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87
-
-
1842264215
-
-
note
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The value for nematodes is the grand mean of calculations from three different experimental paradigms, each replicated (19, 34, and 45% heritability) (3).
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-
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88
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-
1842283745
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-
personal communication
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2 (six lines) [calculated by T. E. Johnson (personal communication) from (3)]; fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster): 25 genotypes, each identically heterozygous for chromosome 2 [calculated by M. Tater (personal communication) from (4)]; medfly (Ceratitis capitata) [calculated by J. Carey (personal communication) from (9)]; mouse (Mus musculus), 20 inbred lines [calculated by R. A. Miller (personal communication) from (5)]; and human twins, who were Danish born from 1870 to 1880, with genders averaged to compute grand means for MZ and DZ twin pairs (6).
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Johnson, T.E.1
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89
-
-
1842362626
-
-
note
-
Variations in life-spans must also depend on local conditions. For example, total life-spans of C. elegans can be more than threefold as long if a lack of nutrients during development triggers the dauer larval stage; the dauer may last 70 days without altering the adult phase, once food becomes sufficient (2, 20-23). Social and reproductive interactions can also increase mortality risk in flies and mice. The present sampling of populations under protected conditions nonetheless has similar variations in lifespan that give a sense of baseline variations [see also (10, 25)].
-
-
-
-
90
-
-
1842390516
-
-
note
-
These projects were supported by grants from the National Institute on Aging (C.E.F. and R.E.T.), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R.E.T.), and the Metropolitan Life Foundation (R.E.T.). T. Johnson, G. McClearn, R. Miller, M. Tater, and J. Tower gave helpful comments.
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