Inhibitors of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 149-166

  Schreiner, Erwin P ^a   Oberhauser, Berndt ^a   Foster, Carolyn A ^a  

^a Brunnerstra e 59   (Austria)

Author keywords

4 1 integrin; Adhesion molecules; Antioxidants; Antisense oligonucleotides; HUN 7293; Inhibitor; Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1); Very late antigen 4 (VLA 4)

Indexed keywords

3 DEAZAADENOSINE; AGI 1096; AGIX 4207; ALICAFORSEN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; ATL 1102; BETA1 INTEGRIN; CHALCONE DERIVATIVE; DITHIOCARBAMIC ACID DERIVATIVE; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; EPOXYICOSATRIENOIC ACID; FLAVONE DERIVATIVE; FLUOROURACIL; HUN 7293; ISIS 107248; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; NATALIZUMAB; PD 09863; PROADIFEN; PROBUCOL; PROBUCOL SUCCINATE; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; PYRROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMATE; THIOPHENE DERIVATIVE; TRIAZOLOPYRIDAZINE DERIVATIVE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

ACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; ANGIOPLASTY; ASTHMA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CANCER; DRUG STRUCTURE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ENTERITIS; HUMAN; LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NONHUMAN; PATENT; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TREATMENT INDICATION;

EID: 0037317386     PISSN: 13543776     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.2.149     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. VON ANDRIAN UH, MACKAY CR: T-cell function and migration - two sides of the same coin. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343:1020-1034.
2. ALON R, FEIGELSON S: From rolling to arrest on blood vessels: leukocyte tap dancing on endothelial integrin ligands and chemokines at sub-second contacts. Semin. Immunol. (2002) 14:93-104.
3. LAUDANNA C, KIM JY, CONSTANTIN G, BUTCHER E: Rapid leukocyte integrin activation by chemokines. Immunol. Rev. (2002) 186:37-46.
4. 2-integrins and selectins. Blood (2001) 98:2403-2411.
5. SAXENA U, MEDFORD RM: Vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), an inflammatory gene target for new therapeutics. Curr. Opin. Cardiovasc. Pulm. Renal Invest. Drugs (2000) 2:258-262.
6. CARTER RA, WICKS IP: Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD106): a multifaceted regulator of joint inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. (2001) 44:985-994.
7. 4 integrin. J. Immunol. (1999) 163:3441-3448.
8. BAGGIOLINI M: Chemokines in pathology and medicine. J. Intern. Med. (2001) 250:91-104.
9. OLSON TS, LEY K: Chemokines and chemokine receptors in leukocyte trafficking. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. (2002) 283:R7-R28.
10. 4-integrin: an alternative pathway for neutrophil recruitment? Immunol. Today (1999) 20:545-550.
11. 4-integrin: a newly identified pathway of neutrophil recruitment in critically ill septic patients. Nat. Med. (2001) 7:465-470.
12. 4 integrin and VCAM-1 in CD18-independent neutrophil migration across mouse cardiac endothelium. Circ. Res. (2002) 90:562-569.
13. 1 mediates adhesion to activated endothelial cells and transendothelial neutrophil migration through interaction with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. J. Cell Biol. (1999) 145:413-420.
14. 2 binds VCAM-1: evidence for a binding interface between I domain and VCAM-1. J. Immunol. (1999) 163:1984-1990.
15. 7 and E-selectin ligand by circulating memory B cells: implications for targeted trafficking to mucosal and systemic sites. J. Leukoc. Biol. (2000) 68:807-814.
16. 1 governs lymphocyte migration. J. Immunol. (2001) 167:2824-2830.
17. NEISH AS, AGGARWAL S, COLLINS T: Transcriptional regulation of VCAM-1. In: Leukocyte recruitment, endothelial cell adhesion molecules, and transcriptional control. Collins T (Ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston (2001):175-201.
18. YUSUF-MAKAGIANSAR H, ANDERSON ME, YAKOVLEVA TV, MURRAY JS, SIAHAAN TJ: Inhibition of LFA-1/ICAM-1 and VLA-4/VCAM-1 as a therapeutic approach to inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Med. Res. Rev. (2002) 22:146-167.
19. KITANI A, NAKASHIMA N, IZUMIHARA T et al.: Soluble VCAM-1 induces chemotaxis of Jurkat and synovial fluid T cells bearing high affinity very late antigen-4. J. Immunol. (1998) 161:4931-4938.
20. FUKUSHI J, ONO M, MORIKAWA W, IWAMOTO Y, KUWANO M: The activity of soluble VCAM-1 in angiogenesis stimulated by IL-4 and IL-13. J. Immunol. (2000) 165:2818-2823.
21. 4 integrins is cell-type specific and activation dependent and is disrupted during apoptosis in T cells. Blood (2000) 95:602-609.
22. TOKUHIRA M, HOSAKA S, VOLIN MV et al.: Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 mediation of monocyte chemotaxis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2000) 43:1122-1133.
23. BYRNE GJ, GHELLAL A. IDDON J et al.: Serum soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1: role as a surrogate marker of angiogenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (2000) 92:1329-1336.
24. KOLOPP-SARDA MN, GUILLEMIN F, CHARY-VALCKENAERE I, BENE MC, POUREL J, FAURE GC: Longitudinal study of rheumatoid arthritis patients discloses sustained elevated serum levels of soluble CD106 (V-CAM). Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. (2001) 19:165-170.
25. WRIGHT PS, COOPER JR, KROPP KE, BUSCH SJ: Induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression by IL-4 in human aortic smooth muscle cells is not associated with increased nuclear NF-κB levels. J. Cell Physiol. (1999) 180:381-389.
26. DE CATERINA R, BOURCIER T, LAUFS U et al.: Induction of endothelial-leukocyte interaction by interferon-γ requires coactivation of nuclear factor-κB. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2001) 21:227-232.
27. JESSE TL, LACHANCE R, IADEMARCO MF, DEAN DC: Interferon regulatory factor-2 is a transcriptional activator in muscle where it regulates expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. J. Cell Biol. (1998) 140:1265-1276.
28. HAWKE TJ, GARRY DJ: Myogenic satellite cells: physiology to molecular biology. J Appl. Physiol. (2001) 91:534-551.
29. MINAMI T, AIRD WC: Thrombin stimulation of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 promoter in endothelial cells is mediated by tandem nuclear factor-κB and GATA motifs. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:47632-47641.
30. UMETANI M, MATAKI C, MINEGISHI N, YAMAMOTO M, HAMAKUBO T, KODAMA T: Function of GATA transcription factors in induction of endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by tumor necrosis factor-α. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2001) 21:917-922.
31. LEE YW, KÜHN H, HENNIG B, NEISH AS, TOBOREK M: IL-4-induced oxidative stress upregulates VCAM-1 gene expression in human endothelial cells. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. (2001) 33:83-94.
32. 4 integrins in the lung Ann. N. Y. Acad Sci. (1996) 796:113-123.
33. JACKSON DY: Alpha 4 integrin antagonists. Curr. Pharm. Des. (2002) 8:1229-1253.
34. 1 antagonists. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2002) 301:747-752.
35. MOUSA SA: Anti-integrin as novel drug-discovery targets: potential therapeutic and diagnostic implications. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. (2002) 6:534-541.
36. 1 antagonists using in silico screening. J. Med. Chem. (2002) 45:2988-2993.
37. TILLEY JW: VLA-4 antagonists. Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2002) 12:991-1008.
38. LIU G: Small molecule antagonists of the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction as potential therapeutic agents. Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2001) 11:1383-1393.
39. DOWNS KM: Early placental ontogeny in the mouse. Placenta (2002) 23:116-131.
40. KONI PA, JOSHI SK, TEMANN U-A, OLSON D, BURKLY L, FLAVELL RA: Conditional vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 deletion in mice: impaired lymphocyte migration to bone marrow. J. Exp. Med. (2001) 193:741-753.
41. LEUKER CE, LABOW M, MÜLLER W, WAGNER N: Neonatally induced inactivation of the vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 gene impairs B cell localization and T cell-dependent humoral immune response. J. Exp. Med. (2001) 193:755-767.
42. ROSS R: Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:115-126.
43. KUNSCH C, MEDFORD RM: Oxidative stress as a regulator of gene expression in the vasculature. Circ. Res. (1999) 85:753-766.
44. COLLINS T, CYBULSKY MI: NF-κB: pivotal mediator or innocent bystander in atherogenesis? J. Clin. Invest. (2001) 107:255-264.
45. WITZTUM JL, STEINBERG D: The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherosclerosis; does it hold for humans? Trends Cardiovasc. Med. (2001) 11:93-102.
46. FRUEBIS J, GONZALEZ V, SILVESTRE M, PALINSKI W: Effect of probucol treatment on gene expression of VCAM-1, MCP-1, and M-CSF in the aortic wall of LDL receptor-deficient rabbits during early atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1997) 17:1289-1302.
47. TRUSKEY GA, HERRMANN RA, KAIT J, BARBER KM: Focal increases in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intimal macrophages at atherosclerosis-susceptible sites in the rabbit aorta after short-term cholesterol feeding. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1999) 19:393-401.
48. AIKAWA M, SUGIYAMA S, HILL CC et al.: Lipid lowering reduces oxidative stress and endothelial cell activation in rabbit atheroma. Circulation (2002) 106:1390-1396.
49. CYBULSKY MI, IIYAMA K, LI H et al.: A major role for VCAM-1, but not ICAM-1, in early atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. (2001) 107:1255-1262.
50. DANSKY HM, BARLOW CB, LOMINSKA C et al.: Adhesion of monocytes to arterial endothelium and initiation of atherosclerosis are critically dependent on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene dosage. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2001) 21:1662-1667.
51. TARDIF J-C, COTÉ G, LESPÉRANCE J et al.: Probucol and multivitamins in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337:365-372.
52. OKAMOTO E, COUSE T, DE LEON H et al.: Perivascular inflammation after balloon angioplasty of porcine coronary arteries. Circulation (2001) 104:2228-2235.
53. OGUCHI S, DIMAYUGA P, ZHU J et al.: Monoclonal antibody against vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 inhibits neointimal formation after periadventitial carotid artery injury in genetically hypercholesterolemic mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2000) 20:1729-1736.
54. HUO Y, HAFEZI-MOGHADAM A, LEY K: Role of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and fibronectin connecting segment-1 in monocyte rolling and adhesion on early atherosclerotic lesions. Circ. Res. (2000) 87:153-159.
55. BARNES KC: Evidence for common genetic elements in allergic disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (2000) 106:S192-S200.
56. TERREEHORST I, OOSTING AJ, TEMPELS-PAVLICA Z et al: Prevalence and severity of allergic rhinitis in house dust mite-allergic patients with bronchial asthma or atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy (2002) 32:1160-1165.
57. CONROY DM, WILLIAMS TJ: Eotaxin and the attraction of eosinophils to the asthmatic lung. Respir. Res. (2001) 2:150-156.
58. RIFFO-VASQUEZ Y, SPINA D: Role of cytokines and chemokines in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation. Pharmacol. Ther. (2002) 94:185-211.
59. TEMANN U-A, RAY P, FLAVELL RA: Pulmonary overexpression of IL-9 induces Th2 cytokine expression, leading to immune pathology. J. Clin. Invest. (2002) 109:29-39.
60. WALTER DM, MCINTIRE JJ, BERRY G et al.: Critical role for IL-13 in the development of allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. J. Immunol. (2001) 167:4668-4675.
61. FALCONE FH, HAAS H, GIBBS BF: The human basophil: a new appreciation of its role in immune responses. Blood (2000) 96:4028-4038.
62. PAGE S, AMMIT AJ, BLACK JL, ARMOUR CL: Human mast cell and airway smooth muscle cell interactions: implications for asthma. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. (2001) 281:L1313-L1323.
63. BOONE M, LESPAGNARD L, RENARD N, SONG M, RIHOUX JP: Adhesion molecule profiles in atopic dermatitis vs. allergic contact dermatitis: pharmacological modulation by cetirizine. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. (2000) 14:263-266.
64. BRAUNSTAHL G-J, OVERBEEK SE, KLEINJAN A, PRINS J-B, HOOGSTEDEN HC, FOKKENS WJ: Nasal allergen provocation induces adhesion molecule expression and tissue eosinophilia in upper and lower airways. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (2001) 107:469-476.
65. WILSON SJ, WALLIN A, DELLACIOPPA G, SANDSTRÖM T, HOLGATE ST: Effects of budesonide and formoterol on NF-κB, adhesion molecules, and cytokines in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2001) 164:1047-1052.
66. 4-integrin adhesion pathway: therapeutic target for allergic inflammatory disorders. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1996) 98:S270-277.
67. 4 integrins and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Immunology (1999) 96:176-183.
68. KAMINUMA O, FUJIMURA H, FUSHIMI K et al.: Dynamics of antigen-specific helper T cells at the initiation of airway eosinophilic inflammation. Eur. J. Immunol. (2001) 31:2669-2679.
69. WANG S, FAN Y, HAN X, YANG J, BILENKI L, YANG X: IL-12-dependent vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression contributes to airway eosinophilic inflammation in a mouse model of asthma-like reaction. J. Immunol. (2001) 166:2741-2749.
70. BOLGER GT: Bio-1211 (Biogen). Curr. Opin. Anti-Inflam. Immunomod Invest. Drugs (2000) 2:108-112.
71. PODOLSKY DK: Inflammatory bowel disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 347:417-429.
72. SORIANO A, SALAS A, SALAS A et al.: VCAM-1, but not ICAM-1 or MAdCAM-1, immunoblockade ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice. Lab. Invest. (2000) 80:1541-1551.
73. BURNS RC, RIVERA-NIEVES J, MOSKALUK CA, MATSUMOTO S, COMINELLI F, LEY K: Antibody blockade of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 ameliorates inflammation in the SAMP-1/Yit adoptive transfer model of Crohn's disease in mice. Gastroenterology (2001) 121:1428-1436.
74. RIJCKEN E, KRIEGLSTEIN CF, ANTHONI C et al.: ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 antisense oligonucleotides attenuate in vivo leucocyte adherence and inflammation in rat inflammatory bowel disease. Gut (2002) 51:529-535.
75. GORDON FH, HAMILTON MI, DONOGHUE S et al.: A pilot study of treatment of active ulcerative colitis with natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to alpha-4 integrin. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. (2002) 16:699-705.
76. HEMMER B, ARCHELOS JJ, HARTUNG HP: New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. (2002) 3:291-301.
77. FLÜGEL A, BERKOWICZ T, RITTER T et al.: Migratory activity and functional changes of green fluorescent effector cells before and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunity (2001) 14:547-560.
78. 4-integrin-VCAM-1 binding mediates G protein-independent capture of encephalitogenic T cell blasts to CNS white matter microvessels. J. Clin. Invest. (2001) 108:557-565.
79. 4 integrin. J. Neuroimmunol. (2001) 131:147-159.
80. 4 integrin antibody on brain lesion activity in MS. Neurology (1999) 53:466-472.
81. SMITH JB, HAYNES MK: Rheumatoid arthritis - a molecular understanding. Ann. Intern. Med. (2002) 136:908-922.
82. LI P, SANZI, O'KEEFE RJ, SCHWARZ EM: NF-κB regulates VCAM-1 expression on fibroblast-like synoviocytes. J. Immunol. (2000) 164:5990-5997.
83. ISSEKUTZ TB, MIYASAKA M, ISSEKUTZ AC: Rat blood neutrophils express very late antigen 4 and it mediates migration to arthritic joint and dermal inflammation. J. Exp. Med. (1996) 183:2175-2184.
84. CARTER RA, CAMPBELL IK, O'DONNELL K, WICKS IP: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) blockade in collagen-induced arthritis reduces joint involvement and alters B cell trafficking. Clin. Exp. Immunol. (2002) 128:44-51.
85. KRAAN MC, REECE RJ, BARG EC et al.: Modulation of inflammation and metalloproteinase expression in synovial tissue by leflunomide and methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2000) 43:1820-1830.
86. SMITH MD, SLAVOTINEK J, AU V et al.: Successful treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is associated with a reduction in synovial membrane cytokines and cell adhesion molecule expression. Rheumatology (2001) 40:965-977.
87. CASCALHO M, PLATT JL: The immunological barrier to xenotransplantation. Immunity (2001) 14:437-446.
88. 4 integrin in islet allograft rejection. Transplantation (2001) 71:1549-1555.
89. 4-integrins/VCAM-1 adhesion. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. (1998) 231:85-98.
90. ALLEN AR, MCHALE J, SMITH J et al.: Endothelial expression of VCAM-1 in experimental crescentic nephritis and effect of antibodies to very late antigen-4 or VCAM-1 on glomerular injury. J. Immunol. (1999) 162:5519-5527.
91. 4 integrin-dependent leukocyte recruitment does not require VCAM-1 in a chronic model of inflammation. J. Immunol. (2000) 164:3337-3344.
92. LARBI KY, ALLEN AR, TAM FWK et al.: VCAM-1 has a tissue-specific role in mediating interleukin-4-induced eosinophil accumulation in rat models: evidence for a dissociation between endothelial-cell VCAM-1 expression and a functional role in eosinophil migration. Blood (2000) 96:3601-3609.
93. OPALINSKA JB, GEWIRTZ AM: Nucleic-acid therapeutics: basic principles and recent applications. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. (2002) 1:503-514.
94. BENNETT CF, CONDON TP, GRIMM S, CHAN H, CHIANG M-Y: Inhibition of endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression with antisense oligonucleotides. J. Immunol. (1994) 152:3530-3540.
95. MUELLER JP, GIANNONI MA, HARTMAN SL et al.: Humanized porcine VCAM-specific monoclonal antibodies with chimeric 1gG2/G4 constant regions block human leukocyte binding to porcine endothelial cells. Mol. Immunol. (1997) 34:441-452.
96. ROSES AD: Genome-based pharmacogenetics and the pharmaceutical industry. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. (2002) 1:541-549.
97. DRÖGE W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol. Rev. (2002) 82:47-95.
98. HENRICKS PAJ, NIJKAMP FP: Reactive oxygen species as mediators in asthma. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. (2001) 14:409-421.
99. FRUEBIS J, SILVESTRE M, SHELTON D, NAPOLI C, PALINSKI W. Inhibition of VCAM-1 expression in the arterial wall is shared by structurally different antioxidants that reduce early atherosclerosis in NZW rabbits. J. Lipid Res. (1999) 40:1958-1966.
100. SOMERS PK, MEDFORD RM, SAXENA U: Dithiocarbamates: effects on lipid hydroperoxides and vascular inflammatory gene expression. Free Radic. Biol. Med. (2000) 28:1532-1537.
101. BOWIE AG, MOYNAGH PN, O'NEILL LAJ: Lipid peroxidation is involved in the activation of NF-κB by tumor necrosis factor but not interleukin-1 in the human endothelial cell line ECV304. J. Biol Chem. (1997) 272:25941-25950.
102. LI N, KARIN M: Is NF-κB the sensor of oxidative stress? FASEB J. (1999) 13:1137-1143.
103. TUMMALA PE, CHEN X-L, MEDFORD RM: NF-κB independent suppression of endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene expression by inhibition of flavin binding proteins and superoxide production. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. (2000) 32:1499-1508.
104. KHAN BV, PARTHASARATHY SS, ALEXANDER RW, MEDFORD RM: Modified low density lipoprotein and its constituents augment cytokine-activated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. (1995) 95:1262-1270.
105. MENG CQ, SOMERS PK, RACHITA CL et al.: Novel phenolic antioxidants as multifunctional inhibitors of inducible VCAM-1 expression for use in atherosclerosis. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (2002) 12:2545-2548.
106. NAKAMURA R, EGASHIRA K, MACHIDA Y et al.: Probucol attenuates left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in tachycardia-induced heart failure: Roles of oxidative stress and inflammation. Circulation (2002) 106:362-367.
107. ELINDER LS, HÅDELL K, JOHANSSON J et al.: Probucol treatment decreases serum concentrations of diet-derived antioxidants. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1995) 15:1057-1063.
108. MENG C, SOMERS P, RACHITA C, HOONG L, HILL R, SUNDELL C: Novel phenolic antioxidants as multifuctional inhibitors of VCAM-1 expression for coronary artery disease. 223rd ACS National Meeting Orlando, USA (2002). MEDI-122.
109. HATCH GM: AGI-1067 AtheroGenics. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs (2002) 3:433-436.
110. CAMPBELL WB: New role for epoxyeicosatrienoic acids as anti-inflammatory mediators. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2000) 21:125-127.
111. HOMMEL U, WEBER H-P, OBERER L, NAEGELI HU, OBERHAUSER B, FOSTER CA: The 3D-structure of a natural inhibitor of cell adhesion molecule expression. FEBS Lett. (1996) 379:69-73.
112. BOGER DL, KEIM H, OBERHAUSER B, SCHREINER EP, FOSTER CA. Total synthesis of HUN-7293. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1999) 121:6197-6205.
113. FOSTER CA, DREYFUSS M, MANDAK B et al.: Pharmacological modulation of endothelial cell-associated adhesion molecule expression: implications for future treatment of dermatological diseases. J. Dermatol. (1994) 21:847-854.
114. FOSTER CA, BESEMER J, MEINGASSNER JG et al: Novel inhibitor of endothelial cell-associated VCAM-1. Skin Pharmacol. (1996) 9:149.
115. LIANG X, ANDO A, TAKAHASHI K et al.: An inhibitor of VCAM-1 decreases retinal neovascularization and capillary nonperfusion in a model of ischemic retinopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (2001) 42:S89.
116. CHEN Y, BILBAN M, FOSTER CA, BOGER DL: Solution-phase parallel synthesis of a pharmacophore library of HUN-7293 analogues: a general chemical mutagenesis approach to defining structure-function properties of naturally occurring cyclic (depsi)peptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2002) 124:5431-5440.
117. SCHREINER EP, KERN M, STECK A: A convenient protocol for selective cleavage of 2-hydroxy acid amides. Application to semisynthesis of the cyclic heptapeptide aza HUN-7293. J. Org. Chem. (2002) 67:8299-8304.
118. BOGER DL, CHEN Y, FOSTER CA: Synthesis and evaluation of aza HUN-7293. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (2000) 10:1741-1744.
119. SCHREINER EP. GODIN G, BROUTIN P-E, FOSTER CA. Design and synthesis of cyclophanes related to the VCAM-1 expression inhibitor HUN-7293. 222nd ACS National Meeting. Chicago, USA (2001) MEDI-131.
120. WANG S, WINISKI AP, SCHEEL G et al.: Discovery of two new natural products in a high-throughput assay: potent inhibition of VCAM-1 expression by distinctly different mechanisms. Mol. Biol. Cell (2000) 11:467a.
121. WÖLLE J, HILL RR, FERGUSON E et al.: Selective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene expression by a novel flavonoid. Lack of effect on transcription factor NF-κB. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1996) 16:1501-1508.
122. DIMMOCK JR, ELIAS DW, BEAZELY MA, KANDEPU NM: Bioactivities of chalcones. Curr. Med. Chem. (1999) 6:1125-1149.
123. 3H-labeled thieno[2,3-c]pyridine antagonists of cell adhesion molecule expression. J. Org. Chem. (2002) 67:943-948.
124. WALKER G, LANGHEINRICH AC, DENNHAUSER E et al.: 3-Deazaadenosine prevents adhesion molecule expression and atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aortas of C57BL/6J mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1999) 19:2673-2679.
125. AHMAD M, ZHANG Y, ZHANG Y, PAPHARALAMBUS C, ALEXANDER RW: Role of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase in tumor necrosis factor-α stimulation of expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2002) 22:759-764.
126. LIM LHK, BOCHNER BS, WAGNER EM: Leukocyte recruitment in the airways: an intravital microscopic study of rat tracheal microcirculation. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. (2002) 282:L959-L967.