., Krammer P.H., Droge W., and Lehmann V. HIV-1 Tat potentiates TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation and cytotoxicity by altering the cellular redox state. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 546-554
157. Williams M.S., and Henkart P.A. Role of reactive oxygen intermediates in TCR-induced death of T cell blasts and hybridomas. J. Immunol. 157 (1996) 2395-2402
158. Williamson J.R. Role of inositol lipid breakdown in the generation of intracellular signals. State of the art lecture. Hypertension 8 (1986) II140-II156
159. Woronicz J.D., Calnan B., Ngo V., and Winoto A. Requirement for the orphan steroid receptor Nur77 in apoptosis of T-cell hybridomas. Nature 367 (1994) 277-281
160. Xu X.N., Screaton G.R., Gotch F.M., Dong T., Tan R., Almond N., Walker B., Stebbings R., Kent K., Nagata S., et al. Evasion of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses by nef-dependent induction of Fas ligand (CD95L) expression on simian immunodeficiency virus-infected cells. J. Exp. Med. 186 (1997) 7-16
161. Xu X.N., Laffert B., Screaton G.R., Kraft M., Wolf D., Kolanus W., Mongkolsapay J., McMichael A.J., and Baur A.S. Induction of Fas ligand expression by HIV involves the interaction of Nef with the T cell receptor zeta chain. J. Exp. Med. 189 (1999) 1489-1496
162. Zauli G., Gibellini D., Secchiero P., Dutartre H., Olive D., Capitani S., and Collette Y. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef protein sensitizes CD4(+) T lymphoid cells to apoptosis via functional upregulation of the CD95/CD95 ligand pathway. Blood 93 (1999) 1000-1010
163. Zhang W., Sloan-Lancaster J., Kitchen J., Trible R.P., and Samelson L.E. LAT: The ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase substrate that links T cell receptor to cellular activation. Cell 92 (1998) 83-92