메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 156, Issue 2 I, 1997, Pages 341-357

Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; CORTICOSTEROID;

EID: 0030752487     PISSN: 1073449X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9611013     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (754)

References (296)
  • 1
    • 0028827084 scopus 로고
    • Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • ATS Statement. 1995. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152(Suppl.):S77-S121.
    • (1995) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.152 , Issue.SUPPL.
  • 3
    • 0024421581 scopus 로고
    • State of the art: Pulmonary strategies of antioxidant defense
    • Heffner, J. A., and J. E. Repine. 1989. State of the art: pulmonary strategies of antioxidant defense. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:531-554.
    • (1989) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.140 , pp. 531-554
    • Heffner, J.A.1    Repine, J.E.2
  • 4
    • 0029824431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants in human health and disease
    • Halliwell, B. 1996. Antioxidants in human health and disease. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 16:33-50.
    • (1996) Ann. Rev. Nutr. , vol.16 , pp. 33-50
    • Halliwell, B.1
  • 5
    • 0022230573 scopus 로고
    • Oxidants, antioxidants and the pathogenesis of emphysema
    • Cantin, A. M., and R. G. Crystal. 1985. Oxidants, antioxidants and the pathogenesis of emphysema. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 66:7-17.
    • (1985) Eur. J. Respir. Dis. , vol.66 , pp. 7-17
    • Cantin, A.M.1    Crystal, R.G.2
  • 6
    • 0002030147 scopus 로고
    • The oxidative stress placed on the lung by cigarette smoke
    • R. G. Crystal and J. B. West, editors. Raven Press, New York
    • Church, D. F., and W. A. Pryor. 1991. The oxidative stress placed on the lung by cigarette smoke. In R. G. Crystal and J. B. West, editors. The Lung: Scientific Foundations. Raven Press, New York. 1971-1979.
    • (1991) The Lung: Scientific Foundations , pp. 1971-1979
    • Church, D.F.1    Pryor, W.A.2
  • 7
    • 0021358910 scopus 로고
    • Definitions of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and airflow obstruction: 25 Years on from the Ciba symposium
    • Fletcher, C., and N. B. Pride. 1984. Definitions of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and airflow obstruction: 25 years on from the Ciba symposium. Thorax 39:81-85.
    • (1984) Thorax , vol.39 , pp. 81-85
    • Fletcher, C.1    Pride, N.B.2
  • 8
    • 2642680449 scopus 로고
    • Differential diagnosis in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • N. J. Gross, editor. Franklin Scientific Publ.
    • Vermeire, P. 1993. Differential diagnosis in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In N. J. Gross, editor. Anticholinergic Therapy in Obstructive Airways Disease. Franklin Scientific Publ. 48-60.
    • (1993) Anticholinergic Therapy in Obstructive Airways Disease , pp. 48-60
    • Vermeire, P.1
  • 9
    • 0025758520 scopus 로고
    • A splitting look at chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD): Common features but diverse pathogenesis
    • Vermeire, P. A., and N. B. Pride. 1991. A splitting look at chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD): common features but diverse pathogenesis. Eur. Respir. J. 4:490-496.
    • (1991) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.4 , pp. 490-496
    • Vermeire, P.A.1    Pride, N.B.2
  • 11
    • 0026774133 scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Task force on research and education for the prevention of control of respiratory diseases
    • Edelman, N. H., R. M. Kaplan, A. S. Buist, A. B. Cohen, L. A. Hoffman, M. E. Kleinhenz, G. L. Snider, and F. E. Speizer. 1992. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: task force on research and education for the prevention of control of respiratory diseases. Chest 102:243-256.
    • (1992) Chest , vol.102 , pp. 243-256
    • Edelman, N.H.1    Kaplan, R.M.2    Buist, A.S.3    Cohen, A.B.4    Hoffman, L.A.5    Kleinhenz, M.E.6    Snider, G.L.7    Speizer, F.E.8
  • 12
    • 0024344262 scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Risk factors, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis
    • Snider, G. L. 1989. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: risk factors, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis. Ann. Rev. Med. 40:411-429.
    • (1989) Ann. Rev. Med. , vol.40 , pp. 411-429
    • Snider, G.L.1
  • 13
    • 0026552584 scopus 로고
    • Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: Indirect estimation from national vital statistics
    • Peto, R., A. D. Lopez, J. Boreham, M. Thun, and C. Heatch. 1992. Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics. Lancet 339:1268-1278.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 1268-1278
    • Peto, R.1    Lopez, A.D.2    Boreham, J.3    Thun, M.4    Heatch, C.5
  • 15
    • 0026088334 scopus 로고
    • Oxidants and antioxidants: State of the art
    • Bast, A., G. R. M. M. Haenen, and C. J. A. Doelman. 1991. Oxidants and antioxidants: state of the art. Am. J. Med. 91:2-13.
    • (1991) Am. J. Med. , vol.91 , pp. 2-13
    • Bast, A.1    Haenen, G.R.M.M.2    Doelman, C.J.A.3
  • 16
    • 0025902388 scopus 로고
    • Lower respiratory tract iron burden is increased in association with cigarette smoking
    • Thompson, A. B., T. Bohling, A. Heires, J. Linder, and S. I. Rennard. 1991. Lower respiratory tract iron burden is increased in association with cigarette smoking. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 117:494-499.
    • (1991) J. Lab. Clin. Med. , vol.117 , pp. 494-499
    • Thompson, A.B.1    Bohling, T.2    Heires, A.3    Linder, J.4    Rennard, S.I.5
  • 17
    • 0029940140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional variation in iron and iron-binding proteins within the lungs of smokers
    • Nelson, M. E., A. R. O'Brien-Ladner, and L. J. Wesselius. 1996. Regional variation in iron and iron-binding proteins within the lungs of smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:1353-1358.
    • (1996) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.152 , pp. 1353-1358
    • Nelson, M.E.1    O'Brien-Ladner, A.R.2    Wesselius, L.J.3
  • 18
    • 0003400662 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. DHEW Publication No. 79-50066
    • U.S. Public Health Service. 1979. Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. DHEW Publication No. 79-50066.
    • (1979) Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
  • 19
    • 0017083210 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the iron status of a population
    • Cook, J. D., C. A. Finch, and N. J. Smith. 1976. Evaluation of the iron status of a population. Blood 48:449-455.
    • (1976) Blood , vol.48 , pp. 449-455
    • Cook, J.D.1    Finch, C.A.2    Smith, N.J.3
  • 20
    • 0027989345 scopus 로고
    • Increased release of ferritin and iron by iron loaded alveolar macrophages in cigarette smokers
    • Wesselius, L. J., M. E. Nelson, and B. S. Skikne. 1994. Increased release of ferritin and iron by iron loaded alveolar macrophages in cigarette smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150:690-695.
    • (1994) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.150 , pp. 690-695
    • Wesselius, L.J.1    Nelson, M.E.2    Skikne, B.S.3
  • 21
    • 0026327492 scopus 로고
    • Iron translocation by free fatty acids
    • Qian, M. W., and J. W. Eaton. 1991. Iron translocation by free fatty acids. Am. J. Pathol. 139:1425-1434.
    • (1991) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.139 , pp. 1425-1434
    • Qian, M.W.1    Eaton, J.W.2
  • 22
    • 0028470050 scopus 로고
    • Free fatty acids enhance hypochlorous acid production by activated neutrophils
    • Qian, M. W., and J. W. Eaton. 1994. Free fatty acids enhance hypochlorous acid production by activated neutrophils. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 124: 86-95.
    • (1994) J. Lab. Clin. Med. , vol.124 , pp. 86-95
    • Qian, M.W.1    Eaton, J.W.2
  • 23
    • 0023124384 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant activity of serum ceruloplasmin and transferrin available iron-binding capacity in smokers and nonsmokers
    • Gladston, M., J. G. Feldman, V. Levytska, and B. Magnussen. 1987. Antioxidant activity of serum ceruloplasmin and transferrin available iron-binding capacity in smokers and nonsmokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135:783-787.
    • (1987) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.135 , pp. 783-787
    • Gladston, M.1    Feldman, J.G.2    Levytska, V.3    Magnussen, B.4
  • 25
    • 0026589737 scopus 로고
    • Release of iron from ferritin by aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke
    • Moreno, J. J., M. Foroozesh, D. F. Church, and W. A. Pryor. 1992. Release of iron from ferritin by aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 5:116-123.
    • (1992) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , vol.5 , pp. 116-123
    • Moreno, J.J.1    Foroozesh, M.2    Church, D.F.3    Pryor, W.A.4
  • 26
    • 0023263236 scopus 로고
    • Oxidant-mediated epithelial cell injury in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
    • Cantin, A. M., S. L. North, G. A. Fells, R. C. Hubbard, and R. G. Crystal. 1987. Oxidant-mediated epithelial cell injury in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 79:1665-1673.
    • (1987) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.79 , pp. 1665-1673
    • Cantin, A.M.1    North, S.L.2    Fells, G.A.3    Hubbard, R.C.4    Crystal, R.G.5
  • 27
    • 0023263523 scopus 로고
    • Normal alveolar epithelial lining fluid contains high levels of glutathione
    • Cantin, A. M., S. L. North, R. C. Hubbard, and R. G. Crystal. 1989. Normal alveolar epithelial lining fluid contains high levels of glutathione. J. Appl. Physiol. 63:152-157.
    • (1989) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.63 , pp. 152-157
    • Cantin, A.M.1    North, S.L.2    Hubbard, R.C.3    Crystal, R.G.4
  • 28
    • 84907041622 scopus 로고
    • The electrophoretic alpha-globulin pattern of serum in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
    • Laurell, C. B., and S. Ericksson. 1963. The electrophoretic alpha-globulin pattern of serum in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Scand. J. Clin. Invest. 15:132-140.
    • (1963) Scand. J. Clin. Invest. , vol.15 , pp. 132-140
    • Laurell, C.B.1    Ericksson, S.2
  • 30
    • 0020545052 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical links between cigarette smoking and pulmonary emphysema
    • Janoff, A. 1983. Biochemical links between cigarette smoking and pulmonary emphysema. J. Appl. Physiol. 55:285-293.
    • (1983) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.55 , pp. 285-293
    • Janoff, A.1
  • 31
    • 0021919760 scopus 로고
    • Elastases and emphysema: Current assessment of the protease-antiprotease hypothesis
    • Janoff, A. 1985. Elastases and emphysema: current assessment of the protease-antiprotease hypothesis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132:417-433.
    • (1985) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.132 , pp. 417-433
    • Janoff, A.1
  • 32
    • 0029383641 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of emphysema: The elastase: anti-elastase hypothesis 30 years later
    • Shapiro, S. D. 1995. The pathogenesis of emphysema: the elastase: anti-elastase hypothesis 30 years later. Proceedings of the Assoc. Amer. Phys. 107:346-352.
    • (1995) Proceedings of the Assoc. Amer. Phys. , vol.107 , pp. 346-352
    • Shapiro, S.D.1
  • 33
    • 0022906555 scopus 로고
    • The mechanisms of inactivation of human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor by gas phase cigarette smoke
    • Pryor, W. A., M. D. Dooley, and D. F. Church. 1986. The mechanisms of inactivation of human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor by gas phase cigarette smoke. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2:161-168.
    • (1986) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.2 , pp. 161-168
    • Pryor, W.A.1    Dooley, M.D.2    Church, D.F.3
  • 34
    • 0023571643 scopus 로고
    • Oxidants spontaneously released by alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers can inactivate the active site of alpha 1-antitrypsin, rendering it ineffective as an inhibitor of neutrophil elastase
    • Hubbard, R. C., F. Ogushi, G. A. Fells, A. M. Cantin, S. Jallat, M. Courtnery, and R. G. Crystal. 1987. Oxidants spontaneously released by alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers can inactivate the active site of alpha 1-antitrypsin, rendering it ineffective as an inhibitor of neutrophil elastase. J. Clin. Invest. 80:1289-1295.
    • (1987) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.80 , pp. 1289-1295
    • Hubbard, R.C.1    Ogushi, F.2    Fells, G.A.3    Cantin, A.M.4    Jallat, S.5    Courtnery, M.6    Crystal, R.G.7
  • 36
    • 0027787851 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative inactivation of α-1-proteinase inhibitor by alveolar epithelial type II cells
    • Wallaert, B., A. Certs, B. Gressier, P. Gosset, and C. Voisen. 1993. Oxidative inactivation of α-1-proteinase inhibitor by alveolar epithelial type II cells. J. Appl. Physiol. 75:2376-2382.
    • (1993) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.75 , pp. 2376-2382
    • Wallaert, B.1    Certs, A.2    Gressier, B.3    Gosset, P.4    Voisen, C.5
  • 37
    • 0000518899 scopus 로고
    • Potential mechanism of emphysema: Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor recovered from lungs of cigarette smokers contains oxidized methionine and has decreased elastase inhibitor capacity
    • Carp, H., F. Miller, J. R. Hoidal, and A. Janoff. 1982. Potential mechanism of emphysema: alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor recovered from lungs of cigarette smokers contains oxidized methionine and has decreased elastase inhibitor capacity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79: 2041-2045.
    • (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.79 , pp. 2041-2045
    • Carp, H.1    Miller, F.2    Hoidal, J.R.3    Janoff, A.4
  • 38
    • 0026650664 scopus 로고
    • Increased oxidized methionine residues in BAL fluid proteins in acute or chronic bronchitis
    • Maier, K. L., L. Leuschel, and U. Constabel. 1992. Increased oxidized methionine residues in BAL fluid proteins in acute or chronic bronchitis. Eur. Respir. J. 5:651-658.
    • (1992) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.5 , pp. 651-658
    • Maier, K.L.1    Leuschel, L.2    Constabel, U.3
  • 39
    • 0022928082 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen metabolites and neutrophil elastase synergistically cause edematous injury in isolated rat lungs
    • Baird, B. R., J. C. Cheronis, R. A. Sandhaus, E. M. Berger, C. W. White, and J. E. Repine. 1986. Oxygen metabolites and neutrophil elastase synergistically cause edematous injury in isolated rat lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 61:2224-2229.
    • (1986) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.61 , pp. 2224-2229
    • Baird, B.R.1    Cheronis, J.C.2    Sandhaus, R.A.3    Berger, E.M.4    White, C.W.5    Repine, J.E.6
  • 40
    • 0017332096 scopus 로고
    • Experimental emphysema induced with purified human neutrophil elastase: Tissue localization of the instilled protease
    • Janoff, A., B. Sloan, and G. Weinbaum. 1977. Experimental emphysema induced with purified human neutrophil elastase: tissue localization of the instilled protease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 115:461.
    • (1977) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.115 , pp. 461
    • Janoff, A.1    Sloan, B.2    Weinbaum, G.3
  • 43
    • 0024239623 scopus 로고
    • Proteinase 3: A distinct human polymorphonuclear leukocyte proteinase that produces emphysema in hamsters
    • Kao, R. C., N. G. Wehner, K. M. Skubitz, B. H. Gray, and J. R. Hoidal. 1988. Proteinase 3: a distinct human polymorphonuclear leukocyte proteinase that produces emphysema in hamsters. J. Clin. Invest. 82:1963-1973.
    • (1988) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.82 , pp. 1963-1973
    • Kao, R.C.1    Wehner, N.G.2    Skubitz, K.M.3    Gray, B.H.4    Hoidal, J.R.5
  • 44
    • 0023887196 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative inactivation of antileukoprotease is triggered by polymorphonuclear leukocytes
    • Kramps, J. A., C. van Twisk, and D. H. Digkman. 1988. Oxidative inactivation of antileukoprotease is triggered by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Clin. Sci. 75:53-62.
    • (1988) Clin. Sci. , vol.75 , pp. 53-62
    • Kramps, J.A.1    Van Twisk, C.2    Digkman, D.H.3
  • 45
    • 0020680286 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke blocks cross-linking of elastin in vitro
    • Laurent, P., A. Janoff, and H. M. Kagan. 1983. Cigarette smoke blocks cross-linking of elastin in vitro. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 127:189-192.
    • (1983) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.127 , pp. 189-192
    • Laurent, P.1    Janoff, A.2    Kagan, H.M.3
  • 46
    • 0025186606 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen metabolites stimulate release of high molecular weight glycoconjugates by cell and organ cultures of rodent respiratory epithelium via an arachidonic acid-dependent mechanism
    • Adler, K. B., W. J. Holden-Stauffer, and J. E. Repine. 1990. Oxygen metabolites stimulate release of high molecular weight glycoconjugates by cell and organ cultures of rodent respiratory epithelium via an arachidonic acid-dependent mechanism. J. Clin. Invest. 85:75-85.
    • (1990) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.85 , pp. 75-85
    • Adler, K.B.1    Holden-Stauffer, W.J.2    Repine, J.E.3
  • 48
    • 0021170386 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen metabolites stimulate thromboxane production and vasoconstriction in isolated saline-perfused rabbit lungs
    • Tate, R. M., H. G. Morris, W. R. Schroeder, and J. E. Repine. 1984. Oxygen metabolites stimulate thromboxane production and vasoconstriction in isolated saline-perfused rabbit lungs. J. Clin. Invest. 74:608-613.
    • (1984) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.74 , pp. 608-613
    • Tate, R.M.1    Morris, H.G.2    Schroeder, W.R.3    Repine, J.E.4
  • 50
    • 0024439809 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking: Profiles of thromboxane- and prostacyclin-derived products in human urine
    • Barrows, S., P. Ward, M. Sleightholm, J. Ritter, and C. Dollery. 1979. Cigarette smoking: profiles of thromboxane- and prostacyclin-derived products in human urine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 993:121-127.
    • (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.993 , pp. 121-127
    • Barrows, S.1    Ward, P.2    Sleightholm, M.3    Ritter, J.4    Dollery, C.5
  • 52
    • 0028361794 scopus 로고
    • An investigation of the role of glutathione in the increased epithelial permeability induced by cigarette smoke in vivo and in vitro
    • Li, X. Y., K. Donaldson, I. Rahman, and W. MacNee. 1994. An investigation of the role of glutathione in the increased epithelial permeability induced by cigarette smoke in vivo and in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149:1518-1525.
    • (1994) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.149 , pp. 1518-1525
    • Li, X.Y.1    Donaldson, K.2    Rahman, I.3    MacNee, W.4
  • 53
    • 0026437385 scopus 로고
    • Superoxide formed from cigarette smoke impairs polymorphonuclear leukocyte active oxygen generation activity
    • Tsuchiya, M., D. F. Thompson, Y. J. Suzuki, C. E. Cross, and L. Parker. 1992. Superoxide formed from cigarette smoke impairs polymorphonuclear leukocyte active oxygen generation activity. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 299:30-37.
    • (1992) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , vol.299 , pp. 30-37
    • Tsuchiya, M.1    Thompson, D.F.2    Suzuki, Y.J.3    Cross, C.E.4    Parker, L.5
  • 54
    • 0027235576 scopus 로고
    • Effect of cigarette smoking on cultured human endothelial cells
    • Noronha-Dutra, A. A., M. M. Epperlein, and N. Woolf. 1993. Effect of cigarette smoking on cultured human endothelial cells. Cardiovasc. Res. 27:774-778.
    • (1993) Cardiovasc. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 774-778
    • Noronha-Dutra, A.A.1    Epperlein, M.M.2    Woolf, N.3
  • 57
    • 0027247805 scopus 로고
    • Oxidants in cigarette smoke: Radicals, hydrogen peroxides, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite
    • Pryor, W. A., and K. Stone. 1993. Oxidants in cigarette smoke: radicals, hydrogen peroxides, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 686:12-28.
    • (1993) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.686 , pp. 12-28
    • Pryor, W.A.1    Stone, K.2
  • 58
    • 0022272160 scopus 로고
    • Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications
    • Church, D. F., and W. A. Pryor. 1985. Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications. Environ. Health Perspect. 64:111-126.
    • (1985) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.64 , pp. 111-126
    • Church, D.F.1    Pryor, W.A.2
  • 59
    • 0020646254 scopus 로고
    • Electron-spin resonance study of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke: Nature of free radicals in gas-phase smoke and cigarette tar
    • Pryor, W. A., D. G. Prier, and D. F. Church. 1983. Electron-spin resonance study of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke: nature of free radicals in gas-phase smoke and cigarette tar. Environ. Health Perspect. 47:345-355.
    • (1983) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.47 , pp. 345-355
    • Pryor, W.A.1    Prier, D.G.2    Church, D.F.3
  • 60
    • 0025040591 scopus 로고
    • Preparation of human lung tissue from cigarette smokers for analysis by electron spin resonance spectroscopy
    • Church, D. F., T. J. Burkey, and W. A. Pryor. 1990. Preparation of human lung tissue from cigarette smokers for analysis by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Methods Enzymol. 168:665-669.
    • (1990) Methods Enzymol. , vol.168 , pp. 665-669
    • Church, D.F.1    Burkey, T.J.2    Pryor, W.A.3
  • 61
    • 0015220587 scopus 로고
    • Free radicals in tobacco smoke
    • Bluhm, A. L., J. Weinstein, and J. A. Sousa. 1971. Free radicals in tobacco smoke. Nature 229:500.
    • (1971) Nature , vol.229 , pp. 500
    • Bluhm, A.L.1    Weinstein, J.2    Sousa, J.A.3
  • 62
    • 0029020535 scopus 로고
    • Detection of free radicals in aqueous extracts of cigarette tar by electronspin resonance
    • Zang, L. Y., K. Stone, and W. A. Pryor. 1995. Detection of free radicals in aqueous extracts of cigarette tar by electronspin resonance. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19:161-167.
    • (1995) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.19 , pp. 161-167
    • Zang, L.Y.1    Stone, K.2    Pryor, W.A.3
  • 63
    • 0027940508 scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of damage by excess nitrogen oxides: Nitration of tyrosine by gas-phase cigarette smoke
    • Eiserich, J. P., V. Vossen, C. A. O'Neill, B. Halliwell, C. E. Cross, and A. van der Vliet. 1994. Molecular mechanisms of damage by excess nitrogen oxides: nitration of tyrosine by gas-phase cigarette smoke (abstract). FEBS Lett. 353:53-56.
    • (1994) FEBS Lett. , vol.353 , pp. 53-56
    • Eiserich, J.P.1    Vossen, V.2    O'Neill, C.A.3    Halliwell, B.4    Cross, C.E.5    Van Der Vliet, A.6
  • 64
    • 0029248097 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative damage and antioxidant status in the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats exposed chronically to cigarette smoke
    • Wurzel, H., C. C. Yeh, C. Gairola, and C. K. Chow. 1995. Oxidative damage and antioxidant status in the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats exposed chronically to cigarette smoke. Journal of Biochemical Toxicology 10:11-17.
    • (1995) Journal of Biochemical Toxicology , vol.10 , pp. 11-17
    • Wurzel, H.1    Yeh, C.C.2    Gairola, C.3    Chow, C.K.4
  • 65
    • 8544231169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to cigarette smoke causes rapid upregulation of pulmonary nitric oxide synthetase
    • Zhou, C., B. Gilks, A. Churg, and J. L. Wright. 1996. Exposure to cigarette smoke causes rapid upregulation of pulmonary nitric oxide synthetase (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A734.
    • (1996) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.153
    • Zhou, C.1    Gilks, B.2    Churg, A.3    Wright, J.L.4
  • 66
    • 0027535163 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen radicals potentiate the genetic toxicity of tobacco-specific nitrosamines
    • Weitberg, A. B., and D. Converse. 1993. Oxygen radicals potentiate the genetic toxicity of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Clin. Genet. 43:88-91.
    • (1993) Clin. Genet. , vol.43 , pp. 88-91
    • Weitberg, A.B.1    Converse, D.2
  • 67
    • 0025911239 scopus 로고
    • Morphology of the airway wall in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Jeffery, P. K. 1991. Morphology of the airway wall in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143:1152-1158.
    • (1991) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.143 , pp. 1152-1158
    • Jeffery, P.K.1
  • 69
    • 0026563614 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of inflammation in biopsies from large airways of subjects with asthma and subjects with chronic airflow limitation
    • Ollerenshaw, S. L., and A. J. Woolcock. 1992. Characteristics of inflammation in biopsies from large airways of subjects with asthma and subjects with chronic airflow limitation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:922-927.
    • (1992) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.145 , pp. 922-927
    • Ollerenshaw, S.L.1    Woolcock, A.J.2
  • 70
    • 0021998466 scopus 로고
    • The effects of chronic bronchitis and chronic air-flow obstruction on lung cell populations recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage
    • Martin, T. R., G. Raghu, R. J. Maunder, and S. C. Springmeyer. 1985. The effects of chronic bronchitis and chronic air-flow obstruction on lung cell populations recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132:254-260.
    • (1985) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.132 , pp. 254-260
    • Martin, T.R.1    Raghu, G.2    Maunder, R.J.3    Springmeyer, S.C.4
  • 73
    • 8544269906 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the quantitative anatomy of the bronchi in normal subjects, in status asthmaticus, in chronic bronchitis, and in emphysema
    • Dunnill, M. S., G. R. Massarella, and J. A. Anderson. 1969. A comparison of the quantitative anatomy of the bronchi in normal subjects, in status asthmaticus, in chronic bronchitis, and in emphysema. Thorax 69:39-42.
    • (1969) Thorax , vol.69 , pp. 39-42
    • Dunnill, M.S.1    Massarella, G.R.2    Anderson, J.A.3
  • 74
    • 0023711895 scopus 로고
    • Airway inflammation and peribronchiolar attachments in the lungs of nonsmokers, current and ex-smokers
    • Wright, J. L., J. E. Hobson, B. Wiggs, P. D. Pare, and J. C. Hogg. 1988. Airway inflammation and peribronchiolar attachments in the lungs of nonsmokers, current and ex-smokers. Lung 166:277-286.
    • (1988) Lung , vol.166 , pp. 277-286
    • Wright, J.L.1    Hobson, J.E.2    Wiggs, B.3    Pare, P.D.4    Hogg, J.C.5
  • 75
    • 0026876092 scopus 로고
    • A model of airway narrowing in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Wiggs, B. R., C. Bosken, P. D. Paré, A. James, and J. C. Hogg. 1992. A model of airway narrowing in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:1251-1258.
    • (1992) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.145 , pp. 1251-1258
    • Wiggs, B.R.1    Bosken, C.2    Paré, P.D.3    James, A.4    Hogg, J.C.5
  • 76
    • 0022627683 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the cell content of lung lavage fluid with the presence of emphysema and peripheral airways inflammation in resected lungs
    • Hobson, J. E., J. L. Wright, B. R. Wiggs, and J. C. Hogg. 1986. Comparison of the cell content of lung lavage fluid with the presence of emphysema and peripheral airways inflammation in resected lungs. Respiration 50:1-8.
    • (1986) Respiration , vol.50 , pp. 1-8
    • Hobson, J.E.1    Wright, J.L.2    Wiggs, B.R.3    Hogg, J.C.4
  • 77
    • 0024459353 scopus 로고
    • The changes in airways structure associated with reduced forced expiratory volume in one second
    • Matsuba, K., J. L. Wright, B. R. Wiggs, P. D. Paré, and J. C. Hogg. 1989. The changes in airways structure associated with reduced forced expiratory volume in one second. Eur. Respir. J. 2:834-839.
    • (1989) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.2 , pp. 834-839
    • Matsuba, K.1    Wright, J.L.2    Wiggs, B.R.3    Paré, P.D.4    Hogg, J.C.5
  • 78
    • 0016389488 scopus 로고
    • Pathologic changes in the peripheral airways of young cigarette smokers
    • Niewoehner, D. E., J. Kleinerman, and D. B. Rice. 1974. Pathologic changes in the peripheral airways of young cigarette smokers. N. Engl. J. Med. 291:755-758.
    • (1974) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.291 , pp. 755-758
    • Niewoehner, D.E.1    Kleinerman, J.2    Rice, D.B.3
  • 80
    • 72849172137 scopus 로고
    • Bronchial biopsy in chronic bronchitis and asthma
    • Glynn, A. A., and L. Michaels. 1960. Bronchial biopsy in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Thorax 15:142-153.
    • (1960) Thorax , vol.15 , pp. 142-153
    • Glynn, A.A.1    Michaels, L.2
  • 81
    • 0024424752 scopus 로고
    • Intraepithelial T-lymphocyte subsets in the airways of normal subjects and of patients with chronic bronchitis
    • Fournier, M., F. Lebargy, F. Le Roy Ladurie, E. Lenormand, and R. Pariente. 1989. Intraepithelial T-lymphocyte subsets in the airways of normal subjects and of patients with chronic bronchitis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:737-742.
    • (1989) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.140 , pp. 737-742
    • Fournier, M.1    Lebargy, F.2    Le Roy Ladurie, F.3    Lenormand, E.4    Pariente, R.5
  • 82
    • 0014261446 scopus 로고
    • Some histological changes in chronic bronchitis and asthma
    • Salvato, G. 1968. Some histological changes in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Thorax 23:168-172.
    • (1968) Thorax , vol.23 , pp. 168-172
    • Salvato, G.1
  • 83
    • 0026591525 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the inflammatory reaction in the peripheral airways of cigarette smokers using immunocytochemistry
    • Bosken, C. H., J. Hards, K. Gatter, and J. C. Hogg. 1992. Characterization of the inflammatory reaction in the peripheral airways of cigarette smokers using immunocytochemistry. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:911-917.
    • (1992) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.145 , pp. 911-917
    • Bosken, C.H.1    Hards, J.2    Gatter, K.3    Hogg, J.C.4
  • 84
    • 0016782730 scopus 로고
    • Leucocyte recruitment to airways by cigarette smoke and particle phase in contrast to cytotoxicity of vapor
    • Kilburn, K. H., and W. McKenzie. 1975. Leucocyte recruitment to airways by cigarette smoke and particle phase in contrast to cytotoxicity of vapor. Science 189:634-637.
    • (1975) Science , vol.189 , pp. 634-637
    • Kilburn, K.H.1    McKenzie, W.2
  • 85
    • 0023846411 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar fluid with those in the lumen and tissue peripheral airways and alveolar airspace
    • Wright, J. L., J. Hobson, B. R. Wiggs, and J. C. Hogg. 1988. Comparison of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar fluid with those in the lumen and tissue peripheral airways and alveolar airspace. Lung 166:75-83.
    • (1988) Lung , vol.166 , pp. 75-83
    • Wright, J.L.1    Hobson, J.2    Wiggs, B.R.3    Hogg, J.C.4
  • 86
    • 0021064492 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and lung destruction: Accumulation of neutrophils in lungs of cigarette smokers
    • Hunninghake, G. W., and R. G. Crystal. 1983. Cigarette smoking and lung destruction: accumulation of neutrophils in lungs of cigarette smokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128:833-838.
    • (1983) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.128 , pp. 833-838
    • Hunninghake, G.W.1    Crystal, R.G.2
  • 87
    • 0024438957 scopus 로고
    • The effect of cigarette smoking on neutrophil kinetics in human lungs
    • MacNee, W., B. Wiggs, A. S. Belzberg, and J. C. Hogg. 1989. The effect of cigarette smoking on neutrophil kinetics in human lungs. N. Engl. J. Med. 321:924-928.
    • (1989) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.321 , pp. 924-928
    • MacNee, W.1    Wiggs, B.2    Belzberg, A.S.3    Hogg, J.C.4
  • 88
    • 0026828125 scopus 로고
    • Changes in neutrophil deformity following in vitro smoke exposure: Mechanisms and protection
    • Drost, E. M., C. Selby, S. Lannan, G. D. Lowe, and W. MacNee. 1992. Changes in neutrophil deformity following in vitro smoke exposure: mechanisms and protection. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6:287-295.
    • (1992) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. , vol.6 , pp. 287-295
    • Drost, E.M.1    Selby, C.2    Lannan, S.3    Lowe, G.D.4    MacNee, W.5
  • 89
    • 0025763930 scopus 로고
    • Neutrophil retention in the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Selby, C., E. Drost, S. Lannan, P. K. Wraith, and W. MacNee. 1991. Neutrophil retention in the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143:1359-1364.
    • (1991) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.143 , pp. 1359-1364
    • Selby, C.1    Drost, E.2    Lannan, S.3    Wraith, P.K.4    MacNee, W.5
  • 93
    • 0028068771 scopus 로고
    • Circulating cell adhesion molecules in bronchial lavage and serum in COPD patients with chronic bronchitis
    • Riise, G. C., S. Larsson, C. G. Lofdahl, and B. A. Andersson. 1994. Circulating cell adhesion molecules in bronchial lavage and serum in COPD patients with chronic bronchitis. Eur. Respir. J. 7:1673-1677.
    • (1994) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.7 , pp. 1673-1677
    • Riise, G.C.1    Larsson, S.2    Lofdahl, C.G.3    Andersson, B.A.4
  • 94
    • 0029658571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NKK1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994 inhibits cigarette smoke-induced neutrophil and eosinophil adhesion in rat tracheal venules
    • Baluk, P., C. Bertrand, P. Geppetti, D. M. McDonald, and J. A. Nadel. 1996. NKK1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994 inhibits cigarette smoke-induced neutrophil and eosinophil adhesion in rat tracheal venules. Exp. Lung Res. 22:409-418.
    • (1996) Exp. Lung Res. , vol.22 , pp. 409-418
    • Baluk, P.1    Bertrand, C.2    Geppetti, P.3    McDonald, D.M.4    Nadel, J.A.5
  • 96
    • 0028937938 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke stimulates release of neutrophil chemotactic activity from cultured bovine bronchial epithelial cells
    • Shoji, S., R. F. Ertl, S. Koyama, R. Robbins, G. Leikauf, S. V. Essen, and S. I. Renard. 1995. Cigarette smoke stimulates release of neutrophil chemotactic activity from cultured bovine bronchial epithelial cells. Clin. Sci. 88:337-344.
    • (1995) Clin. Sci. , vol.88 , pp. 337-344
    • Shoji, S.1    Ertl, R.F.2    Koyama, S.3    Robbins, R.4    Leikauf, G.5    Essen, S.V.6    Renard, S.I.7
  • 97
    • 0030071687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma
    • Keatings, V. M., P. D. Collins, D. M. Scott, and P. J. Barnes. 1996. Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:530-534.
    • (1996) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.153 , pp. 530-534
    • Keatings, V.M.1    Collins, P.D.2    Scott, D.M.3    Barnes, P.J.4
  • 98
    • 0025924112 scopus 로고
    • 4 levels in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease
    • 4 levels in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 99:289-291.
    • (1991) Chest , vol.99 , pp. 289-291
    • Segger, J.S.1    Thornton, W.H.2    Edes, T.E.3
  • 99
    • 0021321628 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine is chemotactic for neutrophils and enhances neutrophil responsiveness to chemotactic peptides
    • Totti, N., K. T. McCusker, E. J. Campbell, G. L. Griffin, and R. M. Senior. 1984. Nicotine is chemotactic for neutrophils and enhances neutrophil responsiveness to chemotactic peptides. Science 13:169-171.
    • (1984) Science , vol.13 , pp. 169-171
    • Totti, N.1    McCusker, K.T.2    Campbell, E.J.3    Griffin, G.L.4    Senior, R.M.5
  • 100
    • 0028034787 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine prevents a reduction in neutrophil filterability induced by cigarette smoke exposure
    • Aoshiba, K., A. Nagai, and K. Konno. 1994. Nicotine prevents a reduction in neutrophil filterability induced by cigarette smoke exposure. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150:1101-1107.
    • (1994) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.150 , pp. 1101-1107
    • Aoshiba, K.1    Nagai, A.2    Konno, K.3
  • 101
    • 0030087948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine prolongs neutrophil survival by suppressing apoptosis
    • Aoshiba, K., A. Nagai, S. Yasui, and K. Konno. 1996. Nicotine prolongs neutrophil survival by suppressing apoptosis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 127:186-194.
    • (1996) J. Lab. Clin. Med. , vol.127 , pp. 186-194
    • Aoshiba, K.1    Nagai, A.2    Yasui, S.3    Konno, K.4
  • 102
    • 0020362699 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in leukocyte oxidative metabolism in cigarette smokers
    • Ludwig, P. W., and J. R. Hoidal. 1982. Alterations in leukocyte oxidative metabolism in cigarette smokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 126:977-980.
    • (1982) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.126 , pp. 977-980
    • Ludwig, P.W.1    Hoidal, J.R.2
  • 103
    • 0023264892 scopus 로고
    • Neutrophils from subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease show enhanced chemotaxis and extracellular proteolysis
    • Burnett, D., A. Chamba, S. L. Hill, and R. A. Stockley. 1987. Neutrophils from subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease show enhanced chemotaxis and extracellular proteolysis. Lancet 2:1043-1046.
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1043-1046
    • Burnett, D.1    Chamba, A.2    Hill, S.L.3    Stockley, R.A.4
  • 104
    • 0021967819 scopus 로고
    • Increased neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity associated with cigarette smoking
    • Bridges, R. B., M. C. Fu, and S. R. Rehm. 1985. Increased neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity associated with cigarette smoking. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 67:84-93.
    • (1985) Eur. J. Respir. Dis. , vol.67 , pp. 84-93
    • Bridges, R.B.1    Fu, M.C.2    Rehm, S.R.3
  • 106
    • 0023833514 scopus 로고
    • Association between non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity and superoxide anion production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in chronic airflow obstruction
    • Postma, D. S., T. E. J. Renkema, J. A. Noordhoek, H. Faber, H. J. Sluiter, and H. Kauffman. 1988. Association between non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity and superoxide anion production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in chronic airflow obstruction. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137:57-61.
    • (1988) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.137 , pp. 57-61
    • Postma, D.S.1    Renkema, T.E.J.2    Noordhoek, J.A.3    Faber, H.4    Sluiter, H.J.5    Kauffman, H.6
  • 107
    • 0029935615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Rahman, I., and W. MacNee. 1996. Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 51:348-350.
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.51 , pp. 348-350
    • Rahman, I.1    MacNee, W.2
  • 108
    • 0011725614 scopus 로고
    • Priming of neutrophils sequestered in the pulmonary vasculature in acute alveolitis
    • Brown, D., G. Brown, J. H. Williams, and W. MacNee. 1993. Priming of neutrophils sequestered in the pulmonary vasculature in acute alveolitis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144:668.
    • (1993) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.144 , pp. 668
    • Brown, D.1    Brown, G.2    Williams, J.H.3    MacNee, W.4
  • 109
    • 0018217305 scopus 로고
    • Reversible impairment of the adherence of alveolar macrophages from cigarette smokers
    • Rasp, F. L., C. C. Clawson, J. R. Hoidal, and J. E. Repine. 1978. Reversible impairment of the adherence of alveolar macrophages from cigarette smokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 118:979-986.
    • (1978) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.118 , pp. 979-986
    • Rasp, F.L.1    Clawson, C.C.2    Hoidal, J.R.3    Repine, J.E.4
  • 110
    • 0026772341 scopus 로고
    • Effect of smoking on bronchoalveolar lavage constituents
    • Costabel, U., and J. Guyman. 1992. Effect of smoking on bronchoalveolar lavage constituents. Eur. Respir. J. 5:776-779.
    • (1992) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.5 , pp. 776-779
    • Costabel, U.1    Guyman, J.2
  • 112
    • 0025968273 scopus 로고
    • Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from smokers exhibits increased monocyte chemokinetic activity
    • Koyama, S., S. I. Rennard, D. Daughton, S. Shoji, and R. A. Robbins. 1991. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from smokers exhibits increased monocyte chemokinetic activity. J. Appl. Physiol. 70:1208-1214.
    • (1991) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.70 , pp. 1208-1214
    • Koyama, S.1    Rennard, S.I.2    Daughton, D.3    Shoji, S.4    Robbins, R.A.5
  • 114
    • 0026409411 scopus 로고
    • Expression of the CD11/CD18 cell surface adhesion glycoprotein family on alveolar macrophages in smokers and nonsmokers
    • Hoogsteden, H. C., P. T. W. Van Hal, J. M. Wijkhuijs, W. Hop, A. P. K. Verkaik, and C. Hilvering. 1991. Expression of the CD11/CD18 cell surface adhesion glycoprotein family on alveolar macrophages in smokers and nonsmokers. Chest 100:1567-1571.
    • (1991) Chest , vol.100 , pp. 1567-1571
    • Hoogsteden, H.C.1    Van Hal, P.T.W.2    Wijkhuijs, J.M.3    Hop, W.4    Verkaik, A.P.K.5    Hilvering, C.6
  • 115
    • 4243692128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different patterns of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and L-selectin expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema
    • Kosmas, E. N., T. Roussou, K. Ikonomou, V. Vassailareas, S. Michaellides, V. Polychronopoulos, and C. N. Baxevania. 1996. Different patterns of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and L-selectin expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:624A.
    • (1996) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.153
    • Kosmas, E.N.1    Roussou, T.2    Ikonomou, K.3    Vassailareas, V.4    Michaellides, S.5    Polychronopoulos, V.6    Baxevania, C.N.7
  • 116
    • 0018893350 scopus 로고
    • Chemotactic activity of elastin-derived peptides
    • Senior, R. M., G. L. Griffin, and R. P. Mecham. 1980. Chemotactic activity of elastin-derived peptides. J. Clin. Invest. 66:859-862.
    • (1980) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.66 , pp. 859-862
    • Senior, R.M.1    Griffin, G.L.2    Mecham, R.P.3
  • 118
    • 0019365286 scopus 로고
    • Altered oxidative metabolic responses in vitro of alveolar macrophages from asymptomatic cigarette smokers
    • Hoidal, J. R., R. B. Fox, P. A. LeMarbe, R. Perri, and J. E. Repine. 1981. Altered oxidative metabolic responses in vitro of alveolar macrophages from asymptomatic cigarette smokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 123:85-89.
    • (1981) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.123 , pp. 85-89
    • Hoidal, J.R.1    Fox, R.B.2    LeMarbe, P.A.3    Perri, R.4    Repine, J.E.5
  • 120
    • 0026510794 scopus 로고
    • Superoxide anion release induced by platelet-activating factor is increased in human alveolar macrophages from smokers
    • Schaberg, T., H. Haller, M. Rau, D. Kaiser, M. Fassbender, and H. Lode. 1992. Superoxide anion release induced by platelet-activating factor is increased in human alveolar macrophages from smokers. Eur. Respir. J. 5:3877-3393.
    • (1992) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.5 , pp. 3877-13393
    • Schaberg, T.1    Haller, H.2    Rau, M.3    Kaiser, D.4    Fassbender, M.5    Lode, H.6
  • 121
    • 0028988581 scopus 로고
    • Subpopulation of alveolar macrophages in smokers and nonsmokers: Relation to the expression of CD11/CD18 molecules and superoxide anion production
    • Schaberg, T., U. Klein, M. Rau, J. Eller, and H. Lode. 1995. Subpopulation of alveolar macrophages in smokers and nonsmokers: relation to the expression of CD11/CD18 molecules and superoxide anion production. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:1551-1558.
    • (1995) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.151 , pp. 1551-1558
    • Schaberg, T.1    Klein, U.2    Rau, M.3    Eller, J.4    Lode, H.5
  • 122
    • 0020609586 scopus 로고
    • Extracellular release of hydrogen peroxide by human alveolar macrophages: The relationship to cigarette smoking and lower respiratory tract infections
    • Greening, A. P., and D. B. Lowrie. 1983. Extracellular release of hydrogen peroxide by human alveolar macrophages: the relationship to cigarette smoking and lower respiratory tract infections. Clin. Sci. 65:661-664.
    • (1983) Clin. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 661-664
    • Greening, A.P.1    Lowrie, D.B.2
  • 123
    • 0018749113 scopus 로고
    • The effects of experimental exposure to tobacco smoke on the oxidative metabolism of alveolar macrophages
    • Drath, D. B., M. L. Karnovsky, and G. L. Huber. 1970. The effects of experimental exposure to tobacco smoke on the oxidative metabolism of alveolar macrophages. Journal of the Reticuloendothelial Society 25:597-604.
    • (1970) Journal of the Reticuloendothelial Society , vol.25 , pp. 597-604
    • Drath, D.B.1    Karnovsky, M.L.2    Huber, G.L.3
  • 125
    • 0029064519 scopus 로고
    • Adverse effects of eosinophilic and smoking on the natural history of newly diagnosed chronic bronchitis
    • Lebowitz, M. D., and D. S. Postma. 1995. Adverse effects of eosinophilic and smoking on the natural history of newly diagnosed chronic bronchitis. Chest 108:55-61.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108 , pp. 55-61
    • Lebowitz, M.D.1    Postma, D.S.2
  • 126
    • 0028899250 scopus 로고
    • Bronchial inflammation in chronic bronchitis assessed by measurement of cell products in bronchial lavage fluid
    • Ruse, G. T., S. Ahlstedt, S. Larsson, I. Enander, I. Jones, P. Larsson, and B. Andersson. 1995. Bronchial inflammation in chronic bronchitis assessed by measurement of cell products in bronchial lavage fluid. Thorax 50:360-365.
    • (1995) Thorax , vol.50 , pp. 360-365
    • Ruse, G.T.1    Ahlstedt, S.2    Larsson, S.3    Enander, I.4    Jones, I.5    Larsson, P.6    Andersson, B.7
  • 127
    • 0023900572 scopus 로고
    • Stimulus-dependent differences in superoxide anion generation by normal human eosinophils and neutrophils
    • Sedgwick, J. B., R. F. Vrtis, M. F. Gourley, and W. W. Busse. 1988. Stimulus-dependent differences in superoxide anion generation by normal human eosinophils and neutrophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 81:876-883.
    • (1988) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , vol.81 , pp. 876-883
    • Sedgwick, J.B.1    Vrtis, R.F.2    Gourley, M.F.3    Busse, W.W.4
  • 128
    • 0026562989 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of platelet-activating factor on superoxide anion production in human eosinophils and neutrophils
    • Mabuchi, K., T. Sugiura, A. Ojima-Uchiyama, Y. Masuzawa, and K. Wako. 1992. Differential effects of platelet-activating factor on superoxide anion production in human eosinophils and neutrophils. Biochemistry International 26:1105-1113.
    • (1992) Biochemistry International , vol.26 , pp. 1105-1113
    • Mabuchi, K.1    Sugiura, T.2    Ojima-Uchiyama, A.3    Masuzawa, Y.4    Wako, K.5
  • 129
    • 0018663441 scopus 로고
    • Production of hydroxyl radical by human alveolar macrophages
    • Hoidal, J. R., G. D. Beall, and J. E. Repine. 1979. Production of hydroxyl radical by human alveolar macrophages. Infect. Immunol. 26:1088-1092.
    • (1979) Infect. Immunol. , vol.26 , pp. 1088-1092
    • Hoidal, J.R.1    Beall, G.D.2    Repine, J.E.3
  • 130
    • 0026354151 scopus 로고
    • The effect of platelet-activating factor on the generation of superoxide anion in human eosinophils and neutrophils
    • Zoratti, E. M., J. B. Sedgwick, R. F. Vrtis, and W. W. Busse. 1991. The effect of platelet-activating factor on the generation of superoxide anion in human eosinophils and neutrophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 88:749-758.
    • (1991) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , vol.88 , pp. 749-758
    • Zoratti, E.M.1    Sedgwick, J.B.2    Vrtis, R.F.3    Busse, W.W.4
  • 132
    • 0026825660 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of neutrophil-induced xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase conversion in endothelial cells: Evidence of a role for elastase
    • Phan, S. H., D. E. Gannon, P. A. Ward, and S. Karmiol. 1992. Mechanisms of neutrophil-induced xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase conversion in endothelial cells: evidence of a role for elastase. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6:270-278.
    • (1992) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. , vol.6 , pp. 270-278
    • Phan, S.H.1    Gannon, D.E.2    Ward, P.A.3    Karmiol, S.4
  • 133
    • 0018902308 scopus 로고
    • Free radicals and inflammation: Superoxide dependent activation of a neutrophil chemotactic factor in plasma
    • Petrone, W. F., D. K. English, K. Wong, and J. M. McCord. 1980. Free radicals and inflammation: superoxide dependent activation of a neutrophil chemotactic factor in plasma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:1159-1163.
    • (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.77 , pp. 1159-1163
    • Petrone, W.F.1    English, D.K.2    Wong, K.3    McCord, J.M.4
  • 134
    • 0029936339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xanthine oxidase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with chronic obstructive lung disease
    • Pinamonti, S., M. Muzzuli, M. C. Chicca, A. Papi, F. Ravenna, L. M. Fabri, and A. Ciaccia. 1996. Xanthine oxidase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 21:147-155.
    • (1996) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.21 , pp. 147-155
    • Pinamonti, S.1    Muzzuli, M.2    Chicca, M.C.3    Papi, A.4    Ravenna, F.5    Fabri, L.M.6    Ciaccia, A.7
  • 136
    • 0029740875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role oxidants/antioxidants in smoking induced lung diseases
    • Rahman, I., and W. MacNee. 1996. Role oxidants/antioxidants in smoking induced lung diseases. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 21:669-681.
    • (1996) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.21 , pp. 669-681
    • Rahman, I.1    MacNee, W.2
  • 137
    • 0016698550 scopus 로고
    • Role of infection of chronic bronchitis
    • Tager, T., and F. E. Speizer. 1975. Role of infection of chronic bronchitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 292:563.
    • (1975) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.292 , pp. 563
    • Tager, T.1    Speizer, F.E.2
  • 139
    • 0017685774 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial flora of the respiratory tract in chronic bronchitis: Comparison of transtracheal, fiberbronchoscopic, and oropharyngeal sampling methods
    • Haas, H., J. F. Morris, S. Samson, J. P. Kilbourn and P. J. Kim. 1977. Bacterial flora of the respiratory tract in chronic bronchitis: comparison of transtracheal, fiberbronchoscopic, and oropharyngeal sampling methods. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 116:41-47.
    • (1977) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.116 , pp. 41-47
    • Haas, H.1    Morris, J.F.2    Samson, S.3    Kilbourn, J.P.4    Kim, P.J.5
  • 140
    • 0023630670 scopus 로고
    • Acute bacterial exacerbations in bronchitis and asthma
    • Chodosh, S. 1987. Acute bacterial exacerbations in bronchitis and asthma. Am. J. Med. 82:154-163.
    • (1987) Am. J. Med. , vol.82 , pp. 154-163
    • Chodosh, S.1
  • 141
    • 0028006881 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial adhesion to oropharyngeal and bronchial epithelial cells in smokers with chronic bronchitis, smaller with COPD and healthy nonsmokers
    • Riise, G. C., S. Larsson, and B. A. Andersson. 1994. Bacterial adhesion to oropharyngeal and bronchial epithelial cells in smokers with chronic bronchitis, smaller with COPD and healthy nonsmokers. Eur. Respir. J. 7:1759-1764.
    • (1994) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.7 , pp. 1759-1764
    • Riise, G.C.1    Larsson, S.2    Andersson, B.A.3
  • 143
    • 0024213933 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial adherence: Adhesion receptor-mediated attachment of pathogenic bacteria to mucosal surfaces
    • Beachey, E. H., G. S. Giampapa, and S. N. Abraham. 1988. Bacterial adherence: adhesion receptor-mediated attachment of pathogenic bacteria to mucosal surfaces. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138:S45-S48.
    • (1988) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.138
    • Beachey, E.H.1    Giampapa, G.S.2    Abraham, S.N.3
  • 144
    • 0027217668 scopus 로고
    • Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to respiratory mucosa
    • Plotkowski, M. C., O. Bajolet-Laudinat, and E. Puchelle. 1993. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to respiratory mucosa. Eur. Respir. J. 6:903-916.
    • (1993) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.6 , pp. 903-916
    • Plotkowski, M.C.1    Bajolet-Laudinat, O.2    Puchelle, E.3
  • 145
    • 0020663944 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal adherence to the buccal epithelial cells of cigarette smokers
    • Raman, A. S., A. J. Swimhume, and A. J. Fedullo. 1983. Pneumococcal adherence to the buccal epithelial cells of cigarette smokers. Chest 83:23-27.
    • (1983) Chest , vol.83 , pp. 23-27
    • Raman, A.S.1    Swimhume, A.J.2    Fedullo, A.J.3
  • 146
    • 0018714659 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial adherence to pharyngeal cells in smokers, nonsmokers, and chronic bronchitis
    • Feinstein, V., and D. Musher. 1979. Bacterial adherence to pharyngeal cells in smokers, nonsmokers, and chronic bronchitis. Infect. Immunol. 26:178-182.
    • (1979) Infect. Immunol. , vol.26 , pp. 178-182
    • Feinstein, V.1    Musher, D.2
  • 147
    • 0022477648 scopus 로고
    • Is antioxidant deficiency related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
    • Taylor, J. C., R. Madison, and D. Kosinska. 1986. Is antioxidant deficiency related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 134:285-289.
    • (1986) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.134 , pp. 285-289
    • Taylor, J.C.1    Madison, R.2    Kosinska, D.3
  • 148
    • 0025881765 scopus 로고
    • Effects of smoking and vitamin E on blood antioxidant status
    • Duthie, G. G., J. R. Arthur, and W. P. James. 1991. Effects of smoking and vitamin E on blood antioxidant status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53:1061-1063.
    • (1991) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.53 , pp. 1061-1063
    • Duthie, G.G.1    Arthur, J.R.2    James, W.P.3
  • 149
    • 0027153267 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke exposure of school children: Effect of passive smoking and vitamin E supplementation on blood antioxidant status
    • Jendrychko, A., G. Szoyrka, J. Gruszczynski, and M. Kozowicz. 1993. Cigarette smoke exposure of school children: effect of passive smoking and vitamin E supplementation on blood antioxidant status. Neoplasia 40:199-203.
    • (1993) Neoplasia , vol.40 , pp. 199-203
    • Jendrychko, A.1    Szoyrka, G.2    Gruszczynski, J.3    Kozowicz, M.4
  • 152
    • 0025966659 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the roles of vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene in the modulation of oxidant stress mediated by cigarette smoke-activated phagocytes
    • Anderson, R. 1991. Assessment of the roles of vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene in the modulation of oxidant stress mediated by cigarette smoke-activated phagocytes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53:358-361.
    • (1991) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.53 , pp. 358-361
    • Anderson, R.1
  • 153
    • 0023938743 scopus 로고
    • Ascorbic acid neutralizes reactive oxidants released by hyperactive phagocytes from cigarette smokers
    • Anderson, R., A. J. Theron, and G. J. Ras. 1988. Ascorbic acid neutralizes reactive oxidants released by hyperactive phagocytes from cigarette smokers. Lung 166:149-159.
    • (1988) Lung , vol.166 , pp. 149-159
    • Anderson, R.1    Theron, A.J.2    Ras, G.J.3
  • 155
    • 0027530905 scopus 로고
    • Effect of beta-carotene on immunological indexes in healthy male smokers
    • Van Poppel, G., S. Spanhaak, and T. Ockhuzen. 1993. Effect of beta-carotene on immunological indexes in healthy male smokers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 57:402-407.
    • (1993) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.57 , pp. 402-407
    • Van Poppel, G.1    Spanhaak, S.2    Ockhuzen, T.3
  • 156
    • 0025668821 scopus 로고
    • Smoking and the antioxidant ascorbic acid: Plasma, leukocyte, and cervicovaginal cell concentrations in normal healthy women
    • Basu, J., M. S. Mikhail, P. H. Paysaudean, P. R. Palan, and S. L. Romney. 1990. Smoking and the antioxidant ascorbic acid: plasma, leukocyte, and cervicovaginal cell concentrations in normal healthy women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163:1948-1952.
    • (1990) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , vol.163 , pp. 1948-1952
    • Basu, J.1    Mikhail, M.S.2    Paysaudean, P.H.3    Palan, P.R.4    Romney, S.L.5
  • 157
    • 0024520196 scopus 로고
    • The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults
    • Schectman, G., J. C. Byrd, and H. W. Gruehow. 1989. The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults. Am. J. Public Health 79:158-162.
    • (1989) Am. J. Public Health , vol.79 , pp. 158-162
    • Schectman, G.1    Byrd, J.C.2    Gruehow, H.W.3
  • 158
    • 0027258979 scopus 로고
    • Estimating ascorbic acid requirements for cigarette smokers
    • Schectman, G. 1993. Estimating ascorbic acid requirements for cigarette smokers. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 686:335-345.
    • (1993) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.686 , pp. 335-345
    • Schectman, G.1
  • 159
    • 0024784305 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the relationships between plasma levels of ascorbate, vitamin E and β-carotene and the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges and release of reactive oxidants by blood leukocytes from cigarette smokers
    • VanRensburg, C. E. J., A. Theron, G. A. Richards, C. A. van der Merwe, and R. Anderson. 1989. Investigation of the relationships between plasma levels of ascorbate, vitamin E and β-carotene and the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges and release of reactive oxidants by blood leukocytes from cigarette smokers. Mutat. Res. 215:167-172.
    • (1989) Mutat. Res. , vol.215 , pp. 167-172
    • VanRensburg, C.E.J.1    Theron, A.2    Richards, G.A.3    Van Der Merwe, C.A.4    Anderson, R.5
  • 160
    • 8544272323 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C status of cigarette smokers and non-smokers
    • Pelletier, O. 1986. Vitamin C status of cigarette smokers and non-smokers. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 5:305-312.
    • (1986) J. Am. Coll. Nutr. , vol.5 , pp. 305-312
    • Pelletier, O.1
  • 162
    • 0025092812 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the role of phagocytes and antioxidant nutrients in oxidant stress mediated by cigarette smoke
    • Theron, A. J., G. A. Richard, A. J. Rensburg, C. A. Vander Merwe, and R. Anderson. 1990. Investigation of the role of phagocytes and antioxidant nutrients in oxidant stress mediated by cigarette smoke. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 60:261-266.
    • (1990) Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. , vol.60 , pp. 261-266
    • Theron, A.J.1    Richard, G.A.2    Rensburg, A.J.3    Vander Merwe, C.A.4    Anderson, R.5
  • 164
    • 0022477135 scopus 로고
    • Deficiency of vitamin E in the alveolar fluid of cigarette smokers: Influence on alveolar macrophage cytotoxicity
    • Pacht, E. R., H. Kaseki, J. R. Mohammed, D. G. Cornwell, and W. B. Davis. 1986. Deficiency of vitamin E in the alveolar fluid of cigarette smokers: influence on alveolar macrophage cytotoxicity. J. Clin. Invest. 77:789-796.
    • (1986) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.77 , pp. 789-796
    • Pacht, E.R.1    Kaseki, H.2    Mohammed, J.R.3    Cornwell, D.G.4    Davis, W.B.5
  • 167
    • 0026542148 scopus 로고
    • Dietary vitamin C intake and concentrations in the body fluids and cells of male smokers and non-smokers
    • Bui, M. H., A. Saury, F. Collet, and P. Leuenberger. 1992. Dietary vitamin C intake and concentrations in the body fluids and cells of male smokers and non-smokers. J. Nutr. 122:312-316.
    • (1992) J. Nutr. , vol.122 , pp. 312-316
    • Bui, M.H.1    Saury, A.2    Collet, F.3    Leuenberger, P.4
  • 168
    • 0021238310 scopus 로고
    • Differences in ascorbic acid content and accumulation by alveolar macrophages from cigarette smokers and non-smokers
    • McGowan, S. E., C. M. Parenti, J. R. Hoidal, and D. E. Niewoehner. 1984. Differences in ascorbic acid content and accumulation by alveolar macrophages from cigarette smokers and non-smokers. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 104:127-134.
    • (1984) J. Lab. Clin. Med. , vol.104 , pp. 127-134
    • McGowan, S.E.1    Parenti, C.M.2    Hoidal, J.R.3    Niewoehner, D.E.4
  • 169
    • 0028018112 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke-induced leukocyte aggregation and adhesion to endothelium in vivo
    • Lehr, H. A., B. Frei, and K. E. Arfors. 1994. Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke-induced leukocyte aggregation and adhesion to endothelium in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:7688-7692.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.91 , pp. 7688-7692
    • Lehr, H.A.1    Frei, B.2    Arfors, K.E.3
  • 170
    • 8544279776 scopus 로고
    • Dietary vitamin E and pulmonary biochemical responses of rats to cigarette smoke
    • Chow, C. K., L. H. Chen, R. R. Thacker, and R. B. Griffith. 1984. Dietary vitamin E and pulmonary biochemical responses of rats to cigarette smoke. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 38:368-379.
    • (1984) Exp. Mol. Pathol. , vol.38 , pp. 368-379
    • Chow, C.K.1    Chen, L.H.2    Thacker, R.R.3    Griffith, R.B.4
  • 171
    • 0028031627 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and pulmonary function in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1)
    • Schwartz, J., and S. T. Weiss. 1994. Relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and pulmonary function in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59:1110-1114.
    • (1994) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.59 , pp. 1110-1114
    • Schwartz, J.1    Weiss, S.T.2
  • 172
    • 0010607277 scopus 로고
    • The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers
    • α-Tocopherol, β-Carotene Prevention Study Group. 1994. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N. Engl. J. Med. 330:1029-1035.
    • (1994) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.330 , pp. 1029-1035
  • 173
    • 16144366857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-carotene takes a collective beating
    • Rowe, P. M. 1996. Beta-carotene takes a collective beating. Lancet 347:249.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 249
    • Rowe, P.M.1
  • 174
    • 0242279853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of secretory glutathione peroxidase and glutathione in airways of smoking individuals
    • Kathawalla, S. A., S. Comhair, and S. C. Erzurum. 1996. Correlation of secretory glutathione peroxidase and glutathione in airways of smoking individuals (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A812.
    • (1996) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.153
    • Kathawalla, S.A.1    Comhair, S.2    Erzurum, S.C.3
  • 175
    • 0024424597 scopus 로고
    • Glutathione in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from smokers is related to humoral markers of inflammatory cell activity
    • Linden, M., L. Hakansson, K. Ohlsson, K. Sjodin, A. Tegner, A. Tunek, and P. Venge. 1989. Glutathione in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from smokers is related to humoral markers of inflammatory cell activity. Inflammation 13:651-658.
    • (1989) Inflammation , vol.13 , pp. 651-658
    • Linden, M.1    Hakansson, L.2    Ohlsson, K.3    Sjodin, K.4    Tegner, A.5    Tunek, A.6    Venge, P.7
  • 176
    • 0028361794 scopus 로고
    • An investigation of the role of glutathione in increased epithelial permeability induced by cigarette smoke in vivo and in vitro
    • Li, X. Y., K. Donaldson, I. Rahman, and W. MacNee. 1994. An investigation of the role of glutathione in increased epithelial permeability induced by cigarette smoke in vivo and in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149:1518-1525.
    • (1994) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.149 , pp. 1518-1525
    • Li, X.Y.1    Donaldson, K.2    Rahman, I.3    MacNee, W.4
  • 177
    • 0028049337 scopus 로고
    • Effect of cigarette smoke and its condensates on alveolar epithelial cell injury in vitro
    • Lannen, S., K. Donaldson, D. Brown, and W. MacNee. 1994. Effect of cigarette smoke and its condensates on alveolar epithelial cell injury in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 266:91-100.
    • (1994) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.266 , pp. 91-100
    • Lannen, S.1    Donaldson, K.2    Brown, D.3    MacNee, W.4
  • 179
    • 0000009875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of acute cigarette smoking on epithelial permeability, inflammation and oxidant status in the airspaces of chronic smokers
    • Morrison, D., S. Lannan, A. Langridge, I. Rahman, and W. MacNee. 1996. Effect of acute cigarette smoking on epithelial permeability, inflammation and oxidant status in the airspaces of chronic smokers. Thorax 49:1077.
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.49 , pp. 1077
    • Morrison, D.1    Lannan, S.2    Langridge, A.3    Rahman, I.4    MacNee, W.5
  • 180
    • 0022461714 scopus 로고
    • Erythrocytes from cigarette smokers contain more glutathione and catalase and protect endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide better than erythrocytes from nonsmokers
    • Toth, K. M., E. M. Berger, C. J. Beehler, and J. E. Repine. 1986. Erythrocytes from cigarette smokers contain more glutathione and catalase and protect endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide better than erythrocytes from nonsmokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 134:281-284.
    • (1986) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.134 , pp. 281-284
    • Toth, K.M.1    Berger, E.M.2    Beehler, C.J.3    Repine, J.E.4
  • 181
    • 0025969210 scopus 로고
    • Erythrocytes prevent inactivation of alpha-1-antitrypsin by cigarette smoke
    • Mangione, S., F. Kueppers, C. Puglia, and L. W. Greenspon. 1991. Erythrocytes prevent inactivation of alpha-1-antitrypsin by cigarette smoke. Eur. Respir. J. 4:26-30.
    • (1991) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.4 , pp. 26-30
    • Mangione, S.1    Kueppers, F.2    Puglia, C.3    Greenspon, L.W.4
  • 182
    • 0027653867 scopus 로고
    • The effect of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke exposure on oxygen defense mechanisms of guinea pig erythrocytes
    • Mukherjee, S., L. Woods, Z. Weston, A. B. Williams, and S. K. Das. 1993. The effect of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke exposure on oxygen defense mechanisms of guinea pig erythrocytes. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 8:119-125.
    • (1993) J. Biochem. Toxicol. , vol.8 , pp. 119-125
    • Mukherjee, S.1    Woods, L.2    Weston, Z.3    Williams, A.B.4    Das, S.K.5
  • 183
    • 0027434128 scopus 로고
    • Effect of subchronic administration of antioxidants against cigarette smoke exposure in rats
    • Sohn, H. O., H. B. Lim, Y. G. Lee, D. W. Lee, and Y. T. Kim. 1993. Effect of subchronic administration of antioxidants against cigarette smoke exposure in rats. Arch. Toxicol. 67:667-673.
    • (1993) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.67 , pp. 667-673
    • Sohn, H.O.1    Lim, H.B.2    Lee, Y.G.3    Lee, D.W.4    Kim, Y.T.5
  • 184
    • 8544228895 scopus 로고
    • γ-Glutamyl cysteine synthetase induction by cigarette smoke exposure in alveolar epithelial cells
    • Rahman, I., M. Lawson, D. J. Harrison, and W. MacNee. 1994. γ-Glutamyl cysteine synthetase induction by cigarette smoke exposure in alveolar epithelial cells. Respir. Med. 88:809.
    • (1994) Respir. Med. , vol.88 , pp. 809
    • Rahman, I.1    Lawson, M.2    Harrison, D.J.3    MacNee, W.4
  • 185
    • 0025332179 scopus 로고
    • Selective increase of antioxidant enzyme activity in the alveolar macrophage from cigarette smokers and smoke-exposed hamsters
    • McCusker, K., and J. Hoidal. 1990. Selective increase of antioxidant enzyme activity in the alveolar macrophage from cigarette smokers and smoke-exposed hamsters. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141:678-682.
    • (1990) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.141 , pp. 678-682
    • McCusker, K.1    Hoidal, J.2
  • 186
    • 0028575733 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-1-mediated acute lung injury and tolerance to oxidative injury
    • Repine, J. E. 1994. Interleukin-1-mediated acute lung injury and tolerance to oxidative injury. Environ. Health Perspect. 102:75-78.
    • (1994) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.102 , pp. 75-78
    • Repine, J.E.1
  • 187
    • 0017059242 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation by cigarette smoke of glutathione peroxidase system enzyme activities in rat lung
    • York, G. K., T. H. Pierce, L. W. Schwartz, and C. E. Cross. 1976. Stimulation by cigarette smoke of glutathione peroxidase system enzyme activities in rat lung. Arch. Environ. Health 31:286-289.
    • (1976) Arch. Environ. Health , vol.31 , pp. 286-289
    • York, G.K.1    Pierce, T.H.2    Schwartz, L.W.3    Cross, C.E.4
  • 188
    • 0025948113 scopus 로고
    • The antioxidant response element: Activation by oxidative stress and identification of the DNA consensus sequence required for functional activity
    • Rushmore, T. H., M. R. Morton, and C. B. Pickett. 1991. The antioxidant response element: activation by oxidative stress and identification of the DNA consensus sequence required for functional activity. J. Biol. Chem. 266:11632-11639.
    • (1991) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.266 , pp. 11632-11639
    • Rushmore, T.H.1    Morton, M.R.2    Pickett, C.B.3
  • 189
    • 13644273000 scopus 로고
    • Oxidant-antioxidant balance: Some observations from studies in isolated rat hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion
    • Repine, J. E. 1991. Oxidant-antioxidant balance: some observations from studies in isolated rat hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. Am. J. Med. 91:45-53.
    • (1991) Am. J. Med. , vol.91 , pp. 45-53
    • Repine, J.E.1
  • 191
    • 0027291544 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking oxidative damage in the lung
    • Chow, C. K. 1993. Cigarette smoking oxidative damage in the lung. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 686:289-298.
    • (1993) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.686 , pp. 289-298
    • Chow, C.K.1
  • 193
    • 0027300736 scopus 로고
    • Lipid peroxidation: Its mechanism, measurement and significance
    • Halliwell, B., and S. Chirico. 1993. Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement and significance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 57:715-725.
    • (1993) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.57 , pp. 715-725
    • Halliwell, B.1    Chirico, S.2
  • 194
    • 0026599891 scopus 로고
    • Monitoring of oxidative free radical damage in vivo: Analytical aspects
    • Hageman, J. J., A. Bast, and N. P. E. Vermeulen. 1992. Monitoring of oxidative free radical damage in vivo: analytical aspects. Chem. Biol. Interact. 82:243-293.
    • (1992) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.82 , pp. 243-293
    • Hageman, J.J.1    Bast, A.2    Vermeulen, N.P.E.3
  • 195
    • 0026094472 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative determination of 6-hydroxy fatty acids as an indicator of in vivo lipid peroxidation: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods
    • Thomas, D. W., F. J. G. M. van Kuijk, E. A. Dratz, and R. J. Stephens. 1991. Quantitative determination of 6-hydroxy fatty acids as an indicator of in vivo lipid peroxidation: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. Anal. Biochem. 198:104-111.
    • (1991) Anal. Biochem. , vol.198 , pp. 104-111
    • Thomas, D.W.1    Van Kuijk, F.J.G.M.2    Dratz, E.A.3    Stephens, R.J.4
  • 196
    • 0024451299 scopus 로고
    • Determination of phospholipid hydroperoxides in human blood plasma by chemiluminescence HPLC assay
    • Miyazawa, T. 1989. Determination of phospholipid hydroperoxides in human blood plasma by chemiluminescence HPLC assay. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 7:208-217.
    • (1989) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.7 , pp. 208-217
    • Miyazawa, T.1
  • 197
    • 0024407738 scopus 로고
    • Breath alkane as an index of lipid peroxidation
    • Van Gossum, A., and J. Decuyper. 1989. Breath alkane as an index of lipid peroxidation. Eur. Respir. J. 2:787-791.
    • (1989) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.2 , pp. 787-791
    • Van Gossum, A.1    Decuyper, J.2
  • 198
    • 0025866304 scopus 로고
    • Gas-phase oxidants of cigarette smoke induce lipid peroxidation and changes in lipoprotein properties in human blood
    • Frei, B., T. M. Forte, B. N. Ames, and C. E. Cross. 1991. Gas-phase oxidants of cigarette smoke induce lipid peroxidation and changes in lipoprotein properties in human blood. Biochem. J. 277:133-138.
    • (1991) Biochem. J. , vol.277 , pp. 133-138
    • Frei, B.1    Forte, T.M.2    Ames, B.N.3    Cross, C.E.4
  • 199
    • 0023116711 scopus 로고
    • Serum malondialdehyde (TBA reactive substance) levels in cigarette smokers
    • Nadiger, H. A., C. A. Mathew, and B. Sadasivudu. 1987. Serum malondialdehyde (TBA reactive substance) levels in cigarette smokers. Atherosclerosis 64:71-73.
    • (1987) Atherosclerosis , vol.64 , pp. 71-73
    • Nadiger, H.A.1    Mathew, C.A.2    Sadasivudu, B.3
  • 200
    • 0026061556 scopus 로고
    • Increased production of oxygen free radicals in cigarette smokers
    • Kalra, J., A. K. Chaudhary, and K. Prasad. 1991. Increased production of oxygen free radicals in cigarette smokers. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 72:1-7.
    • (1991) Int. J. Exp. Pathol. , vol.72 , pp. 1-7
    • Kalra, J.1    Chaudhary, A.K.2    Prasad, K.3
  • 202
    • 0024815295 scopus 로고
    • Increased plasma levels of fluorescent lipid peroxidation products in cigarette smokers
    • Pre, J., A. LeFloch, R. Vassg, and C. Lenoble. 1989. Increased plasma levels of fluorescent lipid peroxidation products in cigarette smokers. Med. Sci. Res. 17:1029-1030.
    • (1989) Med. Sci. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 1029-1030
    • Pre, J.1    LeFloch, A.2    Vassg, R.3    Lenoble, C.4
  • 203
    • 0027512081 scopus 로고
    • Age, sex, cigarette smoking and indices of free radical activity in healthy humans
    • Bridges, A. B., N. A. Scott, G. J. Parry, and J. J. F. Belch. 1993. Age, sex, cigarette smoking and indices of free radical activity in healthy humans. Eur. J. Med. 2:205-208.
    • (1993) Eur. J. Med. , vol.2 , pp. 205-208
    • Bridges, A.B.1    Scott, N.A.2    Parry, G.J.3    Belch, J.J.F.4
  • 204
    • 0024998101 scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen species and airway inflammation
    • Barnes, P. J. 1990. Reactive oxygen species and airway inflammation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 9:235-243.
    • (1990) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.9 , pp. 235-243
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 207
    • 0025774150 scopus 로고
    • Histochemical evidence for generation of active oxygen species on the apical surface of cigarette smoke-exposed tracheal explants
    • Hobson, J., J. Wright, and A. Churg. 1991. Histochemical evidence for generation of active oxygen species on the apical surface of cigarette smoke-exposed tracheal explants. Am. J. Pathol. 139:573-580.
    • (1991) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.139 , pp. 573-580
    • Hobson, J.1    Wright, J.2    Churg, A.3
  • 208
    • 0016379995 scopus 로고
    • Peroxidation of lipids in alveolar macrophages: Production by aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke
    • Lentz, P. E., and N. R. DiLuzio. 1974. Peroxidation of lipids in alveolar macrophages: production by aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke. Arch. Environ. Health 28:279-282.
    • (1974) Arch. Environ. Health , vol.28 , pp. 279-282
    • Lentz, P.E.1    DiLuzio, N.R.2
  • 210
    • 8544228166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fall in exhaled ethane (EE) in smokers after antioxidants associated with preserved lung function
    • Habib, M. P., B. K. Q. Do, N. C. Clements, and H. S. Garewal. 1996. Fall in exhaled ethane (EE) in smokers after antioxidants associated with preserved lung function (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A740.
    • (1996) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.153
    • Habib, M.P.1    Do, B.K.Q.2    Clements, N.C.3    Garewal, H.S.4
  • 211
    • 0025369970 scopus 로고
    • The measurement and mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in biological systems
    • Gutteridge, J. M. C., and B. Halliwell. 1990. The measurement and mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Trends Biochem. Sci. 15:129-135.
    • (1990) Trends Biochem. Sci. , vol.15 , pp. 129-135
    • Gutteridge, J.M.C.1    Halliwell, B.2
  • 213
    • 0017815884 scopus 로고
    • Some current perspectives on chemical carcinogenesis in humans and experimental animals: Presidential address
    • Miller, E. 1978. Some current perspectives on chemical carcinogenesis in humans and experimental animals: presidential address. Cancer Res. 38:1479-1496.
    • (1978) Cancer Res. , vol.38 , pp. 1479-1496
    • Miller, E.1
  • 214
    • 0025255481 scopus 로고
    • DNA adducts in different tissues of smokers and non-smokers
    • Cuzick, J., M. N. Routledge, D. Jenkins, and X. C. Gamer. 1990. DNA adducts in different tissues of smokers and non-smokers. Int. J. Cancer 45:673-678.
    • (1990) Int. J. Cancer , vol.45 , pp. 673-678
    • Cuzick, J.1    Routledge, M.N.2    Jenkins, D.3    Gamer, X.C.4
  • 215
    • 0021919104 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke induces DNA single-strand breaks in human cells
    • Nakayama, T., M. Kaneko, M. Kodama, and C. Nagate. 1985. Cigarette smoke induces DNA single-strand breaks in human cells. Nature 314:462-464.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.314 , pp. 462-464
    • Nakayama, T.1    Kaneko, M.2    Kodama, M.3    Nagate, C.4
  • 216
    • 0028788798 scopus 로고
    • DNA damage in human respiratory tract epithelial cells: Damage by gas phase cigarette smoke apparently involves attack by reactive nitrogen species in addition to oxygen radicals
    • Spencer, J. P. E., A. Jenner, K. Chimel, O. I. Aruoma, C. E. Cross, R. Wu, and B. Halliwell. 1995. DNA damage in human respiratory tract epithelial cells: damage by gas phase cigarette smoke apparently involves attack by reactive nitrogen species in addition to oxygen radicals. FEBS Lett. 375:179-182.
    • (1995) FEBS Lett. , vol.375 , pp. 179-182
    • Spencer, J.P.E.1    Jenner, A.2    Chimel, K.3    Aruoma, O.I.4    Cross, C.E.5    Wu, R.6    Halliwell, B.7
  • 217
    • 0023607544 scopus 로고
    • Role of oxidants in DNA damage: Hydroxyl radical mediates the synergistic DNA damaging effects of asbestos and cigarette smoke
    • Jackson, J. H., I. U. Schraufstatter, P. A. Hyslop, K. Vosbeck, R. Sauerheber, S. A. Weitzman, and C. G. Cochrane. 1987. Role of oxidants in DNA damage: hydroxyl radical mediates the synergistic DNA damaging effects of asbestos and cigarette smoke. J. Clin. Invest. 80:1090-1095.
    • (1987) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.80 , pp. 1090-1095
    • Jackson, J.H.1    Schraufstatter, I.U.2    Hyslop, P.A.3    Vosbeck, K.4    Sauerheber, R.5    Weitzman, S.A.6    Cochrane, C.G.7
  • 218
  • 219
    • 0026584757 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage in cultured human lung cells: Role of hydroxyl radicals and endonuclease activation
    • Leanderson, P., and C. Tagesson. 1992. Cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage in cultured human lung cells: role of hydroxyl radicals and endonuclease activation. Chem. Biol. Interact. 81:197-208.
    • (1992) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.81 , pp. 197-208
    • Leanderson, P.1    Tagesson, C.2
  • 220
    • 0024571376 scopus 로고
    • Increased frequency of oxidant-mediated DNA strand breaks in mononuclear leukocytes exposed to activated neutrophils from cigarette smokers
    • Schwalb, G., and R. Anderson. 1989. Increased frequency of oxidant-mediated DNA strand breaks in mononuclear leukocytes exposed to activated neutrophils from cigarette smokers. Mutation Res. 228:95-99.
    • (1989) Mutation Res. , vol.228 , pp. 95-99
    • Schwalb, G.1    Anderson, R.2
  • 221
    • 0028212283 scopus 로고
    • Biomarkers of human uptake and metabolic activation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines
    • Hecht, S. S., S. C. Carmella, P. G. Foiles, and S. E. Murphy. 1994. Biomarkers of human uptake and metabolic activation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Cancer Res. 54:1912-1917.
    • (1994) Cancer Res. , vol.54 , pp. 1912-1917
    • Hecht, S.S.1    Carmella, S.C.2    Foiles, P.G.3    Murphy, S.E.4
  • 227
    • 0025674536 scopus 로고
    • Metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of proteins: Biochemical mechanism and biological consequences
    • Stadtman, E. R. 1990. Metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of proteins: biochemical mechanism and biological consequences. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 9:315-325.
    • (1990) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.9 , pp. 315-325
    • Stadtman, E.R.1
  • 230
    • 0030024139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidized BAL fluid proteins in patients with interstitial lung diseases
    • Lenz, A. G., U. Costabel, and K. L. Maier. 1996. Oxidized BAL fluid proteins in patients with interstitial lung diseases. Eur. Respir. J. 9:307-312.
    • (1996) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.9 , pp. 307-312
    • Lenz, A.G.1    Costabel, U.2    Maier, K.L.3
  • 231
    • 0029871126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic bronchitis: Focus on maintaining pulmonary function
    • Piquette, C. A., and S. I. Rennard. 1996. Chronic bronchitis: focus on maintaining pulmonary function. Intern. Med. 82-91.
    • (1996) Intern. Med. , pp. 82-91
    • Piquette, C.A.1    Rennard, S.I.2
  • 232
    • 0010418686 scopus 로고
    • The physiologic effects of smoking in COPD
    • Rubin, B. K., and M. King. 1993. The physiologic effects of smoking in COPD. J. Respir. Dis. 14:19.
    • (1993) J. Respir. Dis. , vol.14 , pp. 19
    • Rubin, B.K.1    King, M.2
  • 233
    • 0027462536 scopus 로고
    • Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ferguson, G. T., and R. M. Cherniack. 1993. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 328:1017-1022.
    • (1993) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.328 , pp. 1017-1022
    • Ferguson, G.T.1    Cherniack, R.M.2
  • 236
  • 237
    • 0026548575 scopus 로고
    • Smoking cessation rapidly reduces cell recovery in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, while alveolar macrophage fluorescence remains high
    • Skold, C. M., J. Hed, and A. Eklund. 1992. Smoking cessation rapidly reduces cell recovery in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, while alveolar macrophage fluorescence remains high. Chest 101:989-995.
    • (1992) Chest , vol.101 , pp. 989-995
    • Skold, C.M.1    Hed, J.2    Eklund, A.3
  • 238
    • 0028318612 scopus 로고
    • In Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a combination of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone
    • COMBIVENT Inhalation Aerosol Study Group. 1994. In Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a combination of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone. Chest 105:1411-1419.
    • (1994) Chest , vol.105 , pp. 1411-1419
  • 239
    • 0022480451 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the bronchodilating effects of a beta-2 adrenergic agent (albuterol) and an anticholinergic agent (ipratropium bromide), given by aerosol alone or in sequence
    • Easton, P. A., C. Jadue, S. Dhingra, and N. R. Anthonisen. 1986. A comparison of the bronchodilating effects of a beta-2 adrenergic agent (albuterol) and an anticholinergic agent (ipratropium bromide), given by aerosol alone or in sequence. N. Engl. J. Med. 315:735-739.
    • (1986) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.315 , pp. 735-739
    • Easton, P.A.1    Jadue, C.2    Dhingra, S.3    Anthonisen, N.R.4
  • 240
    • 0025051495 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the effects of ipratropium bromide and metaproterenol sulfate in acute exacerbations of COPD
    • Karpel, J. P., J. Pesin, E. Greenberg, and E. Gentry. 1990. A comparison of the effects of ipratropium bromide and metaproterenol sulfate in acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 98:835-839.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.98 , pp. 835-839
    • Karpel, J.P.1    Pesin, J.2    Greenberg, E.3    Gentry, E.4
  • 241
    • 0028169952 scopus 로고
    • The effects of B2-agonists and methylxanthines on neutrophil function in vitro
    • Llewellyn-Jones, C. G., and R. A. Stockley. 1994. The effects of B2-agonists and methylxanthines on neutrophil function in vitro. Eur. Respir. J. 73:1460-1466.
    • (1994) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.73 , pp. 1460-1466
    • Llewellyn-Jones, C.G.1    Stockley, R.A.2
  • 242
    • 0028224144 scopus 로고
    • Effect of fluticasone propionate on neutrophil chemotaxis, superoxide generation, and extracellular proteolytic activity in vitro
    • Llewellyn-Jones, C. G., S. L. Hill, and R. A. Stockley. 1994. Effect of fluticasone propionate on neutrophil chemotaxis, superoxide generation, and extracellular proteolytic activity in vitro. Thorax 49:207-212.
    • (1994) Thorax , vol.49 , pp. 207-212
    • Llewellyn-Jones, C.G.1    Hill, S.L.2    Stockley, R.A.3
  • 243
    • 0022967516 scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic concentrations of theophylline and enprofylline potentiate catecholamine effects and inhibit leukocyte activation
    • Nielson, C. P., J. J. Crowley, B. J. Cusack, and R. E. Vestal. 1986. Therapeutic concentrations of theophylline and enprofylline potentiate catecholamine effects and inhibit leukocyte activation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 78:660-667.
    • (1986) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , vol.78 , pp. 660-667
    • Nielson, C.P.1    Crowley, J.J.2    Cusack, B.J.3    Vestal, R.E.4
  • 244
    • 0023845877 scopus 로고
    • Polymorphonuclear leukocyte inhibition by therapeutic concentrations of theophylline is mediated by cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate
    • Nielson, C. P., J. J. Crowley, M. E. Morgan, and R. E. Vestal. 1988. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte inhibition by therapeutic concentrations of theophylline is mediated by cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137:25-30.
    • (1988) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.137 , pp. 25-30
    • Nielson, C.P.1    Crowley, J.J.2    Morgan, M.E.3    Vestal, R.E.4
  • 245
    • 0025225659 scopus 로고
    • Effects of selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors on the polymorphonuclear leukocyte respiratory burst
    • Nielson, C. P., R. E. Vestal, R. J. Sturm, and R. Heaslip. 1990. Effects of selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors on the polymorphonuclear leukocyte respiratory burst. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 86:801-808.
    • (1990) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , vol.86 , pp. 801-808
    • Nielson, C.P.1    Vestal, R.E.2    Sturm, R.J.3    Heaslip, R.4
  • 246
    • 0022992945 scopus 로고
    • The effects of adenosine agonists on human neutrophil function
    • Schrier, D. J., and K. M. Imre. 1986. The effects of adenosine agonists on human neutrophil function. J. Immunol. 137:3284-3289.
    • (1986) J. Immunol. , vol.137 , pp. 3284-3289
    • Schrier, D.J.1    Imre, K.M.2
  • 247
    • 0025678772 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of theophylline and enprofylline effects on human neutrophil superoxide production
    • Kaneko, M., K. Suzuki, H. Furui, K. Takagi, and T. Satake. 1990. Comparison of theophylline and enprofylline effects on human neutrophil superoxide production. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 17:849-859.
    • (1990) Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. , vol.17 , pp. 849-859
    • Kaneko, M.1    Suzuki, K.2    Furui, H.3    Takagi, K.4    Satake, T.5
  • 249
    • 0025352711 scopus 로고
    • Rationale and use of corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Hudson, L. D., and C. M. Monti. 1990. Rationale and use of corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med. Clin. North Am. 74:661-690.
    • (1990) Med. Clin. North Am. , vol.74 , pp. 661-690
    • Hudson, L.D.1    Monti, C.M.2
  • 250
    • 0013624915 scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid treatment
    • P. Calverley and N. Pride, editors. Chapman & Hall, London
    • Postma, D. S., and T. E. J. Renkema. 1995. Corticosteroid treatment. In P. Calverley and N. Pride, editors. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Chapman & Hall, London. 447-459.
    • (1995) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , pp. 447-459
    • Postma, D.S.1    Renkema, T.E.J.2
  • 251
    • 0026064090 scopus 로고
    • Oral corticosteroid therapy for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A metaanalysis
    • Callahan, C. M., R. S. Dittus, and B. P. Katz. 1991. Oral corticosteroid therapy for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a metaanalysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 114:216-223.
    • (1991) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.114 , pp. 216-223
    • Callahan, C.M.1    Dittus, R.S.2    Katz, B.P.3
  • 252
    • 0024820225 scopus 로고
    • A trial of inhaled budesonide on airway responsiveness in smokers with chronic bronchitis
    • Engel, T., J. H. Heinig, O. Madsen, M. Hansen, and E. R. Wecke. 1989. A trial of inhaled budesonide on airway responsiveness in smokers with chronic bronchitis. Eur. Respir. J. 2:935-939.
    • (1989) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.2 , pp. 935-939
    • Engel, T.1    Heinig, J.H.2    Madsen, O.3    Hansen, M.4    Wecke, E.R.5
  • 253
    • 0025778346 scopus 로고
    • Effects of inhaled budesonide on spirometric values, reversibility, airway responsiveness, and cough threshold in smokers with chronic obstructive lung disease
    • Auffarth, B., D. S. Postma, J. G. R. de Monchy, T. W. van der Mark, M. Boorsma, and G. H. Koëter. 1991. Effects of inhaled budesonide on spirometric values, reversibility, airway responsiveness, and cough threshold in smokers with chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax 46:372-377.
    • (1991) Thorax , vol.46 , pp. 372-377
    • Auffarth, B.1    Postma, D.S.2    De Monchy, J.G.R.3    Van Der Mark, T.W.4    Boorsma, M.5    Koëter, G.H.6
  • 254
    • 0026542039 scopus 로고
    • Failure of inhaled corticosteroids to modify bronchoconstrictor or bronchodilator responsiveness in middle-aged smokers with mild airflow obstruction
    • Watson, A., T. K. Lim, H. Joyce, and N. B. Pride. 1992. Failure of inhaled corticosteroids to modify bronchoconstrictor or bronchodilator responsiveness in middle-aged smokers with mild airflow obstruction. Chest 101:350-355.
    • (1992) Chest , vol.101 , pp. 350-355
    • Watson, A.1    Lim, T.K.2    Joyce, H.3    Pride, N.B.4
  • 255
    • 0027238546 scopus 로고
    • Slowing the deterioration of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease observed during bronchodilator therapy by adding inhaled corticosteroids: A four-year prospective study
    • Dompeling, E., C. P. van Schayck, P. M. van Grunsven, C. L. A. van Herwaarden, R. Akkermans, J. Molema, H. T. M. Folgering, and C. van Weel. 1993. Slowing the deterioration of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease observed during bronchodilator therapy by adding inhaled corticosteroids: a four-year prospective study. Ann. Intern. Med. 118:770-778.
    • (1993) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.118 , pp. 770-778
    • Dompeling, E.1    Van Schayck, C.P.2    Van Grunsven, P.M.3    Van Herwaarden, C.L.A.4    Akkermans, R.5    Molema, J.6    Folgering, H.T.M.7    Van Weel, C.8
  • 256
    • 0025509384 scopus 로고
    • Stimulus- and cumulative dose-dependent inhibition of O2-production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes of patients receiving corticosteroids
    • Fukushima, K., M. Ando, K. Ito, M. Suga, and S. Araki. 1990. Stimulus- and cumulative dose-dependent inhibition of O2-production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes of patients receiving corticosteroids. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 33:117-123.
    • (1990) J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. , vol.33 , pp. 117-123
    • Fukushima, K.1    Ando, M.2    Ito, K.3    Suga, M.4    Araki, S.5
  • 258
    • 0025864498 scopus 로고
    • The effect of in vitro and in vivo dexamethasone on human neutrophil function
    • Lomas, D. A., M. Ip, A. Chamba, and R. A. Stockley. 1991. The effect of in vitro and in vivo dexamethasone on human neutrophil function. Agents Actions 33:279-285.
    • (1991) Agents Actions , vol.33 , pp. 279-285
    • Lomas, D.A.1    Ip, M.2    Chamba, A.3    Stockley, R.A.4
  • 259
    • 0042544638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids on inflammation in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • DeBacker, W. A., J. Pecivora, E. J. van Overweld, and P. A. Vermeire. 1996. The effects of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids on inflammation in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A822.
    • (1996) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.153
    • DeBacker, W.A.1    Pecivora, J.2    Van Overweld, E.J.3    Vermeire, P.A.4
  • 260
    • 8544224800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral corticosteroids do not reduce eosinophil numbers or concentrations of eosinophilic cationic protein in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Keatings, V. M., A. Jatakanon, and P. F. Barnes. 1996. Oral corticosteroids do not reduce eosinophil numbers or concentrations of eosinophilic cationic protein in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A823.
    • (1996) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.153
    • Keatings, V.M.1    Jatakanon, A.2    Barnes, P.F.3
  • 261
    • 0025202761 scopus 로고
    • Differential inhibition by nedocromil sodium of superoxide generation elicited by platelet activating factor in human neutrophils
    • Rubin, R. P., R. H. Thompson, and M. S. Naps. 1990. Differential inhibition by nedocromil sodium of superoxide generation elicited by platelet activating factor in human neutrophils. Agents Actions 31:237-242.
    • (1990) Agents Actions , vol.31 , pp. 237-242
    • Rubin, R.P.1    Thompson, R.H.2    Naps, M.S.3
  • 263
    • 0023248669 scopus 로고
    • Ambroxol for the prevention of chronic bronchitis exacerbations: Long-term multicenter trial. Protective effect of ambroxol against winter semester exacerbations: a double-blind study versus placebo
    • Olivieri, D., G. Zavattini, G. Tomasini, S. Daniotti, G. Bonsignore, G. Ferrara, N. Carnimeo, R. Chianese, E. Catena, S. Marcatili, et al. 1987. Ambroxol for the prevention of chronic bronchitis exacerbations: long-term multicenter trial. Protective effect of ambroxol against winter semester exacerbations: a double-blind study versus placebo. Respiration 51:42-51.
    • (1987) Respiration , vol.51 , pp. 42-51
    • Olivieri, D.1    Zavattini, G.2    Tomasini, G.3    Daniotti, S.4    Bonsignore, G.5    Ferrara, G.6    Carnimeo, N.7    Chianese, R.8    Catena, E.9    Marcatili, S.10
  • 264
    • 0030032406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of nitric oxide inhalation on respiratory system resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Roger, N., J. A. Barbera, R. Farre, A. Cobos, J. Roca, and R. Rodriquez. 1996. Effect of nitric oxide inhalation on respiratory system resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 9:190-195.
    • (1996) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.9 , pp. 190-195
    • Roger, N.1    Barbera, J.A.2    Farre, R.3    Cobos, A.4    Roca, J.5    Rodriquez, R.6
  • 265
    • 0027055824 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant vitamins and prevention of lung disease
    • Menzel, D. B. 1992. Antioxidant vitamins and prevention of lung disease. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 669:141-145.
    • (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.669 , pp. 141-145
    • Menzel, D.B.1
  • 266
    • 0026723047 scopus 로고
    • Is n-acetylcysteine a free radical scavenger in vivo? The effect of n-acetylcysteine in oxygen induced lung injury
    • Sarnstrand, B. 1992. Is n-acetylcysteine a free radical scavenger in vivo? The effect of n-acetylcysteine in oxygen induced lung injury. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2:11-15.
    • (1992) Eur. Respir. Rev. , vol.2 , pp. 11-15
    • Sarnstrand, B.1
  • 267
    • 0024394697 scopus 로고
    • The anti-oxidant action of N-acetylcysteine: Its reaction with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid
    • Aruoma, O. I., B. Halliwell, B. M. Hoey, and J. Butler. 1989. The anti-oxidant action of N-acetylcysteine: its reaction with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 6:593-597.
    • (1989) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.6 , pp. 593-597
    • Aruoma, O.I.1    Halliwell, B.2    Hoey, B.M.3    Butler, J.4
  • 268
    • 0023029952 scopus 로고
    • Lung protection by a thiol-containing antioxidant: N-acetylcysteine
    • Moldeus, P., I. A. Cotgreave, and M. Berggren. 1986. Lung protection by a thiol-containing antioxidant: N-acetylcysteine. Respiration 50:31-42.
    • (1986) Respiration , vol.50 , pp. 31-42
    • Moldeus, P.1    Cotgreave, I.A.2    Berggren, M.3
  • 270
    • 0026970404 scopus 로고
    • Nuclear factor kB: An oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells
    • Schreck, R., K. A. J. Albermann, and P. A. Baeuerle. 1992. Nuclear factor kB: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). Free Radic. Res. Commun. 17:221-237.
    • (1992) Free Radic. Res. Commun. , vol.17 , pp. 221-237
    • Schreck, R.1    Albermann, K.A.J.2    Baeuerle, P.A.3
  • 271
    • 0022185297 scopus 로고
    • Protective action of thiols on neutrophil function
    • Bridges, A. B. 1985. Protective action of thiols on neutrophil function. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 66:40-48.
    • (1985) Eur. J. Respir. Dis. , vol.66 , pp. 40-48
    • Bridges, A.B.1
  • 272
    • 0023484497 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of in vitro oxidant-mediated alveolar macrophage injury by cellular glutathione and precursors
    • Voisin, C., C. Aerts, and B. Wallaert. 1987. Prevention of in vitro oxidant-mediated alveolar macrophage injury by cellular glutathione and precursors. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 23:309-313.
    • (1987) Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. , vol.23 , pp. 309-313
    • Voisin, C.1    Aerts, C.2    Wallaert, B.3
  • 273
    • 0023680851 scopus 로고
    • Effects of oral N-acetylcysteine on cell content and macrophage function in bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy smokers
    • Linden, M., E. Wieslander, A. Eklund, K. Larsson, and R. Brattsand. 1988. Effects of oral N-acetylcysteine on cell content and macrophage function in bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy smokers. Eur. Respir. J. 1:645-650.
    • (1988) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.1 , pp. 645-650
    • Linden, M.1    Wieslander, E.2    Eklund, A.3    Larsson, K.4    Brattsand, R.5
  • 274
    • 0022200994 scopus 로고
    • N-acetylcysteine protection against the toxicity of cigarette smoke and cigarette smoke condensates in various tissues and cells in vitro
    • Moldeus, P., M. Berggren, and R. Graffström. 1985. N-acetylcysteine protection against the toxicity of cigarette smoke and cigarette smoke condensates in various tissues and cells in vitro. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 66(Suppl. 139):123-129.
    • (1985) Eur. J. Respir. Dis. , vol.66 , Issue.139 SUPPL. , pp. 123-129
    • Moldeus, P.1    Berggren, M.2    Graffström, R.3
  • 275
    • 0025777048 scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of N-acetylcysteine on the release of oxygen radicals from neutrophils and alveolar macrophages
    • Drost, E., S. Lannan, M. M. E. Bridgeman, D. Brown, C. Selby, K. Donaldson, and W. MacNee. 1991. Lack of effect of N-acetylcysteine on the release of oxygen radicals from neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. Eur. Respir. J. 4:723-729.
    • (1991) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.4 , pp. 723-729
    • Drost, E.1    Lannan, S.2    Bridgeman, M.M.E.3    Brown, D.4    Selby, C.5    Donaldson, K.6    MacNee, W.7
  • 276
    • 0022182823 scopus 로고
    • Effect of oral acetylcysteine on tobacco smoke-induced secretory cell hyperplasia
    • Jeffery, P. K., D. F. Rogers, and M. M. Ayers. 1985. Effect of oral acetylcysteine on tobacco smoke-induced secretory cell hyperplasia. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 66:117-122.
    • (1985) Eur. J. Respir. Dis. , vol.66 , pp. 117-122
    • Jeffery, P.K.1    Rogers, D.F.2    Ayers, M.M.3
  • 277
    • 0023546641 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of tissue damage: Inhibition of myeloperoxidase mediated inactivation of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor by N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, and methionine
    • Borregaard, N., H. S. Jensen, and O. W. Bjerrum. 1987. Prevention of tissue damage: inhibition of myeloperoxidase mediated inactivation of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor by N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, and methionine. Agents Actions 22:255-260.
    • (1987) Agents Actions , vol.22 , pp. 255-260
    • Borregaard, N.1    Jensen, H.S.2    Bjerrum, O.W.3
  • 278
    • 0028954943 scopus 로고
    • The role of N-acetylcysteine administration on the oxidative response of neutrophils during cardiopulmonary bypass
    • Anderson, L. W., J. Thirs, A. Kharazami, and I. Rygg. 1995. The role of N-acetylcysteine administration on the oxidative response of neutrophils during cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion 10:21-26.
    • (1995) Perfusion , vol.10 , pp. 21-26
    • Anderson, L.W.1    Thirs, J.2    Kharazami, A.3    Rygg, I.4
  • 279
    • 0026029981 scopus 로고
    • Cysteine and glutathione concentrations in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after treatment with N-acetylcysteine
    • Bridgeman, M. M. E., M. Marsden, W. MacNee, D. C. Flenley, and A. P. Ryle. 1991. Cysteine and glutathione concentrations in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Thorax 46:39-42.
    • (1991) Thorax , vol.46 , pp. 39-42
    • Bridgeman, M.M.E.1    Marsden, M.2    MacNee, W.3    Flenley, D.C.4    Ryle, A.P.5
  • 281
    • 0019183068 scopus 로고
    • Long-term oral acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis: A double-blind controlled study
    • Multicenter Study Group. 1980. Long-term oral acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis: a double-blind controlled study. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 61:93-108.
    • (1980) Eur. J. Respir. Dis. , vol.61 , pp. 93-108
  • 282
    • 0019183067 scopus 로고
    • Clinical evaluation of acetylcysteine in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis: A balanced double-blind trial with placebo control
    • Aylward, M., J. Maddock, and P. Dewland. 1980. Clinical evaluation of acetylcysteine in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis: a balanced double-blind trial with placebo control. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 61:81-89.
    • (1980) Eur. J. Respir. Dis. , vol.61 , pp. 81-89
    • Aylward, M.1    Maddock, J.2    Dewland, P.3
  • 283
    • 0020615142 scopus 로고
    • Oral acetylcysteine reduces exacerbation rate in chronic bronchitis: Report of a trial organized by the Swedish Society for Pulmonary Diseases
    • Boman, G., U. Bäcker, S. Larsson, B. Melander, and L. Wählander. 1983. Oral acetylcysteine reduces exacerbation rate in chronic bronchitis: report of a trial organized by the Swedish Society for Pulmonary Diseases. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 64:405-415.
    • (1983) Eur. J. Respir. Dis. , vol.64 , pp. 405-415
    • Boman, G.1    Bäcker, U.2    Larsson, S.3    Melander, B.4    Wählander, L.5
  • 284
    • 0023912569 scopus 로고
    • Reduction in days of illness after long-term treatment with N-acetylcysteine controlled-release tablets in patients with chronic bronchitis
    • Rasmussen, J. B., and C. Glennon. 1988. Reduction in days of illness after long-term treatment with N-acetylcysteine controlled-release tablets in patients with chronic bronchitis. Eur. Respir. J. 1:351-355.
    • (1988) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.1 , pp. 351-355
    • Rasmussen, J.B.1    Glennon, C.2
  • 285
    • 0022414065 scopus 로고
    • Oral N-acetylcysteine and exacerbation rates in patients with chronic bronchitis and severe airways obstruction
    • McFarlane, J. T. 1985. Oral N-acetylcysteine and exacerbation rates in patients with chronic bronchitis and severe airways obstruction. Thorax 40:832-835.
    • (1985) Thorax , vol.40 , pp. 832-835
    • McFarlane, J.T.1
  • 286
    • 0022414065 scopus 로고
    • Oral N-acetylcysteine and exacerbation rates in patients with chronic bronchitis and severe airways obstruction
    • British Thoracic Society Research Committee. 1985. Oral N-acetylcysteine and exacerbation rates in patients with chronic bronchitis and severe airways obstruction. Thorax 40:832-835.
    • (1985) Thorax , vol.40 , pp. 832-835
  • 287
    • 8544257879 scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on immune system of elderly patients in acute respiratory viral infections
    • Todisco, T., G. C. Palmieri, A. Pezza, and L. Carati. 1993. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on immune system of elderly patients in acute respiratory viral infections. Eur. Respir. J. 6:559.
    • (1993) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.6 , pp. 559
    • Todisco, T.1    Palmieri, G.C.2    Pezza, A.3    Carati, L.4
  • 289
    • 0028266997 scopus 로고
    • The intrabronchial microbial flora in chronic bronchitis patients: A target for N-acetylcysteine therapy?
    • Ruse, G. C., S. Larsson, P. Larsson, S. Jeansson, and B. A. Andersson. 1994. The intrabronchial microbial flora in chronic bronchitis patients: a target for N-acetylcysteine therapy? Eur. Respir. J. 7:94-101.
    • (1994) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.7 , pp. 94-101
    • Ruse, G.C.1    Larsson, S.2    Larsson, P.3    Jeansson, S.4    Andersson, B.A.5
  • 292
    • 0027120691 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of respiratory tissue injury from cigarette smoking
    • McCusker, K. 1992. Mechanisms of respiratory tissue injury from cigarette smoking. Am. J. Med. 93:18-21.
    • (1992) Am. J. Med. , vol.93 , pp. 18-21
    • McCusker, K.1
  • 294
    • 0018885920 scopus 로고
    • Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: A clinical trial
    • Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. 1980. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Ann. Intern. Med 93:391-398.
    • (1980) Ann. Intern. Med , vol.93 , pp. 391-398
  • 295
    • 0031048350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markers for predicting the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Connelly, K. G., and J. E. Repine. 1997. Markers for predicting the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann. Rev. Med. 48: 429-445.
    • (1997) Ann. Rev. Med. , vol.48 , pp. 429-445
    • Connelly, K.G.1    Repine, J.E.2
  • 296
    • 0029064981 scopus 로고
    • The origins of obstructive airways disease: A role for diet?
    • Burney, P. 1995. The origins of obstructive airways disease: a role for diet? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:1292-1293.
    • (1995) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.151 , pp. 1292-1293
    • Burney, P.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.