Re-establishment of a normal apoptotic process as a therapeutic approach in B-CLL

Current Drug Targets - Cardiovascular and Haematological Disorders

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 261-286

  Kolb, Jean Pierre ^a,b   Kern, Catherine ^a   Quiney, Claire ^a   Roman, Viviana ^a   Billard, Christian ^a  

^a INSTITUT CURIE   (France)

^b STEFAN S NICOLAU INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY   (Romania)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; B CLL; Bcl 2; Caspases; Chemotherapy; Cytokines; Nitric oxide; TNF

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYCYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; 5 AMINO 4 IMIDAZOLECARBOXAMIDE RIBOSIDE; 6 [4 DEOXY 4 (2,4 TETRADECADIENOYLGLYCYLAMINO) GLYCERO BETA MANNOHEPTOPYRANOSYLAMINO] 9H PURINE; BENDAMUSTINE; CASPASE; CHLORAMBUCIL; CLADRIBINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; FAS ANTIGEN; FLUDARABINE; GUANINE ARABINOSIDE; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IDARUBICIN; MAFOSFAMIDE; MITOXANTRONE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN P73; SURVIVIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIDARABINE;

APOPTOSIS; B CELL LEUKEMIA; CELL CYCLE; CELL DEATH; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; DNA CLEAVAGE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; LEUKEMIA CELL; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; APOPTOSIS; CASPASES; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; INTERFERONS; ION CHANNELS; LEUKEMIA, B-CELL, CHRONIC; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; NITRIC OXIDE; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-BCL-2; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 0346957408     PISSN: 15680061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1568006033481384     Document Type: Review

References (200)

1. Cappio, F., Gottardi, D., Alfarano, A., Stacchini, A., Gregoretti, M.G., Ghia, P., Bertero, M.T., Novarino, A. and Bergui, L. The nature of the B lymphocyte in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. Cells, 1993, 19, 601-613.
2. Korz, C., Pscherer, A., Benner, A., Mertens, D., Schaffner, C., Leupolt, E., Dohner, H., Stilgenbauer, S. and Lichter, P. Evidence for distinct pathomechanisms in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma by quantitative expression analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis-associated genes. Blood, 2002, 99, 4554-4561.
3. Collins, R.J., Verschuer, L.A., Harmon, B.V., Prentice, R.L., Pope, J.H. and Kerr, J.F. Spontaneous programmed death (apoptosis) of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells following their culture in vitro. Br. J. Haematol., 1989, 71, 343-350.
4. Vermes, I., Haanen, C., Richel, D.J., Schaafsma, M.R., Kalsbeek-Batenburg, E. and Reutelingsperger, C.P. Apoptosis and secondary necrosis of lymphocytes in culture. Acta Haematol., 1997, 98, 8-13.
5. Decker, T., Hipp, S., Ringshausen, I., Bogner, C., Oelsner, M., Schneller, F. and Peschel, C. Rapamycin induced Gl arrest in cycling B-CLL cells is associated with reduced expression of cyclin D3, cyclin E, cyclin A and survivin. Blood, 2003, 101, 278-285.
6. Messmer, D., Messmer, B.T., Cesar, D, Albesiano, E., Telusma, G., Damle, R., Allen, S.L., Kudulkar, P., Kolitz, J.E., Loscalzo, J., Ho, C., Rai., K.R., Hellerstein, M. and Chiorazzi, N. Direct Measurement of B-CLL Cell Production and Turnover In Vivo. 2002 American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10. 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 634.
7. Okamoto, H., Nishimura, H., Shinozaki, A., Zhang, D., Hirose, S. and Shirai, T. H-2z homozygous New Zealand mice as a model for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, elevated bcl-2 expression in CD5 B cells at premalignant and malignant stages. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 1993, 84, 1273-1278.
8. Caligaris-Cappio, F. and Hamblin, T.J. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a bird of a different feather. J. Clin. Oncol., 1999, 17, 399-408.
9. Hamblin, T.J., Davis, Z., Gardiner, A., Oscier, D.G. and Stevenson, F.K. Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Bloo., 1999, 94, 1848-1854.
10. Hamblin, T. Is chronic lymphocytic leukemia one disease? Haematologica, 2002, 87, 1235-1238.
11. Klein, U., Tu, Y., Stolovitzky, G.A., Mattioli, M., Cattoretti, G., Husson, H., Freedman, A., Inghirami, G., Cro, L., Baldini, L., Neri, A., Califano, A. and Dalla-Favera, R. Gene expression profiling of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia reveals a homogeneous phenotype related to memory B cells. J. Exp. Med., 2001, 194, 1625-1638.
12. Moore, J.S., Friedman, D.F., Silberstein, L.E., Besa, E.C. and Nowell, P.C. Clinical heterogeneity reflects biologic diversity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol., 1995, 20, 141-164.
13. Gottardi, D., Alfarano, A., De Leo, A.M., Stacchini, A., Bergui, L. and Calligaris-Cappio, F. Defective apoptosis due to Bcl-2 overexpression may explain why B-CLL cells accumulate in G0. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 1995, 194, 307-312.
14. Molica, S., Mannella, A., Crispino, G., Dattilo, A. and Levato, D. Comparative flow cytometric evaluation of bcl-2 oncoprotein in CD5+ and CD5- B-cell lymphoid chronic leukemias. Haematologica, 1997, 82, 555-559.
15. + B-cell apoptosis, co-incidence of cell death and DNA fragmentation with reduced bcl-2 expression. Br. J. Haematol., 1996, 92, 950-953.
16. + B cells the expression of BCL-2 gene family is shifted toward protection from apoptosis. Br. J. Haematol., 1996, 94, 612-618.
17. Pepper, C., Bentley, P. and Hoy, T. Regulation of clinical chemoresistance by bcl-2 and bax oncoproteins in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol., 1996, 95, 513-517.
18. Pepper, C., Hoy, T. and Bentley, D.P. Bcl-2/Bax ratios in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and their correlation with in vitro apoptosis and clinical resistance. Br. J. Cancer, 1997, 76, 935-938.
19. Pepper, C., Hoy, T. and Bentley, P. Elevated Bcl-2/Bax are a consistent feature of apoptosis resistance in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and are correlated with in vivo chemoresistance. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1998, 28, 355-361.
20. Pepper, C., Thomas, A., Hoy, T. and Bentley, P. Chlorambucil resistance in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is mediated through failed Bax induction and selection of high Bcl-2-expressing subclones. Br. J. Haematol., 1999, 104, 581-588.
21. Bosanquet, A.G., Bell, P.B., Burlton, A.R. and Amos, T.A. Correlation of bcl-2 with P-glycoprotein expression in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and other haematological neoplasms but of neither marker with ex vivo chemosensitivity or patient survival. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1996, 24, 141-147.
22. Pepper, C., Thomas, A., Hidalgo de Quintana, J., Davies, S., Hoy, T. and Bentley, P. Pleiotropic drug resistance in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia - the role of Bcl-2 family dysregulation. Leuk. Res., 1999, 23, 1007-1014.
23. Pepper, C., Thomas, A., Hoy, T., Cotter, F. and Bentley, P. Antisense-mediated suppression of Bcl-2 highlights its pivotal role in failed apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol., 1999, 107, 611-615.
24. Pepper, C., Hooper, K., Thomas, A., Hoy, T. and Bentley, P. Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotides enhance the cytotoxicity of chlorambucil in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Leuk. Lymphoma, 2001, 42, 491-498.
25. Jahrsdorfer, B. Hartmann, G., Racila, E., Jackson, W., Muhlenhoff, L., Meinhardt, G., Endres, S., Link, B.K., Krieg, A.M. and Weiner, G.J. CpG DNA increases primary malignant B cell expression of costimulatory molecules and target antigens. J. Leukoc. Biol, 2001, 69, 81-88.
26. Molica, S., Mannella, A., Dattilo, A., Levato, D., Iuliano, F., Peta, A., Consarino, C. and Magro, S. Differential expression of BCL-2 oncoprotein and Fas antigen on normal peripheral blood and leukemic bone marrow cells. A flow cytometric analysis. Haematologica, 1996, 81, 302-309.
27. Kitada, S., Andersen, J., Akar, S., Zapata, J.M., Takayama, S., Krajewski, S., Wang, H.G., Zhang, X., Bullrich, F., Croce, C.M., Rai, K., Hines, J. and Reed, J.C. Expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, correlations with in vitro and in vivo chemoresponses. Blood, 1998, 91, 3379-3389.
28. King, D., Pringle, J.H., Hutchinson, M. and Cohen, G.M. Processing/activation of caspases, -3 and -7 and -8 but not caspase-2, in the induction of apoptosis in B-chrome lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia, 1998, 12, 1553-1560.
29. Bellosillo, B., Dalmau, M., Colomer, D. and Gil, J. Involvement of CED-3/ICE proteases in the apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, Blood, 1997, 89, 3378-3384.
30. Granziero, L., Ghia, .P, Circosta, P., Gottardi, D., Strola, G., Geuna, M., Montagna, L., Piccoli, P., Chilosi, M. and Caligaris-Cappio, F. Survivin is expressed on CD40 stimulation and interfaces proliferation and apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 2001, 97, 2777-2783.
31. Munzert, G., Kreitmeier, S. and Bergmann, L. Normal structure of NFKB2, C-REL and BCL-3 gene loci in lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative disorders, Leuk. Lymphoma, 2000, 38, 395-400.
32. Munzert, G., Kirchner, D., Stobbe, H., Bergmann, L., Schmid, R.M., Dohner, H. and Heimpel, H. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 gene overexpression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, analysis of NF-kappa B/Rel-regulated inhibitors of apoptosis. Blood, 2002, 100, 3749-3756.
33. Wickremasinghe, R.G., Ganeshaguru, K., Jones, D.T., Lindsay, C., Spanswick, V.J., Hartley, Wadhwa, M., Thorpe, R., Hoffbrand, A.V., Prentice, H.G. and Mehta, A.B. Autologous plasma activates Akt/protein kinase B and enhances basal survival and resistance to DNA damage-induced apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Br. J. Haematol., 2001, 114, 608-615.
34. Barragan, M., Bellosillo, B., Campas, C., Colomer, D., Pons, G. and Gil, J. Involvement of protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways in the survival of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood, 2002, 99, 2969-2976.
35. Ringshausen, I., Schneller, F., Bogner, C., Hipp, S., Duyster, J., Peschel, C. and Decker, T. Constitutively activated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) is involved in the defect of apoptosis in B-CLL, association with Protein kinase C delta. Blood, 2002, 100, 3741-3748.
36. Newcomb, E.W. P53 gene mutations in lymphoid diseases and their possible relevance to drug resistance. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1995, 17, 211-221.
37. Stankovic, T., Stewart, G.S., Fegan, C., Biggs, P., Last, J., Byrd, P.J., Keenan, R.D., Moss, P.A. and Taylor, A.M. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated-deficient B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia occurs in pregerminal center cells and results in defective damage response and unrepaired chromosome damage. Blood, 2002, 99, 300-309.
38. Novak, U., Grob, T.J., Baskaynak, G., Peters, U.R., Aebi, S., Zwahlen, D., Tschan, M.P., Kreuzer, K.A., Leibundgut, E.O., Cajot, J.F., Tobler, A. and Fey, M.F. Overexpression of the p73 gene is a novel finding in high-risk B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann. Oncol., 2001, 12, 981-986.
39. Kip1 in chronic B-cell lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 1998, 91, 4694-4700.
40. Wolowiec, D., Ciszak, L., Kosmaczewska, A., Bocko, D., Teodorowska, R., Frydecka, I. and Kuliczkowski, K. Cell cycle regulatory proteins and apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica, 2001, 86, 1296-1304.
41. Decker, T., Schneller, F., Hipp, S., Miething, C., Jahn, T., Duyster, J. and Peschel, C. Cell cycle progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells is controlled by cyclin D2, cyclin D3, cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 4 and the cdk inhibitor p27. Leukemia, 2002, 16, 327-334.
42. Klein, A., Miera, O., Bauer, O., Golfier, S. and Schriever, F. Chemosensitivity of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and correlated expression of proteins regulating apoptosis, cell cycle and DNA repair. Leukemia, 2000, 14, 40-46.
43. Goodman, M.G., Spinosa, J.C., Saven, A., Piro, L.D. and Wormsley, S. New perspectives on the approach to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1996, 22, 1-10.
44. Tosi, P., Zinzani, P.L., Pellacani, A., Ottaviani, E., Magagnoli, M. and Tura, S. Loxoribine affects fludarabine activity on freshly isolated B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1997, 26, 343-348.
45. Dancescu, M., Rubio-Trujillo, M., Biron, G., Bron, D., Delespesse, G. and Sarfati, M. Interleukin 4 protects chronic lymphocytic leukemic B cells from death by apoptosis and upregulates Bcl-2 expression. J. Exp. Med., 1992, 176, 1319-1326.
46. Panayiotidis, P. and Ganeshaguru, K. Interleukin-4 inhibits apoptotic cell death and loss of the bcl-2 protein in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells in vitro. Br. J. Haematol., 1993, 85, 439-445.
47. Kay, N.E., Han, L., Bone, N. and Williams, G. Interleukin 4 content in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) B cells and blood CD8+ T cells from B-CLL patients, impact on clonal B-cell apoptosis. Br. J. Haematol., 2001, 112, 760-767.
48. Mainou-Fowler, T., Craig, V.A., Copplestone, J.A., Hamon, M.D. and Prentice, A.G. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) increases spontaneous apoptosis of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro independently of bcl-2 expression and is inhibited by IL-4. Blood, 1994, 84, 2297-2304.
49. Fluckiger, A.C., Briere, F., Zurawski, G., Bridon, J.M. and Banchereau, J. IL-13 has only a subset of IL-4-like activities on B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Immunology, 1994, 83, 397-403.
50. Chaouchi, N., Wallon, C., Goujard, C., Tertian, G., Rudent, A., Caput, D., Ferrera, P., Minty, A., Vazquez, A. and Delfraissy, J.F. Interleukin-13 inhibits interleukin-2-induced proliferation and protects chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells from in vitro apoptosis. Blood, 1996, 87, 1022-1029.
51. Kay, N.E, Bone, N.D., Pittner, B.T., Jelinek, D.F., Leland, P., Frank, D.A., Battle, T.E. and Puri, R.K. Plasma membrane IL-4 receptors can be targeted to eliminate B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. 2002 American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 2324.
52. Fluckiger, A.C., Durand, I. and Banchereau, J. Interleukin 10 induces apoptotic cell death of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. J. Exp. Med., 1994, 179, 91-99.
53. Mainou-Fowler, T., Copplestone, J.A. and Prentice, A.G. Effect of interleukins on the proliferation and survival of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. J. Clin. Pathol., 1995, 48, 482-487.
54. Sjoberg, J.I., Aguilar-Santelises, M.I., Sjogren, A.I., Pisa, E.K.I., Ljungdahl, A.I., Bjorkholm, M.I., Jondal, M.I., Mellstedt, H.I. and Pisa, P. Interleukin-10 mRNA expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia inversely correlates with progression of disease. Br. J. Haematol., 1996, 92, 393-400.
55. + B-cells. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1998, 31, 121-130.
56. Kitabayashi, A., Hirokawa, M. and Miura, A.B. The role of interleukin-10 (11-10) in chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia, IL-10 prevents leukemic cells from apoptotic cell death. Int. J. Hematol., 1995, 62, 99-106.
57. Mansour, A., McCarthy, B., Fernandes, H., Schwander, S. and Raveche, E. Enhancement of chemotherapeutic efficacy by combining agents that block IL-10 in CLL cell lines. Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Abstract 4997.
58. Jurlander, J., Lai, C.F., Tan, J., Chou, C.C., Geisler, C.H., Schriber, J., Blumenson, L.E., Narula, S.K., Baumann, H. and Caligiuri, M.A. Characterization of interleukin-10 receptor expression on B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood, 1997, 89, 4146-4152.
59. Castejon, R., Vargas, J.A., Romero, Y., Briz, M., Munoz, R.M. and Durantez, A. Modulation of apoptosis by cytokines in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cytometry, 1999, 38, 224-230.
60. Long, B.W., Witte, P.L., Abraham, G.N., Gregory, S.A. and Plate, J.M. Apoptosis and interleukin 7 gene expression in chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995, 92, 1416-1420.
61. Tsimanis, A., Shvidel, L., Klepfish, A., Shtalrid, M., Kalinkovich, A. and Berrebi, A. Over-expression of the functional interleukin-11 alpha receptor in the development of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk. Lymphoma, 2001, 42, 195-205.
62. Nowell, P.C. and Moore, J.S. Aberrant responses of human lymphocytic neoplasms to cytokine regulation. Immunol. Res., 1998, 17, 171-177.
63. Lagneaux, L., Delforge, A., Bernier, M., Stryckmans, P. and Bron, D. TGF-beta activity and expression of its receptors in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1998, 31, 99-106.
64. Huang, R.W., Tsuda, H, and Takatsuki, K. Interleukin-2 prevents programmed cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Int. J. Hematol., 1993, 58, 83-92.
65. Tangye, S.G. and Raison, R.L. Human cytokines suppress apoptosis of leukaemic CD5+ B cells and preserve expression of bcl-2. Immunol. Cell Biol., 1997, 75, 127-135.
66. + B cells. Immunol. Cell Bio., 1997, 75, 561-567.
67. Francia di Celle, P., Mariani, S., Riera, L., Stacchini, A., Reato, G. and Foa, R. Interleukin-8 induces the accumulation of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by prolonging survival in an autocrine fashion. Blood, 1996, 87, 4382-4389.
68. Molica, S., Vitelli, G., Levato, D., Levato, L., Dattilo, A. and Gandolfo, G.M. Clinico-biological implications of increased serum levels of interleukin-8 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica, 1999, 84, 208-211.
69. Jewell, A.P., Worman,C.P., Lydyard, P.M., Yong, K.L., Giles, F.J. and Goldstone, A.H. Interferon-alpha up-regulates bcl-2 expression and protects B-CLL cells from apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Br. J. Haematol., 1994, 88, 268-274.
70. Jewell, A.P. Interferon-alpha, Bcl-2 expression and apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1996, 21, 43-47.
71. Jewell, A.P., Lydyard, P.M., Worman, C.P., Giles, F.J. and Goldstone, A.H. Growth factors can protect B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells against programmed cell death without stimulating proliferation. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1995, 18, 159-162.
72. Shirono, K., Ikebe, M., Inada, T. and Tsuda, H. Transient regression in lymphocyte count in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia after viral infection. Acta Haematol., 1995, 93, 46-49.
73. Chaouchi, N., Wallon, C., Taieb, J., Auffredou, M.T., Tertian, G., Lemoine, F.M., Delfraissy, J.F. and Vazquez, A. Interferon-alpha-mediated prevention of in vitro apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells, role of bcl-2 and c-myc. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 1994, 73, 197-204.
74. Buschle, M., Campana, D., Carding, S.R., Richard, C., Hoffbrand, A.V. and Brenner, M.K. Interferon gamma inhibits apoptotic cell death in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J. Exp. Med., 1993, 177, 213-218.
75. Rojas, R., Roman, J., Torres, A., Ramirez, R., Carracedo, J., Lopez, R., Garcia, J.M., Martin, C. and Pintado, O. Inhibition of apoptotic cell death in B-CLL by interferon gamma correlates with clinical stage. Leukemia, 1996, 10, 1782-1788.
76. Gamberale, R., Geffner, J.R., Trevani, A., Chernavsky, A., Scolnik, M., Arrosagaray, G., Sarmiento, M. and Giordano, M. Immune complexes inhibit apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia B cells. Br. J. Haematol., 1999, 107, 870-876.
77. Gamberale, R., Geffner, J.R. and Giordano, M. Immune complexes and apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk. Lymphoma, 2002, 43, 251-255.
78. Menzel, T., Rahman, Z., Calleja, E., White, K., Wilson, E.L., Wieder, R. and Gabrilove, J. Elevated intracellular level of basic fibroblast growth factor correlates with stage of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and is associated with resistance to fludarabine. Blood, 1996, 87, 1056-1063.
79. Konig, A., Menzel, T., Lynen, S., Wrazel, L., Rosen, A., Al-Katib, A., Raveche, E. and Gabrilove, J.L. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) upregulates the expression of bcl-2 in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell lines resulting in delaying apoptosis. Leukemia, 1997, 11, 258-265.
80. Bairey, O., Zimra, Y., Shaklai, M. and Rabizadeh, E. Bcl-2 expression correlates positively with serum basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and negatively with cellular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol., 2001, 113, 400-406.
81. Kay, N.E., Bone, N.D., Colaco, S., DePrimo, S.E., Hong, W.H., O'Farrell, A.M., Pederson, I.M., Tschumper, R., Dewald, G.W. and Jelinek, D.F. Impact of VEGF and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors on CLL B cell function. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, Decemher 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 2325.
82. Corcione, A., Corrias, M.V., Daniele, S., Zupo, S., Spriano, M. and Pistoia, V. Expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor genes in partially overlapping monoclonal B-cell populations from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Blood, 1996, 87, 2861-2869.
83. Corcione, A. and Pistoia, V. B-cell-derived granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Methods, 1997, 11, 143-147.
84. Zhao, H., Dugas, N., Mathiot, C., Delmer, A., Dugas, B., Sigaux, F. and Kolb, J.P. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells express a functional inducible nitric oxide synthase displaying anti-apoptotic activity. Blood, 1998, 92, 1031-1043.
85. Roman, V., Zhao, H., Fourneau, J.M., Marconi, A., Dugas, N., Dugas, B., Sigaux, F. and Kolb, J.P. Expression of a functional inducible nitric oxide synthase in hairy cell leukaemia and ESKOL cell line. Leukemia, 2000, 14, 696-705.
86. Levesque M.C., Misukonis M.A., O'Loughlin, C.W., Chen, Y., Beasley, B.E., Wilson, D.L., Adams, D.J., Silber, R. and Weinberg, J.B. IL-4 and interferon gamma regulate expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia. 2003, 17, 442-450.
87. Kolb, J.P. Mechanisms involved in the pro- and anti-apoptotic role of NO in human leukemia. Leukemia, 2000, 14, 1685-1694.
88. Adams, D.J., Levesque, M.C., Weinberg, J.B., Smith, K.L., Flowers, J.L., Moore, J., Colvin, O.M. and Silber, R. Nitric oxide enhancement of fludarabine cytotoxicity for B-CLL lymphocytes. Leukemia, 2001, 15, 1852-1859.
89. Nilsson, J., Soderberg, O., Nilsson, K. and Rosen, A. Thioredoxin prolongs survival of B-type chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood, 2000, 95, 1420-1426.
90. Masdehors, P., Merle-Beral, H., Maloum, K., Omura, S., Magdelenat, H. and Delic, J. Deregulation of the ubiquitin system and p53 proteolysis modify the apoptotic response in B-CLL lymphocytes. Blood, 2000, 96, 269-274.
91. Almond, J.B., Snowden, R.T., Hunter, A., Dinsdale, D., Cain, K. and Cohen, G.M, Proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells involves cytochrome c release and caspase activation, accompanied by formation of an approximately 700 kDa Apaf-1 containing apoptosome complex. Leukemia, 2001, 15, 1388-1397.
92. Masdehors, P., Merle-Beral, H., Magdelenat, H. and Delic, J. Ubiquitin-proteasome system and increased sensitivity of B-CLL lymphocytes to apoptotic death activation. Leuk. lymphoma, 2000, 38, 499-504.
93. Blaise, R., Masdehors, P., Lauge, A., Stoppa-Lyonnet, D., Alapetite, C., Merle-Beral, H., Binet, J.L., Omura, S., Magdelenat, H., Sabatier, L. and Delic, J. Chromosomal DNA and p53 stability, ubiquitin system and apoptosis in B-CLL lymphocytes. Leuk. Lymphoma, 2001, 42, 1173-1180.
94. Zupo, S., Isnardi, L., Megna, M., Massara, R., Malavasi, F., Dono, M., Cosulich, E. and Ferrarini, M. CD38 expression distinguishes two groups of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias with different responses to anti-IgM antibodies and propensity to apoptosis. Blood, 1996, 88, 1365-1374.
95. Zupo, S., Massara, R., Dono, M., Rossi E., Malavasi, F., Cosulich, M.E. and Ferrarini, M. Apoptosis or plasma cell differentiation of CD38-positive B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells induced by cross-linking of surface IgM or IgD. Blood, 2000, 95, 1199-1206.
96. Mackus, W.J.M., Grummels, A., Van Lier, R.A.W., Eldering, E. and Van Oers., M.H.J. B cell receptor (BCR) triggering leads to enhanced survival of leukemic B cells in B-CLL patients with unmutated IgVH genes and Zap-70 expression. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 632.
97. Zomas, A.P., Matutes, E., Morilla, R., Owusus-Ankomah, K., Seon, B.K. and Catovsky, D. Expression of the immunoglobulin associated protein B29 in B cell disorders with the monoclonal antibody SN8 (CD79b). Leukaemia. 1996, 10,1966-1970.
98. Thompson, A.A., Talley, J.A., Do, H.N., Kagan, H.L., Kunkel, L., Berenson, J., Cooper, M.D., Saxon, A. and Wall, R. Aberrations of B-cell receptor B29 (CD79b) gene in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Blood, 1997, 90,1387-1394.
99. Cragg, M.S., Chan, H.T., Fox, M.D., Tutt, A., Smith, A., Oscier, D.G., Hamblin, T.J. and Glennie, M.J. The alternative transcript of CD79b is overexpressed in B-CLL and inhibits signaling for apoptosis. Blood, 2002, 100, 3068-3076.
100. Mone, A.P., Lucas, D., Aron J., Cheney, C., Johnson, A., Bains, S.K., Tso, J.Y., Weiner, G., Green, J., Grever, M. and Byrd, J.C. Hu1D10 induces parallel death and survival signals in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, justification for combination studies of Hu1D10 with PI3 kinase inhibitors. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 1496.
101. Pers, J.O., Berthou, C., Porakishvili, N., Burdjanadze, M., Le Calvez, G., Abgrall, J.F., Lydyard, P.M., Youinou, P. and Jamin, C. CD5-induced apoptosis of B cells in some patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia, 2002, 16, 44-52.
102. Cioca, D.P. and Kitano, K. Apoptosis induction by hypercross-linking of the surface antigen CD5 with anti-CD5 monoclonal antibodies in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia, 2002, 16, 335-343.
103. Osorio, L.M., De Santiago, A., Aguilar-Santelises, M., Mellstedt, H. and Jondal, M. CD6 ligation modulates the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and protects chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells from apoptosis induced by anti-IgM. Blood, 1997, 89, 2833-2841.
104. Osorio, L.M., Jondal, M. and Aguilar-Santelises, M. Regulation of B-CLL apoptosis through membrane receptors and Bcl-2 family proteins. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1998, 30, 247-256.
105. Osorio, L.M. and Aguilar-Santelises, M. Apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Med. Oncol., 1998, 15, 234-240.
106. Pedersen, I.M., Buhl, A.M., Klausen, P., Geisler, C.H. and Jurlander, J. The chimeric anti-CD20 antibody rituximab induces apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells through a p38 mitogen activated protein-kinase-dependent mechanism. Blood, 2002, 99, 1314-1319.
107. Bannerji R., Kitada S., Flinn I.W., Pearson M., Young D., Reed J.C. and Byrd J.C. Apoptotic-regulatory and complement-protecting protein expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: relationship to in vivo rituximab resistance. J. Clin. Oncol., 2003, 21: 1466-1471.
108. Brizard, A., Morel, F., Lecron, J.C., Dreyfus, B., Brizard, F., Barra, A. and Preud'homme, J.L. Proliferative response of B chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes stimulated with IL2 and soluble CD23. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1994, 14, 311-318.
109. Fournier, S., Yang, L.P., Delespesse, G., Rubio, M., Biron, G. and Sarfati, M. The two CD23 isoforms display differential regulation in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol., 1995, 89, 373-379.
110. Hubmann, R., Schwarzmeier, J.D., Shehata, M., Hilgarth, M., Duechler, M., Dettke, M. and Berger, R. Notch2 is involved in the overexpression of CD23 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 2002, 99, 3742-3747.
111. Schwarzmeier, J.D., Duechler, M., Shehata, M., Hilgarth, M., Hoelbl, A. and Hubmann, R. Notch2 transduced B-cells are less sensitive to activation induced cell death. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 1487.
112. Hopkins, M.T., Pathan, N., Chu, P., Grint, P. and Saven, A. IDEC-152 (Anti-CD23) triggers apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells in vitro. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 2346.
113. Buske, C., Gogowski, G., Schreiber, K., Rave-Frank, M., Hiddemann, W. and Wormann, B. Stimulation of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by murine fibroblasts, IL-4, anti-CD40 antibodies, and the soluble CD40 ligand. Exp. Hematol., 1997, 25, 329-337.
114. Kitada, S., Zapata, J.M., Andreeff, M. and Reed, J.C. Bryostatin and CD40-ligand enhance apoptosis resistance and induce expression of cell survival genes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol., 1999, 106, 995-1004.
115. Brugnoni, D., Rossi G., Tucci, A., Cattaneo, R, and Airo, P. Study of CD40 ligand expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica, 1995, 80, 440-442.
116. Laytragoon-Lewin, N., Duhony, E., Bai, X.F. and Mellstedt, H. Downregulation of the CD95 receptor and defect CD40-mediated signal transduction in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Eur. J. Haematol., 1998, 61, 266-271.
117. Romano, M.F., Lamberti, A., Tassone, P., Alfinito, F., Costantini, S., Chiurazzi, F., Defrance, T., Bonelli, P., Tuccillo, F., Turco, M.C. and Venuta, S. Triggering of CD40 antigen inhibits fludarabine-induced apoptosis in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood, 1998, 92, 990-995.
118. Laytragoon-Lewin, N., Rossmann, E.D., Castro, J. and Mellstedt, H. Significance of phosphotyrosine proteins, Bcl-2 and p53 for apoptosis in resting B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Int. J. Cancer, 2002, 97, 344-348.
119. Mateo, V., Lagneaux, L., Bron, D., Biron, G., Armant, M., Delespesse, G. and Sarfati, M. CD47 ligation induces caspase-independent cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat. Med., 1999, 5, 1277-1284.
120. Mateo, V., Brown, E.J., Biron, G., Rubio, M., Fischer, A., Deist, F.L. and Sarfati, M. Mechanisms of CD47-induced caspase-independent cell death in normal and leukemic cells, link between phosphatidylserine exposure and cytoskeleton organization. Blood, 2002, 100, 2882-2890.
121. Roue, G., Lancry, L., Duquesne, F., Salaun, V., Troussard, X. and Sola, B. Upstream mediators of the Fas apoptotic transduction pathway are defective in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk. Res., 2001, 25, 967-980.
122. Kamihira, S., Yamada, Y., Hirakata, Y., Tsuruda, K., Sugahara, K., Tomonaga, M., Maeda, T., Tsukasaki, K., Atogami, S. and Kobayashi, N. Quantitative characterization and potential function of membrane Fas/APO-1 (CD95) receptors on leukaemic cells from chronic B and T lymphoid leukaemias. Br. J. Haematol., 1997, 99, 858-865.
123. Mainou-Fowler, T. and Prentice, A.G. Modulation of apoptosis with cytokines in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1996, 21, 369-377.
124. Jones, D.T., Ganeshaguru, K., Virchis, A.E., Folarin, N.I., Lowdell, M.W., Mehta, A.B., Prentice, H.G., Hoffbrand, A.V. and Wickremasinghe, R.G. Caspase 8 activation independent of Fas (CD95/APO-1) signaling may mediate killing of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by cytotoxic drugs or gamma radiation. Blood, 2001, 98, 2800-2807.
125. Tinhofer, I., Marschitz, I., Kos, M., Henn, T, Egle, A., Villunger, A. and Greil, R. Differential sensitivity of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes to the killing efficacy of Fas (Apo-1/CD95) ligand+ tumor cells in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 1998, 91, 4273-4281.
126. Peng, L., Bradley, C.J. and Wiley, J.S. Apoptosis of leukemic lymphocytes mediated by purinergic P2z receptors. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zh. 1998, 78, 508-511.
127. Rosenquist, R., Thunberg, U., Tobin, G., Johnson, A., Soderberg, O., Enblad, G., Sundstrom, C. and Roos, G. Polymorphism in the P2X7 receptor gene and association to survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 2329.
128. van Kooten, C., Rensink, I., Aarden, L. and van Oers, R. Cytokines and intracellular signals involved in the regulation of B-CLL proliferation. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1993, 12, 27-33.
129. Reittie, J.E., Yong, K.L., Panayiotidis, P. and Hoffbrand, A.V. Interleukin-6 inhibits apoptosis and tumour necrosis factor induced proliferation of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1996, 22, 83-90.
130. Kulmburg, P., Radke, M. and Digel, W. Lymphotoxin-alpha is an autocrine growth factor for chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Leukemia, 1998, 12, 493-498.
131. Olsson, A., Diaz, T., Aguilar-Santelises, M., Osterberg, A., Celsing, F., Jondal, M. and Osorio, L.M. Sensitization to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and modulation of FLICE-inhibitory protein in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia by actinomycin D. Leukemia, 2001, 15, 1868-1877.
132. MacFarlane, M., Harper, N., Snowden, R.T., Dyer, M.J., Barnett, G.A., Pringle, J.H. and Cohen, G.M. Mechanisms of resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in primary B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Oncogene, 2002, 21, 6809-6818.
133. Zhou, T., Liu, W., Zhao, L., Kimberly, R.P. and Emanuel, P.D. TRAIL-R2 (DR5) is a selective therapeutic target for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 776.
134. Novak, A.J., Bram, R.J., Kay, N.E. and Jelinek, D.F. Aberrant expression of B-lymphocyte stimulator by B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, a mechanism for survival. Blood, 2002, 100, 2973-2979.
135. Ghia, P. and Caligaris-Cappio, F. The indispensable role of microenvironment in the natural history of low-grade B-cell neoplasms. Adv. Cancer Res., 2000, 79, 157-173.
136. Jewell, A.P. and Yong, K.L. Regulation and function of adhesion molecules in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Acta Haematol., 1997, 97, 67-72.
137. Lagneaux, L., Delforge, A., Bron, D., De Bruyn, C. and Stryckmans, P. Chronic lymphocytic leukemic B cells but not normal B cells are rescued from apoptosis by contact with normal bone marrow stromal cells. Blood, 1998, 91, 2387-2396.
138. Lagneaux, L., Delforge, A., De Bruyn, C., Bernier, M. and Bron, D. Adhesion to bone marrow stroma inhibits apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1999, 35, 445-453.
139. Lagneaux, L., Delforge, A., Dejeneffe, M., Schols, D., Massy, M., Bernier, M. and Bron, D. SDF-1/CXCR4 interactions are crucial in the migration and survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 1476.
140. Shehata, M., Schwarzmeier, J.D., Hilgarth, M., Strommer, S., Hoelbl, A.N., Hubmann, R. and Duechler, M. Human stromal fibroblasts inhibit apoptosis of B-CLL cells through a mechanism involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 1479.
141. de la Fuente, M.T., Casanova, B., Garcia-Gila, M., Silva, A. and Garcia-Pardo, A. Fibronectin interaction with alpha4beta1 integrin prevents apoptosis in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, correlation with Bcl-2 and Bax. Leukemia, 1999, 13, 266-274.
142. de la Fuente, M.T., Casanova, B., Moyano, J.V., Garcia-Gila, M., Sanz, L., Garcia-Marco, J., Silva, A. and Garcia-Pardo, A. Engagement of alpha4beta1 integrin by fibronectin induces in vitro resistance of B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to fludarabine. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2002, 71, 495-502.
143. Moreno, A., Villar, M.L., Camara, C., Luque, R., Cespon, C., Gonzalez-Porque, P., Roy, G., Lopez-Jimenez, J., Bootello, A. and Santiago, E.R. Interleukin-6 dimers produced by endothelial cells inhibit apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Bloo., 2001, 97, 242-249.
144. Gamberale, R., Geffner, J., Arrosagaray, G., Scolnik, M., Salamone, G., Trevani, A., Vermeulen, M. and Giordano, M. Non-malignant leukocytes delay spontaneous B-CLL cell apoptosis. Leukemia, 2001, 15, 1860-1867.
145. McConkey, D.J., Aguilar-Santelises, M., Hartzell, P., Eriksson, I., Mellstedt, H., Orrenius, S. and Jondal, M. Induction of DNA fragmentation in chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia cells. J. Immunol., 1991, 146, 1072-1076.
146. Zinzani, P.L., Tosi, P., Visani, G., Martinelli, G., Farabegoli, P., Buzzi, M., Ottaviani, E., Salvucci, M., Bendandi, M. and Zaccaria, A. Apoptosis induction with three nucleoside analogs on freshly isolated B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Am. J. Hematol., 1994, 47, 301-306.
147. Zinzani, P.L., Buzzi, M., Farabegoli, P., Tosi P., Fortuna, A., Visani, G., Martinelli, G., Zaccaria, A. and Tura, S. Induction of "in vitro" apoptosis by fludarabine in freshly isolated B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1994, 13, 95-97.
148. Stagno, F., Impera, S., Italia, P., Corsaro, .F, Cacciola, E. Jr. and Guglielmo, P. Vitro drug-induced apoptosis in freshly isolated leukemic cells, a flow cytometric analysis. Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper., 1995, 71, 99-104.
149. Castejon, R., Vargas, J.A., Briz, M., Berrocal, E., Romero, Y., Gea-Banacloche, J.C., Fernandez, M.N. and Durantez, A. Induction of apoptosis by 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia, 1997, 11, 1253-1257.
150. Gottardi, D., De Leo, A.M., Alfarano, A., Stacchini, A., Circosta, P., Gregoretti, M.G., Bergui, L., Aragno, M. and Caligaris-Cappio, F. Fludarabine ability to down-regulate Bcl-2 gene product in CD5+ leukaemic B cells, in vitro/in vivo correlations. Br. J. Haematol., 1997, 99, 147-157.
151. Consoli, U., El-Tounsi, I., Sandoval, A., Snell, V., Kleine, H.D., Brown, W., Robinson, J.R., DiRaimondo, F., Plunkett, W. and Andreeff, M. Differential induction of apoptosis by fludarabine monophosphate in leukemic B and normal T cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 1998, 91, 1742-1748.
152. Bellosillo, B., Villamor, N., Colomer, D., Pons, G., Montserrat, E. and Gil, J. In vitro evaluation of fludarabine in combination with cyclophosphamide and/or mitoxantrone in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 1999, 94, 2836-2843.
153. Shenkerman, G., Klaper, R., Ness-Abramof, R., Vishlitzky, V., Zemer, R., Ellis, M., Lishner, M., Manor, Y., Yuklea, M.S., Shenkman, L. and Klein, A. Induction of apoptosis by chlorodeoxyadenosine and dexamethasone in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk. Lymphoma, 1997, 28, 153-157.
154. Bromidge, T., Frewin, R. and Johnson, S. In vitro chemosensitivity of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia to ara-G. Leuk. Res., 2000, 24, 623-626.
155. Van Den Neste, E., Cardoen, S., Husson, B., Rosier, J.F., Delacauw, A., Ferrant, A., Van den Berghe, G. and Bontemps, F. 2-Chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine inhibits DNA repair synthesis and potentiates UVC cytotoxicity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B lymphocytes. Leukemia, 2002, 16, 36-43.
156. Szmigielska-Kaplon, A., Smolewski, P., Najder, M. and Robak, T. Evaluation of apoptosis induced in vitro by cladribine (2-CdA) combined with anthracyclines in lymphocytes from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann. Hematol., 2002, 81, 508-513.
157. Genini, D., Adachi, S., Chao, Q., Rose, D.W., Carrera, C.J., Cottam, H.B., Carson, D.A. and Leoni, L.M. Deoxyadenosine analogs induce programmed cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by damaging the DNA and by directly affecting the mitochondria. Blood, 2000, 96, 3537-3543.
158. Perez-Galan, P., Marzo, I., Giraldo, P., Rubio-Felix, D., Lasierra, P., Larrad, L., Anel, A. and Naval, J. Role of caspases and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in cladribine-induced apoptosis of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia, 2002, 16, 2106-2114.
159. Byrd, J.C., Lucas, D.M., Mone, A.P., Kitner, J.B., Drabick, J.J. and Grever, M.R. KRN5500: a novel therapeutic agent with in vitro activity against human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells mediates cytotoxicity via the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Blood, 2003, 101, 4547-4550.
160. Campas, C., Lopez, J.M., Santidrian, A.F., Barragan, M., Bellosillo, B., Colomer, D. and Gil, J. Acadesine activates AMPK and induces apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells but not in T lymphocytes. Blood, 2003, 101, 3674-3680.
161. Mentz, F., Merle-Beral, H., Ouaaz, F. and Binet, J.L. Theophylline, a new inducer of apoptosis in B-CLL, role of cyclic nucleotides. Br. J. Haematol., 1995, 90, 957-959.
162. Mentz, F., Merle-Beral, H. and Dalloul, A.H. Theophylline-induced B-CLL apoptosis is partly dependent on cyclic AMP production but independent of CD38 expression and endogenous IL-10 production. Leukemia, 1999, 13, 78-84.
163. Mentz, F., Mossalayi, M.D., Ouaaz, F., Baudet, S., Issaly, F., Ktorza, S., Semichon, M., Binet, J.L. and Merle-Beral, H. Theophylline synergizes with chlorambucil in inducing apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood, 1996, 88, 2172-2182.
164. Siegmund, B., Welsch, J., Loher, F., Meinhardt, G., Emmerich, B., Endres, S. and Eigler, A. Phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor suppresses expression of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family in B-CLL cells and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis. Leukemia, 2001, 15, 1564-1571.
165. Sarfati, M., Mateo, V., Baudet, S., Rubio, M., Fernandez, C., Davi, F., Binet, J.L., Delic, J. and Merle-Beral, H. Sildenafil (Viagra(C)) and Vardenafil, type 5/6 phosphodiesterase inhibitors, induce caspase-dependent apoptosis of B-CLL cells. Blood, 2003, 101, 265-269.
166. Konig, A., Wrazel, L., Warrell, R.P.Jr., Rivi, R., Pandolfi, P.P., Jakubowski, A. and Gabrilove, J.L. Comparative activity of melarsoprol and arsenic trioxide in chronic B-cell leukemia lines. Blood, 1997, 90, 562-570.
167. Konig, A., Schwartz, G.K, Mohammad, R.M., Al-Katib, A. and Gabrilove J.L. The novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol downregulates Bcl-2 and induces growth arrest and apoptosis in chronic B-cell leukemia lines. Blood, 1997, 90, 4307-4312.
168. Byrd, J.C., Shinn, C., Waselenko, J.K., Fuchs, E.J., Lehman, T.A., Nguyen, P.L., Flinn, I.W., Diehl, L.F., Sausville, E. and Grever, M.R. Flavopiridol induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells via activation of caspase-3 without evidence of bcl-2 modulation or dependence on functional p53. Blood, 1998, 92, 3804-3816.
169. Kitada, S., Zapata, J.M., Andreeff, M. and Reed, J.C. Protein kinase inhibitors flavopiridol and 7-hydroxy-staurosporine down-regulate antiapoptosis proteins in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 2000, 96, 393-397.
170. Pepper, C., Thomas, A., Hoy, T., Fegan, C. and Bentley, P. Flavopiridol circumvents Bcl-2 family mediated inhibition of apoptosis and drug resistance in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol., 2001, 114, 70-77.
171. Pepper C., Thomas A., Fegan C., Hoy T. and Bentley P. Flavopiridol induces apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells through a p38 and ERK MAP kinase-dependent mechanism. Leuk. Lymphoma, 2003, 44, 337-342.
172. Karp, J.E., Ross, D.D., Yang, W., Tidwell, M.L., Wei, Y., Greer, J., Mann, D.L., Nakanishi, T., Wright, J.J. and Colevas, A.D. Timed sequential therapy of acute leukemia with flavopiridol: in vitro model for a phase I clinical trial. Clin. Cancer Res., 2003, 9, 307-315.
173. Bellosillo, B., Colomer, D., Pons, G. and Gil, J. Mitoxantrone, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, induces apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Br. J. Haematol., 1998, 100, 142-146.
174. Cohen, D.P., Adams, D.J., Flowers, J.L., Wall, M.E., Wani, M.C., Manikumar, G., Colvin, O.M. and Silber, R. Pre-clinical evaluation of SN-38 and novel camptothecin analogs against human chronic B-cell lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes. Leuk. Res., 1999, 23, 1061-1070.
175. Bellosillo, B., Pique, M., Barragan, M., Castano, E., Villamor, N., Colomer, D., Montserrat, E., Pons, G. and Gil, J. Aspirin and salicylate induce apoptosis and activation of caspases in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood, 1998, 92,1406-1414.
176. Mengubas, K., Riordan, F.A., Bravery, C.A., Lewin, J., Owens, D.L., Mehta, A.B., Hoffbrand, A.V. and Wickremasinghe, R.G. Ceramide-induced killing of normal and malignant human lymphocytes is by a non-apoptotic mechanism. Oncogene, 1999, 18, 2499-2506.
177. Santini, V., Gozzini, A., Scappini, B., Caporale, R., Zoccolante, A., Rigacci, L., Gelardi, E., Grossi, A., Alterini, R. and Ferrini, P.R. Induction of apoptosis by monosaccharide butyrate stable derivatives in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica, 1999, 84, 897-904.
178. Rabizadeh, E., Bairey, O., Aviram, A., Ben-Dror, I., Shaklai, M. and Zimra, Y. Doxorubicin and a butyric acid derivative effectively reduce levels of BCL-2 protein in the cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient. Eur. J. Haematol., 2001, 66, 263-271.
179. Byrd, J.C., Shinn, C., Ravi, R., Willis, C.R., Waselenko, J.K., Flinn, I.W., Dawson, N.A. and Grever, M.R. Depsipeptide (FR901228), a novel therapeutic agent with selective, in vitro activity against human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood, 1999, 94, 1401-1408.
180. Cheson, B.D. Hematologic malignancies: new developments and future treatments. Semin. Oncol., 2002, 29 (4 Suppl 13), 33-45
181. Schenkein, D. Proteasome inhibitors in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Clin. Lymphoma, 2002, 3, 49-55.
182. Zhang, Y., Dawson, M.I., Mohammad, R., Rishi, A.K., Farhana, L., Feng, K.C., Leid, M., Peterson, V., Zhang, X.K., Edelstein, M., Eilander, D., Biggar, S., Wall, N., Reichert, U. and Fontana, J.A. Induction of apoptosis of human B-CLL and ALL cells by a novel retinoid and its nonretinoidal analog. Blood, 2002, 100, 2917-2925.
183. Pepper, C., Ali, K., Thomas, A., Hoy, T., Fegan, C., Chowdary, P., Kell, J. and Bentley, P. Retinoid-induced apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells is mediated through caspase-3 activation and is independent of p53, the retinoic acid receptor, and differentiation. Eur. J. Haematol., 2002, 69, 227-235.
184. Pepper, C., Thomas, A., Hoy, T., Milligan, D., Bentley, P. and Fegan, C. The vitamin D3 analog EB1089 induces apoptosis via a p53-independent mechanism involving p38 MAP kinase activation and suppression of ERK activity in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. Blood, 2003, 101, 2454-2460.
185. Schwanen, C., Hecker, T., Hubinger, G., Wolfle, M., Rittgen,W., Bergmann, L. and Karakas, T. In vitro evaluation of bendamustine induced apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia, 2002, 16, 2096-2105.
186. Byrd, J.C., Shinn, C., Willis, C.R., Flinn, I.W., Lehman, T., Sausville, E., Lucas, D. and Grever, M.R. UCN-01 induces cytotoxicity toward human CLL cells through a p53-independent mechanism. Exp. Hematol., 2001, 29, 703-708.
187. Ganeshaguru, K., Wickremasinghe, R.G., Jones, D.T., Gordon, M., Hart, S.M., Virchis, A.E., Prentice, H.G., Hoffbrand, A.V., Man, A., Champain, K., Csermak, K. and Mehta, A.B. Actions of the selective protein kinase C inhibitor PKC412 on B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. Haematologica, 2002, 87, 167-176.
188. Lagneaux, L., Delforge, A., Carlier, S., Massy, M., Bernier, M. and Bron, D. Early induction of apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells by hydroxychloroquine, activation of caspase-3 and no protection by survival factors. Br. J. Haematol., 2001, 112, 344-352.
189. Lagneaux, L., Delforge, A., Dejeneffe, M., Massy, M., Bernier, M. and Bron, D. Two inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, fluvastatin and simvastatin, induce apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, critical role of protein prenylation and caspase-3 activation. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, December 6-10, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Abstract 1477.
190. Roman, V., Billard, C., Kern, C., Ferry-Dumazet, H., Izard, J.C., Mohammad, R., Mossalayi, D.M. and Kolb, J.P. Analysis of resveratrol-induced apoptosis in human B-cell chronic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol., 2002, 117, 842-851.
191. Ferry-Dumazet, H., Garnier, O., Mamani-Matsuda, M., Vercauteren, J., Belloc F., Billiard, C., Dupouy, M., Thiolat, D., Kolb J.P., Marit, G., Reiffers, J. and Mossalayi, M.D. Resveratrol inhibits the growth and induces the apoptosis of both normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells. Carcinogenesis, 2002, 23, 1327-1333.
192. Billard, C., Izard, J.C., Roman, V., Kern, C., Mathiot, C., Mentz, F. and Kolb, J.P. Comparative antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of resveratrol, epsilon-viniferin and vine-shots derived polyphenols (vineatrols) on chronic B lymphocytic leukemia cells and normal human lymphocytes. Leuk. Lymphoma, 2002, 43, 1991-2002.
193. Anether, G., Tinhofer, I., Senfter, M. and Greil, R. Tetrocarcin-A-induced ER stress mediates apoptosis in B-CLL cells via a Bcl-2-independent pathway. Blood, 2003, 101, 4561-4568.
194. Campas, C., Dalmau, M., Montaner, B., Barragan, M., Bellosillo, B., Colomer, D., Pons, G., Perez-Tomas, R. and Gil, J. Prodigiosin induces apoptosis of B and T cells from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia, 2003, 17, 746-750.
195. Myszka, H., Bednarczyk, D., Najder, M. and Kaca, W. Synthesis and induction of apoptosis in B cell chronic leukemia by diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside hydrochloride and its derivatives. Carbohydr. Res., 2003, 338, 133-141.
196. Waselenko, J.K., Grever, M.R., Shinn, C.A., Flinn, I.W. and Byrd, J.C. Gemcitabine demonstrates in vitro activity against human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk. Res., 2001, 25, 435-440.
197. Mainou-Fowler, T., Proctor, S.J. and Dickinson, A.M. Gammalinolenic acid induces apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells in vitro. Leuk. Lymphoma, 2001, 40, 393-403.
198. Waselenko, J.K., Shinn, C.A., Willis, C.R., Flinn, I.W., Grever, M.R. and Byrd, J.C. Carboxyamido-triazole (CAI) a novel "static" signal transduction inhibitor induces apoptosis in human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leuk. Lymphom., 2001, 42, 1049-1053.
199. Bannerji, R. and Byrd, J.C. Update on the biology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Curr. Opin. Oncol., 2000, 12, 22-29.
200. Borner, C. The Bcl-2 protein family: sensors and checkpoints for lite-or-death decisions. Mol. Immunol., 2003, 39, 615-647.