The new adipose tissue and adipocytokines

Current Diabetes Reviews

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 19-28

  Bulcão, Caroline ^a   Ferreira, Sandra Roberta G ^a   Giuffrida, Fernando M A ^a   Ribeiro Filho, Fernando Flexa ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Adipocytokines; Adipose tissue; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Visceral obesity

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADIPONECTIN; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; INSULIN SENSITIZING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; METFORMIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; RESISTIN; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE; TROGLITAZONE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACROMEGALY; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DIABETOGENESIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG MECHANISM; ENDOCRINE SURGERY; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC CODE; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INSULIN SYNTHESIS; LEAN BODY WEIGHT; LIPID OXIDATION; LIPODYSTROPHY; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ABDOMEN; ADIPOKINES; ADIPONECTIN; ADIPOSE TISSUE; HUMANS; INTERLEUKIN-6; LEPTIN; OBESITY; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; RESISTIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 33746233401     PISSN: 15733998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157339906775473617     Document Type: Review

References (196)

1. Pi-Sunyer F. Medical hazards of obesity. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 655-60.
2. Foster DW. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW Eds, William' Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co. 1992; 1335-52.
3. Vague J. The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout and uric calculus disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1956; 4: 20-34.
4. Kissebah A, Vydelingum N, Murray R, et al. Relation of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 54: 254-60.
5. Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Smith U. Impact of obesity on the metabolism in men and women: importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest 1983; 72: 1150-62.
6. Egger G. The case for using waist to hip ratio measurements in the routine medical checks. Med J Aust 1992; 156: 280.
7. Monteiro CA, Mondini L, Souza ALM, Popkin BM. The nutritional transition in Brazil. European J Clin Nutr 1995, 49: 105-13.
8. Bjorntorp P. Obesity - an alarming international problem. Scand J Nutr 1996; 40: 111-2.
9. World Health Organization. Diet nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a WHO group, World Health Organization, Geneva. 1990; Technical Report Series No 797.
10. Foreyt J, Goodrick K. Commentary: The ultimate triumph of obesity. Lancet 1995; 346: 134-5.
11. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595-606.
12. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP.) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486-97.
13. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology. ACE Guidelines for Glycemic Control. Endocr Pract 2003; 9 (Suppl 1): 7-19.
14. McFarlane SI, Banerji M, Sowers JR. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2001; 86: 713-8.
15. Donahue RP, Abbott RD, Bloom E, Reed DM, Yano K. Central obesity and coronary heart disease in men. Lancet 1987; 1: 821-4.
16. Ohlson LO, Larsson B, Svardsudd K, et al. The influence of body fat distribution on the incidence of diabetes mellitus - 13.5 years of follow-up of the participants in the study of men born in 1913. Diabetes 1985; 34: 1055-8.
17. Abate N, Garg A, Peshock RM, Stray-Gundersen J, Adams-Huet B, Grundy SM. Relationship of generalized and regional adiposity to insulin sensivity in men with NIDDM. Diabetes 1996; 45: 1684-93.
18. Boden G, Chen X, Ruiz J, White J, Rossetti L. Mechanisms of Fatty Acid-induced inhibition of glucose uptake. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2438-46.
19. Randle PJ, Garland PB, Newsholme EA, et al. The glucose fatty acid cycle in obesity and maturity onset diabetes mellitus. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965; 131: 324-333.
20. Shulman GI. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 171-6.
21. Unger RH, Zhou Y-T. Lipotoxicity of β-cels in obesity and in other causes of fatty acid spillover. Diabetes 2001; 50 (suppl): S118-21.
22. Ginsberg HN. Insulin resistence and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 453-8.
23. Wajchenberg BL. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Reviews 2000; 21(6): 697-738.
24. Han TS, Richmond P, Avenell A, Lean ME. Waist circumference reduction and cardiovascular benefits during weight reduction in women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 127-34.
25. Pouliot M-C, Desprès J-P, Lemieux S, et al. Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 460-8.
26. Ferland M, Desprès J-P, Tremblay A, et al. Assessment of adipose tissue distribution by computed axial tomography in obese women: association with body density and anthropometric measurements. Br J Nutr 1989; 61: 139-48.
27. Ribeiro-Filho FF, Faria AN, Kohlmann Jr O, et al. Ultrasonography for the evaluation of visceral fat and cardiovascular risk. Hypertension 2001; 38 [part 2]: 713-7.
28. Chowdhury B, Sjostrom L, Alpsten M, kostanty J, kvist H, Lofgren R. A multicompartment body composition tecniquebased on computerized tomography. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994; 18: 219-34.
29. Ross R, Leger L, Morris D, de Guise J, Guardo R. Quantification of adipose tissue by MRI: relationship with anthropometric variables. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 787-95.
30. Armellini F, Zamboni M, Rigo L, et al. The contribuition of sonography to the measurement of intra-abdominal fat. J Clin Ultrasound 1990; 18: 563-7.
31. Mazess RB, Barden HS, Bisek JP, Hanson J. Dual-energy X ray absorptiometry for total-body and regional bone mineral and soft-tissue composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 1106-12.
32. Fonseca V, Desouza C, Asnani S, Jialal I. Nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Endocrine Rev 2004; 25(1): 153-75.
33. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS. In: Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS Eds, Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co. 1997; 248-253.
34. Male D, Roitt I. In: Roitt I, Brostoff J, Male D Eds, Immunology. London, Mosby International Ltd. 1998; 3-12.
35. Bullock J. In: Bullock J, Boyle J, Wang MB Eds, Physiology. Philadelphia, Willians and Wilkins 1995; 454-60.
36. Pittas AG, Joseph NA, Greenberg AS. Adipocynes and Insulin Resistence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(2): 447-52.
37. Bruun JM, Verdich C, Toubro S, Astrup A, Richelsen B. Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men. Eur J Endocrinol 2003; 148: 535-42.
38. Kern PA, Saghizadeh M, Ong JM, Bosch RJ, Deem R, Simsolo RB. The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2111-9.
39. Sorisky A. Molecular links between obesity and Cardiovascular disease. Am J Ther 2002; 9: 516-21.
40. Tsigos C, Kyrou I, Chala E, et al. Circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations are higher in abdominal versus peripheral obesity. Metabolism 1999; 48(10): 1332-5.
41. Winkler G, Lakatost P, Salamon F, et al. Elevated serum TNF-alpha level as a link between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in normotensive obese patients. Diabetic Med 1999; 16: 207-11.
42. Dandona P, Weinstock R, Thusu K, Abdel-Rahman E, Aljada A, Wadden T. tumor necrosis factor-alpha in sera of obese patients: fall with weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83(8): 2907-10.
43. Gonzalez F, Thusu K, Abdel-Rahman E, Prabhala, A, Tomani M, Dandona P. Elevated serun Levels of Tumor necrosis factor alpha in normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 1999; 48(4): 437-41.
44. Peraldi P, Xu M, Spiegelman BM. Thiazolidinenediones block tumor necrosis factor-α-induced inhibition of insulin signaling. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 1863-9.
45. Miles PD, Romeo OM, Higo K, Cohen A, Rafaat K, Olefsky JM. TNF-α-induced insulin resistance in vivo and its prevention by troglitazone. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1678-83.
46. Jovinge S, Hamsten A, Tornvall P, et al. Evidence for a role of tumor necrosis factor-α in disturbances of triglyceride and glucose metabolism predisposing to coronary heart disease. Metabolism 1998; 47: 113-8.
47. Boeck MA, Chen C, Cunningham-Rundles S. Altered immune function in a morbidly obese pediatric population. Ann Acad Sci 1993; 699: 253-6.
48. Ofei F, Hurel S, Newkirk J, Sopwith M, Taylor R. Effects of an engineered human anti-TNF-alpha antibody (CDP571) on insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1996; 45: 881-5.
49. Koistinen HA, Koivisto VA, Ebeling P, et al. The subcutaneous adipose tissue expression of the TNF-alpha is not related to obesity or insulin resistance in humans. Int J Obes 1998; 22(suppl3): O227, p S561.
50. Roby KF, Terranova PF. Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vitro on steroidogenesis of healthy and atretic follicles of the rat: theca as a target. Endocrinology 1990; 126: 2711-8.
51. Kaipia A, Chun SY, Eisenhauer K, Hsueh AJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its second messenger, ceramide, stimulate apoptosis in cultured ovarian follicles. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 4864-70.
52. Escobar-Morreale HF, Calvo RM, Sancho J, San Millán JL. TNF-alpha and hyperandrogenism: a clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(8): 3761-7.
53. Corica F, Allegra A, Corsonello A, et al. Relationship between plasma leptin levels and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha system in obese subjects. Int J Obes 1999; 23: 355-60.
54. Mantzoros CS, Moschos S, Avramopoulos I, et al. Leptin concentrations in relation to body mass index and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha system in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 3408-13.
55. Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, et al. Human subcutaneous adipose tissue secretes interleuldn-6 but not TNF- in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 4196-200.
56. Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 847-50.
57. Papanicolau DA, Wilder RL, Manolagas SC, Chrousos GP. The Pathophysiologic roles of interleukin-6 in human disease. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 127-37.
58. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001; 286: 327-34.
59. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH. Plasma concentration of interleukin 6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 2000; 101: 1767-72.
60. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, et al. Effect of Weight Loss and Lifestyle Changes on Vascular Inflammatory Markers in Obese Women: A Randomized Trial. JAMA 2003; 289(14): 1799-804.
61. Bastard JP, Maachi M, Van Nhieu JT, et al. Adipose tissue IL-6 content correlates with resistance to insulin activation of glucose uptake both in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2084-9.
62. Stouthard JM, Romjin JÁ, Van Der Poll T, et al. Endocrinologic and metabolic effects of interleukin-6 in humans. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: E813-9.
63. Boden G, Shulman GI. Free fatty acids in obesity and type 2 diabetes: defining their role in the development of insulin resistence and β-cell dysfunction. Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32(suppl 3): 14-23.
64. Fasshauer M, Kralisch S, Klier M, et al. Adiponectin gene expression and secretion is inhibited by interleukin-6 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res commun. 2003; 301: 1045-50.
65. Rader DJ. Inflammatory markers of coronary risk. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1179-82.
66. Yudkin JS, Kumari M, Humphries SE, Mohamed-Ali V. Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis 2000; 148: 209-14.
67. Munford RS. Statins and the acute-phase response. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 2016-8.
68. Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, Weber JS. Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in human. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 1690-4.
69. Tsigos C, Papanicolaou DA, Defensor R, Mitsiadis CS, kyrou I, Chrousos GP. Dose-effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on pituitary hormone secretion and energy expenditure. Neuroendocrinology 1997; 66: 54-62.
70. Päth G, Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Scherbaum WA. Interleukin-6 and the interleuldn-6 receptor in the human adrenal gland: expression and effects on steroidogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 2343-9.
71. Kihara S, Arita Y, Ouchi N, et al. A novel adipocyte-derived factor, adiponectin, inhibits groth of vascular smooth cell. Int J Obes 1998; 22(suppl 3): O16-pS5.
72. Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K. cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose-specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (adipose most abundant gene transcript 1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 221: 286-9.
73. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectina, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257: 79-83.
74. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Hotta K, Matsuzawa Y, Pratley RE, Tataranni PA. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(5): 1930-5.
75. Matsubara M, Maruoka S, Katayose S. Decrease plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with dyslipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2764-9.
76. Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y, et al. Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-especific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 1595-9.
77. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, et al. Reciprocal association of C-reactive protein with adiponectin in blood stream and adipose tissue. Circulation 2003; 107: 671-4.
78. Yang WS, Lee WJ, Funahashi T, et al. Weight reduction increases plasma levels of an adipose-derived anti-inflammatory protein, adiponectin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 3815-9.
79. Baratta R, Amato S, Degano C, et al. Adiponectin Relationship with lipid metabolism is independent of body fat mass: evidence from both cross-sectional and intervention studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(6): 2665-71.
80. Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M, et al. Adiponectin and protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 2003; 361: 226-228.
81. Lindsay RS, Funahashi T, Hanson RL, et al. Adiponectin and development of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Lancet 2002; 360: 57-8.
82. Daimon M, Oizumi T, Kameda W, et al. Decreased serum levels of adiponectin are a risk factor for the progression to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. The Funagata study. Diabet Care 2003; 26: 2015-20.
83. Lam KS-L, Xu A, Tan KC-B, Wong L-C, Tin S-C, Tam S. Serum adiponectin is reduced in acromegaly and normalized after correction of growth hormone excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(11): 5448-53.
84. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, et al. Globular Adiponectin Protected ob/ob mice from diabetes and ApoE-defecient mice from atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278(4): 2461-8.
85. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Y, et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein Kinase. Nat Med 2002; 8: 1288-95.
86. Yu JG, Javorschi S, Henever AL, et al. The effect of thiazolidinediones on plasma adiponectin levels in normal, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes 2002; 51: 2968-74.
87. Maeda N, Takahashi M, Funahashi T, et al. PPAR(gamma) ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2094-9.
88. Fruebis J, Tsao TS, Javorschi S, et al. Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 2005-10.
89. Wu X, Motoshima H, Mahadev K, Stalker TJ, Scalia R, Goldstein BJ. Involvement of AMP-activated protein Kinase in glucose uptake stimulated by the globular domain of adiponectin in primary rat adipocytes. Diabetes 2003; 52: 1355-63.
90. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Ito Y, et al. Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects. Nature 2003; 423: 762-9.
91. Kharroubi I, Rasschaert J, Eizirik DL, Coop M. Expression of adiponectin receptors in pancreatic beta cells. Biochem Biophys Res Common 2003; 312: 1118-22.
92. Wang H, Zhang H, Jia Y, et al. Adiponectin receptor 1 gene (ADIPOR1) as a candidate for type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2132-6.
93. Shulze MB, Rimm EB, Shai IRD, Rifai N, Hu FB. Relationship between adiponectin and glycemic control, blood lipids, and inflammatory markers in men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2004; 27(7): 1680-87.
94. Matsubara M, Namioka K, Katayose S. Deceased plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with low-grade C-reactive protein elevation. Eur J Endocrinol 2003; 148: 657-62.
95. Shand BI, Scott RS, Elder PA, George PM. Plasma adiponectin in overweight, nondiabetic individuals with or without insulin resistence. Diabetes Obes Metab 2003; 5: 349-53.
96. Krakoff J, Funahashi T, Stehouwer CD, et al. Inflammatory markers, adiponectin, and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1745-51.
97. Engeli S, Feldpausch M, Gorzelniak K, et al. Association between adiponectin and mediators of inflammation in obese women. Diabetes 2003; 52: 942-7.
98. Fernandez-Real JM, Lopez-Bermejo A, Casamitjana R, Ricart W. Novel interactions of adiponectin with the endocrine system and inflammatory parameters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2714-8.
99. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, et al. Adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, suppresses lipid accumulation and class A scavenger receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Circulation 2001; 113: 1057-63.
100. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, et al. Novel modulator of endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 1999; 100: 2473-76.
101. Yokota T, Oritani K, Takahashi I, et al. Adiponectin, a new member of the family of soluble defense collagens, negatively regulates the growth of myelomonocytic; progenitors and the function of macrophages. Blood 2000; 96: 1723-32.
102. Matsuda M, Shimomura I, Sata M, et al. Role of adiponectin in preventing vascular estenosis. The missing link of adipa-vascular axis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 37487-91.
103. Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, Baldini G, Lodish HF. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 26746-9.
104. Aldhahi W, Harody O. Adipokines, Inflammation, and the Endothelium in Diabetes. Curr Dia Rep 2003; 3: 293-8.
105. Tan KCB, Xu A, Chow WS, et al. Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(2): 765-9.
106. Van Meijer M, Pannehoek H. Structure of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and its function in fibrinolysis: an update. Fibrynolisis 1995; 9: 263-76.
107. Kruithof EKO. Plasminogen activatot inhibitor type 1: biochemical, biological and clinical aspects. Fibrynolisis 1988; 2: 59-70.
108. Samad F, Loskutoff DJ. Tissue distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in obese mice. Mol Med 1996; 2: 568-82.
109. Juban-Vague I, Alessi MC, Vague P. Increase plasma plasminogen inhibitor 1 levels. A possible link between insulin resistance and atherothrombosis. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 457-62.
110. Lindahl B, Asplund K, Eliasson M, Evrin P-E. Insulin resistance syndrome and fibrinolytic activity: The northern Sweden MONICA study. Int J Epid 1996; 25: 291-9.
111. Hamsten A, Walldius G, Szamosi A, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: Risck factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet 1987; 2: 3-9.
112. Loskutoff DJ, Samad F. The adipocyte and hemostatic balance in obesity. Studies of PAI-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 1-6.
113. Alessi MC, Peiretti F, Morange P, Henry M, Nalbone G, Juhan-Vague I. Production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by human adipose tissue. Possible link between visceral fat accumulation and vascular disease. Diabetes 1997; 46: 860-7.
114. Landin K, Stigendal L, Eriksson E, et al. Abdominal obesity is associated with an impared fibrinolytic activity and elevated plasminogen activator inhibitot-1. Metabolism 1990; 39(10): 1044-8.
115. Ehrmann DA, Schneider DJ, Sobel BE, et al. Troglitazone improves defects in insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and fibrinolysisi in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 2108-16.
116. Fonseca VA, Reynolds T, Hemphill D, et al. Effect of troglitazone on fibrinolysis and activated coagulation in patients with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes complications 1998; 12: 181-6.
117. Vague P, Juhan-Vague I, Alessi MC, Badier C, Valadier J. Metformin deceases the high plasminogen activator inhibition capacity, plasma insulin and triglyceride levels in non-diabetic obese subjects. Thromb Haemost 1987; 57: 326-8.
118. Nagi DK, Yudkin JS. Effects of Metformin on insulin resistance, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and plasminogen activator inhibitor in NIDDM subjects. A study of two ethnic groups. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 621-9.
119. Velazquez EM, Mendoza SG, Wang P, Glueck CJ. Metformin in therapy is associated with a decrease in plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, lipoprotein(a), and immunereactive insulin levels in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 1997; 46: 454-7.
120. Lindahl B, Nilsson TK, Jansson J-H, Asplund K, Hallmans G.Improved fibrinolysis by intense lifestyle intervention. A randomized trial in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Journal of Internal Medicine 1999; 246: 105-12.
121. Stratton JR, Chandler WL, Schwartz RS, et al. Effects of physical conditioning on fibrinolytic variables and fibrinogen in young and old healthy adults. Circulation 1991; 83: 1692-97.
122. Boman K, Hellsten G, Bruce A, Hallmans G, Nilsson TK. Endurance physical activity, diet and fibrinolysis. Atherosclerosis 1994; 106: 65-74.
123. Jansson J-H, Olofsson BO, Nilsson TK. Predictive value of plasminogen activator mass concentration on long-term mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. A 7-year follow-up. Circulation 1993; 88: 2030-4.
124. Ridker PM, Vaughan DE, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Hennekens CH. Endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator and risk of myocardial infarction. Lancet 1993; 341: 1165-8.
125. Meigs JB, Mittleman MA, Nathan DM, et al. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and impaired hemostasis. JAMA2000; 283: 221-8.
126. Samad F, Yamamoto K, Loskutoff DJ. Distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in murine adipose tissue in vivo: induction by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 37-46.
127. Sawdey S, Loskutoff DJ. Regulationof murine type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) gene expression in vivo. Tissue specificity and induction by lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-β. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1346-53.
128. Anfosso F, Chomiki N, Alessi MC, Vague P, Juhan-Vague I. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 synthesis in the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2. Metformin inhibits the stimulating effect of insulin. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2185-93.
129. Padayatty SJ, Orme S, Zenobi PD, Stickland MH, Belchetz PE, Grant PJ. The effects of insulin-like growth factot-1 on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 synthesis and secretion: Results from in vitro and studies. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70: 1009-13.
130. Schneider Dj, Absher PM, Ricci MA. Dependenceof augmentation of arterial endothelial cell expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 by insulin on soluble factors released from vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 1997; 96: 2868-76.
131. Mussoni L, Maderna P, Camara M, et al. Atherogenic lipoproteins and PAI-1 releases by endothelial cells. Fibrinolysis 1990; 4(suppl. 2): 79-81.
132. Sitko-Rahm A, Wiman B, Hamsten A, Nilsson J. Secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by very low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 1067-73.
133. Nilsson L, Banfi C, Diczfalusy U, Tremoli E, Hamsten A, Eriksson P. Unsaturated fatty acids increase plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in endothelial cells. Arterioscler tromb Vase Biol 1998; 18: 1679-85.
134. Feener EP, Northrup JM, Aiello LP, King GL. Angiotensin II induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2 expression in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1353-62.
135. Vaughan DE, Lazos SA, Tong K. Angiotesin II regulates the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cultured endothelial cells: a potential link between the renin-angiotensin system and thrombosis. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 995-1001.
136. Lundgren CH, Brown SL, Nordt TD, Sobel BE, Fijii S. Elaboration of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor from adipocytes. A potential link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 1996; 93: 106-10.
137. Ridker PM, Gaboury CL, Conlin PR, Seely EW, Williams GH, Vaughan DE. Stimulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor in vivo by infusion of angiotensin II. Evidence of a potential interaction between the renin-angiotensin system and fibrinolytic function. Circulation 1993; 87: 1969-73.
138. Karlsson C, Lindell K, Ottoson M, Sjöström L, Carlsson LMS. Human adipose tissue expresses angiotensinogen and enzymes required for its conversion to angiotensina II. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 3925-9.
139. Cassis LA, Saye J, Peach MJ. Location and regulation of rat angiotensinogen messenger RNA. Hypertension 1988; 11: 591-6.
140. Jones BH, Standridge MK, Taylor JW, Moustaïd N. Angiotensinogen gene expression in adipose tissue: analysis of obese models and hormonal and nutritional control. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: R236-42.
141. Schling P, Mallow H, Trindl A, L-dsoffler G. Evidence for a local renin angiotensinogen system in primary cultured human preadipocytes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 336-41.
142. Safonova I, Aubert J, Negrel R, Ailhaud G. Regulation by fatty acids of angiotensinogen gene expression inpreadipose cells. Biochem 1997; 322: 235-9.
143. Aubert J, Darimont C, Safonova I, Ailhaud G, Negrel R. Regulation by glucocorticoids of angiotensinogen gene expression and secretion in adipose cells. Biochem J1997; 328: 701-6.
144. Serazin-Leroy V, Morot M, De Mazancourt P, Giudicelli Y. In vivo angiotensinogen gene expression in rat adipocytes: regional specificities and regulation by androgens. Int J Obes 1998; 22(suppl 3): P26, p S102.
145. Strazullo P, Iacone R, Iacoviello L, et al. Genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin system and abdominal adiposity in men: the Olivetti Prospective Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 17-23.
146. Engeli S, Negrel R, Sharma AM. Physiology and pathophysiology of the adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system. Hypertention 2000; 35: 1270-77.
147. Zorad S, Fickova M, Zelena B, Macho L, Kral JG. The role of angiotensin II and its receptors in regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and cellularity. Gen Physiol Biophys 1995; 14: 383-91.
148. Crandall DL, Armellino DC, Busler DE, McHendry-Rinde B, Kral JG. Angiotensin II receptors in human preadipocytes: role in cell cycle regulation. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 154-8.
149. Ailhaud G. L'adipocyte, cellule sécrétice et endocrine. Médecine/Sciences 1998; 14: 858-64.
150. Oliverio MI, Madsen K, Best CF, et al. Renal growth and development in mice lacking AT1A receptors for angiotensin II. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: F43-50.
151. Jones BH, Standridge WK, Moustaid N. Angiotensin II increases lipogenesis in3T3-L1 and human adipose cells. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 1512-19.
152. Zhang Y, Proena̧ R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425-32.
153. Halaas JL, Gajiwala KS, Maffei M, et al. Weight-reducing effects of plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 1995; 269: 543-6.
154. Caro JF, Simha MK, Kolaczynski JW, Zhang PL, Considine RV. Leptin: the tale of an obesity gene. Diabetes 1996; 45: 1455-62.
155. Friedman JM. Obesity in the new millennium. Nature 2000; 404: 632-4.
156. Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, et al. Leptin levels in human and rodents: measurement of plasma leptin and obRNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med 1995; 1: 1155-61.
157. Housekuecht KL, Mantzoros CS, Kuliawat R, Hadro E, Flier JS, Kahn BB. Evidence for leptin binding to proteins in serum of rodents and human: modulation with obesity. Diabetes 1996; 45: 1638-43.
158. Tritos NA, Mantzoros CS. Leptin: its role in obesity and beyond. Diabetologia 1997; 40: 1371-9.
159. Montague CT, Prins JB, Sanders L, Digby JE, O'Rahilly S. Depotand sex-specific differences in human leptin mRNA expression: implications for the control of regional fat distribution. Diabetes 1997; 46: 342-7.
160. Hamilton BS, Paglia D, Kwan AYM, Deitel M. Increased obese mRNA expression in omental fat cells from massively obese humans. Nat Med 1995; 1: 953-6.
161. Van Harmelen V, Reynisdottir S, Eriksson P, et al. Leptin secretion from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in women. Diabetes 1998; 47: 913-7.
162. Kolaczynski JW, Ohannesian J, Considine RV. Response to leptin to short-term and prolonged overfeeding in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 4162-65.
163. Boden G, Chen X, Monzzoli m. Effect of fasting on serum leptin in normal human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3419-23.
164. Kirchgessner TG, Uysal T, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, Hotamisligil G. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to obesity-related hiperleptinemia byregulating leptin release from adipocytes. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 2777-82.
165. Mantzoros CS, Moschos S, Avramopoulos I, et al. Leptin concentrations in relation to body mass index and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha system in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 3408-13.
166. Zhang Y, Proena̧ R, Maffei m, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 72: 425-32.
167. Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, et al. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 1995; 269: 540-3.
168. Considine RV, Sinhá MK, Heiman ML, et al. Serum immunereactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Eng J Med 1996; 334: 292-5.
169. Monzillo LU, Hamdy O, Horton ES, et al. Effect of lifestyle modification on adipokine levels in obese subjects with insulin resistance. Obesity Res 2003; 11 (9): 1048-54.
170. Xenachis C, Samojlik E, Raghuwanshi MP, Kirschner MA. Leptin, insulin and TNF-alpha in weight loss. J Endocrinol Invest 2001; 24: 865-70.
171. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese human. N Engl J Med 1996; 334(5): 292-5.
172. Heymsfield SB, Greenberg AS, Fujioka K, et al. Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial. JAMA 1999; 282: 1568-75.
173. Hukshorn CJ, van Dielen FM, Buurman WA, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Campfield LA, Saris WH. The effect of pegylated recombinant human leptin (PEG-OB) on weight loss and inflammatory status in obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26(4): 504-9.
174. Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in human Nature 1997; 387: 903-8.
175. Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM, et al. Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabotic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 1093-103.
176. Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, et al. A mutation in human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 1998; 392: 398-401.
177. Gavrilova O, Marcus-Samuels B, Graham D, et al. Surgical implantation of adipose tissue reverses diabetes in lipoatrophic mice. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 271-8.
178. Shimomura I, Hammer RE, Ikemoto S, et al. Leptin reverses insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in mice with congenital lipodystrophy. Nature 1999; 401: 73-6.
179. Oral EA, Simha V, Ruiz E, et al. Leptin-replacement therapy for lipodystrophy. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(8): 570-8.
180. Petersen KF, Oral EA, Dufour S, et al. Leptin reverses leptin resistance and hepatic esteatosis in patients with severe lipodystrophy. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 1345-50.
181. Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, et al. The hormone resistin links obesity
182. Steppan CM, Lazar MA. Resistin and obesity-associated insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002; 13: 18-23.
183. Savage DB, Sewter CP, Klenk ES, et al. Resistin/fizz3 expression in relation to obesity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma action in humans. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2199-202.
184. Steppan CM, Brown EJ, Wright CM, et al. A family of tissue-specific resistin-like molecules. PNAS 2001; 98: 502-6.
185. Way JM, Gorgun CZ, Tong Q, et al. Adipose tissue resistin expression is severely suppressed in obesity and stimulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 25651-3.
186. Rajala MW, Lin Y, Ranalletta M, et al. Cell type-specific expression and coregulation of murine resistin and resistin-like molecule-alpha in adipose tissue. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16(8): 1920-30.
187. Fujita H, Fujishima H, Morii T, et al. Effect of Metformin on adipose tissue resistin expression in db/db mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 298(3): 345-9.
188. Moore GB, Chapman H, Holder JC, et al. Differential regulation of adipocytokine mRNAs by rosiglitazone in ob/ob mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286: 735-41.
189. McTernan PG, Mc ternan CL, Chetty R, et al. Increased resistin gene and protein expression in human abdominal adipose tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2407-10.
190. MeTernan CL, McTernan PG, Harte AL, Levick PL, Barnett AH, Kumar S. Resistin, central obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2002; 359: 46-7.
191. Engert JC, Vohl M-C, Williams SM, et al. 5′ flanking variants of resistin are associated with obesity. Diabetes 2002; 51(5): 1629-34.
192. Janke J, Engeli S, Gorzelniak K, Luft FL, Sharma AM. Resistin gene expression in human adipocytes is not related to insulin resistance. Obes Res 2002; 10(1): 1-5.
193. Nagaev I, Smith U. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are not related to resistin expression in human fat cells or skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285: 561-4.
194. Haugen F, Jorgensen A, Drevon CA, Trayhurn P. Inhibition by insulin of resistin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. FEBS Letters 2001; 507: 105-8.
195. Fasshauer M, Klein J, Neumann S, Eszlinger M, Paschke R. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is a negative regulator of resistin gene expression and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Common 2001; 288: 1027-31.
196. Verma S, Li S-H, Wang C-H, et al. Resistin promotes endothelial cell activation: further evidence of adipokine-endothelial interaction. Circulation 2003; 108: 736-40.