Dopamine as a prolactin (PRL) inhibitor

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2001, Pages 724-763

  Ben Jonathan, Nira ^a,b   Hnasko, Robert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BROMOCRIPTINE; CABERGOLINE; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PERGOLIDE; PROLACTIN; PROLACTOSTATIN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOPAMINE METABOLISM; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DOPAMINE UPTAKE; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; HYPOPHYSIS; HYPOTHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; MALE; MEMBRANE CHANNEL; MOLECULAR CLONING; NAUSEA; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PORTAL VEIN BLOOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROLACTIN RELEASE; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; RAT; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; VOMITING;

EID: 0035721572     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/edrv.22.6.0451     Document Type: Review

References (432)

1. Dopamine: A prolactin inhibiting hormone
2. Catecholamine synthesis and release: Overview
3. The aromatic amino acid hydroxylases
4. Regulation of pteridine-requiring enzymes by the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin
5. Assignment of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene to chromosome 11
6. Targeted disruption of the tyrosine hydroxylase locus results in severe catecholamine depletion and perinatal lethality in mice
7. Intricate regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity and gene expression
8. Long- and short-term regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase
9. Tyrosine hydroxylase in rat brain dopaminergic nerve terminals: Multiple-site phosphorylation in vivo and in synaptosomes
10. Identification and characterization of potential cis-regulatory elements governing transcriptional activation of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene
11. Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression by transsynaptic mechanisms and cell-cell contact
12. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase modulation and Parkinson's disease
13. Mechanism of action of dopaminergic agents in Parkinson's disease
14. Dopaminergic neuronal systems in the hypothalamus
15. Catecholamine metabolism. From molecular understanding to clinical diagnosis and treatment: Overview
16. Monoamine oxidase: From genes to behavior
17. Cellular expression of mRNAs encoding monoamine oxidases A and B in the rat central nervous system
18. The synaptic vesicle cycle
19. Are exocytosis mechanisms neurotransmitter specific?
20. Noradrenaline storing vesicles in sympathetic neurons and their role in neurotransmitter release: An historical overview of controversial issues
21. ++-dependent exocytosis
22. Chemical messengers and their coexistence in individual neurons
23. The adrenal chromaffin granule: A model for large dense core vesicles of endocrine and nervous tissue
24. Phylogenetic considerations of neurosecretory granule contents: Role of nucleotides and basic hormone/transmitter packaging mechanisms
25. Synapsins as regulators of neurotransmitter release
26. Synaptotagmins in membrane traffic: Which vesicles do the tagmins tag?
27. Priming in exocytosis: Attaining fusion-competence after vesicle docking
28. SNAP-25
29. Protein-protein interactions in neurotransmitter release
30. Organization and ultrastructural identification of the catecholamine nerve terminals in the neural lobe and pars intermedia of the rat pituitary
31. Physical techniques for the study of exocytosis in isolated cells
32. A fusion pore phenotype in mast cells of the ruby-eye mouse
33. Catecholamine reuptake and storage: Overview
34. Localization and dynamic regulation of biogenic amine transporters in the mammalian central nervous system
35. Lack of a high affinity transport system for dopamine in the median eminence and posterior pituitary
36. Biogenic amine transporters: Regulation in flux
37. Neurotransmitter transporters: Recent progress
38. Neurotransmitter transporters: Three important gene families for neuronal function
39. Multiple ionic conductances of the human dopamine transporter: The actions of dopamine and psychostimulants
40. Neurotransmitter transporters: Fruitful targets for CNS drug discovery
41. Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter complementary DNA
42. Cloning of the cocaine-sensitive bovine dopamine transporter
43. Cloning and functional characterization of a cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter
44. Cloning, pharmacological characterization, and chromosome assignment of the human dopamine transporter
45. Characterization of the 5′-flanking region of the human dopamine transporter gene
46. Dopamine neuron agenesis in Nurr1-deficient mice
47. Differential expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in catecholaminergic neurons of neonatal wild-type and Nurr1-deficient mice
48. The dopamine transporter: Potential involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders
49. Discrete structural domains and cell-specific expression determine functional selectivity of the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters
50. Delineation of discrete domains for substrate, cocaine, and tricyclic antidepressant interactions using chimeric dopamine-norepinephrine transporters
51. Protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation and functional regulation of dopamine transporters in striatal synaptosomes
52. The dopamine transporter: Immunochemical characterization and localization in brain
53. The dopamine transporter: Comparative ultrastructure of dopaminergic axons in limbic and motor compartments of the nucleus accumbens
54. Imaging synaptic neurotransmission with in vivo binding competition techniques: A critical review
55. Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter
56. The loading of neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles
57. Knockout of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 gene results in neonatal death and supersensitivity to cocaine and amphetamine
58. VMAT2 knockout mice: Heterozygotes display reduced amphetamine-conditioned reward, enhanced amphetamine locomotion, and enhanced MPTP toxicity
59. Vesicular transport regulates monoamine storage and release but is not essential for amphetamine action
60. Modification of the pH profile and tetrabenazine sensitivity of rat VMAT1 by replacement of aspartate 404 with glutamate
61. Molecular pharmacology of the vesicular monoamine transporter
62. Multiple receptors for dopamine
63. Cloning and expression of a rat D2 dopamine receptor cDNA
64. Dopamine receptors: From structure to function
65. Molecular characteristics of mammalian dopamine receptors
66. Phosphorylation and palmitoylation of the human D2L dopamine receptor in Sf9 cells
67. Desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors
68. Dopamine D4/D2 receptor selectivity is determined by A divergent aromatic microdomain contained within the second, third, and seventh membrane-spanning segments
69. Dopamine receptors and brain function
70. Structures of dopamine receptors
71. The evolutionary divergence of neurotransmitter receptors and second-messenger pathways
72. Alternative splicing of the dopamine D2 receptor directs specificity of coupling to G-proteins
73. Localization of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA and D1 and D2 receptor binding in the rat brain and pituitary: An in situ hybridization-receptor autoradiographic analysis
74. Expression of newly cloned brain dopamine receptors in peripheral organs
75. Dopamine receptors: Clinical correlates
76. Treatment of schizophrenia and spectrum disorders: Pharmacotherapy, psychosocial treatments, and neurotransmitter interactions
77. Atypical antipsychotic agents: A critical review
78. Dopamine D2 receptors in signal transduction and behavior
79. D2 dopaminergic receptors: Normal and abnormal transduction mechanisms
80. Coupling of dopamine receptor subtypes to multiple and diverse G proteins
81. The D3 dopamine receptor in cellular and organismal function
82. Dopamine autoreceptors. Biochemical, pharmacological, and morphological studies
83. Effects of selective activation of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors on prolactin secretion and the activity of tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons
84. Monoamines and the pituitary gland
85. Functional topography of the rat hypothalamic dopamine neuron systems: Retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical study
86. Periventricular-hypophysial dopaminergic neurons innervate the intermediate but not the neural lobe of the rat pituitary gland
87. Do tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus produce dopamine or only L-dopa?
88. Dopamine transporter mRNA in neurons of the rat hypothalamus
89. 3H]thymidine uptake measurement
90. Multiple hormonal control of pars intermedia cell activity
91. Colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase with oxytocin or vasopressin in neurons of the human paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus
92. Effects of terguride on anterior pituitary function in parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa: A double-blind study vs. placebo
93. Proopiocortin fragments in normal human adult pituitary. Distribution and ultrastructural characterization of immunoreactive cells
94. The differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in situ, in vivo, and in transplants
95. The ontogenic appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase-, serotonin-, γ-aminobutyric acid-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, substance P-, and synaptophysin-immunoreactivity in rat pituitary gland
96. Gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the developing fetal brain
97. Dopamine turnover in the mediobasal hypothalamus in rat fetuses
98. Prolactin (PRL) receptors are colocalized in dopaminergic neurons in fetal hypothalamic cell cultures: Effect of PRL on tyrosine hydroxylase activity
99. Tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing and/or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase-expressing neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus of perinatal rats: Differentiation and sexual dimorphism
100. Dopamine content and metabolism in mesencephalic and diencephalic cell cultures: Sex differences and effects of sex steroids
101. The onset of dopaminergic innervation during ontogeny decreases melanotrope proliferation in the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary
102. Distinct populations of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons exhibit differential responses to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT3)
103. Polysialylated neural cell adhesion is involved in target-induced morphological differentiation of arcuate dopaminergic neurons
104. Early postnatal development of pituitary intermediate lobe control in the rat by dopamine neurons
105. Prolactin: Structure, function, and regulation of secretion
106. Tyrosine hydroxylase in the stalk-median eminence and posterior pituitary is inactivated only during the plateau phase of the preovulatory prolactin surge
107. Mechanisms of tyrosine hydroxylase regulation during pregnancy: Evidence for protein dephosphorylation during the prolactin surges
108. Short-term inhibitory effect of estradiol on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in vitro
109. Differences in the kinetics of dopamine uptake in synaptosome preparations of the median eminence relative to other dopaminergically innervated brain regions
110. Effects of reuptake inhibitors on dopamine release from the stalk-median eminence and posterior pituitary in vitro
111. Dopamine transporters participate in the physiological regulation of prolactin
112. Anterior pituitary hypoplasia and dwarfism in mice lacking the dopamine transporter
113. Neuroendocrine functions of dopamine
114. Sexual differences in κ opioid receptor-mediated regulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons
115. Sexual differences in the stimulatory effects of bombesin on tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons
116. Stress, prolactin and hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons
117. Dopaminergic neurons in periventricular and arcuate nuclei of proestrous and ovariectomized rats: Endogenous diurnal rhythm of Fos-related antigens expression
118. Dopaminergic neurons of periventricular and arcuate nuclei of pseudopregnant rats: Semi-circadian rhythm in Fos-related antigens immunoreactivities and in dopamine concentration
119. Progesterone advances the diurnal rhythm of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity and the prolactin surge in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats and in intact proestrous rats
120. Nitric oxide plays an important role in the diurnal change of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity and prolactin secretion in ovariectomized, estrogen/progesterone-treated rats
121. Characterization of the dopaminergic input to the pituitary gland throughout the estrous cycle of the rat
122. Ovarian steroids influence the activity of neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons
123. Prolactin activates all three populations of hypothalamic neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons in ovariectomized rats
124. The posterior pituitary: Regulation of anterior pituitary prolactin secretion
125. Posterior pituitary involvement in the control of luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion during the estrous cycle
126. The effect of neurointermediate lobe denervation on hypothalamic neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons
127. Prolactin releasing and inhibiting factors in the posterior pituitary
128. Opposing roles for dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the regulation of hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons
129. Neuroleptics and neuroendocrine function
130. Evidence that D2 receptor-mediated activation of hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in the male rat occurs via inhibition of tonically active afferent dynorphinergic neurons
131. Regulation of prolactin secretion at the level of the lactotroph
132. Effects of prolactin on expression of Fos-related antigens in tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in subdivisions of the arcuate nucleus
133. Effects of prolactin on expression of the mRNAs encoding the immediate early genes zif/268 (NGF1-A), nur/77 (NGF1-B), c-fos and c-jun in the hypothalamus
134. The rat prolactin gene is expressed in brain tissue: Dectection of normal and alternatively spliced prolactin messenger RNA
135. Estradiol increases prolactin synthesis and prolactin messenger ribonucleic acid in selected brain regions in the hypophysectomized female rat
136. Prolactin enhancement of its own uptake at the choroid plexus
137. Prolactin receptor messenger RNA is synthesized by the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus
138. Characterization of prolactin receptor in human brain and choroid plexus
139. Prolactin-stimulated mitogenesis of cultured astrocytes is mediated by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism
140. Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: Actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice
141. From the molecular biology of prolactin and its receptor to the lessons learned from knockout mice models
142. Prolactin receptor gene diversity: Structure and regulation
143. Transcriptional regulation by the helix bundle peptide hormones: Growth hormone, prolactin, and hematopoietic cytokines
144. Tissue distribution and regulation of rat prolactin receptor gene expression
145. A prolactin-dependent immune cell line (Nb2) expresses a mutant form of prolactin receptor
146. Identification of prolactin and growth hormone binding proteins in rabbit milk
147. The receptors for prolactin and growth hormone are localized in the same region of human chromosome 5
148. Functional characterization of the intermediate isoform of the human prolactin receptor
149. Direct evidence that lactogenic hormones induce homodimerization of membrane-anchored prolactin receptor in intact Nb2-11C rat lymphoma cells
150. Requirement of nuclear prolactin for interleukin-2-stimulated proliferation of T lymphocytes
151. Internalization of prolactin receptor and prolactin in transfected cells does not involve nuclear translocation
152. Morphine-induced prolactin release precedes a down-regulation of prolactin receptors in the male rat choroid plexus and hypothalamus
153. The human prolactin receptor in the fetal membranes, decidua, and placenta
154. A growth hormone/prolactin-binding protein in human milk
155. Developing a mammary gland is a stat affair
156. Distribution and characterization of prolactin binding sites in the male and female rat brain: Effects of hypophysectomy and ovariectomy
157. Ovarian steroids differentially regulate the expression of PRL-R in neuroendocrine dopaminergic neuron populations: A double label confocal microscopic study
158. Increased expression of both short and long forms of prolactin receptor mRNA in hypothalamic nuclei of lactating rats
159. Induction of brain prolactin receptor long-form mRNA expression and maternal behavior in pup-contacted male rats: Promotion by prolactin administration and suppression by female contact
160. Pup contact induces the expression of long form prolactin receptor mRNA in the brain of female rats: Effects of ovariectomy and hypophysectomy on receptor gene expression
161. Prolactin receptor gene expression in specific hypothalamic nuclei increases with age
162. Increased prolactin receptor immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of lactating rats
163. Changes in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuron activity during the rat estrous cycle in relation to the prolactin surge: Alteration by a mammary carcinogen
164. Hyperprolactinemia increases and hypoprolactinemia decreases tyrosine hydroxylase messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the arcuate nuclei, but not the substantia nigra or zona incerta
165. Mass and in situ activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the median eminence: Effect of hyperprolactinemia
166. Immunoneutralization of prolactin prevents stimulatory feedback of prolactin on hypothalamic neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons
167. Prolactin regulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons: Immuno-neutralization studies
168. The responsiveness of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic nuerons to prolactin feedback is diminished between early lactation and midlactation the rat
169. Dwarf locus mutants lacking three pituitary cell types result from mutations in the POU-domain gene pit-1
170. Pituitary lineage of the prophete of pit-1 homeodomain factor defective in Ames dwarfism
171. Deficiency of dopamine in the median eminence of Snell dwarf mice
172. Pituitary hormones as neurotropic signals: Anomalous hypophysiotrophic neuron differentiation in hypopituitary dwarf mice
173. Accumulation of prolactin in maternal milk and its transfer to circulation of neonate rat: A review
174. Prolactin involvement in breast cancer
175. Prolactin as an autocrine/paracrine factor in breast tissue
176. The roles of prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and thyroid hormones in lymphocyte development and function: Insights from genetic models of hormone and hormone receptor deficiency
177. Prolactin induced expression of interleukin-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-α in cultured astrocytes
178. Ethanol inhibits prolactin-induced activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in cultured astrocytes
179. Prolactin concurrently activates src-PLD and JAK/Stat signaling pathways to induce proliferation while promoting differentiation in embryonic astrocytes
180. Estradiol attenuates the forskolin-induced increase in hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase activity
181. Steroid regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase messenger ribonucleic acid in dopaminergic subpopulations if monkey hypothalamus
182. Nuclear receptor coactivators and corepressors
183. Tripartite steroid hormone receptor pharmacology: Interaction with multiple effector sites as a basis for the cell- and promoter-specific action of these hormones
184. An update on estrogen receptors
185. Steroid hormone receptors: An update
186. Homology model for the ligand-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor
187. On the mechanism of DNA binding by nuclear hormone receptors: A structural and functional perspective
188. Transcriptional activation by oestrogen receptors
189. Estrogen receptor interaction with co-activators and co-repressors
190. Toxicity of endogenous and environmental estrogens: What is the role of elemental interactions?
191. Estrogen receptors α and β: Two receptors of a kind?
192. Identification of estrogen receptor β2, a functional variant of estrogen receptor β expressed in normal rat tissues
193. Human estrogen receptor β binds DNA in a manner similar to and dimerizes with estrogen receptor α
194. The estrogen receptor β subtype: A novel mediator of estrogen action in neuroendocrine systems
195. Ontogenetic changes in the expression of estrogen receptor α and β in rat pituitary gland detected by immunohistochemistry
196. Cellular distribution and gene regulation of estrogen receptors α and β in the rat pituitary gland
197. Tissue distribution and quantitative analysis of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) messenger ribonucleic acid in the wild-type and ERα-knockout mouse
198. Truncated estrogen receptor product-1 suppresses estrogen receptor transactivation by dimerization with estrogen receptors α and β
199. Comparative distribution of estrogen receptor-α and -β mRNA in the rat central nervous system
200. The preovulatory prolactin surge: An evaluation of the role of dopamine
201. Differential alterations in dopamine turnover rates in the stalk-median eminence and posterior pituitary during the preovulatory prolactin surge
202. Progesterone reverses the estradiol-induced decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus
203. Progesterone suppresses tyrosine hydroxylase messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the arcuate nucleus on proestrus
204. Xenoestrogens: The emerging story of bisphenol A
205. The structural pervasiveness of estrogenic activity
206. Environmental estrogens: Health implications for humans and wildlife
207. The environmental estrogen bisphenol A stimulates prolactin release in vitro and in vivo
208. High concentrations of bisphenol A induce cell growth and prolactin secretion in an estrogen-responsive pituitary tumor cell line
209. Octylphenol (OP), an environmental estrogen, stimulates prolactin (PRL) gene expression
210. Exposure of newborn male and female rats to environmental estrogens: Delayed and sustained hyperprolactinemia and alterations in estrogen receptor expression
211. Human vascular endothelial cells contain membrane binding sites for estradiol, which mediate rapid intracellular signaling
212. Cell surface estrogen receptors mediate calcium-dependent nitric oxide release in human endothelia
213. Estrogen stimulates heat shock protein 90 binding to endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human vascular endothelial cells. Effects on calcium sensitivity and NO release
214. Estradiol induces the calcium-dependent translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase
215. Estradiol coupling to endothelial nitric oxide stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone release from rat median eminence via a membrane receptor
216. Estradiol rapidly stimulates dopamine release from the posterior pituitary in vitro via an opioidergic mechanism
217. Estrogen: Mechanisms for a rapid action in CA1 hippocampal neurons
218. Rapid membrane effects of steroids in neuroblastoma cells: Effects of estrogen on mitogen activated protein kinase signalling cascade and c-fos immediate early gene transcription
219. Rapid actions of estrogens in GH3/B6 pituitary tumor cells via a plasma membrane version of estrogen receptor α
220. Estrogen modulation of prolactin gene expression requires an intact mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway in cultured rat pituitary cells
221. Estrogen receptor α mediates the nongenomic activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by estrogen
222. Membrane oestrogen receptors on rat pituitary tumour cells: Immuno-identification and responses to oestradiol and xenoestrogens
223. Nongenomic stimulation of nitric oxide release by estrogen is mediated by estrogen receptor α localized in caveolae
224. Role of plasmalemmal caveolae in signal transduction
225. Opioid receptor signalling mechanisms
226. B-endorphin innervation of dopamine neurons in the rat hypothalamus: A light and electron microscopic double immunostaining study
227. Opioid-receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: Anatomical and functional implications
228. Interaction of opioid peptide-containing terminals with dopaminergic perikarya in the rat hypothalamus
229. Prodynorphin gene expression in the rat intermediate pituitary lobe: Gender differences and postpartum regulation
230. Immuno-neutralization of endogenous opioid peptides prevents the suckling-induced prolactin increase and the inhibition of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons
231. Regulation of dopamine release in vitro from the posterior pituitary by opioid peptides
232. Membrane properties and response to opioids in identified dopmaine neurons in the guinea pig hypothalamus
233. Effects of endogenous opioid peptides and their analogs on the activities of hypothalamic arcuate neurons in brain slices from diestrous and ovariectomized rats
234. Enkephalin inhibits dopamine synthesis in vitro in the median eminence portion of rat hypothalamic slices
235. Effects of naloxone and morphine on the proestrous surge of prolactin and gonadotropins in the rat
236. Effects of naloxone infusion on nocturnal prolactin secretion and Fos/FRA expression in pregnant rats
237. Endogenous opioid peptides contribute to suckling-induced prolactin release by suppressing tyrosine hydroxylase activity and messenger ribonucleic acid levels in tu-beroinfundibular dopaminergic neurons
238. β-Endorphin and dynorphin participate in the stress-induced release of prolactin in the rat
239. Cholecystokinin receptor family. Molecular cloning, structure, and functional expression in rat, guinea pig, and human
240. Demonstration of gastrin/cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus, median eminence and pituitary of the guinea pig
241. Intracerebroventricular injection of cholecystokinin octapeptide elevates plasma prolactin levels through stimulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
242. The effects of the cholecystokinin antagonist, proglumide, on prolactin secretion in the rat
243. Effects of various neuroactive substances on single-unit activities of hypothalamic arcuate neurons in brain slices
244. Evidence from confocal fluorescence microscopy for a dense, reciprocal innervation between AVP-, somatostatin-, VIP/PHI-, GRP-, and VIP/PHI/GRP-immunoreactive neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus
245. Stimulatory effects of bombesin-like peptides on hypothalamic arcuate neurons in rat brain slices
246. Bombesin acts in the suprachiasmatic nucleus to affect circadian changes in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuron activity and prolactin secretion
247. Evidence for a physiological role of hypothalamic gastrin-releasing peptide to suppress growth hormone and prolactin release in the rat
248. Neurotensin and neuroendocrine regulation
249. Neurotensin in the rat median eminence: The possible sources of neurotensin-like fibers and varicosities in the external layer
250. Control of anterior pituitary hormone secretion by neurotensin
251. Neurotensin-induced activation of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons is accompanied by a decrease in pituitary secretion of prolactin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
252. Pharmacological evidence that neurotensin mediates prolactin-induced activation of tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons
253. Serotonergic regulation of renin and prolactin secretion
254. Colocalization of dopamine and serotonin in the rat pituitary gland and in the nuclei innervating it
255. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and neuroendocrine function
256. Dopamine in hypophysial portal plasma and prolactin in systemic plasma of rats treated with 5-hydroxy-tryptamine
257. Serotonin-induced decrease in hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase activity and corresponding increase in prolactin release are abolished at midpregnancy and by transplants of rat choriocarcinoma cells
258. Direct action of serotonin on prolactin, growth hormone, corcticotropin and luteinizing hormone release in cocultures of anterior and posterior pituitary lobes: Autocrine and/or paracrine action of vasoactive intestinal peptide
259. Involvement of central GABAergic neurons in basal and diurnal changes of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity and prolactin secretion
260. Effect of blockade of postsynaptic H1 or H2 receptors or activation of presynaptic H3 receptors on catecholamine-induced stimulation of ACTH and prolactin secretion
261. Subcellular localization of dopamine in the anterior pituitary gland of the rat: Apparent association of dopamine with prolactin secretory granules
262. Evidence for alteration in the processing of dopamine in the anterior pituitary gland of aged rats: Receptors and intracellular compartmentalization of dopamine
263. Dopamine enters lactotrophs and reaches their secretory granules
264. Peptidergic innervation of the mammalian anterior pituitary
265. Tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreactive fibres in the rat anterior pituitary
266. Evidence of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the anterior and neurointermediate lobes of female rat pituitary
267. Multiple tyrosine hydroxylase transcripts and immunoreactive forms in the rat: Differential expression in the anterior pituitary and adrenal gland
268. Catecholamine metabolizing enzymes and synthesis of dopamine in normal and grafted pituitary pars distalis
269. Death by a dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) and protection by EGF in GH3 cells
270. Distribution of dopamine transporter in the rat: An immunohistochemical study
271. Regulation of dopamine uptake by basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor in cultured rat astrocytes
272. Dopamine D2-receptor messenger RNA is differentially regulated by dopaminergic agents in rat anterior and neurointermediate pituitary
273. Alternative splicing directs the expression of two D2 dopamine receptor isoforms
274. The dopamine D2 receptor: Two molecular forms generated by alternative splicing
275. Heterogeneous dopamine D2 receptor subtype messenger ribonucleic acid expression in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas
276. Either isoform of the dopamine D2 receptor can mediate dopaminergic repression of the rat prolactin promoter
277. The D2 s dopamine receptor stimulates phospholipase D activity: A novel signaling pathway for dopamine
278. 2 dopamine receptor messenger ribonucleic acid is modulated by activated sex steroid receptors in the MMQ prolactin cell line
279. Differential plasticity of the dopaminergic D2 receptor mRNA isoforms under haloperidol treatment, as evidenced by in situ hybridization in rat anterior pituitary
280. Direct effect of estradiol on the number of dopamine receptors in the anterior pituitary of ovariectomized rats
281. Dopamine regulates D2 receptor gene expression in normal but not in tumorous rat pituitary cells
282. Epidermal growth factor induces the functional expression of dopamine receptors in the GH3 cell line
283. Nerve growth factor suppresses the transforming phenotype of human prolactinomas
284. Nerve growth factor controls proliferation and progression of human prolactinoma cell lines through an autocrine mechanism
285. Nerve growth factor directs differentiation of the bipotential cell line GH-3 into the mammotroph phenotype
286. Analysis of the promoter region of the rat D2 dopamine receptor gene
287. Negative modulator of the rat D2 dopamine receptor gene
288. Transcription of the rat dopamine-D2-receptor gene from two promoters
289. Mechanism of dopamine action on the lactotrophs
290. Electrophysiology of anterior pituitary cells
291. Dopamine withdrawal elicits prolonged calcium rise to support prolactin rebound release
292. Dopamine inhibits two characterized voltage-dependent calcium currents in identified rat lactotroph cells
293. Phosphorylation of the calcium antagonist receptor of the voltage-sensitive calcium channel by cAMP-dependent protein kinase
294. Phosphorylation of the purified receptor for calcium channel blockers by cAMP kinase and protein kinase C
295. Dopaminergic stimulation of prolactin release
296. Low concentrations of dopamine increase cytosolic calcium in lactotrophs
297. Dopamine agonists both stimulate and inhibit prolactin release in GH4ZR7 cells
298. Evidence that stimulatory dopamine receptors may be involved in the regulation of prolactin secretion
299. Paradoxical effects of dopamine (DA): Gia3 mediates DA inhibition of PRL release while masking its PRL-releasing activity
300. Dissociation of dopamine from its receptor as a signal in the pleiotropic hypothalamic regulation of prolactin secretion
301. Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion stimulated by the calcium channel agonist Bay-K-8644 through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein in anterior pituitary cells
302. Mammalian membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases
303. Reconstitution of the protein kinase A response of the rat prolactin promoter: Differential effects of distinct Pit-1 isoforms and functional interaction with Oct-1
304. Protein kinase C regulation of prolactin gene expression in lactotroph cells: Involvement in dopamine inhibition
305. Inhibition of inositol phosphate production is a late, Ca2+-dependent effect of D2 dopaminergic receptor activation in rat lactotroph cells
306. Transcriptional mechanisms in anterior pituitary cell differentiation
307. A dopamine-responsive domain in the N-terminal sequence of Pit-1. Transcriptional inhibition in endocrine cell types
308. Intracellular mechanisms involved in dopamine-induced actin cytoskeleton organization and maintenance of a round phenotype in cultured rat lactotrope cells
309. Enumeration of lactotropes and somatotropes among male and female pituitary cells in culture: Evidence in favor of a mammosomatotrope subpopulation in the rat
310. Effects of bromocriptine on hormone production and cell growth in cultured rat pituitary cells
311. Effects of bromocriptine on prolactin cellular hypertrophy, proliferation and secretory activity in diethylstilbestrol-induced pituitary tumors
312. Dopamine receptor activation inhibits estrogen-stimulated transforming growth factor-α gene expression and growth in anterior pituitary, but not in uterus
313. Reduction in the expression and action of transforming growth factor β1 on lactotropes during estrogen-induced tumorigenesis in the anterior pituitary
314. D2 dopamine-receptor-mediated inhibition of proliferation of rat lactotropes in culture is accompanied by changes in cell shape
315. Toxicity of dopamine to striatal neurons in vitro and potentiation of cell death by a mitochondrial inhibitor
316. Hormonal and morphologic effects of bromocriptine on normal rat pituitary and GH3 tumor cells
317. Inhibitory effects of bromocriptine on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
318. Involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in bromocriptine-induced apoptosis in rat pituitary GH3 cells
319. 2 receptors causes hormonal dysfunction and pituitary hyperplasia
320. Pituitary lactotroph hyperplasia and chronic hyperprolactinemia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice
321. Hyperprolactinemia: Evaluation and management
322. Pituitary lactotroph adenomas develop after prolonged lactotroph hyperplasia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice
323. Prolactin isoform 2 as an autocrine growth factor for GH3 cells
324. Galanin secretion from anterior pituitary cells in vitro is regulated by dopamine, somatostatin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone
325. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the rat pituitary: Differential distribution and regulation by estrogen
326. oα-mediated signaling in the Pit-1-dependent inhibition of the prolactin gene promoter. Control of transcription by dopamine D2 receptors
327. Colocalization of somatostatin receptors and growth hormone-releasing factor immunoreactivity in neurons of the rat arcuate nucleus
328. Null mutation of the prolactin receptor gene produces multiple reproductive defects in the mouse
329. Defective mammopoiesis, but normal hematopoiesis, in mice with a targeted disruption of the prolactin gene
330. Expression of multiple forms of the prolactin receptor in mouse liver
331. The 16K fragment of prolactin specifically inhibits basal or fibroblast growth factor stimulated growth of capillary endothelial cells
332. Rescue of preimplantatory egg development and embryo implantation in prolactin receptor-deficient mice after progesterone administration
333. Null mutation of the prolactin receptor gene produces a defect in maternal behavior
334. Prolactin gene disruption does not compromise differentiation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons
335. Neuroendocrine and reproductive functions in male mice with targeted disruption of the prolactin gene
336. Role of growth hormone and prolactin in the control of reproduction: What are we learning from transgenic and knock-out animals?
337. Transgenic mice overexpressing the prolactin gene develop dramatic enlargement of the prostate gland
338. Prolactin (PRL) receptor gene expression in mouse adipose tissue: Increases during lactation and in PRL-transgenic mice
339. Activation of the prolactin receptor but not the growth hormone receptor is important for induction of mammary tumors in transgenic mice
340. Stimulatory effect of human, but not bovine, growth hormone expression on numbers of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in transgenic mice
341. Estrogen receptor null mice: What have we learned and where will they lead us?
342. Role of estrogen receptor-α in the anterior pituitary gland
343. Estrogen receptor (ER) β, a modulator of ERα in the uterus
344. Estrogen receptor knock-out mice: Molecular and endocrine phenotypes
345. Colocalization of galanin and prolactin within secretory granules of anterior pituitary cells in estrogen-treated Fischer 344 rats
346. Galanin-10 years with a neuroendocrine peptide
347. Targeted disruption of the murine galanin gene
348. Targeted overexpression of galanin in lactotrophs of transgenic mice induces hyperprolactinemia and pituitary hyperplasia
349. Role of neurotrophins and trk receptors in the development and maintenance of sensory neurons: An overview
350. Structure-function relationships in the neurotrophin family
351. Pituitary cytokine and growth factor expression and action
352. Intercellular communication in the anterior pituitary
353. Biological demonstration of nerve growth factor in the rat pituitary gland
354. Nerve growth factor in the anterior pituitary: Localization in mammotroph cells and cosecretion with prolactin by a dopamine-regulated mechanism
355. Pituitary hyperplasia induced by ectopic expression of nerve growth factor
356. Nerve growth factor in pituitary development and pituitary tumors
357. Mitogenic effects of nerve growth factor on different cell types in reaggregate cell cultures of immature rat pituitary
358. Human fetal adenohypophysis: Histologic and immunocytochemical analysis
359. Hormone production and peptide regulation of the human fetal pituitary gland
360. The neuroendocrine regulation and function of growth hormone and prolactin in the mammalian fetus
361. Neuroendocrine regulation of prolactin secretion in primates
362. Prolactin releasing activity in the early human foetal hypothalamus
363. Human foetal prolactin but not thyrotropin secretion is decreased by bromocriptine
364. Dopamine suppresses pituitary function in infants and children
365. Prolactin-releasing system in maternal, fetal, and amniotic compartments during labor
366. Over expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor during the development of estrogen-induced rat pituitary tumors may mediate estrogen-initiated tumor angiogenesis
367. Multiphasic prolactin secretion during parturition in human subjects
368. The acute release of maternal prolactin by instrumental cervical dilatation simulates the second stage of labor
369. Human uteroplacental lactogens: Physiology and molecular biology
370. Human prolactin gene expression
371. Failure of bromocriptine, dopamine, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone to affect prolactin secretion by human decidual tissue in vitro
372. Progesterone-dependent decidualization of the human endometrium is mediated by cAMP
373. Dopamine and prolactin in human pregnancy
374. Amniotic fluid hormone profiles during normal and abnormal pregnancy
375. Serum levels of prolactin and milk production in women during a lactation period of thirty months
376. Release of oxytocin and prolactin in response to suckling
377. Nursing behaviour, prolactin and postpartum amenorrhoea during prolonged lactation in American and !Kung mothers
378. Variability of serum prolactin and progesterone levels in normal women: The relevance of single hormone measurements in the clinical setting
379. Tissue distribution of estrogen receptors α (ER-α) and β (ER-β) mRNA in the midgestational human fetus
380. Differences in the interaction between dopamine and estradiol on prolactin release by cultured normal and tumorous human pituitary cells
381. Biological basis of the stress response
382. Prolactin stimulation by protein is mediated by amino acids in humans
383. Chronobiology of man. Sleep, temperature and neuroendocrine rhythms
384. Drugs and pituitary function
385. Oxidative stress and genetics in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
386. Mechanisms of MPTP toxicity
387. Prolactin response as an index of dopaminergic receptor function in Parkinson's disease. Correlation with clinical findings and therapeutic response
388. Tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic function in Parkinson's disease
389. Schizophrenia: The fundamental questions
390. The NIMH perspective: Next steps in schizophrenia research
391. Schizophrenia: Pathophysiological mechanisms - A synthesis
392. Neurotransmitter interactions in schizophrenia - Therapeutic implications
393. Clinical and biological markers for outcome in schizophrenia: A review of a longitudinal follow-up study in Uppsala schizophrenia research project
394. Dopamine D2 densities and the schizophrenic brain
395. Development of novel antipsychotic drugs
396. Neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia
397. A study of serum prolactin levels in schizophrenia: Comparison of males and females
398. Prolactin bioassay in schizophrenia before and after neuroleptics
399. 50 kD prolactin binding protein in schizophrenics on neuroleptic medication
400. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and neuroendocrine function
401. Moclobemide effects on prolactin plasma levels in healthy individuals: The hormonal increase induced by a single dose is maintained during a 4-week period of drug intake
402. Differential effects of opiate peptides and alkaloids on anterior pituitary hormone secretion
403. Dynorphin A1-13 causes elevation of serum levels of prolactin through an opioid receptor mechanism in humans: Gender differences and implications for modulation of dopaminergic tone in the treatment of addictions
404. The effects of spiradoline (U-62066E), a κ-opioid receptor agonist, on neuroendocrine function in man
405. Use of metoclopramide, domperidone, and cisapride in the management of diabetic gastroparesis
406. Mechanism of verapamil calcium channel blockade-induced hyperprolactinemia
407. Effect of methyldopa on prolactin serum concentration. Comparison between normal and sustained-release formulations
408. Prolactinomas
409. Prolactinomas
410. The cytogenesis and pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas
411. Cellular alterations in pituitary tumors
412. Direct arterial vascularization of estrogen-induced prolactin-secreting anterior pituitary tumors
413. Clonal origin of pituitary adenomas
414. Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors are monoclonal in origin
415. Screening for MEN1 tumor suppressor gene mutations in sporadic pituitary tumors
416. Isolation and characterization of a pituitary tumor-transforming gene
417. Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) expression in pituitary adenomas
418. Early involvement of estrogen-induced pituitary tumor transforming gene and fibroblast growth factor expression in prolactinoma pathogenesis
419. Growth-hormone and prolactin excess
420. Early normalization of luteinizing hormone pulsatility after successful transsphenoidal surgery in women with microprolactinomas
421. Inhibition of gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone release by prolactin from GT1 neuronal cell lines through prolactin receptors
422. Luteal phase defect. Etiology, diagnosis, and management
423. Implications of not treating hyperprolactinemia
424. Primary medical therapy of micro- and macroprolactinomas in men
425. Hyperprolactinemia and impotence: Why, when and how to investigate
426. Conservative management of pituitary apoplexy: A prospective study
427. Visual outcome after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas
428. Pituitary adenomas complicating cardiac surgery: Summary and review of 11 cases
429. Therapeutic applications of bromocriptine in endocrine and neurological diseases
430. Medical treatment of prolactinomas
431. Decreased expression of the two D2 dopamine receptor isoforms in bromocriptine-resistant prolactinomas
432. Cabergoline as a first-line treatment in newly diagnosed macroprolactinomas