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Fas truncation mutants were created by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mutagenesis with appropriate primers and Pwo high-fidelity polymerase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals). For the AU-1-tagged receptors, a template with DNA coding for the DTYRYI AU-1 epitope tag sequence previously inserted into the region upstream of Fas CRD1 was used. For HA tagging, mutations were cloned into the Eco RI-Xho 1 sites of a modified pCDNA3 vector containing the leader sequence of p60 followed by sequences coding for the YPYDVPDYA HA epitope tag. Point mutations were created with the Quickchange technique (Stratagene), substituting Pwo for Pfu polymerase. Mutations were verified by restriction enzyme mapping and automated sequencing.
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Murine BW thymoma cell were transfected by electroporation with 10 μg of the indicated plasmids and 5 μg of the GFP reporter plasmid. After 18 hours, apoptosis was induced with Fas mAb APO-1 (500 ng/ml) or 5% v/v supernatant containing soluble FasL/leucine zipper fusion protein. Viable cell loss was quantitated as described (13). Cell loss induced by APO-1 for singly transfected receptors was 29% for full-length Fas (1-317), 2.9% for Fas 43-317, -1.7% for Fas 67-317, and -8.1% for vector-transfected controls.
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Fas receptors with COOH-terminal in-frame fusions to CFP and YFP (at position 210 in place of the death domain) were cotransfected into 293T HEK cells, and they were appropriately expressed on the cell surface (18). In-frame CFP and YFP fusions with Fas and other TNF family receptors were generated by standard PCR cloning techniques; correct protein expression was confirmed by Western blotting and fluorescence microscopy. 293T cells were transfected with 1 μg of the indicated YFP fusion protein constructs and 2 μg of the indicated CFP constructs. After 24 to 36 hours, cells were harvested in phosphate-buffered saline and analyzed on a FACSvantage cytometer (Becton Dickinson) with a krypton laser tuned to 413 nm for CFP and an air-cooled laser tuned to 514 nm for YFP. CFP was detected with a 470 nm/20 nm bandpass filter. YFP and FRET were detected with 546 nm/10 nm bandpass filters with signals from the 514- and 413-nm lasers, respectively. Cells were sequentially illuminated with the 514- and 413-nm lasers so that all three signals could be detected from each cell. Compensation was applied so that there was no FRET signal visible from cells transfected with CFP or YFP alone. We collected 50,000 events from each sample and analyzed the data with the Flowjo software package (Treestar Inc.). Another characteristic of FRET is the dequenching of donor fluorescence after photobleaching of the acceptor. This dequenching can be converted to a measurement of FRET efficiency (E%), which is related to the distance between two molecules by the Förster equation [see (23)]. For FRET efficiency measurements, CFP emission intensities from cotransfected cells were measured on a fluorescence microscope before and after bleaching the YFP with 5 min of illumination through a 505- to 545-nm bandpass filter. We corrected for direct bleaching of cells transfected with the CFP fusion partner alone. FRET efficiencies were calculated using the formula E% = [1 - (CFP emission before YFP bleach/CFP emission after YFP bleach)] X 100%.
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293T cells were transfected with Fugene 6 (Boehringer Mannheim) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were lysed in 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM tris-Cl (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM iodoacetamide, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 10% glycerol, 1% Triton X-100, and protease inhibitors (Boehringer Mannheim). After preclearing with protein G-agarose beads (Boehringer Mannheim) and normal mouse immunoglobulin G, proteins were immunoprecipitated with 1 mg anti-GFP (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) and protein G-agarose beads. Immune complexes were washed three times with lysis buffer. AU-1 was immunoprecipitated with 2 μl of anti-AU-1 (Covance) and protein A beads. Proteins were electrophoresed on Tris/Glycine gels (Novex), transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and blotted with the indicated antibodies. Bands were visualized with SuperSignal WestDura (Pierce). Densitometry was performed with one-dimensional image analysis software (Kodak).
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0342931720
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note
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We thank D. Martin, L. Zheng, and D. Smith for plasm id construction; K. Holmes, R. Swofford, and D. Stephany for excellent technical assistance; M. Peter and B. Herman for valuable reagents; T. Waldmann, R. Germain, H. Metzger, J. O'Shea, C. Jackson, and F. Hornung for critical reading of the manuscript and helpful comments; and S. Starnes for editorial assistance. S. Straus, J. Puck, C. Jackson, and J. Dale of the NIH ALPS working group provided clinical material and encouragement that were essential for this work. Supported by a Cancer Research Institute/Miriam and Benedict Wolf fellowship (F.K.-M.C), NIH grant NS27177 (R.Y.T.), and a fellowship in the HHMI/NIH scholar program (M.J.).
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