Protein kinase C substrate activators: Potential as novel antidepressants

Drug Development Research

Volumn 65, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 156-169

  Sun, Miao Kun ^a   Alkon, Daniel L ^a,b  

^a Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Antidepressant; Bryostatin; Protein kinase C

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; APLYSIATOXIN; ARACHIDONIC ACID; BRYOSTATIN 1; DIACYLGLYCEROL; DIACYLGLYCEROL DERIVATIVE; PHORBOL 13 ACETATE 12 MYRISTATE; PHORBOL DIBUTYRATE; PHORBOL ESTER DERIVATIVE; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN KINASE C ACTIVATOR; RUBOXISTAURIN; TELEOCIDIN;

BINDING AFFINITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEPRESSION; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME BINDING; HUMAN; MOOD DISORDER; MYALGIA; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 28444434737     PISSN: 02724391     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20019     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Akers RF, Routtenberg A. 1987. Calcium-promoted translocation of protein kinase C to synaptic membranes: relation to the phosphorylation of an endogenous substrate (protein F1) involved in synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 7:3976-3983.
2. Akers RF, Lovinger DM, Colley PA, Linden DJ, Routtenberg A. 1986. Translocation of protein kinase C activity may mediate hippocampal long-term potentiation. Science 231:587-589.
3. Akin D, Hal Manier D, Sanders-Bush E, Shelton RC. 2005. Signal transduction abnormalities in melancholic depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 8:5-16.
4. + currents. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 134:1245-1253.
5. + channel cascade. Trends Neurosci 21:529-537.
6. Andoh T, Itoh H, Higashi T, Saito Y, Ishiwa D, Kamiya Y, Yamada Y. 2004. PKC-independent inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by diacylglycerol. Brain Res 1013:125-133.
7. Apparsundaram S, Galli A, DeFelice LJ, Hartzell HC, Blakely RD. 1998a. Acute regulation of norepinephrine transport: I. Protein kinase C-linked muscarinic receptors influence transport capacity and transporter density in SK-N-SH cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287:733-743.
8. Apparsundaram S, Schroster S, Giovanetti E, Blakely RD. 1998b. Acute regulation of norepinephrine transport: II. PKC-modulated surface expression of human norepineprine transporter proteins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287:744-751.
9. Baba Y, Ogoshi Y, Hirai G, Yanagisawa T, Nagamatsu K, Mayumi S, Hashimoto Y, Sodeoka M. 2004. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of new isobenzofuranone ligands of protein kinase C. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 14:2963-2967.
10. Benes CH, Wu N, Elia AEH, Dharia T, Cantley LC, Soltoff SP. 2005. The C2 domain of PKCδ is a phosphotyrosine binding domain. Cell 121:271-280.
11. Benowitz LI, Apostolides PJ, Pervonne-Bizzozero N, Finklestein SP, Zwiers H. 1988. Anatomical distribution of the growth-associated protein GAP-43/B-50 in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci 8:339-352.
12. Bickler PE, Fahlman CS, Ferriero DM. 2004. Hypoxia increases calcium flux through cortical neuron glutamate receptors via protein kinase C. J Neurochem 88:878-884.
13. Bitran JA, Manji HK, Potter WZ, Gusovsky F. 1995. Down-regulation of PKC alpha by lithium in vitro. Psychopharmacol Bull 31:449-452.
14. Blumberg PM. 1988. Protein kinase C as the receptor for the phorbol ester tumor promoters: sixth Rhoads memorial award lecture. Cancer Res 48:1-8.
15. Bowman JC, Steinberg SF, Jiang T, Geenen DL, Fishman GI, Buttrick PM. 1997. Expression of protein kinase C beta in the heart causes hypertrophy in adult mice and sudden death in neonates. J Clin Invest 100:2189-2195.
16. Boyle AJ, Kelly DJ, Zhang Y, Cox AJ, Gow RM, Way K, Itescu S, Krum H, Gilbert RE. 2005. Inhibition of protein kinase C reduces ventricular fibrosis and dysfunction following myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol (in press).
17. Brandon NJ, Uren JM, Kittler JT, Wang H, Olsen R, Parker PJ, Moss SJ. 1999. Subunit specific association of protein kinase C and the receptor for activated C kinase with GABA type A receptors. J Neurosci 19:9228-9234.
18. A receptor phosphorylation and functional modulation in cortical neurons by a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 275:38856-38862.
19. Brandon NJ, Jovanovic JN, Moss SJ. 2002b. Multiple roles of protein kinases in the modulation of GABA(A) receptor function and cell surface expression. Pharmacol Ther 94:113-122.
20. A receptors with the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors. J Neurosci 22:6353-6361.
21. Braz JC, Bueno OF, De Windt J, Molkentin JD. 2002. PKV+C alpha regulates the hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2). J Cell Biol 156:905-919.
22. Bremner JD, Narayan M, Anderson ER, Staib LH, Miller HL, Charney DS. 2000. Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 157:115-118.
23. Bright R, Raval AP, Dembner JM, Pérez-Pinzón MA, Steinberg GK, Yenari MA, Mochly-Rosen D. 2004. Protein kinase C delta mediates cerebral reperfusion injury in vivo. J Neurosci 24:6880-6888.
24. Caloca MJ, Wang H, Kazanietz MG. 2003. Characterization of the Rac-GAP (Rac-GTPase-activating protein) activity of beta2-chimaerin, a non-protein kinase C phorbol ester receptor. Biochem J 375:313-321.
25. Carr DB, Cooper DC, Ulrich SL, Spruston N, Surmeier DJ. 2002. Serotonin receptor activation inhibits sodium current and dendritic excitability in prefrontal cortex via a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. J Neurosci 22:6846-6455.
26. Carr DB, Day M, Cantrell AR, Held J, Scheuer T, Catterall WA, Surmeier DJ. 2003. Transmitter modulation of slow, activity-dependent alterations in sodium channel availability endows neurons with a novel form of cellular plasticity. Neuron 39:793-806.
27. Casebolt TL, Jope RS. 1991. Effects of chronic lithium treatment on protein kinase C and cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. Biol Psychiatry 29:233-243.
28. Cejas PJ, Carlson LM, Zhang J, Padmanabhan S, Kolonias D, Lindner I, Haley S, Boise LH, Lee KP 2005. Protein kinase C beta II plays an essential role in dendritic cell differentiation and autoregulates its own expression. J Biol Chem (in press).
29. Chen Y, Cantrell AR, Messing RO, Scheuer T, Catterall WA. 2005. Specific modulation of Na channels in hippocampal neurons by protein kinase Cε. J Neurosci 25:507-513.
30. Chou WH, Messing RO. 2005. Protein kinase C isozymes in stroke. Trends Cardiovasc Med 15:47-51.
31. Clamp AR, Blackball FH, Vasey P, Soukop M, Coleman R, Halbert G, Robson L, Jayson GC. 2003. A phase II trial of bryostatin-1 administered by weekly 24-hour infusion in recurrent epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Br J Cancer 89:1152-1154.
32. Cryan JF, Markou A, Lucki I. 2002. Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: recent developments and future needs. Trends Pharmacol. Sci 23:238-245.
33. Dobransky T, Doherty-Kirby A, Kim A, Brewer D, Lajoie G, Rylett RJ. 2004. Protein kinase C isoforms differentially phosphorylate human choline acetyltransferase regulating its catalytic activity. J Biol Chem 279:52059-52068.
34. Doerner D, Pitler TA, Alger BE. 1988. Protein kinase C activators block specific calcium and potassium current components in isolated hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 8:4069-4078.
35. Dokas LA, Zwiers H, Gispen WH. 1984. Alteration of hippocampal B50 phosphorylation after adrenalectomy. Brain Res 13:33-38.
36. Ebinu JO, Bottorff DA, Chan EY, Stang SL, Dunn RJ, Stone JC. 1998. RasGRP, a Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein with calcium- and diacylglycerol-binding motifs. Science 280:1082-1086.
37. Ekinci FJ, Shea TB. 1997. Selective activation by bryostatin-1 demonstrates unique roles for PKC epsilon in neurite extension and tau phosphorylation. Int J Dev Neurosci 15:867-874.
38. Farley J, Auerbach S. 1986. Protein kinase C activation induces conductance changes in Hermissenda photoreceptors like those seen in associative learning. Nature 319:220-223.
39. 2+ signals restore mitogenic activity without abrogating enhanced cPKC degradation. Cell Immunol 158:195-207.
40. Gereau RW IV, Heinemann SF. 1998. Role of protein kinase C phosphorylation in rapid desensitization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Neuron 20:143-151.
41. Gerecke KM, Wyss JM, Carroll SL. 2004. Neuregulin-1β induces neurite extension and arborization in cultured hippocampal neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 27:379-393.
42. Gould TD, Manji HK. 2002. Signaling networks in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. J Psychosomat Res 53:687-697.
43. Goslin K, Schreyer DJ, Skene JH, Banker G. 1988. Development of neuronal polarity: GAP-43 distinguishes axonal from dendritic growth cones. Nature 336:672-674.
44. Grega DS, Werz MA, MacDonald RL. 1987. Forskolin and phorbol esters reduce the same potassium conductance of mouse neurons in culture. Science 235:345-348.
45. Groc L, Heine M, Cognet L, Brickley K, Stepenson FA, Lounis B, Choquet D. 2004. Differential activity-dependent regulation of the lateral mobilities of AMPA and NMDA receptors. Nature Neurosci 7:695-696.
46. Gszchwendt M, Leibersperger H, Kittstein W, Marks F. 1992. Protein kinase Czeta and eta in murine epidermis. TPA induces down-regulation of PKC eta but not PKC zeta. FEBS Lett 307:151-155.
47. Hahn HS, Yussman MG, Toyokawa T, Mareez Y, Barrett TJ, Hilty KC, Osinska H, Robbins J, Dorn II GW. 2002. Ischemic protection and myofibrillar cardiomyopathy: dose-dependent effects of in vivo deltaPKC inhibition. Circ Res 91:741-748.
48. Hahn MK, Mazei-Robison MS, Blakely RD. 2005. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human norepinephrine transporter gene impact expression, trafficking, antidepressant interaction and protein kinase C regulation. Mol Pharmacol in press.
49. Hama H, Hara C, Yamaguchi K, Miyawaki A. 2004. PKC signaling mediates global enhancement of excitatory synaptogenesis in neurons triggered by local contact with astrocytes. Neuron 41:405-415.
50. Hammond C, Crepel V, Gozlan H, Ben-Ari Y. 1994. Anoxic LTP sheds light on the multiple facets of NMDA receptors. Trends Neuroci 17:497-503.
51. Hasham MI, Pelech SL, Krieger C. 1997. Glutamate-mediated activation of protein kinase C in hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 228:115-118.
52. Hennings H, Blumberg PM, Pettit GR, Herald CL, Shores R, Yuspa SH. 1987. Bryostatin 1, an activator of protein kinase C, inhibits tumor promotion by phorbol esters in SENCAR mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 8:1343-1346.
53. + channels in dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by activation of PKA and PKC. J Neurosci 18:3521-3528.
54. Hopf FW, Mailliard WS, Gonzalez GF, Diamond I, Bonci A. 2005. Atypical protein kinase C is a novel mediator of dopamine-enhanced firing in nucleus accumbens neurons. J Neurosci 25:985-989.
55. Hritz J, Ulicny J, Laaksonen A, Jancura D, Miskovsky P. 2004. Molecular interaction model for the C1B domain of protein kinase C-γ in the complex with its activator phrobol-12-myristate-13-acetate in water solution and lipid bilayer. J Med Chem 47:6547-6555.
56. Hsu K-S, Huang C-C. 1997. Characterization of the anoxia-induced long-term synaptic potentiation in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus. Br J Pharmacol 122:671-681.
57. Hsu K-S, Huang C-C. 1998. Protein kinase C inhibitors block generation of anoxia-induced long-term potentiation. NeuroReport 9:3525-3529.
58. Hurley JH, Newton AC, Parker PJ, Blumberg PM, Nishizuka Y. 1997. Taxonomy and function of C1 protein kinase C homology domains. Protein Sci 6:477-480.
59. Inagaki K, Hahn HS, Dorn GW II, Mochly-Rosen D. 2003a. Additive protection of the ischemic heart ex vivo by combined treatment with delta-protein kinase C inhibitor and epsilon-protein kinase C activator. Circulation 108:869-875.
60. Inagaki K, Chen L, Ikeno F, Lee FH, Imahashi K, Bouley DM, Rezaee M, Yock PG, Murphy E, Mochly-Rosen D. 2003b. Inhibition of delta-protein kinase C protects against reperfusion injury of the ischemic heart in vivo. Circulation 108:2304-2307.
61. Inoue M, Kishimoto A, Takai Y, Nishizuka Y. 1977. Studies on a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase and its proenzyme in mammalian tissue. IL Proenzyme and its activation by calcium-dependent protease from rat brain. J Biol Chem 252:7610-7616.
62. Irie K, Nakahara A, Nakagawa Y, Ohigashi H, Shindo M, Fukuda H, Konishi H, Kikkawa K, Saito N. 2002. Establishment of a binding assay for protein kinase C isozymes using synthetic C1 peptides and development of new medicinal leads with protein kinase C isozyme and C1 domain selectivity. Pharmacol Ther 93:271-281.
63. Isakov N, Galron D, Mustelin T, Pettit GR, Altman A. 1993. Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced T cell proliferation by bryostatin is associated with rapid degradation of protein kinase C. J Immunol 150:1195-1204.
64. Ishii H, Jirousek MR, Koya D, Takagi C, Xia P, Clermont A, Bursell S-E, Kern TS, Ballas LM, Heath WF, Stramm LE, Peener EP, King GL. 1996. Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats by an oral PKC beta inhibitor. Science 272:728-731.
65. Jacobson RD, Virag I, Skene JH. 1986. A protein associated with axon growth, GAP-43, is widely distributed and developmentally regulated in rat CNS. J Neurosci 6:1843-1855.
66. Jalava A, Lintunen M, Heikkila J. 1993. Protein kinase C-alpha but not protein kinase C-epsilon is differentially down-regulated by bryostatin 1 and tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 191:472-478.
67. Jensen JB, Mork A. 1997. Altered protein phosphorylation in the rat brain following chronic lithium and carbamazepine treatments. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 7:173-179.
68. Jovanovic JN, Thomas P, Kittler JT, Smart TG, Moss SJ. 2004. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates fast synaptic inhibition by regulating GABA(A) receptor phosphorylation, activity, and cell-surface stability. J Neurosci 24:522-530.
69. Jung Y-S, Ryu BR, Lee BK, Mook-Jung I, Kim SU, Lee SH, Baik EJ, Moon C-H. 2004. Role of PKC-epsilon in neuronal death induced by oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 320:789-794.
70. Jung Y-S, Lee BK, Park H-S, Shim J-K, Kim SU, Lee SH, Baik EJ, Moon C-H. 2005. Activation of protein kinase C-δ attenuates kainite-induced cell death of cortical neurons. NeuroReport 16:741-744.
71. Kang J-H, Kim SY, Lee J, Marquez VE, Lewin NE, Pearce LV, Blumberg PM. 2004. Macrocyclic diacylglycerol-bis-lactones as conformationally constrained analogues of diacylglycerol-lactones. Interactions with protein kinase C. J Med Chem 47:4000-4007.
72. Kirshenboim N, Plotkin B, Shlomo SB, Kaidanovich-Beilin O, Eldar-Finkelman H. 2004. Lithium-mediated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β involves PI3 kinase-dependent activation of protein kinase C-α. J Mol Neurosci 24:237-245.
73. Klein PS, Melton DA. 1996. A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:8455-8459.
74. Klimek V, Stockmeier C, Overholser J, Meltzer HY, Kalka S, Dilley G, Ordway GA. 1997. Reduced levels of norepinephrine transporters in the locus coeruleus in major depression. J Neurosci 17:8451-8458.
75. Ko CH, Shen S-C, Hsu C-S, Chen YC. 2005. Mitochondrial-dependent, reactive oxygen species-independent apoptosis by myricetin: roles of protein kinase C, cytochrome c, and caspase cascade. Biochem Pharmacol 69:913-927.
76. Koponen S, Goldsteins G, Keinanen R, Koistinaho J. 2000. Induction of protein kinase Cdelta subspecies in neurons and microglia after transient global brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20:93-102.
77. Kuperstein F, Reiss N, Koudinova N, Yavin E. 2001. Biphasic modulation of protein kinase C and enhanced cell toxicity by amyloid beta peptide and anoxia in neuronal cultures. J Neurochem 76:758-767.
78. Lee J, Kim SY, Acs G, Acs P, Blumberg PM, Marquez CE. 2004. Conformationally constrained diacylglycerol (DAG) analogs: 4-C-hydroxyethyl-5-O- acyl-2,3-dideoxy-D-glyceropentono-1,4-lactone analogs as protein kinase C (PKC) ligands. Eur J Med Chem 39:69-77.
79. Li D, Takemoto DJ. 2005. Oxidative activation of protein kinase Cγ through the C1 domain. J Biol Chem 280:13682-13693.
80. Li X, Jope RS. 1995. Selective inhibition of the expression of signal transduction proteins by lithium in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. J Neurochem 65:2500-2508.
81. Linden DJ, Smeyne M, Sun SC, Connor JA. 1992. An electrophysiological correlate of protein kinase C isozyme distribution in cultured cerebellar neurons. J Neurosci 12:3601-3608.
82. Lopez JF, Palkovits M, Arato M, Mansour A, Akil H, Watson SJ. 1992. Localization and quantification of pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in pituitaries of suicide victims. Neuroendocrinology 56:491-501.
83. Lo Turco JL, Coulter DA, Alkon DL. 1988. Enhancement of synaptic potentiations in rabbit CA1 pyramidal neurons following classical conditioning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:1672-1676.
84. Louat T, Canitrot Y, Jousseaurne S, Baudouin C, Canal P, Laurent G, Lautier D. 2004. Atypical protein kinase C stimulates nucleotide excision repair activity. FEBS Lett 574:121-125.
85. Macek TA, Schaffhauser H, Conn PJ. 1998. Protein kinase C and A3 adenosine receptor activation inhibit presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) function and uncouple rnGluRs from GTP-binding proteins. J Neurosci 18:6138-6146.
86. Manji HK, Chen G. 2002. PKC, MAP kinase and the bcl-2 family of proteins as long-term targets for mood stabilizers. Mol Psychiatry 7(Suppl 1):S46-S56.
87. Manseau F, Sossin WS, Castellucci VF. 1998. Long-term changes in excitability induced by protein kinase C activation in Aplysia sensory neurons. J Neurophsyiol 79:1210-1218.
88. Mao J, Wang X, Wang R, Rojas A, Shi Y, Piao H, Jiang C. 2004. Molecular basis for the inhibition of G protein-coupled inward rectifier K(+) channels by protein kinase C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:1087-1092.
89. Maurice N, Tkatch T, Meisler M, Sprunger LK, Surmeier DJ. 2001. D1/D5 dopamine receptor activation differentially modulates rapidly inactivating and persistent sodium currents in prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 21:2268-2277.
90. McPhie DL, Matzel LD, Olds JL, Lester DS, Kuzirian AM, Alkon DL. 1993. Cell specificity of molecular changes during memory storage. J Neurochem 60:646-651.
91. Melyan Z, Wheal HV, Lancaster B. 2002. Metabotropic-mediated kainite receptor regulation of IsAHP and excitability in pyramidal cells. Neuron 34:107-114.
92. Miettinen S, Roivainen R, Keinanen R, Hokfelt T, Koistinaho J. 1996. Specific induction of protein kinase C delta subspecies after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat brain: inhibition by MK-801. J Neurosci 16:6236-6245.
93. Mochly-Rosen D, Wu G, Hahn H, Osinska H, Liron T, Lorenz JN, Yatani A, Robbins J, Dorn GW Jr. 2000. Cardiotrophic effects of protein kinase Cepsilon: analysis by in vivo modulation of PKCepsilon translocation. Circ Res 86:1173-1179.
94. Murriel CL, Churchill E, Inagaki K, Szweda LI, Mochly-Rosen D. 2004. Protein kinase Cdelta activation induces apoptosis in response to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion damage: a mechanism involving BAD and the mitochondria. J Biol Chem 279:47985-47991.
95. Nakagawa Y, Irie K, Yamanaka N, Ohigashi H, Tsuda K-I. 2003. Synthesis and binding selectivity of 7- and 15-decylbenzolactone-V8 for the C1 domains of protein kinase C isozymes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13:3015-3019.
96. Newton AC. 2001. Protein kinase C: structural and spatial regulation by phosphorylation, cofactors, and macromolecular interactions. Chem Rev 101:2353-2364.
97. Nicholls DG. 1998. Presynaptic modulation of glutamate release. Prog Brain Res 116:15-22.
98. Nishizuka Y. 1988. The molecular heterogeneity of protein kinase C and its implications for cellular regulation. Nature 334:661-665.
99. Nishizuka Y. 1992. Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. Science 258:607-614.
100. Oancea E, Meyer T. 1998. Protein kinase C as a molecular machine for decoding calcium and diacylglycerol signals. Cell 95:307-318.
101. Okada M, Zhu G, Yoshida S, Hirose S, Kaneko S. 2004. Protien kinase associated with gating and closing transmission mechanisms in temporoammonic pathway. Neuropharmacology 47:485-504.
102. Olds JL, Anderson ML, McPhie DL, Alkon DL. 1989. Imaging of memory-specific changes in the distribution of protein kinase C in the hippocampus. Science 245:866-869.
103. Oster H, Eichele G, Leitges M. 2004. Differential expression of atypical PKCs in the adult mouse brain. Mol Brain Res 127:79-88.
104. Pacheco MA, Stockmeier C, Meltzer NY, Overholser JC, Dilley GE, Jope RS. 1996. Alterations in phosphoinositide signaling and G-protein levels in depressed suicide brain. Brain Res 723:37-45.
105. Pak Y, Enyedy IJ, Varady J, Kung J, Lorenzo OS, Blumberg PM, Wang S. 2001. Structural basis of high-affinity ligands to protein kinase C: prediction of the binding modes through a new molecular dynamics method and evaluation by site-directed mutagenesis. J Med Chem 44:1690-1701.
106. Pákáski M, Bjelik A, Hugyecz M, Kása P, Janka Z, Kálmán J. 2005. Imipramine and citalopram facilitate amyloid precursor protein secretion in vitro. Neurochem Intern 47:190-195.
107. Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y. 2000. Effects of adrenal glucocorticoid on protein kinase C (PKC) binding sites, PKC activity and expression of PKC isozymes in the brain. J Neurochem 74:S21D.
108. Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y, Pandey SC, Conley RR, Roberts RC, Tamminga CA. 1997. Protein kinase C in the postmortem brain of teenage suicide victims. Neurosci Lett 228:111-114.
109. Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y, Ren X, Rizavi HS, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Tamminga C. 2003. Altered expression and phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrates (MARCKS) in postmortem brain of suicide victims with or without depression. J Psychiatr Res 37:421-432.
110. Pandey GN, Ewivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Ren X, Conley RR. 2004. Decreased catalytic activity and expression of protein kinase C isozymes in teenage suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:685-693.
111. Perez-Pinzon MA, Raval AP, Dave KR. 2005. Protien kinase C and synaptic dysfunction after cardiac arrest. Pathophysiology 12:29-34.
112. Pettit GR. 1991. The bryostatins. Fortschr Chem Org Naturst 57:153-195.
113. Phan TG, Wright PM, Markus R, Howells DW, Davis SM, Donnan GA. 2002. Salvaging the ischemic penumbra: more than just reperfusion? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 29:1-10.
114. Pilpel Y, Segal M. 2004. Activation of PKC induces rapid morphological plasticity in dendrites of hippocampal neurons via Rac and Rho-dependent mechanisms. Eur J Neurosci 19:3151-3164.
115. Poole AW, Pula G, Hers I, Crosby D, Jones ML. 2004. PKC-interacting proteins: from function to pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:528-535.
116. Pu Y, Perry NA, Yang D, Lewin NE, Kedei N, Braun DC, Choi SH, Blumberg PM, Garfield SH, Stone JC, Duan D, Marquez VE. 2005. A novel diacylglycerol-lactone shows marked selectivity in vitro among C1 domains of PKC isoforms alpha and delta as well as selectivity for RasGRP compared to PKCalpha. J Biol Chem 280:27329-27338.
117. Rabah D, Grant S, Ma C, Conrad DH. 2001. Bryostatin-1 specifically inhibits in vitro IgE synthesis. J Immunol 167:4910-4918.
118. Rahimian R, Hrdina PD. 1995. Possible role of protein kinase C in regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors in rat brain. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 73:1686-1691.
119. Ramamoorthy S, Giovanetti E, Qian Y, Blakely RD. 1998. Phsophorylation and regulation of antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporters. J Biol Chem 273:2458-2466.
120. Rhee J-S, Betz A, Pyott S, Reim K, Varoqueaux F, Augustin I, Hesse D, Südhof TC, Takahashi M, Rosenmund C, Brose N. 2002. Beta phorbol ester- and diacylglycerol-induced augmentation of transmitter release is mediated by Munc13s and not by PKCs. Cell 108:121-133.
121. Roberson ED, English JD, Adams JP, Selcher JC, Kondratick C, Sweatt JD. 1999. The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade couples PKA and PKC to cAMP response element binding protein phosphorylation in area CA1 of hippocampus. J Neurosci 19:4337-4348.
122. Roche KW, O'Brien RJ, Mammen AL, Bernhardt J, Huganir RL. 1996. Characterization of multiple phosphorylation sites on the AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit. Neuron 16:1179-1188.
123. Ron D, Kazanietz MG. 1999. New insights into the regulation of protein kinase C and novel phorbol ester receptors. FASEB J 13:1658-1676.
124. Routtenberg A, Cantallops I, Zaffuto S, Serrano P, Namgung U. 2000. Enhanced learning after genetic overexpression of a brain growth protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7657-7662.
125. Saito N, Kikkawa U, Nishizuka Y, Tanaka C. 1988. Distribution of protein kinase C-like immunoreactive neurons in rat brain. J Neurosci 8:369-382.
126. Sánchez-Pérez AM, Felipo V. 2005. Serines 890 and 896 of the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 are differentially phosphorylated by protein kinase C isoforms. Neurochem Intern 47:84-91.
127. Sato T, Tanaka K, Teramoto T, Ohnishi Y, Hirate K, Irifune M, Nishikawa T. 2004. Facilitative effect of a novel AVP fragment analog, NC-1900, on memory retention and recall in mice. Peptides 25:1139-1146.
128. Sheline YI, Wang PW, Gado MH, Csernansky JG, Vannier MW. 1996. Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 93:3908-3913.
129. Shindo M, Irie K, Ohigashi H, Kuriyama M, Saito N. 2001. Diacylglycerol kinase gamma is one of the specific receptors of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. Biochem Biophysi Res Commun 289:451-456.
130. Simonis G, Honold J, Schwarz K, Braun MU, Strasser RH. 2002. Regulation of the isozymes of protein kinase C in the surviving rat myocardium after myocardial infarction: distinct modulation for PKC-alpha and for PKC-delta. Basic Res Cardiol 97:223-231.
131. Skene PJH, Jacobson RD, Snipes GJ, McGuire CB, Norden JJ, Freeman JA. 1986. A protein induced during nerve growth (GAP-43) is a major component of growth-cone membranes. Science 233:783-786.
132. Slater SJ, Malinowski SA, Stubbs CD. 2004. The nature of the hydrophobic n-alkanol binding site within the C1 domains of protein kinase Cα. Biochemistry 43:7601-7609.
133. Song H, Stevens CF, Gage FH. 2002a. Astroglia induce neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells. Nature 417:39-44.
134. Song H, Stevens CF, Gage FH. 2002b. Neural stem cells from adult hippocampus develop essential properties of functional CNS neurons. Nature Neurosci 5:438-445.
135. Song JC, Hanson CM, Tsai V, Farokhad OC, Lotz M, Matthews JB. 2001. Regulation of epithelial transport and barrier function by distinct protein kinase C isoforms. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C649-C661.
136. Sridhar J, Wei Z-L, Nowak I, Lewin NE, Ayres JA, Pearce LV, Blumberg PM, Kozikowski AP. 2003. New bivalent PKC ligands linked by a carbon spacer: enhancement in binding affinity. J Med Chem 46:4196-4204.
137. Stahelin RV, Digman MA, Medkova M, Anathannarayanan B, Rafter JD, Melowic HR, Cho W. 2004. Mechanism of diacylglycerol-induced membrane targeting and activation of protein kinase Cδ. J Biol Chem 279:29501-29512.
138. Stambolic V, Ruel L, Woodgett JR. 1996. Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and mimics wingless signaling in intact cells. Curr Biol 6:1664-1668.
139. Stanwell C, Gescher A, Bradshaw TD, Pettit GR. 1994. The role of protein kinase C isoenzyme in the growth inhibition caused by bryostatin 1 in human A549 lung and MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 56:585-529.
140. Stevens CF, Sullivan JM. 1998. Regulation of the readily releasable vesicle pool by protein kinase C. Neuron 21:885-893.
141. Suen PC, Wu K, Xu JL, Lin SY, Levine ES, Black IB. 1998. NMDA receptor subunits in the postsynaptic density of rat brain: expression and phosphorylation by endogenous protein kinases. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 59:215-228.
142. Sun M-K. 1999. Hypoxia, ischemic stroke, and memory deficits: prospects for therapy. IUBMB Life 48:373-378.
143. Sun M-K, Alkon DL. 2001. Perspectives on the cell biology underlying Alzheimers disease and the potential for therapy. LifeXY 1:1075-1086.
144. Sun M-K, Alkon DL. 2002. Depressed or demented: common CNS drug targets?! Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 1:575-592.
145. Sun M-K, Alkon DL. 2003a. Open space swimming test to index antidepressant activity. J Neurosci Methods 126:35-40.
146. Sun M-K, Alkon DL. 2003b. Calcium. In: Welsh EM, editor. Focus on Alzheimers disease research. New York: Nova Biomedical Books; p 1-49.
147. Sun M-K, Alkon DL. 2004a. Cerebral hypoperfusion and amyloid-induced synergistic impairment of hippocampal CA1 synaptic efficacy and spatial memory in young adult rats. J Alzheim Dis 6:355-366.
148. Sun M-K, Alkon DL. 2004b. Induced depressive behavior impairs learning and memory in rats. Neuroscience 129:129-139.
149. Sun M-K, Alkon DL. 2005. Dual effects of bryostatin-1 on spatial memory and depression. Eur J Pharmacol 512:43-51.
150. Sun M-K, Xu H, Alkon DL. 2002. Pharmacological protection of synaptic function, spatial learning, and memory from transient hypoxia in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 300:408-416.
151. Szallasi Z, Denning MF, Smith CB, Diugosz AA, Yuspa SH, Pettit GR, Blumberg PM. 1994. Bryostatin 1 protects protein kinase C-delta from down-regulation in mouse keratinocytes in parallel with its inhibition of phorbol ester-induced differentiation. Mol Pharmacol 46:840-850.
152. Tanaka C, Nishizuka Y. 1994. The protein kinase C family for neuronal signaling. Ann Rev Neurosci 17:551-567.
153. Tanaka M, Irie K, Nakagawa Y, Nakamura K, Ohigashi H, Wender PA. 2001. The C4 hydroxyl group of phorbol esters is not necessary for protein kinase C binding. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11:719-722.
154. Tingley WG, Ehlers MD, Kameyama K, Doherty C, Ptak JB, Riley CT, Huganir RL. 1997. Characterization of protein kinase A and protein kinase C phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR1 subunit using phosphorylation site-specific antibodies. J Biol Chem 272:5107-5166.
155. Toker A. 1998. Signaling through protein kinase C. Front Biosci 3:D1134-D1147.
156. Topham MK, Bunting M, Zimmerman GA, McIntyre TM, Blackshera PJ, Prescott SM. 1998. Protein kinase C regulates the nuclear localization of diacylglycerol kinase-zeta. Nature 394:697-700.
157. Toyomoto M, Inoue S, Ohta K, Kuno S, Ohta M, Hayashi K, Ikeda K. 2005. Production of NGF, BDNF and GDNF in mouse astrocyte cultures is strongly enhanced by a cerebral vasodilator, ifenprodil. Neurosci Lett 379:185-189.
158. Trenn G, Pettit GR, Takayama N, Hu-Li J, Sitkovsky MV. 1988. Immunomodulating properties of a novel series of protein kinase C activators. The bryostatins. J Immunol 140:433-439.
159. Van Lint J, Rykx A, Maeda Y, Vantus T, Sturany S, Malhotra V, Vandenheede JR, Seufferlein T. 2002. Protein kinase D: an intracellular traffic regulator on the move. Trends Cell Biol 12:193-200.
160. Vega RB, Harrison BC, Meadows E, Roberts CR, Papst PJ, Olson EN, McKinsey TA. 2004. Protein kinase C and D mediate agonist-dependent cardiac hypertrophy through nuclear export of histone deacetylase 5. Mol Cell Biol 24:8374-8385.
161. Verhaagen J, Oestreicher AB, Gispen WH, Margolis FL. 1989. The expression of the growth associated protein B50/GAP43 in the olfactory system of neonatal and adult rats. J Neurosci 9:683-691.
162. Wang HY, Johnson GP, Firedman E. 2001. Lithium treatment inhibits protein kinase C translocation in rat brain cortex. Psychopharmacology 158:80-86.
163. Wang J, Liu X, Sentex E, Takeda N, Dhalla NS. 2003. Increased expression of protein kinase C isoforms in heart failure due to myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol 284:H2277-H2287.
164. Watson DG, Lenox RH. 1996. Chronic lithium-induced down-regulation of MARCKS in immortalized hippocampal cells: potentiation by muscarinic receptor activation. J Neurochem 67:767-777.
165. Ways DK, Cook PP, Webster C, Parker PJ. 1992. Effects of phorbol esters on protein kinase C-zeta. J Biol Chem 267:4799-4805.
166. Weinreb O, Bar-Am O, Amit T, Chillag-Talmor O, Youdim BH. 2004. Neuroprotection via pro-survival protein kinase C isoforms associated with Bcl-2 family members. FASEB J 18:1471-1473.
167. Wender PA, Baryza JL. 2005. Bryostatin analogs: C20 bryologs through late stage diversification. Organ Lett 7:1177-1180.
168. Wender PA, Hinkle KW, Koehler MFT, Lippa B. 1999. The rational design of potential chemotherapeutic agents: synthesis of bryostatin analogues. Med Res Rev 19:388-407.
169. Wender PA, Baryza JL, Bennett CE, Bi FC, Brenner SE, Clarke MO, Koran JC, Ran C, Lacote E, Lippa B, Nell PG, Turner TM. 2002. The practical synthesis of a novel and highly potent analogue of bryostatin. J Am Chem Soc 124:13648-13649.
170. Yajima Y, Narita M, Usui A, Kaneko C, Miyatake M, Narita M, Yamaguchi T, Tamaki H, Wachi H, Seyama Y, Suzuki T. 2005. Direct evidence for the involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the development of a neuropathic pain-like state in mice. J Neurochem 93:584-594.
171. Yang C-F, Kazanietz MG. 2003. Divergence and complexities in DAG signaling: looking beyond PKC. Trends Pharmacol Sci 24:602-608.
172. Yashida K, Wang HG, Mild Y, Kufe D. 2003. Protein kinase Cdelta is responsible for constitutive and DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of Rad9. EMBO J 22:1431-1441.
173. Yoo J, Nichols A, Song JC, Mun EC, Matthews JB. 2001. Protein kinase epsilon dampens the secretory response of model intestinal epithelia during ischemia. Surgery 130:310-318.
174. Young KW, Garro MA, Challiss RAJ, Nahorski SR. 2004. NMDA-receptor regulation of muscarinic-receptor stimulated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production and protein kinase C activation in single cerebellar granule neurons. J Neurochem 89:1537-1546.
175. Zhang XH, Zhang RW, Zhao H, Cai HY, Gush KA, Kerr RG, Pettit GR, Kraft AS. 1996. Preclinical pharmacology of the natural product anticancer agent bryostatin 1, an activator of protein kinase C. Cancer Res 56:802-808.