메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 705-717

Neuroprotective therapies for Alzheimer's disease

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Antioxidants; Neuroprotection; NMDA receptor antagonists; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID PROTEIN; ANTHOCYANOSIDE DERIVATIVE; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA SECRETASE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; EPICATECHIN; EPICATECHIN GALLATE; EPIGALLOCATECHIN; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; FLAVONOL; GAMMA SECRETASE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; GLUTAMIC ACID; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; MYELOPEROXIDASE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; RESVERATROL; SUPEROXIDE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TAU PROTEIN; THIOCTIC ACID; UNINDEXED DRUG; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT;

EID: 33645276052     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161206775474251     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (38)

References (122)
  • 1
    • 0026911115 scopus 로고
    • Demography of ageing
    • Hernandez R. Demography of ageing. Bold 1992; 2: 8-12.
    • (1992) Bold , vol.2 , pp. 8-12
    • Hernandez, R.1
  • 2
    • 0036019983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment
    • Yesavage JA, O'Hara R, Kraemer H, Noda A, Taylor JL, Ferris S, et al. Modeling the prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. J Psychiatr Res 2002; 36: 281-6.
    • (2002) J Psychiatr Res , vol.36 , pp. 281-286
    • Yesavage, J.A.1    O'Hara, R.2    Kraemer, H.3    Noda, A.4    Taylor, J.L.5    Ferris, S.6
  • 3
    • 0036250657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The public health impact of Alzheimer's disease, 2000-2050: Potential implication of treatment advances
    • Sloane PD, Zimmerman S, Suchindran C, Reed P, Wang L, Boustani M, et al. The public health impact of Alzheimer's disease, 2000-2050: potential implication of treatment advances. Annu Rev Public Health 2002; 23: 213-31.
    • (2002) Annu Rev Public Health , vol.23 , pp. 213-231
    • Sloane, P.D.1    Zimmerman, S.2    Suchindran, C.3    Reed, P.4    Wang, L.5    Boustani, M.6
  • 4
    • 0037418570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer disease: Current concepts and emerging diagnostic and therapeutic strategies
    • Clark CM, Karlawish JH. Alzheimer disease: current concepts and emerging diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 400-10.
    • (2003) Ann Intern Med , vol.138 , pp. 400-410
    • Clark, C.M.1    Karlawish, J.H.2
  • 5
    • 0029013727 scopus 로고
    • Staging of Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes
    • discussion 278-84
    • Braak H, Braak E. Staging of Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Neurobiol Aging 1995; 16: 271-8; discussion 278-84.
    • (1995) Neurobiol Aging , vol.16 , pp. 271-278
    • Braak, H.1    Braak, E.2
  • 6
    • 0023105114 scopus 로고
    • The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor
    • Kang J, Lemaire HG, Unterbeck A, Salbaum JM, Masters CL, Grzeschik KH, et al. The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature 1987; 325: 733-6.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.325 , pp. 733-736
    • Kang, J.1    Lemaire, H.G.2    Unterbeck, A.3    Salbaum, J.M.4    Masters, C.L.5    Grzeschik, K.H.6
  • 7
    • 0036370776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in the cellular and molecular biology of the beta-amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease
    • Sambamurti K, Greig NH, Lahiri DK. Advances in the cellular and molecular biology of the beta-amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med 2002; 1: 1-31.
    • (2002) Neuromolecular Med , vol.1 , pp. 1-31
    • Sambamurti, K.1    Greig, N.H.2    Lahiri, D.K.3
  • 8
    • 0037382957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H2O2 and 4-hydroxynonenal mediate amyloid beta-induced neuronal apoptosis by activating JNKs and p38MAPK
    • Tamagno E, Robino G, Obbili A, Bardini P, Aragno M, Parola M, et al. H2O2 and 4-hydroxynonenal mediate amyloid beta-induced neuronal apoptosis by activating JNKs and p38MAPK. Exp Neurol 2003; 180: 144-55.
    • (2003) Exp Neurol , vol.180 , pp. 144-155
    • Tamagno, E.1    Robino, G.2    Obbili, A.3    Bardini, P.4    Aragno, M.5    Parola, M.6
  • 9
    • 0036592636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyloid beta-peptide and amyloid pathology are central to the oxidative stress and inflammatory cascades under which Alzheimer's disease brain exists
    • Butterfield DA, Grifin S, Münch G, Pasinetti GM. Amyloid beta-peptide and amyloid pathology are central to the oxidative stress and inflammatory cascades under which Alzheimer's disease brain exists. J Alzheimers Dis 2002; 4: 193-201.
    • (2002) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.4 , pp. 193-201
    • Butterfield, D.A.1    Grifin, S.2    Münch, G.3    Pasinetti, G.M.4
  • 11
    • 0037355733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adventiously-bound redox active iron and copper are at the center of oxidative damage in Alzheimer disease
    • Perry G, Taddeo MA, Petersen RB, Castellani RJ, Harris PL, Siedlak SL, et al. Adventiously-bound redox active iron and copper are at the center of oxidative damage in Alzheimer disease. Biometals 2003; 16: 77-81.
    • (2003) Biometals , vol.16 , pp. 77-81
    • Perry, G.1    Taddeo, M.A.2    Petersen, R.B.3    Castellani, R.J.4    Harris, P.L.5    Siedlak, S.L.6
  • 12
    • 0344631657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amino acid specificity of glycation and protein-AGE crosslinking reactivities determined with a dipeptide SPOT library
    • Münch G, Schicktanz D, Behme A, Gerlach M, Riederer P, Palm D, et al. Amino acid specificity of glycation and protein-AGE crosslinking reactivities determined with a dipeptide SPOT library. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17: 1006-10.
    • (1999) Nat Biotechnol , vol.17 , pp. 1006-1010
    • Münch, G.1    Schicktanz, D.2    Behme, A.3    Gerlach, M.4    Riederer, P.5    Palm, D.6
  • 13
    • 0035978878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of ageing in connective tissues
    • Bailey AJ. Molecular mechanisms of ageing in connective tissues. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122: 735-55.
    • (2001) Mech Ageing Dev , vol.122 , pp. 735-755
    • Bailey, A.J.1
  • 17
    • 0141755110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signal transduction pathways in mouse microglia N-11 cells activated by advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs)
    • Dukic-Stefanovic S, Gasic-Milenkovic J, Deuther-Conrad W, Münch G. Signal transduction pathways in mouse microglia N-11 cells activated by advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). J Neurochem 2003; 87: 2609-2615.
    • (2003) J Neurochem , vol.87 , pp. 2609-2615
    • Dukic-Stefanovic, S.1    Gasic-Milenkovic, J.2    Deuther-Conrad, W.3    Münch, G.4
  • 18
    • 0033951505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease and inflammation: A review of cellular and therapeutic mechanisms
    • Halliday G, Robinson SR, Shepherd C, Kril J. Alzheimer's disease and inflammation: a review of cellular and therapeutic mechanisms. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2000; 27: 1-8.
    • (2000) Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol , vol.27 , pp. 1-8
    • Halliday, G.1    Robinson, S.R.2    Shepherd, C.3    Kril, J.4
  • 19
    • 0028926976 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-1 expression in different plaque types in Alzheimer's disease: Significance in plaque evolution
    • Griffin WS, Sheng JG, Roberts GW, Mrak RE. Interleukin-1 expression in different plaque types in Alzheimer's disease: significance in plaque evolution. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1995; 54: 276-81.
    • (1995) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.54 , pp. 276-281
    • Griffin, W.S.1    Sheng, J.G.2    Roberts, G.W.3    Mrak, R.E.4
  • 20
    • 0032983334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-amyloid activates the O-2 forming NADPH oxidase in microglia, monocytes, and neutrophils, A possible inflammatory mechanism of neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease
    • Bianca VD, Dusi S, Bianchini E, Dal Pra I, Rossi F. beta-amyloid activates the O-2 forming NADPH oxidase in microglia, monocytes, and neutrophils, A possible inflammatory mechanism of neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 15493-9.
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 15493-15499
    • Bianca, V.D.1    Dusi, S.2    Bianchini, E.3    Dal Pra, I.4    Rossi, F.5
  • 21
    • 15944372262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation and assembly of the NADPH oxidase: A structural perspective
    • Groemping Y, Rittinger K. Activation and assembly of the NADPH oxidase: a structural perspective. Biochem J 2005; 386: 401-16.
    • (2005) Biochem J , vol.386 , pp. 401-416
    • Groemping, Y.1    Rittinger, K.2
  • 22
    • 0032213375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inside the neutrophil phagosome: Oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killing
    • Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC. Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killing. Blood 1998; 92: 3007-17.
    • (1998) Blood , vol.92 , pp. 3007-3017
    • Hampton, M.B.1    Kettle, A.J.2    Winterbourn, C.C.3
  • 23
    • 0018386333 scopus 로고
    • Myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloride antimicrobial system: Nitrogen-chlorine derivatives of bacterial components in bactericidal action against Escherichia coli
    • Thomas EL. Myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloride antimicrobial system: nitrogen-chlorine derivatives of bacterial components in bactericidal action against Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1979; 23: 522-31.
    • (1979) Infect Immun , vol.23 , pp. 522-531
    • Thomas, E.L.1
  • 25
    • 0032902974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative alterations in Alzheimer's disease
    • Markesbery WR, Carney JM. Oxidative alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 1999; 9: 133-46.
    • (1999) Brain Pathol , vol.9 , pp. 133-146
    • Markesbery, W.R.1    Carney, J.M.2
  • 26
    • 0024308039 scopus 로고
    • Superoxide dismutases. An adaptation to a paramagnetic gas
    • Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutases. An adaptation to a paramagnetic gas. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 7761-4.
    • (1989) J Biol Chem , vol.264 , pp. 7761-7764
    • Fridovich, I.1
  • 27
    • 0027686249 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders
    • Coyle JT, Puttfarcken P. Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders. Science 1993; 262: 689-95.
    • (1993) Science , vol.262 , pp. 689-695
    • Coyle, J.T.1    Puttfarcken, P.2
  • 28
    • 0141705360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species in excitotoxicity and apoptosis: Implications for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases
    • Rego AC, Oliveira CR. Mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species in excitotoxicity and apoptosis: implications for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Res 2003; 28: 1563-74.
    • (2003) Neurochem Res , vol.28 , pp. 1563-1574
    • Rego, A.C.1    Oliveira, C.R.2
  • 29
    • 0023797159 scopus 로고
    • NMDA receptors activate the arachidonic acid cascade system in striatal neurons
    • Dumuis A, Sebben M, Haynes L, Pin JP, Bockaert J. NMDA receptors activate the arachidonic acid cascade system in striatal neurons. Nature 1988; 336: 68-70.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.336 , pp. 68-70
    • Dumuis, A.1    Sebben, M.2    Haynes, L.3    Pin, J.P.4    Bockaert, J.5
  • 32
    • 0033796250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging
    • Cadenas E, Davies KJ. Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29: 222-30.
    • (2000) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.29 , pp. 222-230
    • Cadenas, E.1    Davies, K.J.2
  • 33
    • 0027177490 scopus 로고
    • An introduction to free radical biochemistry
    • Cheeseman KH, Slater TF. An introduction to free radical biochemistry. Br Med Bull 1993; 49: 481-93.
    • (1993) Br Med Bull , vol.49 , pp. 481-493
    • Cheeseman, K.H.1    Slater, T.F.2
  • 34
    • 17144445166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myeloperoxidase-derived hypochlorous acid antagonizes the oxidative stress-mediated activation of iron regulatory protein 1
    • Mutze S, Hebling U, Stremmel W, Wang J, Arnhold J, Pantopoulos K, et al. Myeloperoxidase-derived hypochlorous acid antagonizes the oxidative stress-mediated activation of iron regulatory protein 1. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 40542-9.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 40542-40549
    • Mutze, S.1    Hebling, U.2    Stremmel, W.3    Wang, J.4    Arnhold, J.5    Pantopoulos, K.6
  • 35
    • 10044234054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catalase and superoxide dismutase: Distribution, properties, and physiological role in cells of strict anaerobes
    • Brioukhanov AL, Netrusov AI. Catalase and superoxide dismutase: distribution, properties, and physiological role in cells of strict anaerobes. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2004; 69: 949-62.
    • (2004) Biochemistry (Mosc) , vol.69 , pp. 949-962
    • Brioukhanov, A.L.1    Netrusov, A.I.2
  • 36
    • 0042827232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free radical scavenging abilities of flavonoids as mechanism of protection against mutagenicity induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide or cumene hydroperoxide in Salmonella typhimurium TA102
    • Edenharder R, Grunhage D. Free radical scavenging abilities of flavonoids as mechanism of protection against mutagenicity induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide or cumene hydroperoxide in Salmonella typhimurium TA102. Mutat Res 2003; 540: 1-18.
    • (2003) Mutat Res , vol.540 , pp. 1-18
    • Edenharder, R.1    Grunhage, D.2
  • 37
    • 0031992238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markers of protein oxidation by hydroxyl radical and reactive nitrogen species in tissues of aging rats
    • Leeuwenburgh C, Hansen P, Shaish A, Holloszy JO, Heinecke JW. Markers of protein oxidation by hydroxyl radical and reactive nitrogen species in tissues of aging rats. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: R453-61.
    • (1998) Am J Physiol , vol.274
    • Leeuwenburgh, C.1    Hansen, P.2    Shaish, A.3    Holloszy, J.O.4    Heinecke, J.W.5
  • 38
    • 0032950964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demyelination: The role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
    • Smith KJ, Kapoor R, Felts PA. Demyelination: the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Brain Pathol 1999; 9: 69-92.
    • (1999) Brain Pathol , vol.9 , pp. 69-92
    • Smith, K.J.1    Kapoor, R.2    Felts, P.A.3
  • 39
    • 0030915855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease
    • Markesbery WR. Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 23: 134-47.
    • (1997) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.23 , pp. 134-147
    • Markesbery, W.R.1
  • 40
    • 15244339209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ferritins: Dynamic management of biological iron and oxygen chemistry
    • Liu X, Theil EC. Ferritins: dynamic management of biological iron and oxygen chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2005; 38: 167-75.
    • (2005) Acc Chem Res , vol.38 , pp. 167-175
    • Liu, X.1    Theil, E.C.2
  • 41
    • 3042809668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is pigment epithelium-derived factor level in cerebrospinal fluid a promising biomarker for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?
    • Yamagishi S, Inagaki Y, Takeuchi M, Sasaki N. Is pigment epithelium-derived factor level in cerebrospinal fluid a promising biomarker for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease? Med Hypotheses 2004; 63: 115-7.
    • (2004) Med Hypotheses , vol.63 , pp. 115-117
    • Yamagishi, S.1    Inagaki, Y.2    Takeuchi, M.3    Sasaki, N.4
  • 42
    • 0033951492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the guinea pig organ of Corti
    • Takumida M, Anniko M, Popa R, Zhang DM. Lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the guinea pig organ of Corti. Hear Res 2000; 140: 91-8.
    • (2000) Hear Res , vol.140 , pp. 91-98
    • Takumida, M.1    Anniko, M.2    Popa, R.3    Zhang, D.M.4
  • 43
    • 0032947296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide and mitochondrial respiration
    • Brown GC. Nitric oxide and mitochondrial respiration. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1411: 351-69.
    • (1999) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1411 , pp. 351-369
    • Brown, G.C.1
  • 44
    • 0347622946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxynitrous acid - Where is the hydroxyl radical?
    • Kissner R, Nauser T, Kurz C, Koppenol WH. Peroxynitrous acid - where is the hydroxyl radical? IUBMB Life 2003; 55: 567-72.
    • (2003) IUBMB Life , vol.55 , pp. 567-572
    • Kissner, R.1    Nauser, T.2    Kurz, C.3    Koppenol, W.H.4
  • 45
    • 0026609559 scopus 로고
    • Alternative excitotoxic hypotheses
    • Albin RL, Greenamyre JT. Alternative excitotoxic hypotheses. Neurology 1992; 42: 733-8.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , pp. 733-738
    • Albin, R.L.1    Greenamyre, J.T.2
  • 46
    • 0025237697 scopus 로고
    • Excitatory amino acids stimulate inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and reduce proliferation in cultured astrocytes
    • Nicoletti F, Magri G, Ingrao F, Bruno V, Catania MV, Dell'Albani P, et al. Excitatory amino acids stimulate inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and reduce proliferation in cultured astrocytes. J Neurochem 1990; 54: 771-7.
    • (1990) J Neurochem , vol.54 , pp. 771-777
    • Nicoletti, F.1    Magri, G.2    Ingrao, F.3    Bruno, V.4    Catania, M.V.5    Dell'Albani, P.6
  • 47
    • 0028535113 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy and physiology of glutamate in the CNS
    • Greenamyre JT, Porter RH. Anatomy and physiology of glutamate in the CNS. Neurology 1994; 44: S7-13.
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44
    • Greenamyre, J.T.1    Porter, R.H.2
  • 48
    • 0023895734 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate becomes neurotoxic via the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor when intracellular energy levels are reduced
    • Novelli A, Reilly JA, Lysko PG, Henneberry RC. Glutamate becomes neurotoxic via the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor when intracellular energy levels are reduced. Brain Res 1988; 451: 205-12.
    • (1988) Brain Res , vol.451 , pp. 205-212
    • Novelli, A.1    Reilly, J.A.2    Lysko, P.G.3    Henneberry, R.C.4
  • 49
    • 7444252664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen species and molecular biology of ischemia/reperfusion
    • Toledo-Pereyra LH, Lopez-Neblina F, Toledo AH, Reactive oxygen species and molecular biology of ischemia/reperfusion. Ann Transplant 2004; 9: 81-3.
    • (2004) Ann Transplant , vol.9 , pp. 81-83
    • Toledo-Pereyra, L.H.1    Lopez-Neblina, F.2    Toledo, A.H.3
  • 50
    • 0023878633 scopus 로고
    • Transport of ascorbic acid and other water-soluble vitamins
    • Rose RC. Transport of ascorbic acid and other water-soluble vitamins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 947: 335-66.
    • (1988) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.947 , pp. 335-366
    • Rose, R.C.1
  • 51
    • 0023651311 scopus 로고
    • In vitro oxidation of ascorbic acid and its prevention by GSH
    • Winkler BS. In vitro oxidation of ascorbic acid and its prevention by GSH. Biochim Biophys Acta 1987; 925: 258-64.
    • (1987) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.925 , pp. 258-264
    • Winkler, B.S.1
  • 52
    • 0024368194 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between free radicals and vitamins: An overview
    • Sies H. Relationship between free radicals and vitamins: an overview. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl 1989: 30: 215-23.
    • (1989) Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl , vol.30 , pp. 215-223
    • Sies, H.1
  • 53
    • 0030597992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of free radical production or free radical scavenging protects from the excitotoxic cell death mediated by glutamate in cultures of cerebellar granule neurons
    • Ciani E, Groneng L, Voltattorni M, Rolseth V, Contestabile A, Paulsen RE. Inhibition of free radical production or free radical scavenging protects from the excitotoxic cell death mediated by glutamate in cultures of cerebellar granule neurons. Brain Res 1996; 728: 1-6.
    • (1996) Brain Res , vol.728 , pp. 1-6
    • Ciani, E.1    Groneng, L.2    Voltattorni, M.3    Rolseth, V.4    Contestabile, A.5    Paulsen, R.E.6
  • 54
    • 0036827988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants inhibit the human cortical neuron apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, dopamine and beta-amyloid peptide 1-42
    • Medina S, Martinez M, Hernanz A. Antioxidants inhibit the human cortical neuron apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, dopamine and beta-amyloid peptide 1-42. Free Radic Res 2002; 36: 1179-84.
    • (2002) Free Radic Res , vol.36 , pp. 1179-1184
    • Medina, S.1    Martinez, M.2    Hernanz, A.3
  • 55
    • 0027988579 scopus 로고
    • Inhibitors of free radical formation fail to attenuate direct beta-amyloid25-35 peptide-mediated neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal cultures
    • Lockhart BP, Benicourt C, Junien JL, Privat A. Inhibitors of free radical formation fail to attenuate direct beta-amyloid25-35 peptide-mediated neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal cultures. J Neurosci Res 1994; 39: 494-505.
    • (1994) J Neurosci Res , vol.39 , pp. 494-505
    • Lockhart, B.P.1    Benicourt, C.2    Junien, J.L.3    Privat, A.4
  • 57
    • 0015436711 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin E free radical peroxidation of lipids
    • Tappel AL. Vitamin E, free radical peroxidation of lipids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1972; 203: 12-28.
    • (1972) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.203 , pp. 12-28
    • Tappel, A.L.1
  • 58
    • 0023071689 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol
    • Niki E. Interaction of ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 498: 186-99.
    • (1987) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.498 , pp. 186-199
    • Niki, E.1
  • 59
    • 0035888177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin E suppression of microglial activation is neuroprotective
    • Li Y, Liu L, Barger SW, Mrak RE, Griffin WS. Vitamin E suppression of microglial activation is neuroprotective. J Neurosci Res 2001; 66: 163-70.
    • (2001) J Neurosci Res , vol.66 , pp. 163-170
    • Li, Y.1    Liu, L.2    Barger, S.W.3    Mrak, R.E.4    Griffin, W.S.5
  • 60
    • 0033788416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin E Prevents Alzheimer's Amyloid beta-Peptide (1-42)-Induced Neuronal Protein Oxidation and Reactive Oxygen Species Production
    • Yatin SM, Varadarajan S, Butterfield DA. Vitamin E Prevents Alzheimer's Amyloid beta-Peptide (1-42)-Induced Neuronal Protein Oxidation and Reactive Oxygen Species Production. J Alzheimers Dis 2000; 2: 123-131.
    • (2000) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.2 , pp. 123-131
    • Yatin, S.M.1    Varadarajan, S.2    Butterfield, D.A.3
  • 61
    • 0037178579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study
    • Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Bennett DA, Aggarwal N, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study. JAMA 2002; 287: 3230-7.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.287 , pp. 3230-3237
    • Morris, M.C.1    Evans, D.A.2    Bienias, J.L.3    Tangney, C.C.4    Bennett, D.A.5    Aggarwal, N.6
  • 62
  • 64
    • 2342544918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipoic acid as a potential therapy for chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress
    • Smith AR, Shenvi SV, Widlansky M, Suh JH, Hagen TM. Lipoic acid as a potential therapy for chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem 2004; 11: 1135-46.
    • (2004) Curr Med Chem , vol.11 , pp. 1135-1146
    • Smith, A.R.1    Shenvi, S.V.2    Widlansky, M.3    Suh, J.H.4    Hagen, T.M.5
  • 65
  • 66
    • 0035955513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha-lipoic acid protects rat cortical neurons against cell death induced by amyloid and hydrogen peroxide through the Akt signalling pathway
    • Zhang L, Xing GQ, Barker JL, Chang Y, Maric D, Ma W, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid protects rat cortical neurons against cell death induced by amyloid and hydrogen peroxide through the Akt signalling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2001; 312: 125-8.
    • (2001) Neurosci Lett , vol.312 , pp. 125-128
    • Zhang, L.1    Xing, G.Q.2    Barker, J.L.3    Chang, Y.4    Maric, D.5    Ma, W.6
  • 67
    • 0142010609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection against amyloid beta peptide and iron/hydrogen peroxide toxicity by alpha lipoic acid
    • Lovell MA, Xie C, Xiong S, Markesbery WR. Protection against amyloid beta peptide and iron/hydrogen peroxide toxicity by alpha lipoic acid. J Alzheimers Dis 2003; 5: 229-39.
    • (2003) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.5 , pp. 229-239
    • Lovell, M.A.1    Xie, C.2    Xiong, S.3    Markesbery, W.R.4
  • 69
    • 0038121053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tea catechins and polyphenols: Health effects, metabolism, and antioxidant functions
    • Higdon JV, Frei B. Tea catechins and polyphenols: health effects, metabolism, and antioxidant functions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2003; 43: 89-143.
    • (2003) Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr , vol.43 , pp. 89-143
    • Higdon, J.V.1    Frei, B.2
  • 70
    • 0033035855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of the mechanisms of action of tea polyphenols as antioxidants in vitro for chemoprevention in humans
    • Rice-Evans C. Implications of the mechanisms of action of tea polyphenols as antioxidants in vitro for chemoprevention in humans. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999; 220: 262-6.
    • (1999) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med , vol.220 , pp. 262-266
    • Rice-Evans, C.1
  • 71
    • 0031740591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide radical scavenging of flavonoids
    • Haenen GR, Bast A. Nitric oxide radical scavenging of flavonoids. Methods Enzymol 1999; 301: 490-503.
    • (1999) Methods Enzymol , vol.301 , pp. 490-503
    • Haenen, G.R.1    Bast, A.2
  • 73
    • 0033195301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radical scavenging activity of tea catechins and their related compounds
    • Nanjo F, Mori M, Goto K, Hara Y. Radical scavenging activity of tea catechins and their related compounds. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999; 63: 1621-3.
    • (1999) Biosci Biotechnol Biochem , vol.63 , pp. 1621-1623
    • Nanjo, F.1    Mori, M.2    Goto, K.3    Hara, Y.4
  • 74
    • 0034652157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of radical species of proanthocyanidins and gallate esters
    • Bors W, Michel C, Stettmaier K. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of radical species of proanthocyanidins and gallate esters. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 374: 347-55.
    • (2000) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.374 , pp. 347-355
    • Bors, W.1    Michel, C.2    Stettmaier, K.3
  • 75
    • 0033405864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant capacity of flavanols and gallate esters: Pulse radiolysis studies
    • Bors W, Michel C. Antioxidant capacity of flavanols and gallate esters: pulse radiolysis studies. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 27: 1413-26.
    • (1999) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.27 , pp. 1413-1426
    • Bors, W.1    Michel, C.2
  • 76
    • 0036249608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of green tea against lipid peroxidation in the rat liver, blood serum and the brain
    • Skrzydlewska E, Ostrowska J, Farbiszewski R, Michalak K. Protective effect of green tea against lipid peroxidation in the rat liver, blood serum and the brain. Phytomedicine 2002; 9: 232-8.
    • (2002) Phytomedicine , vol.9 , pp. 232-238
    • Skrzydlewska, E.1    Ostrowska, J.2    Farbiszewski, R.3    Michalak, K.4
  • 77
    • 0026095778 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of mammalian 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase by flavonoids and phenolic dietary additives. Relationship to antioxidant activity and to iron ion-reducing ability
    • Laughton MJ, Evans PJ, Moroney MA, Hoult JR, Halliwell B. Inhibition of mammalian 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase by flavonoids and phenolic dietary additives. Relationship to antioxidant activity and to iron ion-reducing ability. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 42: 1673-81.
    • (1991) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.42 , pp. 1673-1681
    • Laughton, M.J.1    Evans, P.J.2    Moroney, M.A.3    Hoult, J.R.4    Halliwell, B.5
  • 78
    • 0026695822 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of antioxidant and phase II enzymes by oral feeding of green tea polyphenols in drinking water to SKH-1 hairless mice: Possible role in cancer chemoprevention
    • Khan SG, Katiyar SK, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Enhancement of antioxidant and phase II enzymes by oral feeding of green tea polyphenols in drinking water to SKH-1 hairless mice: possible role in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 4050-2.
    • (1992) Cancer Res , vol.52 , pp. 4050-4052
    • Khan, S.G.1    Katiyar, S.K.2    Agarwal, R.3    Mukhtar, H.4
  • 79
    • 0027692047 scopus 로고
    • Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced effects in the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice by a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea
    • Agarwal R, Katiyar SK, Khan SG, Mukhtar H. Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced effects in the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice by a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 58: 695-700.
    • (1993) Photochem Photobiol , vol.58 , pp. 695-700
    • Agarwal, R.1    Katiyar, S.K.2    Khan, S.G.3    Mukhtar, H.4
  • 80
    • 0038661168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection and neurorescue against Abeta toxicity and PKC-dependent release of nonamyloidogenic soluble precursor protein by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate
    • Levites Y, Amit T, Mandel S, Youdim MB. Neuroprotection and neurorescue against Abeta toxicity and PKC-dependent release of nonamyloidogenic soluble precursor protein by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. FASEB J 2003; 17: 952-4.
    • (2003) FASEB J , vol.17 , pp. 952-954
    • Levites, Y.1    Amit, T.2    Mandel, S.3    Youdim, M.B.4
  • 81
    • 0033012456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theaflavin-3, 3′-digallate from black tea blocks the nitric oxide synthase by down-regulating the activation of NF-kappaB in macrophages
    • Lin YL, Tsai SH, Lin-Shiau SY, Ho CT, Lin JK. Theaflavin-3, 3′-digallate from black tea blocks the nitric oxide synthase by down-regulating the activation of NF-kappaB in macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 367: 379-88.
    • (1999) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.367 , pp. 379-388
    • Lin, Y.L.1    Tsai, S.H.2    Lin-Shiau, S.Y.3    Ho, C.T.4    Lin, J.K.5
  • 82
    • 0032531735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrochemical analysis of protein nitrotyrosine and dityrosine in the Alzheimer brain indicates region-specific accumulation
    • Hensley K, Maidt ML, Yu Z, Sang H, Markesbery WR, Floyd RA. Electrochemical analysis of protein nitrotyrosine and dityrosine in the Alzheimer brain indicates region-specific accumulation. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 8126-32.
    • (1998) J Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 8126-8132
    • Hensley, K.1    Maidt, M.L.2    Yu, Z.3    Sang, H.4    Markesbery, W.R.5    Floyd, R.A.6
  • 83
    • 0029053487 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors in clinically diagnosed presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type: A case-control study in northern England
    • Forster DP, Newens AJ, Kay DW, Edwardson JA. Risk factors in clinically diagnosed presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a case-control study in northern England. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49: 253-8.
    • (1995) J Epidemiol Community Health , vol.49 , pp. 253-258
    • Forster, D.P.1    Newens, A.J.2    Kay, D.W.3    Edwardson, J.A.4
  • 84
  • 85
    • 10744228352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-dependent protective effect of coffee, tea, and smoking in Parkinson's disease: A study in ethnic Chinese
    • Tan EK, Tan C, Fook-Chong SM, Lum SY, Chai A, Chung H, et al. Dose-dependent protective effect of coffee, tea, and smoking in Parkinson's disease: a study in ethnic Chinese. J Neurol Sci 2003; 216: 163-7.
    • (2003) J Neurol Sci , vol.216 , pp. 163-167
    • Tan, E.K.1    Tan, C.2    Fook-Chong, S.M.3    Lum, S.Y.4    Chai, A.5    Chung, H.6
  • 86
    • 0036280782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ginkgo biloba L
    • Bilia AR. Ginkgo biloba L. Fitoterapia 2002; 73: 276-9.
    • (2002) Fitoterapia , vol.73 , pp. 276-279
    • Bilia, A.R.1
  • 87
  • 91
    • 0033015960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction
    • Kidd PM. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Altern Med Rev 1999; 4: 144-61.
    • (1999) Altern Med Rev , vol.4 , pp. 144-161
    • Kidd, P.M.1
  • 92
    • 0034883315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in rats
    • Bridi R, Crossetti FP, Steffen VM, Henriques AT. The antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in rats. Phytother Res 2001; 15: 449-51.
    • (2001) Phytother Res , vol.15 , pp. 449-451
    • Bridi, R.1    Crossetti, F.P.2    Steffen, V.M.3    Henriques, A.T.4
  • 93
    • 0031810664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of Ginkgo biloba on the activity of catalase and lipid peroxidation in experimental strangulation ileus
    • Colak O, Sahin A, Alatas O, Inal M, Yasar B, Kiper H. The effect of Ginkgo biloba on the activity of catalase and lipid peroxidation in experimental strangulation ileus. Int J Clin Lab Res 1998; 28: 69-71.
    • (1998) Int J Clin Lab Res , vol.28 , pp. 69-71
    • Colak, O.1    Sahin, A.2    Alatas, O.3    Inal, M.4    Yasar, B.5    Kiper, H.6
  • 95
    • 2942590470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyloid precursor protein metabolism is regulated toward alpha-secretase pathway by Ginkgo, biloba extracts
    • Colciaghi F, Borroni B, Zimmermann M, Bellone C, Longhi A, Padovani A, et al. Amyloid precursor protein metabolism is regulated toward alpha-secretase pathway by Ginkgo, biloba extracts. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 16: 454-60.
    • (2004) Neurobiol Dis , vol.16 , pp. 454-460
    • Colciaghi, F.1    Borroni, B.2    Zimmermann, M.3    Bellone, C.4    Longhi, A.5    Padovani, A.6
  • 96
    • 0242467845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevation of oxidative free radicals in Alzheimer's disease models can be attenuated by Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761
    • Smith JV, Luo Y. Elevation of oxidative free radicals in Alzheimer's disease models can be attenuated by Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. J Alzheimers Dis 2003; 5: 287-300.
    • (2003) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.5 , pp. 287-300
    • Smith, J.V.1    Luo, Y.2
  • 97
    • 0033179287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phytoestrogen kaempferol (3, 4′, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone) protects PC12 and T47D cells from beta-amyloid-induced toxicity
    • Roth A, Schaffner W, Hertel C. Phytoestrogen kaempferol (3, 4′, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone) protects PC12 and T47D cells from beta-amyloid-induced toxicity. J Neurosci Res 1999; 57: 399-404.
    • (1999) J Neurosci Res , vol.57 , pp. 399-404
    • Roth, A.1    Schaffner, W.2    Hertel, C.3
  • 98
    • 0029871249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia
    • Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Horr R. Proof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996; 29: 47-56.
    • (1996) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.29 , pp. 47-56
    • Kanowski, S.1    Herrmann, W.M.2    Stephan, K.3    Wierich, W.4    Horr, R.5
  • 99
    • 0037382718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of Alzheimer's disease onset with ginkgo biloba and other symptomatic cognitive treatments in a population of women aged 75 years and older from the EPIDOS study
    • Andrieu S, Gillette S, Amouyal K, Nourhashemi F, Reynish E, Ousset PJ, et al. Association of Alzheimer's disease onset with ginkgo biloba and other symptomatic cognitive treatments in a population of women aged 75 years and older from the EPIDOS study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58: 372-7.
    • (2003) J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci , vol.58 , pp. 372-377
    • Andrieu, S.1    Gillette, S.2    Amouyal, K.3    Nourhashemi, F.4    Reynish, E.5    Ousset, P.J.6
  • 100
    • 8344274467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant and memory enhancing effects of purple sweet potato anthocyanin and cordyceps mushroom extract
    • Cho J, Kang JS, Long PH, Jing J, Back Y, Chung KS. Antioxidant and memory enhancing effects of purple sweet potato anthocyanin and cordyceps mushroom extract. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26: 821-5.
    • (2003) Arch Pharm Res , vol.26 , pp. 821-825
    • Cho, J.1    Kang, J.S.2    Long, P.H.3    Jing, J.4    Back, Y.5    Chung, K.S.6
  • 101
    • 0036233802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit polyphenolics and brain aging: Nutritional interventions targeting age-related neuronal and behavioral deficits
    • Galli RL, Shukitt-Hale B, Youdim KA, Joseph JA. Fruit polyphenolics and brain aging: nutritional interventions targeting age-related neuronal and behavioral deficits. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 959: 128-32.
    • (2002) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.959 , pp. 128-132
    • Galli, R.L.1    Shukitt-Hale, B.2    Youdim, K.A.3    Joseph, J.A.4
  • 102
    • 0141483457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The breakdown of preexisting advanced glycation end products is associated with reduced renal fibrosis in experimental diabetes
    • Forbes JM, Thallas V, Thomas MC, Founds HW, Burns WC, Jerums G, et al. The breakdown of preexisting advanced glycation end products is associated with reduced renal fibrosis in experimental diabetes. FASEB J 2003; 17: 1762-4.
    • (2003) FASEB J , vol.17 , pp. 1762-1764
    • Forbes, J.M.1    Thallas, V.2    Thomas, M.C.3    Founds, H.W.4    Burns, W.C.5    Jerums, G.6
  • 104
    • 0034645693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological effects of resveratrol
    • Fremont L. Biological effects of resveratrol. Life Sci 2000; 66: 663-73.
    • (2000) Life Sci , vol.66 , pp. 663-673
    • Fremont, L.1
  • 107
    • 0037799652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intervention effect of Chinese herbal medicine on changes of immune system in senile dementia
    • Sun WG, Liao HL, Huang ZS. Intervention effect of Chinese herbal medicine on changes of immune system in senile dementia. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2001; 21: 716-8.
    • (2001) Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi , vol.21 , pp. 716-718
    • Sun, W.G.1    Liao, H.L.2    Huang, Z.S.3
  • 108
    • 0030917448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amelioration of oxidative stress by antioxidants and resveratrol in PC12 cells
    • Chanvitayapongs S, Draczynska-Lusiak B, Sun AY. Amelioration of oxidative stress by antioxidants and resveratrol in PC12 cells. Neuroreport 1997; 8: 1499-502.
    • (1997) Neuroreport , vol.8 , pp. 1499-1502
    • Chanvitayapongs, S.1    Draczynska-Lusiak, B.2    Sun, A.Y.3
  • 109
    • 0346059361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The French paradox: Lessons for other countries
    • Ferrieres J. The French paradox: lessons for other countries. Heart 2004; 90: 107-11.
    • (2004) Heart , vol.90 , pp. 107-111
    • Ferrieres, J.1
  • 112
    • 4644335339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memantine: A therapeutic drug for Alzheimer's disease and the comparison with MK-801
    • Kato T. Memantine: a therapeutic drug for Alzheimer's disease and the comparison with MK-801. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2004; 124: 145-51.
    • (2004) Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi , vol.124 , pp. 145-151
    • Kato, T.1
  • 114
    • 0035066870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kynurenic acid antagonists and kynurenine pathway inhibitors
    • Stone TW. Kynurenic acid antagonists and kynurenine pathway inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10: 633-45.
    • (2001) Expert Opin Investig Drugs , vol.10 , pp. 633-645
    • Stone, T.W.1
  • 115
    • 0037146905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection by memantine against neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid(1-40)
    • Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Alvarez XA, Cacabelos R, Quack G. Neuroprotection by memantine against neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid(1-40). Brain Res 2002; 958: 210-21.
    • (2002) Brain Res , vol.958 , pp. 210-221
    • Miguel-Hidalgo, J.J.1    Alvarez, X.A.2    Cacabelos, R.3    Quack, G.4
  • 116
    • 0034531781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of glutamate and antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on experimental parkinsonian syndrome in rats
    • Kucheryanu VG, Kryzhanovskii GN. Effect of glutamate and antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on experimental parkinsonian syndrome in rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2000; 130: 629-32.
    • (2000) Bull Exp Biol Med , vol.130 , pp. 629-632
    • Kucheryanu, V.G.1    Kryzhanovskii, G.N.2
  • 119
    • 0032983786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memantine in severe dementia: Results of the 9M-Best Study (Benefit and efficacy in severely demented patients during treatment with memantine)
    • Winblad B, Poritis N. Memantine in severe dementia: results of the 9M-Best Study (Benefit and efficacy in severely demented patients during treatment with memantine). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999; 14: 135-46.
    • (1999) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.14 , pp. 135-146
    • Winblad, B.1    Poritis, N.2
  • 120
    • 20044366019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress, antioxidants and neurodegenerative diseases
    • Casetta I, Govoni V, Granieri E. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Pharm Design 2005; 11(16): 2033-52.
    • (2005) Curr Pharm Design , vol.11 , Issue.16 , pp. 2033-2052
    • Casetta, I.1    Govoni, V.2    Granieri, E.3
  • 121
    • 0346025494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMDA-antagonism (memantine): An alternative pharmacological therapeutic principle in Alzheimer's and vascular dementia
    • Koch HJ, Szecsey A, Haen E. NMDA-antagonism (memantine): an alternative pharmacological therapeutic principle in Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. Curr Pharm Design 2004; 10(3): 253-9.
    • (2004) Curr Pharm Design , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 253-259
    • Koch, H.J.1    Szecsey, A.2    Haen, E.3
  • 122
    • 4544247386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New classes of AChE inhibitors with additional pharmacological effects of interest for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • Villarroya M, Garcia AG, Marco JL. New classes of AChE inhibitors with additional pharmacological effects of interest for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Pharm Design 2004; 10(25): 3177-84.
    • (2004) Curr Pharm Design , vol.10 , Issue.25 , pp. 3177-3184
    • Villarroya, M.1    Garcia, A.G.2    Marco, J.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.