New therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 255-267

  Krishna, Ganesh ^a   Sankaranarayanan, Viji ^a   Chitkara, Rajinder K ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

COPD; Smoking; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLIC AMP; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; FORMOTEROL FUMARATE; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; LONG ACTING DRUG; MACROPHAGE ELASTASE; MUSCARINIC M1 RECEPTOR; MUSCARINIC M2 RECEPTOR; MUSCARINIC M3 RECEPTOR; OXITROPIUM BROMIDE; PLACEBO; REVATROPATE; SALBUTAMOL; SALMETEROL XINAFOATE; SHORT ACTING DRUG; STEROID; TERBUTALINE; THEOPHYLLINE; TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE; TRIAMCINOLONE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AIRFLOW; BONE DISEASE; CATARACT; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTE; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG TARGETING; DYSPHONIA; EXTRASYSTOLE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; LUNG ALVEOLUS; LUNG DISEASE; METERED DOSE INHALER; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NEBULIZATION; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; OSTEOLYSIS; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN DISEASE; SMOKING CESSATION; TACHYCARDIA; THRUSH; TREATMENT PLANNING; TREMOR; XEROSTOMIA;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; BRONCHODILATOR AGENTS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; SMOKING CESSATION;

EID: 1542498499     PISSN: 13543784     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543784.13.3.255     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. MURRAY CJ, LOPEZ AD: TheAglobal burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, US (1996).
2. PAUWELS RA, BUIST AS, CALVERLEY PM et al.: Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) workshop summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2001) 163:1256-1276.
3. Mortality patterns: Preliminary data - United States, 1996. Morbid. Mortal. Wkl. Rep. (1997) 46:941-944.
4. STANG P, LYDICK E, SILBERMAN C et al.: The prevalence of COPD: Using smoking rates to estimate disease frequency in the general population. Chest (2000) 117:354S-359S.
5. BIRRING SS, BRIGHTLING CE, BRADDING P et al.: Clinical, radiologic, and induced sputum features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in nonsmokers: A descriptive study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2002) 166:1078-1083.
6. LUNDBACK B, LINDBERG A, LINDSTROM M et al.: Not 15 but 50% of smokers develop COPD? - Report from the obstructive lung disease in northern sweden studies. Respir. Med. (2003) 97:115-122.
7. EVANS MD, PRYOR WA: Cigarette smoking, emphysema, and damage to α-1-proteinase inhibitor. Am. J. Physiol. (1994) 266:L593-L611.
8. LEUENBERGER P, SCHWARTZ J, ACKERMANN-LIEBRICH U et al.: Passive smoking exposure in adults and chronic respiratory symptoms (sapaldia study). Swiss study on air pollution and lung diseases in adults, SAPALDIA Team. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1994) 150:1222-1228.
9. DENNIS RJ, MALDONADO D, NORMAN S et al.: Woodsmoke exposure and risk for obstructive airways disease among women. Chest (1996) 109:115-119.
10. SILVERMAN EK: Genetic epidemiology of COPD. Chest (2002) 121: 1S-6S.
11. SMITH CA, HARRISON DJ: Association between polymorphism in gene for microsomal epoxide hydrolase and susceptibility to emphysema. Lancet (1997) 350:630-633.
12. HUANG SL, SU CH, CHANG SC: Tumor necrosis factor-α gene polymorphism in chronic bronchitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 156:1436-1439.
13. + T lymphocytes with FEV1. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 155:852-857.
14. PESCI A, BALBI B, MAJORI M et al.: Inflammatory cells and mediators in bronchial lavage of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. (1998) 12:380-386.
15. TOMITA K, CARAMORI G, LIM S et al.: Increased p21 (CIP1/WAF1) and B cell lymphoma leukemia-x(L) expression and reduced apoptosis in alveolar macrophages from smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2002) 166:724-731.
16. TURATO G,ZUIN R, MINIATI M et al.: Airway inflammation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Relationship with lung function and radiologic emphysema. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2002) 166:105-110.
17. DI STEFANO A, CAPELLI A, LUSUARDI M et al.: Severity of airflow limitation is associated with severity of airway inflammation in smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1998) 158:1277-1285.
18. HILL AT, BAYLEY D, STOCKLEY RA: The interrelationship of sputum inflammatory markers in patients with chronic bronchitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1999) 160:893-898.
19. REPINE JE, BAST A, LANKHORST I: Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxidative Stress Study Group. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 156:341-357.
20. PRATICO D, BASILI S, VIERI M et al.: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with an increase in urinary levels of isoprostane F2α-III, an index of oxidant stress. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1998) 158:1709-1714.
21. HARJU T, KAARTEENAHO-WIIK R, SOINI Y et al.: Diminished immunoreactivity of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the airways of smoker's lung. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2002) 166:754-759.
22. STOCKLEY RA: Proteases and antiproteases. Novartis Found. Symp. (2001) 234:189-199 (Discussion 199-204).
23. GOTTLIEB DJ, STONE PJ, SPARROW D et al.: Urinary desmosine excretion in smokers with and without rapid decline of lung function: The Normative Aging Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1996) 154:1290-1295.
24. FINLAY GA, O'DRISCOLL LR, RUSSELL KJ et al.: Matrix metalloproteinase expression and production by alveolar macrophages in emphysema. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 156:240-247.
25. TETLEY TD: Macrophages and the pathogenesis of COPD. Chest (2002) 121:156S-159S.
26. CHURG A, WANG RD, TAI H et al.: Macrophage metalloelastase mediates acute cigarette smoke-induced inflammation via tumor necrosis factor-α release. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2003) 167:1083-1089.
27. RUSSELL RE, THORLEY A, CULPITT SV et al.: Alveolar macrophage-mediated elastolysis: Roles of matrix metalloproteinases, cysteine, and serine proteases. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. (2002) 283:L867-L873.
28. LIM S, ROCHE N, OLIVER BG et al.: Balance of matrix metalloprotease-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 from alveolar macrophages in cigarette smokers. Regulation by interleukin- 10. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2000) 162:1355-1360.
29. BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The COPD Guidelines Group of the Standards of Care Committee of the BTS. Thorax (1997) 52(Suppl. 5):S1-S28.
30. BOHADANA A, NILSSON F, RASMUSSEN T et al.: Nicotine inhaler and nicotine patch as a combination therapy for smoking cessation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Intern. Med. (2000) 160:3128-3134.
31. SCANLON P, CONNETT J, WALLER L: Smoking cessation and lung function in mild to moderate COPD: The Lung Health Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2000) 161:381-390.
32. CONNETT JE, MURRAY RP, BUIST AS et al.: Changes in smoking status affect women more than men: Results of the Lung Health Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. (2003) 157:973-979.
33. PELKONEN M, TUKIAINEN H, TERVAHAUTA M et al.: Pulmonary function, smoking cessation and 30 year mortality in middle aged Finnish men. Thorax (2000) 55:746-750.
34. TAYLOR DH JR, HASSELBLAD V, HENLEY SJ et al.: Benefits of smoking cessation for longevity. Am. J. Public Health (2002) 92:990-996.
35. JIMENEZ-RUIZ CA, MASA F, MIRAVITLLES M et al.: Smoking characteristics: Differences in attitudes and dependence between healthy smokers and smokers with COPD. Chest (2001) 119:1365-1370.
36. RIGOTTI NA: Clinical practice. Treatment of tobacco use and dependence. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 346:506-512.
37. LILLINGTON GA, LEONARD CT, SACHS DP: Smoking cessation. Techniques and benefits. Clin. Chest Med. (2000) 21(1):199-208, xi.
38. JORENBY DE, LEISCHOW SJ, NIDES MA et al.: A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:685-691.
39. WAGENA EJ, HIABERS MJ, VAN SCHAYCK CP: Antidepressants in the treatment of patients with COPD: Possible associations between smoking cigarettes, COPD and depression. Thorax (2001) 56:587-588.
40. HAY JG, STONE P, CARTER J et al.: Bronchodilator reversibility, exercise performance and breathlessness in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. (1992) 5:659-664.
41. O'DONNELL DE, LAM M, WEBB KA: Measurement of symptoms, lung hyperinflation, and endurance during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1998) 158:1557-1565.
42. LIESKER JJ, WIJKSTRA PJ, TEN HACKEN NH et al.: A systematic review of the effects of bronchodilators on exercise capacity in patients with COPD. Chest (2002) 121:597-608.
43. WRIGHT J, BROCKLEBANK D, RAM F: Inhaler devices for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease (COPD). Qual. Saf. Health Care (2002) 11:376-382.
44. 2-Agonists in Asthma Treatment. P O-BRYNE (Ed.) Marcel Dekker, New York (1997):35-36.
45. SESTINI P, RENZONI E, ROBINSON S et al.: Short-acting β2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2002) 4:CD001495.
46. AU DH, CURTIS JR, EVERY NR et al.: Association between inhaled β-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest (2002) 121:846-851.
47. 2-adrenoceptor agonists on plasma potassium and cardiopulmonary responses on exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1996) 49:341-345.
48. ROSSINEN J, PARTANEN J, STENIUS-AARNIALA B et al.: Salbutamol inhalation has no effect on myocardial ischaemia, arrhythmias and heart-rate variability in patients with coronary artery disease plus asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Intern. Med. (1998) 243:361-366.
49. SUISSA S, ASSIMES T, ERNST P: Inhaled short acting β-agonist use in COPD and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Thorax (2003) 58:43-46.
50. BOYD G, MORICE AH, POUNSFORD JC et al.: An evaluation of salmeterol in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur. Respir. J. (1997) 10:815-821.
51. WEINER P, MAGADLE R, BERAR-YANAY N et al.: The cumulative effect of long-acting bronchodilators, exercise, and inspiratory muscle training on the perception of dyspnea in patients with advanced COPD. Chest (2000) 118:672-678.
52. AALBERS R, AYRES J, BACKER V et al.: Formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized, controlled, 3-month trial. Eur. Respir. J. (2002) 19:936-943.
53. BENHAMOU D, CUVELIER A, MUIR JF et al.: Rapid onset of bronchodilation in COPD: A placebo-controlled study comparing formoterol (foradil aerolizer) with salbutamol (ventodisk). Respir. Med. (2001) 95:817-821.
54. CAZZOLA M, CENTANNI S, REGORDA C et al: Onset of action of single doses of formoterol administered via turbuhaler in patients with stable COPD. Pulm. Pharmarcol. Ther. (2001) 14:41-45.
55. CAZZOLA M, D'AMATO M, CALIFANO C et al.: Formoterol as dry powder oral inhalation compared with salbutamol metered-dose inhaler in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin. Ther. (2002) 24:595-604.
56. BARNES PJ: Muscarinic receptor subtypes in airways. Eur. Respir. J. (1993) 6:328-331.
57. BEEH KM, WELTE T, BUHL R: Anticholinergics in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration (2002) 69:372-379.
58. MARTIN RJ, BARTELSON BL, SMITH P et al.: Effect of ipratropium bromide treatment on oxygen saturation and sleep quality in COPD. Chest (1999) 115:1338-1345.
59. BARNES PJ: The pharmacological properties of tiotropium. Chest (2000) 117:63S-66S.
60. VINCKEN W, VAN NOORD JA, GREEFHORST AP et al.: Improved health outcomes in patients with COPD during 1 yr's treatment with tiotropium. Eur. Respir. J. (2002) 19:209-216.
61. CASABURI R, MAHLER DA, JONES PW et al.: A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. (2002) 19:217-224.
62. DONOHUE JF, VAN NOORD JA, BATEMAN ED et al.: A 6-month, placebo-controlled study comparing lung function and health status changes in COPD patients treated with tiotropium or salmeterol. Chest (2002) 122:47-55.
63. ALABASTER VA: Discovery & development of selective M3 antagonists for clinical use. Life Sci. (1997) 60:1053-1060.
64. BURGE PS, CALVERLEY PM, JONES PW et al.: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; the ISOLDE trial. Br. Med. J. (2000) 320:1297-1303.
65. VESTBO J, SORENSEN T, LANGE P et al.: Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet (1999) 353:1819-1823.
66. LUNG HEALTH STUDY RESEARCH GROUP: Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343:1902-1909.
67. PAUWELS RA, LOFDAHL CG, LAITINEN LA et al.: Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:1948-1953.
68. ALSAEEDI A, SIN DD, McALISTER FA: The effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am. J. Med. (2002) 113:59-65.
69. NIEWOEHNER DE, ERBLAND ML, DEUPREE RH et al.: Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:1941-1947.
70. GAUTHIER AP, YAN S, SLIWINSKI P et al.: Effects of fatigue, fiber length, and aminophylline on human diaphragm contractility. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1995) 152:204-210.
71. Routine nebulized ipratropium, and albuterol together are better than either alone in COPD. The COMBIVENT Inhalation Solution Study Group. Chest (1997) 112:1514-1521.
72. CHRISCHILLES E, GILDEN D, KUBISIAK J et al.: Delivery of ipratropium and albuterol combination therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Effectiveness of a two-in-one inhaler versus separate inhalers. Am. J. Manag. Care (2002) 8:902-911.
73. 2-agonists and corticosteroids. Eur. Respir. J. (2002) 19:182-191.
74. CALVERLEY P, PAUWELS R, VESTBO J et al.: Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2003) 361:449-456.
75. MAHLER DA, WIRE P HORSTMAN D et al.: Effectiveness of fluticasone, propionate and salmeterol combination delivered via the diskus device in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2002) 166:1084-1091.
76. CAZZOLA M, DI LORENZO G, DI PERNA F et al.: Additive effects of salmeterol and fluticasone or theophylline in COPD. Chest (2000) 118:1576-1581.
77. SZAFRANSKI W, CUKIER A, RAMIREZ A et al.: Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. (2003) 21:74-81.
78. JOHNELL O, PAUWELS R, LOFDAHL CG et al.: Bone mineral density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with budesonide turbuhaler. Eur. Respir. J. (2002) 19:1058-1063.
79. POOLE PJ, CHACKO E, WOOD-BAKER RW et al.: Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2000) 4:CD002733.
80. JONSSON S, VIDARSSON G, VALDIMARSSON H et al.: Vaccination of COPD patients with a pneumococcus type 6B tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Eur. Respir. J. (2002) 20:813-818.
81. DAVIS AL, ARANDA CP, SCHIFFMAN G et al.: Pneumococcal infection and immunologic response to pneumococcal vaccine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A pilot study. Chest (1987) 92:204-212.
82. AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY/ EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOCIETY STATEMENT: Standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with α-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2003) 168:818-900.
83. PELA R, CALCAGNI AM, SUBIACO S et al.: N-Acetylcysteine reduces the exacerbation rate in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Respiration (1999) 66:495-500.
84. GRANDJEAN EM, BERTHET P, RUFFMANN R et al.: Efficacy of oral long-term N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchopulmonary disease: A meta-analysis of published double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Clin. Ther. (2000) 22:209-221.
85. DECRAMER M, DEKHUIJZEN PN, TROOSTERS T et al.: The Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost-Utility Study (BRONCUS): Hypothesis and design. BRONCUS-trial Committee. Eur. Respir. J. (2001) 17:329-336.
86. FINNERTY JP, KEEPING I, BULLOUGH I et al.: The effectiveness of outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease: A randomized controlled trial. Chest (2001) 119:1705-1710.
87. FOGLIO K, BIANCHI L, AMBROSINO N: Is it really useful to repeat outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programs in patients with chronic airway obstruction? A 2-year controlled study. Chest (2001) 119:1696-1704.
88. GUELL R, CASAN P, BELDA J et al.: Long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation of COPD: A randomized trial. Chest (2000) 117:976-983.
89. BEHNKE M, JORRES RA, KIRSTEN D et al.: Clinical benefits of a combined hospital and home-based exercise programme over 18 months in patients with severe COPD. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. (2003) 59:44-51.
90. TARPY SP, CELLI BR: Long-term oxygen therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:710-714.
91. CROCKETT AJ, CRANSTON JM, MOSS JR et al.: A review of long-term oxygen therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. (2001) 95:437-443.
92. HILL NS: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for respiratory failure caused by exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A standard of care? Crit. Care (2003) 7:400-401.
93. WIJKSTRA PJ, LACASSE Y, GUYATT GH et al.: A meta-analysis of nocturnal noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with stable COPD. Chest (2003) 124:337-343.
94. CLINI E, STURANI C, ROSSI A et al.: The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur. Respir. J. (2002) 20:529-538.
95. GEDDES D, DAVIES M, KOYAMA H et al.: Effect of lung-volume-reduction surgery in patients with severe emphysema. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343:239-245.
96. NATIONAL EMPHYSEMA TREATMENT TRIAL RESEARCH GROUP. Patients at high risk of death after lung-volume-reduction surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:1075-1083.
97. FISHMAN A, MARTINEZ F, NAUNHEIM K et al.: A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 348:2059-2073.
98. RAMSEY SD, BERRY K, ETZIONI R et al.: Cost effectiveness of lung-volume-reduction surgery for patients with severe emphysema. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 348:2092-2102.
99. CHARMAN SC, SHARPLES LD, McNEIL KD et al.: Assessment of survival benefit after lung transplantation by patient diagnosis. J. Heart Lung Transplant. (2002) 21:226-232.
100. MAURER JR, FROST AE, ESTENNE M et al.: International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates. The International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation, the American Thoracic Society, the American Society of Transplant Physicians, the European Respiratory Society. Transplantation (1998) 66:951-956.
101. TORPHY TJ: PhosphodiesMerase isozymes: molecular targets for novel antiasthma agents. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1998) 157:351-370.
102. STURTON G, FITZGERALD M: Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of COPD. Chest (2002) 121:192S-196S.
103. TEIXEIRA MM, GRISTWOOD RW, COOPER N et al.: Phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 inhibitors: Anti-inflammatory drugs of the future? Trends Pharmarcol. Sci. (1997) 18:164-171.
104. COMPTON CH, GUBB J, NIEMAN R et al.: Cilomilast, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor for treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised, dose-ranging study. Lancet (2001) 358:265-270.
105. GAMBLE E, GROOTENDORST DC, BRIGHTLING CE et al.: Antiinflammatory effects of the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor cilomilast (ariflo) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2003) 168:976-982.
106. TIMMER W, LECLERC V, BIRRAUX G et al.: The new phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast is efficacious in exercise-induced asthma and leads to suppression of LPS-stimulated TNF-α ex vivo. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2002) 42:297-303.
107. SCHMIDT BM, KUSMA M, FEURING M et al.: The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (2001) 108:530-536.
108. HATZELMANN A, SCHUDT C: Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of the novel PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast in vitro. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2001) 297:267-279.
109. KUSS H, HOEFGEN N, JOHANSSEN S et al.: In vivo efficacy in airway disease models of N-(3,5-dichloropyrid-4-yl)-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl -5-hydroxy-indole-3-yl]-glyo xylic add amide (AWD 12-281), a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for inhaled administration. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2003) 307:373-385.
110. DRAHEIM R, EGERLAND U, RUNDFELDT C: Anti-inflammatory potential of the selective PDE4 inhibitor N-(3,5-dichloro-pyrid-4-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl -5-hydroxy-indole-3-yl-glyoxylic acid amide (AWD 12-281), in human cell preparations. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2003) 308(2):555-563.
111. GIEMBYCZ MA: 4D or not 4D - the emetogenic basis of PDE4 inhibitors uncovered? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2002) 23:548.
112. KELLERMAN DJ: P2Y(2)Areceptor agonists: a new class of medication targeted at improved mucociliary clearance. Chest (2002) 121:201S-205S.
113. BENNETT WD, ZEMAN KL, FOY C et al.: Effect of aerosolized uridine 5′-triphosphate on mucociliary clearance in mild chronic bronchitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2001) 164:302-306.
114. KELLERMAN D, BENNETT W, ZEMAN K: Dose response relationship of P2Y2 agonist INS365 of mucociliary clearance in smokers. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (2001) 107:S164.
115. JOOS GF, DE SWERT KO, PAUWELS RA: Airway inflammation and tachykinins: Prospects for the development of tachykinin receptor antagonists. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2001) 429:239-250.
116. VAN SCHOOR J, JOOS GF, CHASSON BL et al.: The effect of the NK2 tachykinin receptor antagonist SR 48968 (saredutant) on neurokinin A-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics. Eur. Respir. J. (1998) 12:17-23.
117. JOOS G, VINCKEN W, LOUIS RE et al.: The effect of the dual NK1/NK2 tachykinin receptor antagonist DNK333A on neurokinin A-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2001) 163:A628.
118. McGOWAN SE: Contributions of retinoids; to the generation and repair of the pulmonary alveolus. Chest (2002) 121:206S-208S.
119. MASSARO GD, MASSARO D: Retinoic acid treatment abrogates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats. Nat. Med. (1997) 3:675-677.
120. MAO JT, GOLDIN JG, DERMAND J et al.: A pilot study of all-trans-retinoic acid for the treatment of human emphysema. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2002) 165:718-723.
121. MAO JT, TASHKIN DP, BELLONI PN et al.: All-trans retinoic acid modulates the balance of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in patients with emphysema. Chest (2003) 124:1724-1732.
122. KEATINGS VM, COLLINS PD, SCOTT DM et al.: Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1996) 153:530-534.
123. DE BOER WI, SONT JK, VAN SCHADEWIJK A et al.: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin 8, and chronic airways inflammation in COPD. J. Pathol. (2000) 190:619-626.
124. YANG XD, CORVALAN JR, WANG P et al.: Fully human anti-interleukin-8 monoclonal antibodies: Potential therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory disease states. J. Leukoc. Biol. (1999) 66:401-410.
125. JONES SA, DEWALD B, CLARK-LEWIS I et al.: Chemokine antagonists that discriminate between interleukin-8 receptors. Selective blockers of CXCR2. J. Biol. Chem. (1997) 272:16166-16169.
126. PITSIOU G, KYRIAZIS G, HATZIZISI O et al.: Tumor necrosis factor-α serum levels, weight loss and tissue oxygenation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. (2002) 96:594-598.
127. KLIPPEL JH: Biologic therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343:1640-1641.
128. KEANE J, GERSHON S, WISE RP et al.: Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor α-neutralizing agent. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:1098-1104.
129. PRETOLANI A: Interleukin-10: an anti-inflammatory cytokine with therapeutic potential. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1999) 29:1164-1171.
130. TAKANASHI S, HASEGAWA Y, KANEHIRA Y et al.: Interleukin-10 level in sputum is reduced in bronchial asthma, COPD and in smokers. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 14:309-314.
131. ASADULLAH K, STERRY W, VOLK HD: Interleukin-10 therapy-review of a new approach. Pharmacol. Rev. (2003) 55:241-269.
132. VOGELMEIER C, GILLISSEN A, BUHL R: Use of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor to augment lung antineutrophil elastase activity. Chest (1996) 110:261S-266S.
133. TOMEE JF, KOETER GH, HIEMSTRA PS et al.: Secretory leukoprotease inhibitor: A native antimicrobial protein presenting a new therapeutic option? Thorax (1998) 53:114-116.
134. MCELVANEY NG, DOUJAIJI B, MOAN MJ et al.: Pharmacokinetics of recombinant secretory leukoprotease inhibitor aerosolized to normals and individuals with cystic fibrosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (1993) 148:1056-1060.
135. OHBAYASHI H: Novel neutrophil elastase inhibitors as a treatment for neutrophil-predominant inflammatory lung diseases. IDrugs (2002) 5:910-923.
136. KURAKI T, ISHIBASHI M, TAKAYAMA M et al.: A novel oral neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ONO-6818) inhibits human neutrophil elastase-induced emphysema in rats. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2002) 166:496-500.
137. TRIFILIEFF A: ONO-6818 Cortech/Ono. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs (2002) 3:1161-1164.
138. LUISETTI M, STURANI C, SELLA D et al.: MR889, a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur. Respir. J. (1996) 9:1482-1486.
139. REID PT, MARSDEN ME, CUNNINGHAM GA et al.: Human neutrophil elastase regulates the expression and secretion of elafin (elastase-specific inhibitor) in Type II alveolar epithelial cells. FEBS Lett. (1999) 457:33-37.
140. OHNISHI K, TAKAGI M, KUROKAWA Y et al.: Matrix metalloproteinase-mediated extracellular matrix protein degradation in human pulmonary emphysema. Lab. Invest. (1998) 78:1077-1087.
141. Marimastat: BB 2516, TA 2516. Drugs R D (2003) 4:198-203.
142. TRIFILIEFF A, WALKER C, KELLER T et al.: Pharmacological profile of PKF242-484 and PKF241-466, novel dual inhibitors of TNF-α converting enzyme and matrix metalloproteinases, in models of airway inflammation. Br. J. Pharmacol. (2002) 135:1655-1664.
143. KAWIKOVA I, BARNES PJ, TAKAHASHI T et al.: 8-Epi-PGF2-α, a novel noncyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandin, constricts airways in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1996) 153:590-596.
144. HORIGUCHI T, TACHIKAWA S, KONDO R et al.: Study on the usefulness of seratrodast in the treatment of chronic pulmonary emphysema. Arzneimittelforschung (2002) 52:764-768.
145. AIZAWA H, SHIGYO M, NOGAMI H et al.: BAY u3405, a thromboxane A2 antagonist, reduces bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthmatics. Chest (1996) 109:338-342.
146. VANDERSLICE P. BIEDIGER RJ, WOODSIDE DG et al.: Development of cell adhesion molecule antagonists as therapeutics for asthma and COPD. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. (2004) 17:1-10.
147. UNDERWOOD DC, OSBORN RR, BOCHNOWICZ S et al.: SB 239063, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, reduces neutrophilia, inflammatory cytokines, MMP-9, and fibrosis in lung. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. (2000) 279:L895-902.
148. RAHMAN I: Oxidative stress, chromatin remodeling and gene transcription in inflammation and chronic lung diseases. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. (2003) 36:95-109.