Molecular Determinants of Human Longevity

Advances in Clinical Chemistry

Volumn 39, Issue , 2005, Pages 185-210

  Panza, Francesco ^a   D'Introno, Alessia ^a   Colacicco, Anna M ^a   Capurso, Cristiano ^a,b   Palasciano, Rosa ^a   Capurso, Sabrina ^a   Gadaleta, Annamaria ^a   Capurso, Antonio ^a   Kehoe, Patrick G ^c   Solfrizzi, Vincenzo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARI   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FOGGIA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HLA ANTIGEN; INTERLEUKIN DERIVATIVE; VASCULOTROPIN A;

GENETIC MARKER; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; LONGEVITY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; REVIEW;

GENETIC MARKERS; HLA ANTIGENS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; INFLAMMATION; INTERLEUKINS; LONGEVITY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 23244447027     PISSN: 00652423     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2423(04)39007-4     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Cournil A., and Kirkwood T.B. If you would live long, choose your parents well. Trends Genet 17 (2001) 233-235
2. Gonos E.S. Genetics of aging: Lessons from centenarians. Exp Gerontol 35 (2000) 15-21
3. Kirkwood T.B. Genetic basis of limited cell proliferation. Mutat Res 256 (1991) 323-328
4. Kirkwood T.B. Evolution of ageing. Nature 270 (1977) 301-304
5. Kirkwood T.B., and Holliday R. The evolution of ageing and longevity. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 205 (1979) 531-546
6. Barzilai N., and Shuldiner A.R. Searching for human longevity genes: The future history of gerontology in the post-genomic era. J. Gerontol. A Biol Sci Med Sci 56 (2001) M83-M87
7. Abbott M.H., Abbey H., Bolling D.R., and Murphy E.A. The familial component in longevity-a study of offspring of nonagenarians: III. Intrafamilial studies. Am J Med Genet 2 (1978) 105-120
8. Sorensen T.I., Nielsen G.G., Andersen P.K., and Teasdale T.W. Genetic and environmental influences on premature death in adult adoptees. N Engl J Med 318 (1988) 727-732
9. Herskind A.M., McGue M., Iachine I.A., Holm N., Sorensen T.I., Harvald B., and Vaupel J.W. Untangling genetic influences on smoking, body mass index and longevity: A multivariate study of 2464 Danish twins followed for 28 years. Hum Genet 98 (1996) 467-475
10. Ljungquist B., Berg S., Lanke J., McClearn G.E., and Pedersen N.L. The effect of genetic factors for longevity: A comparison of identical and fraternal twins in the Swedish Twin Registry. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 53 (1988) M441-M446
11. Perls T.T., Bubrick E., Wager C.G., Vijg J., and Kruglyak L. Siblings of centenarians live longer. Lancet 351 (1998) 1560
12. Robine J.M., and Allard M. The oldest human. Science 279 (1998) 1834-1835
13. Finch C.E., and Tanzi R.E. Genetics of aging. Science 278 (1997) 407-411
14. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States (1994), Public Health Service, Washington, DC
15. U. S. Bureau of the Census. Census of population, general population characteristics (1990; 1992), Department of Commerce, Washington, DC
16. Perls T., and Terry D. Understanding the determinants of exceptional longevity. Ann Intern Med 139 (2003) 445-449
17. Miller R.A. A position paper on longevity genes. Sci. Aging Knowledge Environ. (2001) 2001:vp6.
18. Perls T., Kunkel L., and Puca A. The genetics of aging. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12 (2002) 362-369
19. Puca A.A., Daly M.J., Brewster S.J., Matise T.C., Barrett J., Shea-Drinkwater M., Kang S., Joyce E., Nicoli J., Benson E., Kunkel L.M., and Perls T. A genome-wide scan for linkage to human exceptional longevity identifies a locus on chromosome 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001) 10505-10508
20. Panza F., D'Introno A., Colacicco A.M., Capurso C., Capurso S., Kehoe P.G., Capurso A., and Solfrizzi V. Vascular genetic factors and human longevity. Mech Agein Dev 125 (2004) 169-178
21. Panza F., Colacicco A., Kehoe P., Capurso A., and Solfrizzi V. Vascular genetic factors and lipoprotein metabolism in human longevity. In: Panza F., Solfrizzi V., and Capurso A. (Eds). Diet and Cognitive Decline (2004), Nova Science, New York 149-172 editors.
22. Louhija J., Miettinen H.E., Kontula K., Tikkanen M.J., Miettinen T.A., and Tilvis R.S. Aging and genetic variation of plasma apolipoproteins. Relative loss of the apolipoprotein E4 phenotype in centenarians. Arterioscl Thromb 14 (1994) 1084-1089
23. Panza F., Solfrizzi V., Torres F., Mastroianni F., Del Parigi A., Colacicco A.M., Basile A.M., Capurso C., Noya R., and Capurso A. Decreased frequency of apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele from Northern to Southern Europe in Alzheimer's disease patients and centenarians. Neurosci Lett 277 (1999) 53-56
24. Schachter F., Faure-Delanef L., Guenot F., Rouger H., Froguel P., Lesueur-Ginot L., and Cohen D. Genetic associations with human longevity at the APOE and ACE loci. Nat Genet 6 (1994) 29-32
25. Saunders A.M., Strittmatter W.J., Schmechel D., et al. Association of apolipoprotein E allele e4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 43 (1993) 1467-1472
26. Eichner J.E., Kuller L.H., Orchard T.J., Grandits G.A., McCallum L.M., Ferrell R.E., and Neaton J.D. Relation of apolipoprotein E phenotype to myocardial infarction and mortality from coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 71 (1993) 160-165
27. Boerwinkle E., and Utermann G. Simultaneous effects of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism on apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein B, and cholesterol metabolism. Am J Hum Genet 42 (1988) 104-112
28. Cambien F., Poirier O., Lecerf L., et al. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature 359 (1992) 641-644
29. Kehoe P.G., Russ C., McIlory S., et al. Variation in DCP1, encoding ACE, is associated with susceptibility to Alzheimer disease. Nat Genet 21 (1999) 71-72
30. Bladbjerg E.M., Andersen-Ranberg K., de Maat M.P., Kristensen S.R., Jeune B., Gram J., and Jespersen J. Longevity is independent of common variations in genes associated with cardiovascular risk. Thromb Haemost 82 (1999) 1100-1105
31. Blanchè H., Cabanne L., Sahbatou M., and Thomas G. A study of French centenarians: Are ACE and APOE associated with longevity?. C Acad Sci II 324 (2001) 129-135
32. Choi Y.H., Kim J.H., Kim D.K., Kim J.W., Kim D.K., Lee M.S., Kim C.H., and Park S.C. Distributions of ACE and APOE polymorphisms and their relations with dementia status in Korean centenarians. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58 (2003) 227-231
33. Panza F., Solfrizzi V., D'Introno A., Colacicco A.M., Capurso C., Capurso A., and Kehoe P.G. Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE1) gene polymorphism in centenarians: Different allele frequencies between the North and South of Europe. Exp Gerontol 38 (2003) 1015-1020
34. Davignon J., Gregg R.E., and Sing C.F. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 8 (1988) 1-21
35. Asada T., Yamagata Z., Kinoshita T., Kinoshita A., Kariya T., Asaka A., and Kakuma T. Prevalence of dementia and distribution of ApoE alleles in Japanese centenarians: An almost-complete survey in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. J Am Geriatr Soc 44 (1996) 151-155
36. Asada T., Kariya T., Yamagata Z., Kinoshita T., and Asaka A. Apolipoprotein E allele in centenarians. Neurology 46 (1996) 1484
37. Yamagata Z., Asada T., Kinoshita A., Zhang Y., and Asaka A. Distribution of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms in Japanese patients with Alzheimer's disease and in Japanese centenarians. Hum Hered 47 (1997) 22-26
38. Davignon J., Bouthillier D., Nestruck A.C., and Sing C.F. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis: Insight from a study in octogenarians. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 99 (1987) 100-110
39. Kervinen K., Savolainen M.J., Salokannel J., Hynninen A., Heikkinen J., Ehnholm C., Koistinen M.J., and Kesaniemi Y.A. Apolipoprotein E and B polymorphisms-longevity factors assessed in nonagenarians. Atherosclerosis 105 (1994) 89-95
40. Rea I.M., Mc Dowell I., McMaster D., Smye M., Stout R., and Evans A. MONICA group (Belfast). Monitoring of cardiovascular trends study group, apolipoprotein E alleles in nonagenarian subjects in the Belfast Elderly Longitudinal Free-living Ageing Study (BELFAST). Mech Agein Dev 122 (2001) 1367-1372
41. Jian-Gang Z., Yong-Xing M., Chuan-Fu W., Pei-Fang L., Song-Bai Z., Nui-Fan G., Guo-Yin F., and Lin H. Apolipoprotein E and longevity among Han Chinese population. Mech Agein Dev 104 (1998) 159-167
42. Frisoni G.B., Louhija J., Geroldi C., and Trabucchi M. Longevity and the epsilon2 allele of apolipoprotein E: The Finnish Centenarians Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56 (2001) M75-M78
43. Louhija J., Viitanen M., Aguero-Torres H., and Tilvis R. Survival in Finnish centenarians in relation to apolipoprotein E polymorphism. J Am Geriatr Soc 49 (2001) 1007-1008
44. Gerdes L.U., Jeune B., Ranberg K.A., Nybo H., and Vaupel J.W. Estimation of apolipoprotein E genotype-specific relative mortality risks from the distribution of genotypes in centenarians and middle-aged men: Apolipoprotein E gene is a frailty gene, not a longevity gene. Genet Epidemiol 19 (2000) 202-210
45. Panza F., Solfrizzi V., Colacicco A.M., Basile A.M., D'Introno A., Capurso C., Sabba M., Capurso S., and Capurso A. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism influences serum APOE levels in Alzheimer's disease patients and centenarians. Neuroreport 14 (2003) 605-608
46. Couderc R., Mahieux F., Bailleul S., Fenelon G., Mary R., and Fermanian J. Prevalence of apolipoprotein E phenotypes in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. A case-control study. Stroke 24 (1993) 661-664
47. Bohnet K., Pillot T., Visvikis S., Sabolovic N., and Siest G.l. Apolipoprotein (apo) E genotype and apoE concentration determine binding of normal very low density lipoproteins to HepG2 cell surface receptors. J Lipid Res 37 (1996) 1316-1324
48. Siest G., Pillot T., Regis-Bailly A., Leininger-Muller B., Steinmetz J., Galteau M.M., and Visvikis S. Apolipoprotein E: An important gene and protein to follow in laboratory medicine. Clin Chem 41 (1995) 1068-1086
49. Rigat B., Hubert C., Alhenc-Gelas F., Cambien F., Corvol P., and Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest 86 (1990) 1343-1346
50. Costerousse O., Jaspard E., Wei L., Corvol P., and Alhenc-Gelas F. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme (kininase II): Molecular organization and regulation of its expression in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 20 Suppl. 9 (1992) S10-S15
51. Eisenlohr L.C., Bacik I., Bennink J.R., Bernstein K., and Yewdell J.W. Expression of a membrane protease enhances presentation of endogenous antigens to MHC class I-restricted T lymphocytes. Cell 71 (1992) 963-972
52. Galinsky D., Tysoe C., Brayne C.E., Easton D.F., Huppert F.A., Dening T.R., Paykel E.S., and Rubinsztein D.C. Analysis of the apo E/apo C-I, angiotensin converting enzyme and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genes as candidates affecting human longevity. Atherosclerosis 129 (1997) 177-183
53. Rahmutula D., Nakayama T., Izumi Y., et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and longevity in the Xin Jiang Uighur autonomous region of China: An association study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 57 (2001) M57-M60
54. Hessner M.J., Dinauer D.M., Kwiatkowski R., Neri B., and Raife T.J. Age-dependent prevalence of vascular disease-associated polymorphisms among 2689 volunteer blood donors. Clin Chem 47 (2001) 1879-1884
55. Frosst P., Blom H.J., Milos R., et al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: A common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet 10 (1995) 111-113
56. Riggs K.M., Spiro III A., Tucker K., and Rush D. Relations of vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, folate, and homocysteine to cognitive performance in the Normative Aging Study. Am J Clin Nutr 63 (1996) 306-314
57. Matsushita S., Muramatsu T., Arai H., Matsui T., and Higuchi S. The frequency of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase-gene mutation varies with age in the normal population. Am J Hum Genet 61 (1997) 1459-1460
58. Todesco L., Angst C., Litynski P., Loehrer F., Fowler B., and Haefeli W.E. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism, plasma homocysteine and age. Eur J Clin Invest 29 (1999) 1003-1009
59. Faure-Delanef L., Quere I., Chasse J.F., Guerassimenko O., Lesaulnier M., Bellet H., Zittoun J., Kamoun P., and Cohen D. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase thermolabile variant and human longevity. Am J Hum Genet 60 (1997) 999-1001
60. Harmon D.L., McMaster D., Shields D.C., Whitehead A.S., and Rea I.M. MTHFR thermolabile genotype frequencies and longevity in Northern Ireland. Atherosclerosis 131 (1997) 137-138
61. Rea I.M., McMaster D., Woodside J.V., Young I.S., Archbold G.P., Linton T., Lennox S., McNulty H., Harmon D.L., and Whitehead A.S. Community-living nonagenarians in Northern Ireland have lower plasma homocysteine but similar methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase thermolabile genotype prevalence compared to 70-89-year-old subjects. Atherosclerosis 149 (2000) 207-214
62. Brattstrom L., Zhang Y., Hurtig M., Refsum H., Ostensson S., Fransson L., Jones K., Landgren F., Brudin L., and Ueland P.M. A common methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation and longevity. Atherosclerosis 141 (1998) 315-319
63. Rees D.C., Liu Y.T., Cox M.J., Elliott P., and Wainscoat J.S. Factor V Leiden and thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in extreme old age. Thromb Haemost 78 (1997) 1357-1359
64. Tan Q., Yashin A.I., Bladbjerg E.M., de Maat M.P., Andersen-Ranberg K., Jeune B., Christensen K., and Vaupel J.W. Variations of cardiovascular disease associated genes exhibit sex-dependent influence on human longevity. Exp Gerontol 36 (2001) 1303-1315
65. Meiklejohn D.J., Riches Z., Youngson N., and Vickers M.A. The contribution of factor VII gene polymorphisms to longevity in Scottish nonagenarians. Thromb Haemost 83 (2000) 519
66. Mannucci P.M., Mari D., Merati G., Peyvandi F., Tagliabue L., Sacchi E., Taioli E., Sansoni P., Bertolini S., and Franceschi C. Gene polymorphisms predicting high plasma levels of coagulation and fibrinolysis proteins. A study in centenarians. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (1997) 755-759
67. Benes P., Muzik J., Benedik J., Elbl L., Vasku A., Siskova L., Znojil V., and Vacha J. The C766T low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein polymorphism and coronary artery disease, plasma lipoproteins, and longevity in the Czech population. J Mol Med 79 (2001) 116-120
68. Lottermoser K., Dusing R., Ervens P., Koch B., Bruning T., Sachinidis A., Vetter H., and Ko Y. The plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 4G/5G polymorphism is not associated with longevity: A study in octogenarians. J Mol Med 79 (2001) 289-293
69. Mackness B., Mackness M.I., Arrol S., Turkie W., and Durrington P.N. Effect of the human serum paraoxonase 55 and 192 genetic polymorphisms on the protection by high density lipoprotein against low density lipoprotein oxidative modification. FEB Lett 423 (1998) 57-60
70. Serrato M., and Marian A.J. A variant of human paraoxonase/arylesterase (HUMPONA) gene is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. J Clin Invest 96 (1995) 3005-3008
71. Bonafe M., Marchegiani F., Cardelli M., et al. Genetic analysis of paraoxonase (PON1) locus reveals an increased frequency of Arg192 allele in centenarians. Eur J Hum Genet 10 (2002) 292-296
72. Rea I.M., McKeown P.P., McMaster D., Smye M., Stout R., and Evans A. Paraoxonase polymorphisms PON1 192 and 55 and longevity in Italian centenarians and Irish nonagenarians. A pooled analysis. Exp Gerontol 39 (2004) 629-635
73. Barzilai N., Atzmon G., Schechter C., Schaefer E.J., Cupples A.L., Lipton R., Cheng S., and Shuldiner A.R. Unique lipoprotein phenotype and genotype associated with exceptional longevity. JAMA 290 (2003) 2030-2040
74. Groenendijk M., Cantor R.M., de Bruin T.W., and Dallinga-Thie G.M. The apoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster. Atherosclerosis 157 (2001) 1-11
75. Menzel H.J., Boerwinkle E., Schrangl-Will S., and Utermann G. Human apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphism: Frequency and effect on lipid and lipoprotein levels. Hum Genet 79 (1988) 368-372
76. De Benedictis G., Falcone E., Rose G., et al. DNA multiallelic systems reveal gene/longevity associations not detected by diallelic systems. The APOB locus. Hum Genet 99 (1997) 312-318
77. De Benedictis G., Carotenuto L., Carrieri G., De Luca M., Falcone E., Rose G., Yashin A.I., Bonafe M., and Franceschi C. Age-related changes of the 3′APOB-VNTR genotype pool in ageing cohorts. Ann Hum Genet 62 (1998) 115-122
78. Havel J., and Kane JP. Introduction: Structure and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. In: Scriver C., Blaudet A., Sly W., and Valle D. (Eds). The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. eighth ed. (2001), McGraw-Hill, New York 2705-2716 editors.
79. Varcasia O., Garasto S., Rizza T., et al. Replication studies in longevity: Puzzling findings in Danish centenarians at the 3′APOB-VNTR locus. Ann Hum Genet 65 (2001) 371-376
80. Garasto S., Rose G., Derango F., et al. The study of APOA1, APOC3, and APOA4 variability in healthy ageing people reveals another paradox in the oldest old subjects. Ann Hum Genet 67 (2003) 54-62
81. Anisimov S.V., Volkova M.V., Lenskaya L.V., Khavinson V.K., Solovieva D.V., and Schwartz E.I. Age-associated accumulation of the apolipoprotein C-III gene T-455C polymorphism C allele in a Russian population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56 (2001) B27-B32
82. Merched A., Xia Y., Papadopoulou A., Siest G., and Visvikis S. Apolipoprotein AIV codon 360 mutation increases with human aging and is not associated with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 242 (1998) 117-119
83. Pawelec G., Adibzadeh M., Solana R., and Beckman I. The T cell in the ageing individual. Mech Agein Dev 93 (1997) 35-45
84. Goldstein S., Gallo J.J., and Reichel W. Biologic theories of aging. Am Fam Physicia 40 (1989) 195-200
85. Amadori R., Zamarchi G., Desilvestro G., Forza G., Cavatton G., Danieli A., Clementi M., and Chiecobianchi L. Genetic control of the CD4/cd8 T-cell ratio in humans. Natur Med 1 (1995) 1279-1283
86. Di Franco P., Brai M., Misiano G., Piazza A.M., Giorgi G., Cossarizza A., and Franceschi C. Genetic and environmental influences on serum levels of immunoglobulins and complement components in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. J Clin Lab Immunol 27 (1988) 5-10
87. Kirkwood T.B., and Franceschi C. Is aging as complex as it would appear? New perspectives in aging research. Ann N Acad Sci 663 (1992) 412-417
88. Franceschi C., Bonafe M., Valensin S., Olivieri F., De Luca M., Ottaviani E., and De Benedictis G. Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Acad Sci 908 (2000) 244-254
89. Baggio G., Donazzan S., Monti D., et al. Lipoprotein(a) and lipoprotein profile in healthy centenarians: A reappraisal of vascular risk factors. FASE J 12 (1998) 433-437
90. Brod S.A. Unregulated inflammation shortens human functional longevity. Inflamm Res 49 (2000) 561-570
91. Ershler W.B. Interleukin-6: A cytokine for gerontologists. J Am Geriatr Soc 41 (1993) 176-181
92. Fishman D., Faulds G., Jeffery R., Mohamed-Ali V., Yudkin J.S., Humphries S., and Woo P. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin Invest 102 (1998) 1369-1376
93. Fagiolo U., Cossarizza A., Scala E., Fanales-Belasio E., Ortolani C., Cozzi E., Monti D., Franceschi C., and Paganelli R. Increased cytokine production in mononuclear cells of healthy elderly people. Eur J Immunol 23 (1993) 2375-2378
94. Ershler W.B., and Keller E.T. Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and frailty. Annu Rev Med 51 (2000) 245-270
95. Ferrucci L., Harris T.B., Guralnik J.M., Tracy R.P., Corti M.C., Cohen H.J., Penninx B., Pahor M., Wallace R., and Havlik R.J. Serum IL-6 level and the development of disability in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 47 (1999) 639-646
96. Harris T.B., Ferrucci L., Tracy R.P., Corti M.C., Wacholder S., Ettinger Jr. W.H., Heimovitz H., Cohen H.J., and Wallace R. Associations of elevated interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly. Am J Med 106 (1999) 506-512
97. Bonafè M., Olivieri F., Cavallone L., et al. A gender-dependent genetic predisposition to produce high levels of IL-6 is detrimental for longevity. Eur J Immunol 31 (2001) 2357-2361
98. Olivieri F., Bonafe M., Cavallone L., et al. The-174 C/G locus affects in vitro/in vivo IL-6 production during aging. Exp Gerontol 37 (2002) 309-314
99. Capurso C., Solfrizzi V., D'Introno A., Colacicco A.M., Capurso S.A., Semeraro C., Capurso A., and Panza F. Interleukin 6-174 G/C promoter gene polymorphism in centenarians: No evidence of association with human longevity or interaction with apolipoprotein E alleles. Exp Gerontol 39 (2004) 1109-1114
100. Burzotta F., Iacoviello L., Di Castelnuovo A., et al. Relation of the-174 G/C polymorphism of interleukin-6 to interleukin-6 plasma levels and to length of hospitalization after surgical coronary revascularization. Am J Cardiol 88 (2001) 1125-1128
101. Pola R., Flex A., Gaetani E., Lago A.D., Gerardino L., Pola P., and Bernabei R. The-174 G/C polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene promoter is associated with Alzheimer's disease in an Italian population. Neuroreport 13 (2002) 1645-1647
102. Pola R., Gaetani E., Flex A., Aloi F., Papaleo P., Gerardino L., De Martini D., Flore R., Pola P., and Bernabei R. -174 G/C interleukin-6 gene polymorphism and increased risk of multi-infarct dementia: A case-control study. Exp Gerontol 37 (2002) 949-955
103. Flex A., Gaetani E., Pola R., Santoliquido A., Aloi F., Papaleo P., Dal Lago A., Pola E., Serricchio M., Tondi P., and Pola P. The-174 G/C polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene promoter is associated with peripheral artery occlusive disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 24 (2002) 264-268
104. Rauramaa R., Vaisanen S.B., Luong L.A., Schmidt-Trucksass A., Penttila I.M., Bouchard C., Toyry J., and Humphries S.E. Stromelysin-1 and interleukin-6 gene promoter polymorphisms are determinants of asymptomatic carotid artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 (2000) 2657-2662
105. Rea I.M., Ross O.A., Armstrong M., McNerlan S., Alexander D.H., Curran M.D., and Middleton D. Interleukin-6-gene C/G 174 polymorphism in nonagenarian and octogenarian subjects in the BELFAST study. Reciprocal effects on IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor and for IL-10 in serum and monocyte supernatants. Mech Agein Dev 124 (2003) 555-561
106. Wang X.Y., Hurme M., Jylha M., and Hervonen A. Lack of association between human longevity and polymorphisms of IL-1 cluster, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha genes in Finnish nonagenarians. Mech Agein Dev 123 (2001) 29-38
107. Ross O.A., Curran M.D., Meenagh A., Williams F., Barnett Y.A., Middleton D., and Rea I.M. Study of age-association with cytokine gene polymorphisms in an aged Irish population. Mech Agein Dev 124 (2003) 199-206
108. Caruso C., Aquino A., Candore G., Scola L., Colonna-Romano G., and Lio D. Looking for immunological risk genotypes. Ann NY Acad Sci 1019 (2004) 141-146
109. Krabbe K.S., Pedersen M., and Bruunsgaard H. Inflammatory mediators in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 39 (2004) 687-699
110. Lio D., Scola L., Crivello A., Colonna-Romano G., Candore G., Bonafe M., Cavallone L., Franceschi C., and Caruso C. Gender-specific association between-1082 IL-10 promoter polymorphism and longevity. Genes Immun 3 (2002) 30-33
111. Lio D., Scola L., Crivello A., Colonna-Romano G., Candore G., Bonafe M., Cavallone L., Marchegiani F., Olivieri F., Franceschi C., and Caruso C. Inflammation, genetics, and longevity: Further studies on the protective effects in men of IL-10-1082 promoter SNP and its interaction with TNF-alpha-308 promoter SNP. J Med Genet 40 (2003) 296-299
112. Lio D., Scola L., Crivello A., Bonafe M., Franceschi C., Olivieri F., Colonna-Romano G., Candore G., and Caruso C. Allele frequencies of +874T-A single nucleotide polymorphism at the first intron of interferon-gamma gene in a group of Italian centenarians. Gerontology 44 (2002) 293-299
113. Pes G.M., Lio D., Carru C., et al. Association between longevity and cytokine gene polymorphisms. A study in Sardinian centenarians. Aging Clin Exp Res 16 (2004) 244-248
114. Cavallone L., Bonafe M., Olivieri F., et al. The role of IL-1 gene cluster in longevity: A study in Italian population. Mech Agein Dev 124 (2003) 533-538
115. Naumova E., Mihaylova A., Ivanova M., Michailova S., Penkova K., and Baltadjieva D. Immunological markers contributing to successful aging in Bulgarians. Exp Gerontol 39 (2004) 637-644
116. Ross O.A., Curran M.D., Rea I.M., Hyland P., Duggan O., Barnett C.R., Annett K., Patterson C., Barnett Y.A., and Middleton D. HLA haplotypes and TNF polymorphism do not associate with longevity in the Irish. Mech Agein Dev 124 (2003) 563-567
117. Popp D.M. An analysis of genetic factors regulating life-span in congenic mice. Mech Agein Dev 18 (1982) 125-134
118. Smith G.S., and Walford R.L. Influence of the main histocompatibility complex on ageing in mice. Nature 270 (1977) 727-729
119. Yunis E.J., and Salazar M. Genetics of life span in mice. Genetica 91 (1993) 211-223
120. Caruso C., Candore G., Romano G.C., Lio D., Bonafe M., Valensin S., and Franceschi C. Immunogenetics of longevity. Is major histocompatibility complex polymorphism relevant to the control of human longevity? A review of literature data. Mech Agein Dev 122 (2001) 445-462
121. Dawkins R., Leelayuwat C., Gaudieri S., Tay G., Hui J., Cattley S., Martinez P., and Kulski J. Genomics of the major histocompatibility complex: Haplotypes, duplication, retroviruses and disease. Immunol Rev 167 (1999) 275-304