Endocannabinoids in the regulation of appetite and body weight

Behavioural Pharmacology

Volumn 16, Issue 5-6, 2005, Pages 297-313

  Kirkham, T C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anorexia; Cannabis; Eating; Feeding; Incentive; Obesity; Reward; Rimonabant

Indexed keywords

1 (2,4 DICHLOROPHENYL) 5 (4 IODOPHENYL) 4 METHYL N (1 PIPERIDYL) 1H PYRAZOLE 3 CARBOXAMIDE; 1 (2,4 DICHLOROPHENYL) 5 (4 IODOPHENYL) 4 METHYL N MORPHOLINO 1H PYRAZOLE 3 CARBOXAMIDE; 4 (1,1 DIMETHYLHEPTYL) 1',2',3',4',5',6' HEXAHYDRO 2,3' DIHYDROXY 6' (3 HYDROXYPROPYL)BIPHENYL; 5 (4 BROMOPHENYL) 1 (2,4 DICHLOROPHENYL) 4 ETHYL N (1 PIPERIDYL) 1H PYRAZOLE 3 CARBOXAMIDE; 5 (4 CHLORO 3 METHYLPHENYL) 1 (4 METHYLBENZYL) N (1,3,3 TRIMETHYLBICYCLO[2.2.1]HEPTAN 2 YL) 3 PYRAZOLECARBOXAMIDE; 8 CHLORO 2,3,4,5 TETRAHYDRO 3 METHYL 5 PHENYL 1H 3 BENZAZEPIN 7 OL HYDROGEN MALEATE; ANANDAMIDE; ANOREXIGENIC AGENT; CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTOR; CANNABINOID DERIVATIVE; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONIST; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CANNABIS; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; DRONABINOL; ENDOCANNABINOID; HORMONE ANTAGONIST; JKC 363; NALOXONE; NESS 0327; O 3257; O 3259; OPIATE ANTAGONIST; RETICLOPRIDE; RIMONABANT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APPETITE; BODY WEIGHT; BRAIN LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EATING DISORDER; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERPHAGIA; HYPOTHALAMUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID METABOLISM; MOOD DISORDER; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OBESITY; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; WEIGHT GAIN;

ANIMALS; APPETITE; BODY WEIGHT; ENDOCANNABINOIDS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; MODELS, ANIMAL; RECEPTOR, CANNABINOID, CB1;

EID: 26044461277     PISSN: 09558810     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200509000-00004     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. Abel EL (1975). Cannabis effects on hunger and thirst. Behav Biol 15:255-281.
2. Anderson-Baker WC, McLaughlin CL, Baile CA (1979). Oral and hypothalamic injections of barbiturates, benzodiazepines and cannabinoids and food intake in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 11:487-491.
3. Arnone M, Maruani J, Chaperon F, Thiebot MH, Poncelet M, Soubrie P, et al. (1997). Selective inhibition of sucrose and ethanol intake by SR141716, an antagonist of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 132:104-106.
4. Avraham Y, Ben-Shushan D, Brener A, Zolotarev O, Okon O, Fink N, et al. (2004). Very low dose of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) improves food consumption and cognitive function in an animal model of anorexia nervosa. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77:657-684.
5. Avraham Y, Ben Menachem A, Okun A, Zlotarav O, Abel N, Mechoulam R, et al. (2005). Effects of the endocannabinoid noladin ether on body weight, food consumption, locomotor activity, and cognitive index in mice. Brain Res Bull 65:117-123.
6. Beal JE, Olson R, Laubenstein L, Morales JO, Bellman P, Yangco B, et al. (1995). Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:89-97.
7. Begg M, Pacher P, Batkai S, Osei-Hyiamen D, Offertaler L, Mo FM, et al. (2005). Evidence for novel cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacol Ther 106:133-145.
8. Bensaid M, Gary-Bobo M, Esclangon A, Maffrand JP, Le Fur G, Oury-Donat F, et al. (2003). The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 increases Acrp30 mRNA expression in adipose tissue of obese fa/fa rats and in cultured adipocyte cells. Mol Pharmacol 63:908-914.
9. Berg A, Combs T, Du X, Brownlee M, Scherer P (2001). The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med 7:947-953.
10. Berger A, Crozier G, Bisogno T, Cavaliere P, Innis S, Di Marzo V (2001). Anandamide and diet: inclusion of dietary arachidonate and docosahexaenoate leads to increased brain levels of the corresponding N-acylethanolamines in piglets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:6402-6406.
11. Berridge K (2000). Measuring hedonic impact in animals and infants: microstructure of affective taste reactivity patterns. Neurosci Biobehav Revs 24:173-198.
12. Berridge KC (2004). Motivational concepts in behavioral neuroscience. Physiol Behav 81:179-209.
13. Bodnar RJ (2004). Endogenous opioids and feeding behavior: a 30-year historical perspective. Peptides 25:697-725.
14. Breivogel CS, Childers SR (1998). The functional neuroanatomy of brain cannabinoid receptors. Neurobiol Dis 5:417-431.
15. Brown JE, Kassouny M, Cross JK (1977). Kinetic studies of food intake and sucrose solution preference by rats treated with low doses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Behav Biol 20:104-110.
16. Cani PD, Montoya ML, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, Lambert DM (2004). Potential modulation of plasma ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 by anorexigenic cannabinoid compounds, SR141716A (rimonabant) and oleoylethanolamide. Br J Nutr 92:757-761.
17. Carai MA, Colombo G, Gessa L (2004). Rapid tolerance to the intestinal prokinetic effect of cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716 (rimonabant). Eur J Pharmacol 28:221-224.
18. Chambers AP, Sharkey KA, Koopmans HS (2004). Cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonist AM 251, causes a sustained reduction of daily food intake in the rat. Physiol Behav 82:863-869.
19. Chen RZ, Huang RR, Shen CP, MacNeil DJ, Fong TM (2004). Synergistic effects of cannabinoid inverse agonist AM251 and opioid antagonist nalmefene on food intake in mice. Brain Res 999:227-230.
20. Colombo G, Agabio R, Diaz G (1998). Appetite suppression and weight loss after the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716. Life Sci 63:113-117.
21. Cooper SJ, Kirkham TC (1993). Opioid mechanisms in the control of food consumption and taste preferences. In: Herz A, Akil H, Simon EJ (editors): Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 104, part II. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; pp. 239-263.
22. Cota D, Marsicano G, Tschöp M, Grubler Y, Flachskamm C, Schubert M (2003). The endogenous cannabinoid system affects energy balance via central orexigenic drive and peripheral lipogenesis. J Clin Invest 112:423-431.
23. Coutts AA, Izzo AA (2004). The gastrointestinal pharmacology of cannabinoids: an update. Curr Opin Pharmacol 4:572-579.
24. Darmani NA (2001). The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A reverses the antiemetic and motor depressant actions of WIN 55,212-2. Eur J Pharmacol 430:49-58.
25. Darmani NA (2002). The potent emetogenic effects of the endocannabinoid, 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) are blocked by delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannnabinoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 300:34-42.
26. Darmani NA, Janoyan JJ, Kumar N, Crim JL (2003). Behaviorally active doses of the CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716A increase brain serotonin and dopamine levels and turnover. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 75:777-787.
27. Darmani NA, McClanahan BA, Trinh C, Petrosino S, Valenti S, Di Marzo V (2005). Cisplatin increases brain 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and concomitantly reduces intestinal 2-AG and anandamide levels in the least shrew. Neuropharmacology (in press).
28. Derbenev AV, Stuart TC, Smith BN (2004). Cannabinoids suppress synaptic input to neurons of the rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. J Physiol 559:923-938.
29. Devane WA, Dysarz FA, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Howlett AC (1988). Determination and characterisation of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 34:605-613.
30. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA, Griffin G, et al. (1992). Isolation of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 258:1946-1949.
31. Di Marzo V, Matlas I (2005). Endocannabinoid control of food intake and energy balance. Nature Neurosci 8:585-589.
32. Di Marzo V, Sepe N, De Petrocellis L, Berger A, Crozier G, Fride E, et al. (1998). Trick or treat from food endocannabinoids? Nature 396:636-637.
33. Di Marzo V, Goparaju SK, Wang L, Liu J, Batkai S, Jarai Z, et al. (2001). Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake. Nature 410:822-825.
34. Di Marzo V, De Petrocellis L, Bisogno T (2005). The biosynthesis, fate and pharmacological properties of endocannabinoids. In: Pertwee RG (editor): Cannabinoids. Berlin: Springer; pp. 147-185.
35. Duarte C, Alonso R, Bichet N, Cohen C, Soubrie P, Thiebot MH (2004). Blockade by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant (SR 141716) of the potentiation by quinelorane of food-primed reinstatement of food-seeking behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:911-920.
36. Foltin RW, Brady JV, Fischman MW (1986). Behavioral analysis of marijuana effects on food intake in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25:577-582.
37. Foltin R, Fischman M, Byrne M (1988). Effects of smoked marijuana on food intake and body weight of humans living in a residential laboratory. Appetite 11:1-14.
38. Fowler CJ, Jonsson KO, Tiger G (2001). Fatty acid amide hydrolase: biochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic possibilities for an enzyme hydrolyzing anadamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, palmitoyletanolamide and oleamide. Biochem Pharmacol 62:517-526.
39. Freedland CS, Poston JS, Porrino LJ (2000). Effects of SR141716A, a central cannabinoid receptor antagonist, on food-maintained responding. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67:265-270.
40. Freedland CS, Sharpe AL, Samson HH, Porrino LJ (2001). Effects of SR141716A on ethanol and sucrose self-administration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25:277-282.
41. Fride E, Ginzburg Y, Breuer A, Bisogno T, Di Marzo V, Mechoulam R (2001). Critical role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in mouse pup suckling and growth. Eur J Pharmacol 419:207-214.
42. Fride E, Foox A, Rosenberg E, Faigenboim M, Cohen V, Barda L, et al. (2003). Milk intake and survival in newborn cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice: evidence for a 'CB3' receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 461:27-34.
43. Fride E, Bregman T, Kirkham TC (2005). Endocannabinoids and food intake: Newborn suckling and appetite regulation in adulthood. Exp Biol Med 230:225-234.
44. Friedman JM (2002). The function of leptin in nutrition, weight, and physiology. Nutr Rev 60:81-14.
45. Fruebis J, Tsao TS, Javorschi S, Ebbets-Reed D, Erickson MR, Yen FT, et al. (2001). Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2005-2010.
46. Gallate JE, McGregor IS (1999). The motivation for beer in rats: effects of ritanserin, naloxone and SR141716. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 142: 302-308.
47. Gallate JE, Saharov T, Mallet PE, McGregor IS (1999). Increased motivation for beer in rats following administration of a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist. Eur J Pharmacol 370:233-240.
48. Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R (1964). Isolation, structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish. J Am Chem Soc 86:1646-1647.
49. Gardner EL (2005). Endocannabinoid signaling system and brain reward: emphasis on dopamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 81:263-284.
50. Gardner EL, Vorel SR (1998). Cannabinoid transmission and reward-related events. Neurobiol Dis 5:502-533.
51. 123I-labeled AM25: a radioiodinated ligand which binds in vivo to mouse brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 307:331-338.
52. Gómez R, Navarro M, Ferrer B, Trigo JM, Bibao A, Del Arco I, et al. (2002). A peripheral mechanism for CB1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent modulation of feeding. J Neurosci 22:9612-9617.
53. Gross H, Ebert MH, Faden VB, Goldberg SC, Kaye WH, Caine ED, et al. (1983). A double-blind trial of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in primary anorexia nervosa. J Clin Psychopharmacol 3:165-171.
54. Haney M, Ward AS, Corner SD, Fotlin R, Fischman M (1999). Abstinence following smoked marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 141:395-404.
55. Haney M, Rabkin J, Gunderson E, Foltin RW (2005). Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV+ marijuana smokers: acute effects on caloric intake and mood. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (in press).
56. Hanus L, Abu-Lafi S, Fride E, Breuer A, Vogel Z, Shalev D, et al. (2001). 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether, an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:3662-3665.
57. Hanus L, Avrahah Y, Ben-Shushan D, Zolotarev O, Berry EM, Mechoulam R (2003). Short-term fasting and prolonged semistarvation have opposite effects on 2-AG levels in mouse brain. Brain Res 983:144-151.
58. Hao S, Avraham Y, Mechoulam R, Berry EM (2000). Low dose anandamide affects food intake, cognitive function, neurotransmitter and corticosterone levels in diet-restricted mice. Eur J Pharmacol 392:147-156.
59. Hardie DG (2004). The AMP-activated protein kinase pathway - new players upstream and downstream. J Cell Sci 117:5479-5487.
60. Harrold JA, Elliott JC, King PJ, Widdowson PS, Williams G (2002). Down-regulation of cannabinoid-1 (CB-1) receptors in specific extrahypothalamic regions of rats with dietary obesity: a role for endogenous cannabinoids in driving appetite for palatable food? Brain Res 952:232-238.
61. Hart CL, Ward AS, Haney M, Comer SD, Foltin RW, Fischman MW (2002). Comparison of smoked marijuana and oral D9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 164:407-415.
62. Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, de Costa BR, Rice KC (1991). Characterisation and localisation of cannabinoid receptors in rat brain: A quantitative in vitro autoradiographic study. J Neurosci 11:563-583.
63. Hermann H, Lutz B (2005). Coexpression of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 with the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 in distinct regions of the adult mouse forebrain. Neurosci Lett 375:13-18.
64. Hermann H, Marsicano G, Lutz B (2002). Coexpression of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 with dopamine and serotonin receptors in distinct neuronal subpopulations of the adult mouse forebrain. Neuroscience 109:451-460.
65. Higgins GA, Fletcher PJ (2003). Serotonin and drug reward: focus on 5-HT2C receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 480:151-162.
66. Higgs S, Williams CM, Kirkham TC (2003). Microstructural analysis of CB1 agonist and antagonist effects on palatability responses to sucrose. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 165:370-377.
67. Hildebrandt AL, Kelly-Sullivan DM, Black SC (2003). Anti-obesity effects of chronic cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist treatment in diet-induced obese mice. Eur J Pharmacol 462:125-132.
68. Hilairet S, Bouaboula M, Carriere D, Le Fur G, Casellas P (2003). Hypersesitization of the orexin 1 receptor by the CB1 receptor: evidence for cross-talk blocked by the specific CB1 antagonist, SR141716. J Biol Chem 278: 23731-23737.
69. Hollister LE (1971). Hunger and appetite after single doses of marijuana, alcohol and dextroamphetamine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12:45-49.
70. Hewlett AC (2004). Efficacy in CB1 mediated signal transduction. Br J Pharmacol 142:1209-1218.
71. Howlett AC (2005). Cannabinoid receptor signaling. In: Pertwee RG (editor): Cannabinoids. Berlin: Springer; pp. 53-79.
72. Howlett AC, Breivogel CS, Childers SR, Deadwyler SA, Hampson RE (2004). Cannabinoid physiology and pharmacology: 30 years of progress. Neuropharmacology 47:345-358.
73. Huestis MA, Gorelick DA, Heishman SJ, Preston KL, Nelson RA, Moolchan ET, et al. (2001). Blockade of effects of smoked marijuana by the CB1 selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 322-328.
74. Ikemoto S, Panksepp J (1999). The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in motivated behavior: a unifying interpretation with special reference to reward-seeking. Brain Res Rev 31:6-41.
75. Izzo AA, Mascolo N, Capasso F (2001). The gastrointestinal pharmacology of cannabinoids. Curr Opin Pharmacol 1:597-603.
76. Jamshidi N, Taylor DA (2001). Anandamide administration into the ventromedial hypothalamus stimulates appetite in rats. Br J Pharmacol 134: 1151-1154.
77. Jbilo O, Ravinet-Trillou C, Arnone M, Buisson I, Bribes E, Péleraux A, et al. (2005). The CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant reverses the diet-induced obesity phenotype through the regulation of lipolysis and energy balance. FASEB J (in press).
78. Justinova Z, Solinas M, Tanda G, Redhi GH, Goldberg SR (2005). The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide and its synthetic analog R(+)-methanandamide are intravenously self-administered by squirrel monkeys. J Neurosci 25:5645-5650.
79. Kahn BB, Aliquier T, Carling D, Hardie DG (2005). AMP-activated protein kinase: ancient energy gauge provides clues to modern understanding of metabolism. Cell Metab 1:15-25.
80. Kelley AE (1999). Functional specificity of ventral striatal compartments in appetitive behaviors. Ann NY Acad Sci 877:71-90.
81. Kelley AE, Bakshi VP, Haber SN, Steininger TL, Will MJ, Zhang M (2002). Opioid modulation of taste hedonics. Physiol Behav 76:365-377.
82. Kim E-K, Miller I, Landree LE, Borisy-Rudin FF, Brown P, Tihan T, et al. (2002). Expression of FAS within hypothalamic neurons: a model for decreased food intake after C75 treatment. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283:E867-879.
83. Kirkham TC (2004). Cannabinoids and medicine: eating disorders, nausea and emesis. In: Di Marzo V (editor): Cannabinoids. Georgetown: Landes Bioscience; pp. 147-160.
84. Kirkham TC, Williams CM (2001 a). Endogenous cannabinoids and appetite. Nutr Res Rev 14:65-86.
85. Kirkham TC, Williams CM (2001b). Synergistic effects of opioid and cannabinoid antagonists on food intake. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 153:267-270.
86. Kirkham TC, Williams CM (2001c). Endocannabinoids: neuromodulators of food craving? In: Hetherington M (editor): Food Cravings and Addiction. Leatherhead: Leatherhead Publishing; pp. 85-120.
87. Kirkham TC, Williams CM (2004). Endocannabinoid receptor antagonists: potential for obesity treatment. Treat Endocrinol 3:345-360.
88. Kirkham TC, Williams CM, Fezza F, Di Marzo V (2002). Endocannabinoid levels in rat limbic forebrain and hypothalamus in relation to fasting, feeding and satiation: stimulation of eating by 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. Br J Pharmacol 136:550-557.
89. Koch JE, Matthews SM (2001). Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol stimulates palatable food intake in Lewis rats: effects of peripheral and central administration. Nutr Neurosci 4:179-187.
90. Kojima M, Kangawa K (2005). Ghrelin: structure and function. Physiol Rev 85:495-522.
91. Kola B, Hubina E, Tucci SA, Kirkham TC, Garcia EA, Mitchell SE, et al. (2005). Cannabinoids and ghrelin have both central and peripheral metabolic and cardiac effects via AMP-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 280: 25196-25202.
92. Ledent C, Valverde O, Cossu G, Petitet F, Aubert JF, Beslot F, et al. (1999). Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Science 283:401-404.
93. Limebeer CL, Parker LA (1999). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol interferes with the establishment and the expression of conditioned rejection reactions produced by cyclophosphamide: a rat model of nausea. Neuroreport 10:3769-3772.
94. ob mice. Int J Obesity 29:183-187.
95. Loftus TM, Jaworsky DE, Frehywot GL, Townsend CA, Ronnett GV, Lane MD, et al. (2000). Reduced food intake and body weight in mice treated with fatty acid synthase inhibitors. Science 288:2379-2381.
96. Lupica CR, Riegel AC (2005). Endocannabinoid release from midbrain dopamine neurons: a potential substrate for cannabinoid receptor antagonist treatment of addiction. Neuropharmacology 48:1105-1116.
97. Lupica CR, Riegel AC, Hoffman AE (2004). Marijuana and cannabinoid regulation of brain reward circuits. Br J Pharmacol 143:227-234.
98. Mackie K (2005). Distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. In: Pertwee RG (editor): Cannabinoids. Berlin: Springer; pp. 299-325.
99. Mahler SV, Smith KS, Berridge KC (2004). What is the 'motivational' mechanism for the marijuana munchies? The effects of intra-accumbens anandamide on hedonic taste reactions to sucrose. Soc Neurosci Abstr 437:10.
100. Malone DT, Taylor DA (1999). Modulation by fluoxetine of striatal dopamine release following D9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a microdialysis study in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol 128:21-26.
101. Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TI (1990). Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature 346:561-564.
102. McDonald AJ, Mascagni F (2001). Localization of the CB1 type cannabinoid receptor in the rat basolateral amygdala: high concentrations in a subpopulation of cholecystokinin-containing interneurons. Neuroscience 107:641-652.
103. McLaughlin PJ, Winston K, Swezey L, Wisniecki A, Aberman J, Tardif DJ, et al. (2003). The cannabinoid CB1 antagonists SR 141716A and AM 251 suppress food intake and food-reinforced behavior in a variety of tasks in rats. Behav Pharmacol 14:583-588.
104. McLaughlin PJ, Winston KM, Limebeer CL, Parker LA, Makriyannis A, Salamone JD (2005). The cannabinoid CB1 antagonist AM251 produces food avoidance and behaviour associated with nausea but does not impair feeding efficiency. Psychopharmacology 202:286-293.
105. Mechoulam R, Shani A, Edery H, Grunfeld Y (1970). Chemical basis of hashish activity. Science 169:611-612.
106. Mechoulam R, Ben-Shabat S, Hanus L, Ligumsky M, Kaminski NE, Schatz AR, et al. (1995). Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 50:83-90.
107. Melis M, Perra S, Muntoni AL, Pillola G, Lutz B, Marsicano G, et al. (2004). Prefrontal cortex stimulation induces 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol-mediated suppression of excitation in dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 24: 10707-10715.
108. Miller CC, Murray TF, Freeman KG, Edwards GL (2004). Cannabinoid agonist, CP55,940, facilitates intake of palatable foods when injected into the hindbrain. Physiol Behav 80:611-616.
109. Monteleone P, Matias I, Martiadis V, De Petrocellis L, Maj M, Di Marzo V (2005). Blood levels of the endocannabinoid anadamide are increased in anorexia nervosa and in binge-eating disorder, but not in bulimia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:1216-1221.
110. Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M (1993). Molecular characterisation of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365:61-65.
111. Navarro M, Hernadez E, Munoz RM, del Arco I, Villanua MA, Carrerea MR, et al. (1997). Administration of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716A induces anxiety-like responses in the rat. Neuroreport 8: 491-496.
112. Oka S, Tsuchie A, Tokumura A, Murumatsu M, Suhara Y, Takayama H, et al. (2003). Ether linked analogue of 2-arachidonylglycerol (noladin ether) was not detected in the brains of various mammalian species. J Neurochem 85:1374-1381.
113. Onaivi ES, Ishiguro H, Gong J-P, Patel S, Meozzi PA, Myers L, et al. 2005. Peripheral cannabinoid CB2 receptors are expressed in the brain and involved in depression and substance abuse. 2005 Symposium on the Cannabinoids. Clearwater, Florida: International Cannabinoid Research Society.
114. Osei-Hyiamen D, DePetrillo M, Pacher P, Liu J, Radaeva S, Batkai S, et al. (2005). Endocannabinoid activation at hepatic CB1 receptors stimulates fatty acid synthesis and contributes to diet-induced obesity. J Clin Invest 115: 1298-1305.
115. Parker LA, Mechoulam R, Schlievert C, Abbott L, Fudge ML, Burton P (2003). Effects of cannabinoids on lithium-induced conditioned rejection reactions in a rat model of nausea. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 166:156-162.
116. Patel S, Hillard CJ (2003). Cannabinoid-induced Fos expression within A10 dopamine neurons. Brain Res 963:15-25.
117. Pecina S, Berridge KC (2000). Opioid site in nucleus accumbens shell mediates eating and hedonic 'liking' for food: map based on microinjection Fos plumes. Brain Res 863:71-86.
118. Pério A, Barnouin MC, Poncelet M, Soubrie P (2001). Activity of SR141716 on post-reinforcemnt pauses in operant responding for sucrose reward in rats. Behav Pharmacol 12:641-645.
119. Pertwee RG (2005a). Pharmacological actions of cannabinoids. In: Pertwee RG (editor): Cannabinoids. Berlin: Springer; pp. 1-51.
120. Pertwee RG (2005b). Inverse agonism and neutral antagonism at cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Life Sci 76:1307-1324.
121. Pickel VM, Chan J, Kash TL, Rodriguez JJ, MacKie K (2004). Compartment-specific localization of cannabinoid (CB1) and mu-opioid receptors in rat nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience 127:101-112.
122. Plasse TF, Gorter RW, Krasnow SH, Lane M, Shepard K, Wadleigh R (1991). Recent clinical experience with dronabinol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40:695-700.
123. Poncelet M, Maruani J, Calassi R, Soubrie P (2003). Overeating, alcohol and sucrose consumption decrease in CB1 receptor deleted mice. Neurosci Lett 343:216-218.
124. Porter AC, Sauer J-M, Knierman MD, Becker G, Berna M, Bao J, et al. (2002). Characterization of a novel endocannabinoid, virodhamine, with antagonist activity at the CB1 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301:1020-1024.
125. Ravinet-Trillou C, Arnone M, Delgorge C, Gonalons N, Keane P, Maffrand JP, et al. (2003). Anti-obesity effect of SR141716, a CB1 receptor antagonist, in diet-induced obese mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 284: R345-R353.
126. Ravinet-Trillou C, Delgorge C, Menet C, Arnone M, Soubrie P (2004). CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout in mice leads to leanness, resistance to diet-induced obesity and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28:640-648.
127. Regelson W, Butler JR, Schultz J (1976). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an effective antidepressant and appetite-stimulating agent in advanced cancer patients. In: Braude MC, Szara S (editors): The Pharmacology of Marijuana. New York: Raven Press; pp. 763-776.
128. Reynolds SM, Berridge KC (2002). Positive and negative motivation in nucleus accumbens shell: bivalent rostrocaudal gradients for GABA-elicited eating, taste 'liking'/'disliking' reactions, place preferences/avoidance, and fear. J Neurosci 22:7308-7320.
129. Rinaldi-Carmona M, Barth F, Heaulme M, Shire D, Calandra B, Congy C, et al. (1994). SR141716A, a potent and selective antagonist of the brain cannabinoid receptor. FEBS Lett 350:240-244.
130. Rinaldi-Carmona M, Barth F, Congy C, Martinez S, Oustric D, Perio A, et al. (2004). SR147778 [5-(4-Bromophenyl)-1-1 (2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-ethyl-N-(1- piperidinyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide], a new potent and selective antagonist of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor: biochemical and pharmacological characterization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 310:905-914.
131. Robson P (2005). Human studies of cannabinoids and medicinal cannabis. In: Pertwee RG (editor): Cannabinoids. Berlin: Springer; pp. 719-756.
132. Rowland NE, Mukherjee M, Robertson K (2001). Effects of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716, alone and in combination with dexfenfluramine or naloxone, on food intake in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 159:111-116.
133. Rubino T, Massi P, Vigano D, Fuzio D, Parolaro D (2000). Long-term treatment with SR141716A, the CB1 receptor antagonist, influences morphine withdrawal syndrome. Life Sci 66:2213-2219.
134. Ruiu S, Pinna GA, Marchese G, Mussinu JM, Saba P, Tambaro S, et al. (2003). Synthesis and characterization of NESS 0327: a novel putative antagonist of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306:363-370.
135. Rutkowska M (2004). The effect of AM251, a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, on food intake in rats. Acta Pol Pharm 61:401-403.
136. Sanchis-Segura C, Cline BH, Marsicano G, Lutz B, Spanagel R (2004). Reduced sensitivity to reward in CB1 knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 176:223-232.
137. Sakurai T (2005). Reverse pharmacology of orexin: from an orphan GPCR to integrative physiology. Regul Pept 126:3-10.
138. Schlicker E, Kathmann M (2001). Modulation of transmitter release via presynaptic cannabinoid receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:565-572.
139. Sharkey KA, Pittman QJ (2005). Central and peripheral signaling mechanisms involved in endocannabinoid regulation of feeding: a perspective on the munchies. Sci STKE 277: pe15. www.stke.org/cgi/content/full/sigtrans; 2005/277/pe15.
140. Shearman LP, Rosko KM, Fleischer R, Wang J, Xu S, Tong XS, et al. (2003). Antidepressant-like and anorectic effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor inverse agonist AM251 in mice. Behav Pharmacol 14:573-582.
141. Siegfried Z, Kanyas K, Latzer Y, Karni O, Bloch M, Lerer B, et al. (2004). Association study of cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) alleles and anorexia nervosa: differences between restricting and hinging/purging subtypes. Am J Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 125:126-130.
142. Simiand J, Keane M, Keane PE, Soubrie P (1998). SR141716, a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, selectively reduces sweet food intake in marmoset. Behav Pharmacol 9:179-181.
143. Sipe JC, Waalen J, Gerber A, Beutler E (2005). Overweight and obesity associated with a missense polymorphism in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 29:755-759.
144. Solinas M, Goldberg SR (2005). Motivational effects of cannabinoids and opioids on food reinforcement depend on simultaneous activation of cannabinoid and opioid systems. Neuropsychopharmacology (in press).
145. Solinas M, Zangen A, Thiriet N, Goldberg SR (2004). Beta-endorphin elevations in the ventral tegmental area regulate the discriminative effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Eur J Neurosci 19:3183-3192.
146. Spanagel R, Weiss F (1999). The dopamine hypothesis of reward: past and current status. Trends Neurosci 22:521-527.
147. Stratford TR (2005). Activation of feeding-related neural circuitry after unilateral injections of muscimol into the nucleus accumbens shell. Brain Res 1048:241-250.
148. Stratford TR, Kelley AE (1999). Evidence of a functional relationship between the nucleus accumbens shell and lateral hypothalamus subserving the control of feeding behavior. J Neurosci 19:11040-11048.
149. Sugiura T, Kondo S, Sukagawa A, Nakane S, Shinoda A, Itoh K, et al. (1995). 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: a possible endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand in brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 215:89-97.
150. Tanda G, Pontieri FE, Di Chiara G (1997). Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common mu1 opioid receptor mechanism. Science 276:2048-2050.
151. Tart C (1970). Marijuana intoxication: common experiences. Nature 226: 701-704.
152. Thornton-Jones Z, Vickers SP, Clifton PG (2005). The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR1417161A reduces appetitive and consummatory responses for food. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 179:452-460.
153. Tucci SA, Rogers EK, Korbonits M, Kirkham TC (2004). The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 blocks the orexigenic effects of intrahypothalamic ghrelin. Br J Pharmacol 143:520-523.
154. Valenti M, Vigano D, Casico MG, Rubino T, Steardo L, Parolaro D, et al. (2004). Differential diurnal variations of anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl- glycerol levels in rat brain. Cell Mol Life Sci 61:945-950.
155. van der Stelt M, Di Marzo V (2003). The endocannabinoid system in the basal ganglia and in the mesolimbic reward system: implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 480:133-150.
156. Van Gaal LF, Rissanen AM, Scheen AJ, Ziegler O, Rossner S, RIO-Europe Study Group (2005). Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight paptients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet 16:1389-1397.
157. Vaughan CW, Christie MJ (2005). Retrograde signaling by endocannabinoids. In: Pertwee RG (editor): Cannabinoids. Berlin: Springer; pp. 367-383.
158. Verty AN, Singh ME, McGregor IS, Mallet PE (2003). The cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716 attenuates overfeeding induced by systemic or intracranial morphine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 168:314-323.
159. Verty AN, McGregor IS, Mallet PE (2004a). Consumption of high carbohydrate, high fat, and normal chow is equally suppressed by a cannabinoid receptor antagonist in non-deprived rats. Neurosci Lett 354:217-220.
160. Verty AN, McGregor IS, Mallet PE (2004b). The dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 attenuates feeding induced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Brain Res 1020:188-195.
161. Verty AN, McFarlane JR, McGregor IS, Mallet PE (2004c). Evidence for an interaction between CB1 cannabinoid and melanocortin MCR-4 receptors in regulating food intake. Endocrinology 145:3224-3231.
162. Verty AN, McFarlane JR, McGregor IS, Mallet PE (2004d). Evidence for an interaction between CB1 cannabinoid and oxytocin receptors in food and water intake. Neuropharmacology 47:593-603.
163. Vickers SP, Kennett GA (2005). Cannabinoids and the regulation of ingestive behaviour. Curr Drug Targets 6:215-223.
164. Vickers SP, Webster LJ, Wyatt A, Dourish CT, Kennett GA (2003). Preferential effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR 141716, on food intake and body weight gain of obese (fa/fa) compared to lean Zucker rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 167:103-111.
165. Volicer L, Stelly M, Morris J, McLaughlin J, Volicer BJ (1997). Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behaviour in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 12:913-919.
166. Werner NA, Koch JE (2003). Effects of the cannabinoid antagonists AM281 and AM630 on deprivation-induced intake in Lewis rats. Brain Res 967: 290-292.
167. Wiley JL, Burston JJ, Leggett DC, Alekseeva OO, Razdan RK, Mahadevan A, et al. (2005). CB(1) cannabinoid receptor-mediated modulation of food intake in mice. Br J Pharmacol 145:293-300.
168. Williams CM, Kirkham TC (1999). Anandamide induces overeating: mediation by central cannabinoid receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 143:315-317.
169. Williams CM, Kirkham TC (2002a). Reversal of Δ9-THC hyperphagia by SR141716 and naloxone but not dexfenfluramine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71:341-348.
170. 9-THC and anandamide. Physiol Behav 76:241-250.
171. 9-THC. Physiol Behav 65:343-346.
172. Wolf G (2003). Adiponectin: a regulator of energy homeostasis. Nutr Rev
173. Zhou D, Shearman LP (2004). Voluntary exercise augments acute effects of CB1-receptor inverse agonist on body weight loss in obese and lean mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77:117-125.