Should we inhibit type I interferons in sepsis?

Infection and Immunity

Volumn 75, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 22-29

  Mahieu, Tina ^a   Libert, Claude ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; B7 ANTIGEN; BETA INTERFERON; CD40 ANTIGEN; CD86 ANTIGEN; GAMMA INTERFERON; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 1; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERFERON; INTERFERON RECEPTOR; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 3; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 7; INTERFERON STIMULATED GENE FACTOR 3; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 12 RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 15; INTERLEUKIN 29; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; PROTEIN SH2; STAT1 PROTEIN; STAT2 PROTEIN; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 1; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 3; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 3; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED FACTOR 6; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; B LYMPHOCYTE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DENDRITIC CELL; ENDOTOXEMIA; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; INTERFERON PRODUCTION; LETHALITY; MACROPHAGE; MONOCYTE; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NATURAL KILLER CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEPSIS; SEPTIC SHOCK; SHORT SURVEY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ENDOTOXEMIA; HUMANS; INTERFERON TYPE I; MICE; SEPSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 33845974118     PISSN: 00199567     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00829-06     Document Type: Short Survey

References (95)

1. Akira, S., and K. Takeda. 2004. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4:499-511.
2. Amiot, F., C. Fitting, K. J. Tracey, J. M. Cavaillon, and F. Dautry. 1997. Lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine cascade and lethality in LT alpha/TNF alpha-deficient mice. Mol. Med. 3:864-875.
3. Angus, D. C., W. T. Linde-Zwirble, J. Lidicker, G. Clermont, J. Carcillo, and M. R. Pinsky. 2001. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit. Care Med. 29:1303-1310.
4. Au, W. C., P. A. Moore, D. W. LaFleur, B. Tombal, and P. M. Pitha. 1998. Characterization of the interferon regulatory factor-7 and its potential role in the transcription activation of interferon A genes. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 29210-29217.
5. Baetz, A., M. Frey, K. Heeg, and A. H. Dalpke. 2004. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins indirectly regulate Toll-like receptor signaling in innate immune cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279:54708-54715.
6. Bengtsson, A. A., G. Sturfelt, L. Truedsson, J. Blomberg, G. Alm, H. Vallin, and L. Ronnblom. 2000. Activation of type I interferon system in systemic lupus erythematosus correlates with disease activity but not with antiretroviral antibodies. Lupus 9:664-671.
7. Beutler, B., and E. T. Rietschel. 2003. Innate immune sensing and its roots: the story of endotoxin. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3:169-176.
8. Biron, C. A. 2001. Interferons alpha and beta as immune regulators: a new look. Immunity 14:661-664.
9. Bogdan, C., J. Mattner, and U. Schleicher. 2004. The role of type I interferons in non-viral infections. Immunol. Rev. 202:33-48.
10. Bonnard, M., C. Mirtsos, S. Suzuki, K. Graham, J. Huang, M. Ng, A. Itie, A. Wakeham, A. Shahinian, W. J. Henzel, A. J. Elia, W. Shillinglaw, T. W. Mak, Z. Cao, and W. C. Yeh. 2000. Deficiency of T2K leads to apoptotic liver degeneration and impaired NF-κB-dependent gene transcription. EMBO J. 19:4976-4985.
11. Braun, D., I. Caramalho, and J. Demengeot. 2002. IFN-alpha/beta enhances BCR-dependent B-cell responses. Int. Immunol. 14:411-419.
12. Cao, X. G. Wei, H. Fang, J. Guo, M. Weinstein, C. B. Marsh, M. C. Ostrowski, and S. Tridandapani. 2004. The inositol 3-phosphatase PTEN negatively regulates Fc gamma receptor signaling, but supports Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in murine peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol. 172:4851-4857.
13. Chamaillard, M., M. Hashimoto, Y. Horie, J. Masumoto, S. Qiu, L. Saab, Y. Ogura, A. Kawasaki, K. Fukase, S. Kusumoto, M. A. Valvano, S. J. Foster, T. W. Mak, G. Nunez, and N. Inohara. 2003. An essential role for NOD1 in host recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan containing diaminopimelic acid. Nat. Immunol. 4:702-707.
14. Coelho, L. F., G. Magno de Freitas Almeidaqq, F. J. Mennechet, A. Blangy, and G. Uze. 2005. Interferon-alpha and -beta differentially regulate osteoclastogenesis: role of differential induction of chemokine CXCL11 expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:11917-11922.
15. Darnell, J. E., Jr., I. M. Kerr, and G. R. Stark. 1994. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 264:1415-1421.
16. Decatris, M., S. Santhanam, and K. O'Byrne. 2002. Potential of interferon-alpha in solid tumours: part 1. BioDrugs 16:261-281.
17. Der, S. D., A. Zhou, B. R. Williams, and R. H. Silverman. 1998. Identification of genes differentially regulated by interferon alpha, beta, or gamma using oligonucleotide arrays. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:15623-15628.
18. Devendra, D., and G. S. Eisenbarth. 2004. Interferon alpha-a potential link in the pathogenesis of viral-induced type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity. Clin. Immunol. 111:225-233.
19. Dinarello, C. 2004. Anti-cytokine therapeutics and infections. Vaccine 21(Suppl. 2):S24-S34.
20. Fang, H., R. A. Pengal, X. Cao, L. P. Ganesan, M. D. Wewers, C. B. Marsh, and S. Tridandapani. 2004. Lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory response is regulated by SHIP. J. Immunol. 173:360-366.
21. Fenner, J. E., R. Starr, A. L. Cornish, J. G. Zhang, D. Metcalf, R. D. Schreiber, K. Sheehan, D. J. Hilton, W. S. Alexander, and P. J. Hertzog. 2006. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 regulates the immune response to infection by a unique inhibition of type I interferon activity. Nat. Immunol. 7:33-39.
22. Foulis, A. K., M. A. Farquharson, and A. Meager. 1987. Immunoreactive alpha-interferon in insulin-secreting beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Lancet ii:1423-1427.
23. Friedman, G., E. Silva, and J. L. Vincent. 1998. Has the mortality of septic shock changed with time. Crit. Care Med. 26:2078-2086.
24. Gautier, G., M. Humbert, F. Deauvieau, M. Scuiller, J. Hiscott, E. E. Bates, G. Trinchieri, C. Caux, and P. Garrone. 2005. A type I interferon autocrine-paracrine loop is involved in Toll-like receptor-induced interleukin-12p70 secretion by dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 201:1435-1446.
25. Gingras, S., E. Parganas, A. de Pauw, J. N. Ihle, and P. J. Murray. 2004. Re-examination of the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in the regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 279:54702-54707.
26. Girardin, S. E., I. G. Boneca, J. Viala, M. Chamaillard, A. Labigne, G. Thomas, D. J. Philpott, and P. J. Sansonetti. 2003. Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J. Biol. Chem. 278:8869-8872.
27. Hafler, D. A. 2004. Multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Investig. 113:788-794.
28. Hata, N., M. Sato, A. Takaoka, M. Asagiri, N. Tanaka, and T. Taniguchi. 2001. Constitutive IFN-alpha/beta signal for efficient IFN-alpha/beta gene induction by virus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285:518-525.
29. Hayes, M. P., J. C. Enterline, T. L. Gerrard, and K. C. Zoon. 1991. Regulation of interferon production by human monocytes: requirements for priming for lipopolysaccharide-induced production. J. Leukoc. Biol. 50:176-181.
30. Hemmi, H., O. Takeuchi, S. Sato, M. Yamamoto, T. Kaisho, H. Sanjo, T. Kawai, K. Hoshino, K. Takeda, and S. Akira. 2004. The roles of two IκB kinase-related kinases in lipopolysaccharide and double stranded RNA signaling and viral infection. J. Exp. Med. 199:1641-1650.
31. Hiscott, J., N. Grandvaux, S. Sharma, B. R. Tenoever, M. J. Servant, and R. Lin. 2003. Convergence of the NF-κB and interferon signaling pathways in the regulation of antiviral defense and apoptosis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1010:237-248.
32. Hoebe, K., X. Du, P. Georgel, E. Janssen, K. Tabeta, S. O. Kim, J. Goode, P. Lin, N. Mann, S. Mudd, K. Crozat, S. Sovath, J. Han, and B. Beutler. 2003. Identification of Lps2 as a key transducer of MyD88-independent TIR signalling. Nature 424:743-748.
33. Hoebe, K., E. M. Janssen, S. O. Kim, L. Alexopoulou, R. A. Flavell, J. Han, and B. Beutler. 2003. Upregulation of costimulatoty molecules induced by lipopolysaccharide and double-stranded RNA occurs by Trif-dependent and Trif-independent pathways. Nat. Immunol. 4:1223-1229.
34. Hoffmann, J. A., and J. M. Reichhart. 2002. Drosophila innate immunity: an evolutionary perspective. Nat. Immunol. 3:121-126.
35. Honda, K., Y. Ohba, H. Yanai, H. Negishi, T. Mizutani, A. Takaoka, C. Taya, and T. Taniguchi. 2005. Spatiotemporal regulation of MyD88-IRF-7 signalling for robust type-I interferon induction. Nature 434:1035-1040.
36. Honda, K., S. Sakaguchi, C. Nakajima, A. Watanabe, H. Yanai, M. Matsumoto, T. Ohteki, T. Kaisho, A. Takaoka, S. Akira, T. Seya, and T. Taniguchi. 2003. Selective contribution of IFN-alpha/beta signaling to the maturation of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA or viral infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:10872-10877.
37. Honda, K., H. Yanai, H. Negishi, M. Asagiri, M. Sato, T. Mizutani, N. Shimada, Y. Ohba, A. Takaoka, N. Yoshida, and T. Taniguchi. 2005. IRF-7 is the master regulator of type-I interferon-dependent immune responses. Nature 434:772-777.
38. Hooks, J. J., H. M. Moutsopoulos, S. A. Geis, N. I. Stahl, J. L. Decker, and A. L. Notkins. 1979. Immune interferon in the circulation of patients with autoimmune disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 301:5-8.
39. Hwang, S. Y., P. J. Hertzog, K. A. Holland, S. H. Sumarsono, M. J. Tymms, J. A. Hamilton, G. Whitty, I. Bertoncello, and I. Kola. 1995. A null mutation in the gene encoding a type I interferon receptor component eliminates antiproliferative and antiviral responses to interferons alpha and beta and alters macrophage responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11284-11288.
40. Jo, D., D. Liu, S. Yao, R. D. Collins, and J. Hawiger. 2005. Intracellular protein therapy with SOCS3 inhibits inflammation and apoptosis. Nat. Med. 11:892-898.
41. Kadowaki, N., S. Antonenko, J. Y. Lau, and Y. J. Liu. 2000. Natural interferon alpha/beta-producing cells link innate and adaptive immunity. J. Exp. Med. 192:219-226.
42. Karaghiosoff, M., R. Steinborn, P. Kovarik, G. Kriegshauser, M. Baccarini, B. Donabauer, U. Reichart, T. Kolbe, C. Bogdan, T. Leanderson, D. Levy, T. Decker, and M. Muller. 2003. Central role for type I interferons and Tyk2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxin shock. Nat. Immunol. 4:471-477.
43. Kaynor, C., M. Xin, J. Wakefield, J. Barsoum, and X. Q. Qin. 2002. Direct evidence that IFN-beta functions as a tumor-suppressor protein. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 22:1089-1098.
44. Kimura, T., Y. Kadokawa, H. Harada, M. Matsumoto, M. Sato, Y. Kashiwazaki, M. Tarutani, R. S. Tan, T. Takasugi, T. Matsuyama, T. W. Mak, S. Noguchi, and T. Taniguchi. 1996. Essential and non-redundant roles of p48 (ISGF3 gamma) and IRF-1 in both type I and type II interferon responses, as revealed by gene targeting studies. Genes Cells 1:115-124.
45. Kimura, T., K. Nakayama, J. Penninger, M. Kitagawa, H. Harada, T. Matsuyama, N. Tanaka, R. Kamijo, J. Vilcek, T. W. Mak, et al. 1994. Involvement of the IRF-1 transcription factor in antiviral responses to interferons. Science 264:1921-1924.
46. Kinjyo, I., T. Hanada, K. Inagaki-Ohara, H. Mori, D. Aki, M. Ohishi, H. Yoshida, M. Kubo, and A. Yoshimura. 2002. SOCS1/JAB is a negative regulator of LPS-induced macrophage activation. Immunity 17:583-591.
47. Kotenko, S. V., G. Gallagher, V. V. Baurin, A. Lewis-Antes, M. Shen, N. K. Shah, J. A. Langer, F. Sheikh, H. Dickensheets, and R. P. Donnelly. 2003. IFN-lambdas mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex. Nat. Immunol. 4:69-77.
48. Li, X., J. C. Tupper, D. D. Bannerman, R. K. Winn, C. J. Rhodes, and J. M. Harlan. 2003. Phosphoinositide 3 kinase mediates Toll-like receptor 4-induced activation of NF-κB in endothelial cells. Infect. Immun. 71:4414-4420.
49. Liu, B., M. Gross, J. ten Hoeve, and K. Shuai. 2001. A transcriptional corepressor of Stat1 with an essential LXXLL signature motif. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:3203-3207.
50. Liu, B., J. Liao, X. Rao, S. A. Kushner, C. D. Chung, D. D. Chang, and K. Shuai. 1998. Inhibition of Stat1-mediated gene activation by PIAS1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:10626-10631.
51. Mahieu, T., J. Park, H. Revets, B. Pasche, A. Lengeling, J. Staelens, A. Wullaert, I. Vanlaere, T. Hochepied, F. van Roy, K. M., and C. Libert. 2006. The wild-derived inbred mouse strain SPRET/Ei is resistant to LPS and defective in IFN-b production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:2292-2297.
52. Mansell, A., R. Smith, S. L. Doyle, P. Gray, J. E. Fenner, P. J. Crack, S. E. Nicholson, D. J. Hilton, L. A. O'Neill, and P. J. Hertzog. 2006. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 negatively regulated Toll-like receptor signaling by mediating Mal degradation. Nat. Immunol. 7:148-155.
53. Marie, I., J. E. Durbin, and D. E. Levy. 1998. Differential viral induction of distinct interferon-alpha genes by positive feedback through interferon regulatory factor-7. EMBO J. 17:6660-6669.
54. Mattner, J., A. Wandersee-Steinhauser, A. Pahl, M. Rollinghoff, G. R. Majeau, P. S. Hochman, and C. Bogdan. 2004. Protection against progressive leishmaniasis by IFN-β. J. Immunol. 172:7574-7582.
55. McWhirter, S. M., K. A. Fitzgerald, J. Rosains, D. C. Rowe, D. T. Golenbock, and T. Maniatis. 2004. IFN-regulatory factor 3-dependent gene expression is defective in Tbk1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:233-238.
56. Moynagh, P. N. 2005. TLR signalling and activation of IRFs: revisiting old friends from the NF-κB pathway. Trends Immunol. 26:469-476.
57. Muller, U., U. Steinhoff, L. F. Reis, S. Hemmi, J. Pavlovic, R. M. Zinkernagel, and M. Aguet. 1994. Functional role of type I and type II interferons in antiviral defense. Science 264:1918-1921.
58. Nakagawa, R., T. Naka, H. Tsutsui, M. Fujimoto, A. Kimura, T. Abe, E. Seki, S. Sato, O. Takeuchi, K. Takeda, S. Akira, K. Yamanishi, I. Kawase, K. Nakanishi, and T. Kishimoto. 2002. SOCS-1 participates in negative regulation of LPS responses. Immunity 17:677-687.
59. Nguyen, K. B., T. P. Salazar-Mather, M. Y. Dalod, J. B. Van Deusen, X. Q. Wei, F. Y. Liew, M. A. Caligiuri, J. E. Durbin, and C. A. Biron. 2002. Coordinated and distinct roles for IFN-alpha beta, IL-12, and IL-15 regulation of NK cell responses to viral infection. J. Immunol. 169:4279-4287.
60. Nurnberger, T., F. Brunner, B. Kemmerling, and L. Piater. 2004. Innate immunity in plants and animals: striking similarities and obvious differences. Immunol. Rev. 198:249-266.
61. O'Brien, A. D., D. L. Rosenstreich, I. Scher, G. H. Campbell, R. P. MacDermott, and S. B. Formal. 1980. Genetic control of susceptibility to Salmonella typhimurium in mice: role of the LPS gene. J. Immunol. 124:20-24.
62. Park, C., S. Li, E. Cha, and C. Schindler. 2000. Immune response in Stat2 knockout mice. Immunity 13:795-804.
63. Pearlman, B. L. 2004. Hepatitis C treatment update. Am. J. Med. 117:344-352.
64. Perry, A. K., E. K. Chow, J. B. Goodnough, W. C. Yeh, and G. Cheng. 2004. Differential requirement for TANK-binding kinase-1 in type I interferon responses to Toll-like receptor activation and viral infection. J. Exp. Med. 199:1651-1658.
65. Pestka, S., C. D. Krause, and M. R. Walter. 2004. Interferons, interferon-like cytokines, and their receptors. Immunol. Rev. 202:8-32.
66. Platanias, L. C. 2005. Mechanisms of type-I- and type-II-interferon-mediated signalling. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5:375-386.
67. Poltorak, A., X. He, I. Smirnova, M. Y. Liu, C. Van Huffel, X. Du, D. Birdwell, E. Alejos, M. Silva, C. Galanos, M. Freudenberg, P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli, B. Layton, and B. Beutler. 1998. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 282: 2085-2088.
68. Punturieri, A., R. S. Alviani, T. Polak, P. Copper, J. Sonstein, and J. L. Curtis. 2004. Specific engagement of TLR4 or TLR3 does not lead to IFN-β-mediated innate signal amplification and STAT1 phosphorylation in resident murine alveolar macrophages. J. Immunol. 173:1033-1042.
69. Qureshi, S. T., L. Lariviere, G. Leveque, S. Clermont, K. J. Moore, P. Gros, and D. Malo. 1999. Endotoxin-tolerant mice have mutations in Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4). J. Exp. Med. 189:615-625.
70. Rhee, S. H., B. W. Jones, V. Toshchakov, S. N. Vogel, and M. J. Fenton. 2003. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 activate STAT1 serine phosphorylation by distinct mechanisms in macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 278:22506-22512.
71. Sakaguchi, S., H. Negishi, M. Asagiri, C. Nakajima, T. Mizutani, A. Takaoka, K. Honda, and T. Taniguchi. 2003. Essential role of IRF-3 in lipopolysaccharide-induced interferon-beta gene expression and endotoxin shock. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 306:860-866.
72. Santhanam, S., M. Decatris, and K. O'Byrne. 2002. Potential of interferon-alpha in solid tumours: part 2. BioDrugs 16:349-372.
73. Sato, M., N. Hata, M. Asagiri, T. Nakaya, T. Taniguchi, and N. Tanaka. 1998. Positive feedback regulation of type I IFN genes by the IFN-inducible transcription factor IRF-7. FEBS Lett. 441:106-110.
74. Sato, M., H. Suemori, N. Hata, M. Asagiri, K. Ogasawara, K. Nakao, T. Nakaya, M. Katsuki, S. Noguchi, N. Tanaka, and T. Taniguchi. 2000. Distinct and essential roles of transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7 in response to viruses for IFN-alpha/beta gene induction. Immunity 13:539-548.
75. Sharma, S., B. R. tenOever, N. Grandvaux, G. P. Zhou, R. Lin, and J. Hiscott. 2003. Triggering the interferon antiviral response through an IKK-related pathway. Science 300:1148-1151.
76. Shuai, K., and B. Liu. 2003. Regulation of JAK-STAT signalling in the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3:900-911.
77. Sly, L. M., M. J. Rauh, J. Kalesnikoff, C. H. Song, and G. Krystal. 2004. LPS-induced upregulation of SHIP is essential for endotoxin tolerance. Immunity 21:227-239.
78. Stewart, T. A. 2003. Neutralizing interferon alpha as a therapeutic approach to autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 14:139-154.
79. Stockinger, S., T. Materna, D. Stoiber, L. Bayr, R. Steinborn, T. Kolbe, H. Unger, T. Chakraborty, D. E. Levy, M. Muller, and T. Decker. 2002. Production of type I IFN sensitizes macrophages to cell death induced by Listeria monocytogenes. J. Immunol. 169:6522-6529.
80. Sweet, M. J., and D. A. Hume. 1996. Endotoxin signal transduction in macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol. 60:8-26.
81. Tabeta, K., P. Georgel, E. Janssen, X. Du, K. Hoebe, K. Crozat, S. Mudd, L. Shamel, S. Sovath, J. Goode, L. Alexopoulou, R. A. Flavell, and B. Beutler. 2004. Toll-like receptors 9 and 3 as essential components of innate immune defense against mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:3516-3521.
82. Takeda, K., and S. Akira. 2004. Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors. J. Dermatol. Sci. 34:73-82.
83. Takeda, K., and S. Akira. 2004. TLR signaling pathways. Semin. Immunol. 16:3-9.
84. Takeuchi, O., K. Hoshino, T. Kawai, H. Sanjo, H. Takada, T. Ogawa, K. Takeda, and S. Akira. 1999. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity 11:443-451.
85. Ulevitch, R. J., and P. S. Tobias. 1995. Receptor-dependent mechanisms of cell stimulation by bacterial endotoxin. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13:437-457.
86. Ulevitch, R. J., and P. S. Tobias. 1999. Recognition of gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin by the innate immune system. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11:19-22.
87. Vadiveloo, P. K., H. Christopoulos, U. Novak, I. Kola, P. J. Hertzog, and J. A. Hamilton. 2000. Type I interferons mediate the lipopolysaccharide induction of macrophage cyclin D2. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 20:355-359.
88. van Holten, J., K. Reedquist, P. Sattonet-Roche, T. J. Smeets, C. Plater-Zyberk, M. J. Vervoordeldonk, and P. P. Tak. 2004. Treatment with recombinant interferon-beta reduces inflammation and slows cartilage destruction in the collagen-induced arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 6:R239-R249.
89. Vlotides, G., A. S. Sorensen, F. Kopp, K. Zitzmann, N. Cengic, S. Brand, R. Zachoval, and C. J. Auernhammer. 2004. SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 inhibit IFN-alpha-induced expression of the antiviral proteins 2,5-OAS and MxA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 320:1007-1014.
90. Wathelet, M. G., C. H. Lin, B. S. Parekh, L. V. Ronco, P. M. Howley, and T. Maniatis. 1998. Virus infection induces the assembly of coordinately activated transcription factors on the IFN-beta enhancer in vivo. Mol. Cell 1:507-518.
91. Weinstein, S. L., A. J. Finn, S. H. Dave, F. Meng, C. A. Lowell, J. S. Sanghera, and A. L. DeFranco. 2000. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR mediate lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide production in macrophages via interferon-beta. J. Leukoc. Biol. 67:405-414.
92. Wu, C. Y., M. Gadina, K. Wang, J. O'Shea, and R. A. Seder. 2000. Cytokine regulation of IL-12 receptor beta2 expression: differential effects on human T and NK cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 30:1364-1374.
93. Yamamoto, M., S. Sato, H. Hemmi, K. Hoshino, T. Kaisho, H. Sanjo, O. Takeuchi, M. Sugiyama, M. Okabe, K. Takeda, and S. Akira. 2003. Role of adaptor TRIP in the MyD88-independent Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Science 301:640-643.
94. Yamamoto, M., S. Sato, H. Hemmi, S. Uematsu, K. Hoshino, T. Kaisho, O. Takeuchi, K. Takeda, and S. Akira. 2003. TRAM is specifically involved in the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated MyD88-independent signaling pathway. Nat. Immunol. 4:1144-1150.
95. Yoneyama, M., M. Kikuchi, T. Natsukawa, N. Shinobu, T. Imaizumi, M. Miyagishi, K. Taira, S. Akira, and T. Fujita. 2004. The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses. Nat. Immunol. 5:730-737.