Localization and dynamic regulation of biogenic amine transporters in the mammalian central nervous system

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 187-231

  Hoffman, Beth J ^a,c   Hansson, Stefan R ^a   Mezey, Éva ^b   Palkovits, Miklós ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

^c ELI LILLY AND COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Axotomy; Dopamine; Epinephrine; Histamine; Hypothalamus; Immobilization stress; In situ hybridization histochemistry; Norepinephrine; Serotonin; Vesicular monoamine transporter

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN RELEASE; DOPAMINE RELEASE; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MAMMAL; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; NORADRENALIN RELEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEROTONIN RELEASE;

EID: 0031824568     PISSN: 00913022     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/frne.1998.0168     Document Type: Article

References (212)

1. Adelbrecht C, Agid Y, Raisman-Vozari R. Effect of the weaver mutation on the expression of dopamine membrane transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase and vesicular monoamine transporter in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. Mol Brain Res 1996; 43: 291-300.
2. Amara SG, Kuhar MJ. Neurotransmitter transporters: Recent progress. Annu Rev Neurosci 1993; 17: 73-93.
3. Apparsundaram S, Moore KR, Malone MD, Hartzell HC, Blakely RD. Molecular cloning and characterization of an L-epinephrine transporter from sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana. JNeurosci 1997; 17: 2691-2702.
4. Austin MC, Bradley CC, Mann JJ, Blakely RD. Expression of serotonin transporter messenger RNAin the human brain. J Neurochem 1994; 62: 2362-2367.
5. Bal N, Figueras G, Vilaro MT, Sunol C, Artigas F. Antidepressant drugs inhibit a glial 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter in rat brain. Eur JNeurosci 1997; 9: 1728-1738.
6. Bannon MJ, Whitty CJ. Age-related and regional differences in dopamine transporter mRNA expression in human midbrain. Neurology 1997; 48: 969-977.
7. Barden N, Reul JMHM, Holsboer F. Do antidepressants stabilize mood through actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system? Trends Neurosci 1995; 18: 6-11.
8. Barker EL, Blakely RD. Norepinephrine and serotonin transporters: Molecular targets of antidepressant drugs. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ Eds. Psychopharmacology: The fourth Generation of Progress. New York: Raven, 1995: 321-333.
9. Beaudet A, Descarries L. Radioautographic characterization of a serotonin accumulating nerve cell group in the adult rat hypothalamus. Brain Res 1979; 160: 231-243.
10. Bengel D, Heils A, Petri S, et al. Gene structure and 5′-flanking regulatory region of the murine serotonin transporter. Mol Brain Res 1997; 44: 286-292.
11. Bengel D, Johren O, Andrews AM, et al. Cellular localization and expression of the serotonin transporter in mouse brain. Brain Res 1997; 778: 338-345.
12. Blakely RD. Molecular cloning and characterization of neurotransmitter transporters. NIDA Res Monogr 1992; 126: 66-83.
13. Blakely RD, Berson HE, Fremeau RT, Jr, et al. Cloning and expression of a functional serotonin transporter from rat brain. Nature 1991; 354: 66-70.
14. Blakely RD, Ramamoorthy S, Qian Y, Schroeter S, Bradley CC. Regulation of antidepressant- sensitive serotonin transporters. In: Reith MEA, Ed. Neurotransmitter Transporters: Structure, Function, and Regulation. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc, 1997: 29-72.
15. Blier P, Bergeron R, de Montigny C. Selective activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors induces rapid antidepressant response. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997; 16: 333-338.
16. Borowsky B, Hoffman BJ. Neurotransmitter transporters: Molecular biology, function, and regulation. Int Rev Neurobiol 1995; 38: 139-199.
17. Borowsky B, Hoffman BJ. Analysis of a gene encoding two glycine transporter variants reveals alternative promoter usage and a novel gene structure. J Biol Chem 1998; in press.
18. Bosse R, Fumagalli F, Jaber M, et al. Anterior pituitary hypoplasia and dwarfism in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Neuron 1997; 19: 127-138.
19. Bosse R, Rivest R, DiPaolo T. Ovariectomy and estradiol treatment affect the dopamine transporter and its gene expression in the rat brain. Mol Brain Res 1997; 46: 343-346.
20. Brownstein MJ, Hoffman BJ. Neurotransmitter transporters. Recent Prog Horm Res 1994; 49: 27-42.
21. Burchett SA, Bannon MJ. Serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine transporter mRNAs: Heterogeneity of distribution and response to 'binge' cocaine administration. Mol Brain Res 1997; 49: 95-102.
22. Cerruti C, Walther DM, Kuhar MJ, Uhl GR. Dopamine transporter mRNA expression is intense in rat midbrain neurons and modest outside midbrain. Mol Brain Res 1993; 18: 181-186.
23. Chang AS, Chang SM, Starnes DM, Schroeter S, Bauman AL, Blakely RD. Cloning and expression of the mouse serotonin transporter. Mol Brain Res 1996; 43:185-192.
24. Charnay Y, Leger L, Vallet PG, et al. Mapping of serotonin transporter messenger RNA- containing nerve cell populations in the cat brainstem. J Chem Neuroanat 1996; 10: 93-100.
25. 3H]citalopram. Neuroscience 1993; 54: 691-699.
26. Ciliax BJ, Heilman C, Demchyshyn LL, et al. The dopamine transporter: immunochemical characterization and localization in brain. JNeurosci 1995; 15: 1714-1723.
27. Cirelli C, Pompeiano M, Tononi G. Neuronal gene expression in the waking state: A role for the locus coeruleus. Science 1996; 274: 1211-1215.
28. Corbel S, Dy M. Evidence for histamine uptake by murine hematopoietic progenitors. Agents Actions 1994; 41 Spec No: C113-C114.
29. Corbel S, Dy M. Evidence for bidirectional histamine transport by murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. FEBS Lett 1996; 391: 279-281.
30. Corbel S, Schneider E, Lemoine FM, Dy M. Murine hematopoietic progenitors are capable of both histamine synthesis and uptake. Blood 1995; 86: 531-539.
31. Corbel S, Traiffort E, Stark H, Schunack W, Dy M. Binding of histamine H3-receptor antagonists to hematopoietic progenitor cells. Evidence for a histamine transporter unrelated to histamine H3 receptors. FEBS Lett 1997; 404: 289-293.
32. Corey JL, Quick MW, Davidson N, Lester HA, Guastella J. A cocaine-sensitive Drosophila serotonin transporter: Cloning, expression, and electrophysiological characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 1188-1192.
33. 125I]RTI-SS. Brain Res 1995; 690: 217-224.
34. Coulter CL, Happe HK, Murrin LC. Postnatal development of the dopamine transporter: A quantitative autordiographic study. Dev Brain Res 1996; 92: 172-181.
35. +-dependent fluoxetine-sensitive serotonin uptake by astrocytes tissue-printed from rat cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 4972-4986.
36. 2 receptors and the serotonin transporter in the schizophrenic brain. Behav Brain Res 1997; 73: 169-175.
37. DeFelice LJ, Blakely RD. Pore models for transporters? Biophys J 1996; 70: 579-580.
38. Demchyshyn LL, Pristupa ZB, Sugamori KS, et al. Cloning, expression, and localization of a chloride-facilitated, cocaine-sensitive serotonin transporter from Drosophila melanogaster. Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 1994; 91: 5158-5162.
39. Diamond J, Holmes M, Nurse CA. Are Merkel cell-neurite reciprocal synapses involved in the initiation of tactile responses in salamander skin? J Physiol (London) 1986; 376: 101-120.
40. DiMicco JA, Stotz-Potter EH, Monroe AJ, Morin SM. Role of the dorsomedial hypothalamus in the cardiovascular response to stress. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1996; 23:171-176.
41. Dinan TG. Serotonin and the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Life Sci 1996; 58: 1683-1694.
42. Dismukes K, Kuhar MJ, Snyder SH. Brain histamine alterations after hypothalamic isolation. Brain Res 1974; 78: 144-151.
43. Dismukes K, Snyder SH. Histamine turnover in rat brain. Brain Res 1974; 78: 467-481.
44. Dong J, de Montigny C, Blier P. Effect of acute and repeated versus sustained administration of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist ipsapirone: Electrophysiological studies in the rat hippocampus and dorsal raphe. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1997; 356: 303-311.
45. Erickson JD, Eiden LE. Functional identification and molecular cloning of a human brain vesicle monoamine transporter. J Neurochem 1993; 61: 2314-2317.
46. Erickson JD, Eiden LE, Hoffman BJ. Expression cloning of a reserpine-sensitive vesicular monoamine transporter. Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 1992; 89: 10993-10997.
47. Erickson JD, Schafer MK, Bonner TI, Eiden LE, Weihe E. Distinct pharmacological properties and distribution in neurons and endocrine cells of two isoforms of the human vesicular monoamine transporter. Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 1996; 93: 5166-5171.
48. Frankfurt M, Azmitia E. The effect of intracerebral injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and 6-hydroxydopamine on the serotonin-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the adult rat hypothalamus. Brain Res 1983; 261: 91-99.
49. Frankfurt M, Lauder JM, Azmitia EC. The immunocytochemical localization of serotonergic neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 1981; 24: 227-232.
50. Frankfurt M, Mendelson SD, McKittrick CR, McEwen BS. Alterations of serotonin receptor binding in the hypothalamus following acute denervation. Brain Res 1993; 601: 349-352.
51. Freed C, Revay R, Vaughan RA, et al. Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in rat brain. J Comp Neurol 1995; 359: 340-349.
52. Frey KA, Wieland DM, Kilbourn MR. Imaging of monoaminergic and cholinergic vesicular transporters in the brain. In: Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer E, McCarty R, Eds. Catecholamines, Bridging Basic Science with Clinical Medicine. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998: 269-272.
53. Fujita M, Shimada S, Maeno H, Nishimura T, Tohyama M. Cellular localization of serotonin transporter mRNAin the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1993; 162: 59-62.
54. Fujita M, Shimada S, Nishimura T, Uhl GR, Tohyama M. Ontogeny of dopamine transporter mRNA expression in the rat brain. Mol Brain Res 1993; 19: 222-226.
55. Fumagalli F, Jones SR, Caron MG, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. Expression of mRNA coding for the serotonin transporter in aged vs. young rat brain: Differential effects of glucocorticoids. Brain Res 1996; 719: 225-228.
56. Fuxe K, Ungerstedt U. Histochemical studies on the distribution of catecholamies and 5-hydroxytryptamine after intraventricular injections. Histochemie 1968; 13: 16-28.
57. Galli A, Blakely RD, DeFelice LJ. Norepinephrine transporters have channel modes of conduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 8671-8676.
58. Galli A, DeFelice LJ, Duke BJ, Moore KR, Blakely RD. Sodium-dependent norepinephrine- induced currents in norepinephrine-transporter-transfected HEK-293 cells blocked by cocaine and antidepressants. J Exp Biol 1995; 198: 2197-2212.
59. Galli A, Petersen CI, deBlaquiere M, Blakely RD, DeFelice LJ. Drosophila serotonin transporters have voltage-dependent uptake coupled to a serotonin-gated ion channel. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 3401-3411.
60. Garcia-Garcia L, Fuentes JA, Manzanares J. Differential 5-HT-mediated regulation of stress-induced activation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in the anterior and intermediate lobe of the pituitary in male rats. Brain Res 1997; 772: 115-120.
61. Garris PA, Ciolkowski EL, Pastore P, Wightman RM. Efflux of dopamine from the synaptic cleft in the nucleus accumbens of the rat brain. JNeurosci 1994; 14: 6084-6093.
62. Garris PA, Ciolkowski EL, Wightman RM. Heterogeneity of evoked dopamine overflow within the striatal and striatoamygdaloid regions. Neuroscience 1994; 59: 417-427.
63. Garris PA, Wightman RM. Different kinetics govern dopaminergic transmission in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and striatum: An in vivo voltammetric study. J Neurosci 1994; 14:442-450.
64. Giros B, Jaber M, Jones SR, Wightman RM, Caron MG. Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nature 1996; 379: 606-612.
65. Gu H, Caplan MJ, Rudnick G. Cloned catecholamine transporters expressed in polarized epithelial cells: sorting, drug sensitivity, and ion-coupling stoichiometry. Adv Pharmacol 1998; 42: 175-179.
66. Gu H, Wall SC, Rudnick G. Stable expression of biogenic amine transporters reveals differences in inhibitor sensitivity, kinetics, and ion dependence. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 7124-7130.
67. Gu HH, Wall S, Rudnick G. Ion coupling stoichiometry for the norepinephrine transporter in membrane vesicles from stably transfected cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 6911-6916.
68. Haddjeri N, Blier P, de Montigny C. Noradrenergic modulation of central serotonergic neurotransmission: Acute and long-term actions of mirtazapine [published erratum appears in Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11(2): 153]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10 Suppl 4: 11-17.
69. Haddjeri N, Blier P, de Montigny C. Noradrenergic modulation of central serotonergic neurotransmission: Acute and long-term actions of mirtazapine [published erratum appears in Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11(2): 153]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10 Suppl 4: 11-17.
70. Haddjeri N, de Montigny C, Blier P. Modulation of the firing activity of noradrenergic neurones in the rat locus coeruleus by the 5-hydroxtryptamine system. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 120: 865-875.
71. Hansson SR, Mezey E, Hoffman BJ. Vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2, are differentially and transiently expressed in sensory, limbic and motor systems of the developing rat central nervous system. Dev Brain Res 1988; submitted for publication.
72. Hansson SR, Mezey E, Hoffman BJ. Serotonin transporter mRNA in the developing rat brain: Early expression in serotonergic neurons and transient expression in non-serotonergic neurons. Neuroscience 1998; 83: 1185-1202.
73. Hansson SR, Mezey M, Hoffman BJ. Serotonin transporter mRNA expression in neural crest-derived structures and sensory pathways of the developing rat embryo. Dev Brain Res 1998; submitted for publication.
74. Harrington KA, Augood SJ, Kingsbury AE, Foster OJF, Emson PC. Dopamine transporter (DAT) and synaptic vesicle amine transporter (VMAT2) gene expression in the substantia nigra of control and Parkinson's disease. Mol Brain Res 1996; 36: 157-162.
75. Hersch SM, Yi H, Heilman CJ, Edwards RH, Levey AI. Subcellular localization and molecular topology of the dopamine transporter in the striatum and substantia nigra. J Comp Neurol 1997; 388: 211-227.
76. Hoffman BJ. Expression cloning of a serotonin transporter: A new way to study antidepressant drugs. Pharmacopsychiatry 1994; 27: 16-22.
77. Hoffman BJ, Palkovits M, Pacak K, Hansson SR, Mezey E. Regulation of dopamine transporter mRNA levels in the central nervous system. In: Goldstein, DS, Eisenhofer G, McCarty R, Eds. Catecholamines, Bridging Basic Science with Clinical Medicine. San Diego: Aca- demic Press, 1998: 202-210.
78. Hökfelt T, Fuxe K, Goldstein M, Johansson O. Immunohistochemical evidence for the existence of adrenaline neurons in the rat brain. Brain Res 1974; 66: 235-251.
79. Hökfelt T, Johansson J, Goldstein M. Central catecholamineneurons as revealed by immunohistochemistry with special reference to adrenaline neurons. In: Bjorklund A, Hokfelt T, Eds. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. New York: Elsevier, 1984: 157-276.
80. Hökfelt T, Martensson R, Björklund A, Kleinau S, Goldstein M. Distributional maps of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain. In: Björklund A, Hökfelt T, Eds. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. New York: Elsevier, 1984: 277-379.
81. Hosli E, Hosli L. Autoradiographic studies on the uptake of 3H-noradrenaline and 3H- serotonin by neurones and astrocytes in explant and primary cultures of rat CNS: Effects of antidepressants. Int J Dev Neurosci 1995; 13: 897-908.
82. Hunyady B, Hoffman BJ, Eisenhofer G, Hansson SR, Mezey E. Dopaminergic characteristics of isolated parietal cells from rat. J Physiol (Paris) 1997; 91: 247-256.
83. Huszti Z. Histamine inactivation in the brain: Aspects of N-methylation. J Neural Transm 1990; 29 (Suppl): 107-118.
84. Huszti Z. Mechanism and function of histamine-sodium cotransport by astroglial cells. Agents Actions 1994; 41 Spec No: C58-C59.
85. Huszti Z, Balogh I. Effects of lead and mercury on histamine uptake by glial and endothelial cells. Pharmacol Toxicol 1995; 76: 339-342.
86. Huszti Z, Deli MA, Joó F. Carrier-mediated uptake and release of histamine by cultured rat cerebral endothelial cells. Neurosci Lett 1995; 184: 185-188.
87. 3H]Histamine uptake and release by astrocytes from rat brain: Effects of sodium deprivation, high potassium, and potassium channel blockers. Neurochem Res 1994; 19: 1249-1256.
88. Huszti Z, Imrik P, Madarász E. Histamine-sensitive 86Rb transport in cultured type-2 astrocytes of rat brain. Inflamm Res 1995; 44 (Suppl 1): S46-S47.
89. Huszti Z, Madarász E, Schlett K, Joó F, Szabó A, Deli M. Mercury-stimulated histamine uptake and binding in cultured astroglial and cerebral endothelial cells. JNeurosci Res 1997; 48: 71-81.
90. 3H]histamine by glial cells in primary cultures of chicken cerebral hemispheres. Glia 1990; 3: 159-168.
91. Innis RB. Single photon emission computed tomography imaging of dopaminergic function: Presynaptic transporter, postsynaptic receptor and "intrasynaptic" transmitter. In: Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer E, McCarty R, Eds. Catecholamines, Bridging Basic Science with Clinical Medicine. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998: 215-218.
92. Jaber M, Jones S, Giros B, Caron MG. The dopamine transporter: A crucial component regulating dopamine transmission. Mov Disord 1997; 12: 629-633.
93. Jaeger CB, Ruggiero DA, Albert VR, Joh TH, Reis DJ. Immunocytoehemical localization of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. In: Björklund A, Hökfelt T, Eds. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. New York: Elsevier, 1984: 387-408.
94. Jursky F, Tamura S, Tamura A, Mandiyan S, Nelson H, Nelson N. Structure, function and brain localization of neurotransmitter transporters. J Exp Biol 1994; 196: 283-295.
95. Keefe KA, Gerfen CR. D1-D2 dopamine receptor synergy in striatum: Effects of intrastriatal infusions of dopamine agonists and antagonists on immediate early gene expression. Neuroscience 1995; 66: 903-913.
96. Kilty JE, Lorang D, Amara SG. Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive rat dopamine transporter. Science 1991; 254: 578-579.
97. Kimelberg HK, Cai Z, Rastogi P, et al. Transmitter-induced calcium responses differ in astrocytes acutely isolated from rat brain and in culture. J Neurochem 1997; 68: 1088-1098.
98. Konradi C, Leveque JC, Hyman SE. Amphetamine and dopamine-induced immediate early gene expression in striatal neurons depends on postsynaptic NMD A receptors and calcium. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 4231-4239.
99. Kornhauser JM, Mayo KE, Takahashi JS. Light, immediate-early genes, and circadian rhythms. Behav Genet 1996; 26: 221-240.
100. Kovács KJ, Sawchenko PE. Regulation of stress-induced transcriptional changes in the hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons. J Mol Neurosci 1996; 7: 125-133.
101. Kuhar MJ, Vaughan R, Uhl G, et al. Localization of dopamine transporter protein by microscopic histochemistry. Adv Pharmacol 1998; 42: 168-170.
102. Kvetnansky R, Pacak K, Fukuhara K, et al. Sympathoadrenal system in stress. Interaction with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; 771: 131-158.
103. Lester HA, Mager S, Quick MW, Corey JL. Permeation properties of neurotransmitter transporters. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1994; 34: 219-249.
104. Lin F, Lester HA, Mager S. Single-channel currents produced by the serotonin transporter and analysis of a mutation affecting ion permeation. Biophys J 1996; 71: 3126-3135.
105. Liu Y, Peter D, Roghani A, et al. A cDNA that suppresses MPP+ toxicity encodes a vesicular amine transporter. Cell 1992; 70: 539-551.
106. Liu Y, Schweitzer ES, Nirenberg MJ, Pickel VM, Evans CJ, Edwards RH. Preferential localization of a vesicular monoamine transporter to dense core vesicles in PC 12 cells. J Cell Biol 1994; 127: 1419-1433.
107. Lopez JF, Chalmers DT, Vazquez DM, Watson SJ, Akil H. Serotonin transporter mRNA in rat brain is regulated by classical antidepressants. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 35: 287-290.
108. Lorang D, Amara SG, Simerly RB. Cell-type-specific expression of catecholamine transporters in the rat brain. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 4903-4914.
109. Luckman SM, Dye S, Cox HJ. Induction of members of the Fos/Jun family of immediateearly genes in identified hypothalamic neurons: In vivo evidence for differential regulation. Neuroscience 1996; 73: 473-485.
110. Mager S, Min C, Henry DJ, et al. Conducting states of a mammalian serotonin transporter. Neuron 1994; 12: 845-859.
111. 123I]beta-CIT SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine transporter binding in Tourette's disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1359-1361.
112. Manning KA, Wilson JR, Uhlrich DJ. Histamine-immunoreactive neurons and their innervation of visual regions in the cortex, tectum, and thalamus in the primate Macaca mulatta. J Comp Neurol 1996; 373: 271-282.
113. Marshall JF, Ruskin DN, LaHoste GJ. Dopaminergic regulation of immediate early gene expression in the basal ganglia. Adv Pharmacol 1998; 42: 678-681.
114. Matsuoka I, Kumagai M, Kurihara K. Differential and coordinated regulation of expression of norepinephrine transporter in catecholaminergic cells in culture. Brain Res 1997; 776: 181-188.
115. Mayser W, Betz H, Sehloss P. Isolation of cDNAs encoding a novel member of the neurotransmitter transporter gene family. FEBS Lett 1991; 295: 203-206.
116. Mazurkiewicz-Kwilecki IM, Prell GD. Brain histamine response to stress in 12 month old rats. Life Sci 1986; 38: 2339-2345.
117. Meister B, Elde R. Dopamine transporter mRNA in neurons of the rat hypothalamus. Mol Neuroendocrinol 1993; 58: 388-395.
118. Meister B, Hökfelt T, Steinbusch HWM, et al. Do tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus produce dopamine or only L-dopa? J Chem Neuroanat 1988; 1: 59-64.
119. Meister B, Johnson H, Ulfhake B. Increased expression of serotonin transporter messenger RNA in raphe neurons of the aged rat. Mol Brain Res 1995; 33: 87-96.
120. Merickel A, Edwards RH. Transport of histamine by vesicular monoamine transporter-2. Neuropharmacology 1995; 34: 1543-1547.
121. Mezey E, Eisenhofer G, Hansson SR, Hunyady B, Hoffman BJ. A novel catecholaminergic system: parietal cell-derived dopamine may act as an autocrine/paracrine hormone in the rat stomach. Neuroendocrinol. 1998; in press.
122. Mezey E, Eisenhofer G, Harta G, et al. A novel nonneuronal catecholaminergic system: Exocrine pancreas synthesizes and releases dopamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 10377-10382.
123. Mezey E, Léránth C, Brownstein MJ, Friedman E, Krieger DT, Palkovits M. On the origin of the serotonergic input to the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary. Brain Res 1984; 294: 231-237.
124. Miller GW, Staley JK, Heilman CJ, et al. Immunochemical analysis of dopamine transporter protein in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1997; 41: 530-539.
125. Mongeau R, Blier P, de Montigny C. The serotonergic and noradrenergic systems of the hippocampus: Their interactions and the effects of antidepressant treatments. Brain Res Rev 1997; 23: 145-195.
126. Moody CA, Granneman JG, Bannon MJ. Dopamine transporter binding in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens is unaltered following chronic changes in dopamine levels. Neurosci Lett 1996; 217: 55-57.
127. Moore RY, Card JP. Noradrenaline-containing neuron systems. In: Björklund A, Hökfelt T, Eds. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. New York: Elsevier, 1984: 123-156.
128. Morrow AL, Devaud LL, Purdy RH, Paul SM. Neuroactive steroid modulators of the stress response. Ann NYAcad Sci 1995; 771: 257-272.
129. Nirenberg MJ, Chan J, Liu Y, Edwards RH, Pickel VM. Ultrastructural localization of the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 in midbrain dopaminergic neurons: Potential sites for somatodendritic storage and release of dopamine. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 4135-4145.
130. Nirenberg MJ, Chan J, Liu Y, Edwards RH, Pickel VM. Vesicular monoamine transporter-2: Immunogold localization in striatal axons and terminals. Synapse 1997; 26:194-198.
131. Nirenberg MJ, Chan J, Liu Y, Edwards RH, Pickel VM. Ultrastructural localization of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. In: Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer E, McCarty R, Eds. Catecholamines, Bridging Basic Science with Clinical Medicine. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998: 240-243.
132. Nirenberg MJ, Chan J, Pohorille A, et al. The dopamine transporter: Comparative ultrastructure of dopaminergic axons in limbic and motor compartments of the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 6899-6907.
133. Nirenberg MJ, Chan J, Vaughan RA, Uhl GR, Kuhar MJ, Pickel VM. Immunogold localization of the dopamine transporter: An ultrastructural study of the rat ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 5255-5262.
134. Nirenberg MJ, Liu Y, Peter D, Edwards RH, Pickel VM. The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 is present in small synaptic vesicles and preferentially localizes to large dense core vesicles in rat solitary tract nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 8773-8777.
135. Nirenberg MJ, Vaughan RA, Uhl GR, Kuhar MJ, Pickel VM. The dopamine transporter is localized to dendritic and axonal plasma membranes of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 436-447.
136. Okamura H, Kitahama K, Raynaud B, Nagatsu I, Borri-Volttatorni C, Weber M. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)-immunoreactive cells in the tuberal region of the rat hypothalamus. Biomed Res 1988; 9: 261-267.
137. Ordway GA, Stockmeier CA, Cason GW, Klimek V. Pharmacology and distribution of norepinephrine transporters in the human locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 1710-1719.
138. Pacak K, Palkovits M, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS. Stress-induced norepinephrine release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathoadrenal activity: In vivo microdialysis studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 1995; 16: 89-150.
139. Pacak K, Palkovits M, Kvetnansky R, Yadid G, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS. Effects of various stressors on in vivo norepinephrine release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and on the pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Ann NYAcad Sci 1995; 771: 115-130.
140. Pacholczyk T, Blakely RD, Amara SG. Expression cloning of a cocaine- and antidepressant- sensitive human noradrenaline transporter. Nature 1991; 350: 350-354.
141. Palkovits M, Baffi JS, Dvori S. Neuronal organization of stress response. Pain-induced c-fos expression in brain stem catecholaminergic cell groups. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; 771: 313-326.
142. Pazos A, Cortes R, Palacios JM. Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin receptors in the rat brain. II. Serotonin-2 receptors. Brain Res 1985; 346: 231-249.
143. Pazos A, Palacios JM. Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin receptors in the rat brain. I. Serotonin-1 receptors. Brain Res 1985; 346: 205-230.
144. Perrone-Capano C, Tino A, Amadoro G, Pernas-Alonso R, di Porzio U. Dopamine transporter gene expression in rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons is increased by direct interaction with target striatal cells in vitro. Mol Brain Res 1996; 39: 160-166.
145. Peter D, Jimenez J, Liu Y, Kim J, Edwards RH. The chromaffin granule and synaptic vesicle amine transporters differ in substrate recognition and sensitivity to inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 7231-7237.
146. Peter D, Jimenez J, Liu Y, Merickel A, Krantz D, Edwards RH. Drug interactions with vesicular amine transport. NIDA Res Monogr 1996; 161: 176-200.
147. Peter D, Liu Y, Brecha N, Edwards RH. The transport of neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles. Prog Brain Res 1995; 105: 273-281.
148. Petrisic MS, Augood SJ, Bicknell RJ. Monoamine transporter gene expression in the central nervous system in Diabetes mellitus. JNeurochem 1997; 68: 2435-2441.
149. Pineyro G, de Montigny C, Weiss M, Blier P. Autoregulatory properties of dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons: Possible role of electrotonic coupling and 5-HT1D receptors in the rat brain. Synapse 1996; 22: 54-62.
150. Qian Y, Melikian HE, Rye DB, Levey AI, Blakely RD. Identification and characterization of antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter proteins using site-specific antibodies. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 1261-1274.
151. Rafalowska U, Waskiewicz J, Albrecht J. Is neurotransmitter histamine predominantly inactivated in astrocytes? Neurosci Lett 1987; 80: 106-110.
152. Ramamoorthy JD, Ramamoorthy S, Papapetropoulos A, Catravas JD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V. Cyclic AMP-independent up-regulation of the human serotonin transporter by staurosporine in choriocarcinoma cells. JBiol Chem 1995; 270: 17189-17195.
153. Ramamoorthy S, Cool DR, Mahesh VB, et al. Regulation of the human serotonin transporter. Cholera toxin-induced stimulation of serotonin uptake in human placental choriocarcinoma cells is accompanied by increased serotonin transporter mRNA levels and serotonin transporter-specific ligand binding. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 21626-21631.
154. Ramamoorthy S, Leibach FH, Mahesh VB, et al. Functional characterization and chromosomal localization of a cloned taurine transporter from human placenta. Biochem J 1994; 300: 893-900.
155. Ramamoorthy S, Ramamoorthy JD, Prasad PD, et al. Regulation of the human serotonin transporter by interleukin-1 beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 216: 560-567.
156. Revay R, Vaughan RA, Grant S, Kuhar MJ. Dopamine transporter immunohistochemistry in median eminence, amygdala, and other areas of the rat brain. Synapse 1996; 22: 93-99.
157. Rudnick G. Neurotransmitter transporters: Structure, function and regulation. In: Reith M, Ed., Neurotransmitter Transporters: Structure, function and regulation. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997: 73-100.
158. Rudnick G, Clark JC. From synapse to vesicle: The reuptake and storage of biogenic amine neurotransmitters. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1144: 249-263.
159. Saland LC, Wallace JA, Samora A, Gutierrez L. Co-localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and serotonin (5-HT)-immunoreactive innervation in the rat pituitary gland. Neurosci Lett 1988; 94: 39-45.
160. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW, Steinbusch HW, Verhofstad AA. The distribution and cells of origin of serotonergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat. Brain Res 1983; 277: 355-360.
161. Schroeter S, Blakely RD. Drug targets in the embryo. Studies on the cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter. Ann NYAcad Sci 1996; 801: 239-255.
162. Schroeter S, Levey AI, Blakely RD. Polarized expression of the antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter in epinephrine-synthesizing chromaffin cells of the rat adrenal gland. Mol Cell Neurosci 1997; 9: 170-184.
163. Schuldiner S, Liu Y, Edwards RH. Reserpine binding to a vesicular amine transporter expressed in Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 29-34.
164. Schuldiner S, Steiner-Mordoch S, Yelin R, Wall SC, Rudnick G. Amphetamine derivatives interact with both plasma membrane and secretory vesicle biogenic amine transporters. Mol Pharmacol 1993; 44: 1227-1231.
165. Sesack SR, Hawrylak VA, Guido MA, Levey AI. Cellular and subcellular localization of the dopamine transporter in rat cortex. In: Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, McCarty R, Eds, Catecholamines, Bridging Basic Science with Clinical Medicine. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998: 171-174.
166. Shimada S, Kitayama S, Lin CL, et al. Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter complementary DNA [published erratum appears in Science 1992; 255(5049): 1195]. Science 1991; 254: 576-578.
167. Shimada S, Kitayama S, Walther D, Uhl GR. Dopamine transporter mRNA: Dense expression in central midbrain neurons. Mol Brain Res 1992; 13: 359-362.
168. Singer HS, Hahn IH, Moran TH. Abnormal dopamine uptake sites in postmortem striatum from patients with Tourette's syndrome. Ann Neurol 1991; 30: 558-562.
169. Slotkin TA, Barnes GA, McCook EC, Seidler FJ. Programming of brainstem serotonin transporter development by prenatal glucocorticoids. Dev Brain Res 1996; 93:155-171.
170. Snyder SH, Brown B, Kuhar MJ. The subsynaptosomal localization of histamine, histidine decarboxylase and histamine methyltransferase in rat hypothalamus. J Neurochem 1974; 23: 37-45.
171. Sonders MS, Amara SG. Channels in transporters. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1996; 6: 294-302.
172. Steinbusch HW Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat cell bodies and terminals. Neuroscience 1981; 6: 557-618.
173. Steinbusch HWM. Distribution of histaminergic neurons and fibers in rat brain. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1991;479(Suppl): 12-23.
174. Steinbusch HWM, Mulder AH. Immunohistochemical localization of histamine in neurons and mast cells in the rat brain. In: Björklund A, Hökfelt T, Kuhar MJ, Eds. Handbook of Chemical Anatomy, Vol. 3, Classical Transmitters and Transmitter Receptors in the CNS, Part II. London: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1984: 126-140.
175. Steinbusch HWM, Verhofstad A. Serotonin immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra, in the area tegmentalis of Tsai and in the nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami. A possible co-existence of serotonin and dopamine? Neurosci Lett 1982; 10 (Suppl): S462.
176. Steininger TL, Wainer BH, Blakely RD, Rye DB. Serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus projections to the cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental region: A light and electron microscopic anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical study. J Comp Neurol 1997; 382: 302-322.
177. Sur C, Betz H, Schloss P. Localization of the serotonin transporter in rat spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 1996; 8: 2753-2757.
178. Sur C, Betz H, Schloss P. Immunocytochemical detection of the serotonin transporter in rat brain. Neuroscience 1996; 73: 217-231.
179. Swanson LW. The hypothalamus. In: Björklund A, Hökfelt T, Eds. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 5, Integrated Systems of the CNS, Part I. Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Retina. New York: Elsevier, 1984: 1-124.
180. Swanson LW Brain Maps: The Structure of the Rat Brain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992.
181. Takahashi N, Miner LL, Sora I, et al. VMAT2 knockout mice: Heterozygotes display reduced amphetamine-conditioned reward, enhanced amphetamine locomotion, and enhanced MPTP toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 9938-9943.
182. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E. Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 340: 249-258.
183. Taylor KM, Snyder SH. Isotopic microassay of histamine, histidine, histidine decarboxylase and histamine methyltransferase in brain tissue. JNeurochem 1972; 19: 1343-1358.
184. Taylor KM, Snyder SH. Histamine methyltransferase: Inhibition and potentiation by antihistamines. Mol Pharmacol 1972; 8: 300-310.
185. Tessel RE, Kennedy LE, Burgess SK, Borchardt RT. Epinephrine in rat hypothalamius: Antagonism by desipramine of 6-hydroxydopamine induces depletion. Brain Res 1978; 153: 615-617.
186. Tian Y, Eaton MJ, Goudreau JL, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE. Neurochemical evidence that 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurons tonically inhibit noradrenergic neurons terminating in the hypothalamus. Brain Res 1993; 607: 215-221.
187. Usdin TB, Mezey E, Chen C, Brownstein MJ, Hoffman BJ. Cloning of the cocaine-sensitive bovine dopamine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 11168-11171.
188. Van de Kar LD, Richardson-Morton KD, Rittenhouse PA. Stress: Neuroendocrine and pharmacological mechanisms. Methods Ach Exp Pathol 1991; 14: 133-173.
189. Vanhatalo S, Soinila S. Dopaminergic periventriculo-hypophyseal nerves show tryptophanhydroxylase immunoreactivity but lack serotonin synthesis. Brain Res 1995; 687: 205-210.
190. Volkow ND, Ding YS, Fowler JS, Wang GJ. Cocaine addiction: Hypothesis derived from imaging studies with PET. J Addict Dis 1996; 15: 55-71.
191. Volkow ND, Ding YS, Fowler JS, et al. Dopamine transporters decrease with age. J Nucl Med 1996; 37: 554-559.
192. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Ding Y-S, Wang G-J, Gatley SJ. Positron emission tomography radioligands for dopamine transporter and studies in human and nonhuman primates. In: Goldman DS, Eisenhofer E, McCarty R, Eds. Catecholamines, Bridging Basic Science with Clinical Medicine. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998: 211-214.
193. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fischman MW, et al. Relationship between subjective effects of cocaine and dopamine transporter occupancy. Nature 1997; 386: 827-830.
194. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, et al. Relationship between psychostimulant-induced "high" and dopamine transporter occupancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 10388-92.
195. Wade PR, Chen J, Jaffe B, Kassem IS, Blakely RD, Gershon MD. Localization and function of a 5-HT transporter in crypt epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 2352-2364.
196. Waeber C, Dietl MM, Hoyer D, Palacios JM. 5.HT1 receptors in the vertebrate brain. Regional distribution examined by autoradiography. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1989; 340: 486-494.
197. Wakade AR, Wakade TD, Poosch M, Bannon MJ. Noradrenaline transport and transporter mRNA of rat chromaffin cells are controlled by dexamethasone and nerve growth factor. J Physiol (London) 1996; 494: 67-75.
198. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Fowler JS, et al. Cocaine abusers do not show loss of dopamine transporters with age. Life Sci 1997; 61: 1059-1065.
199. Wang YM, Gainetdinov RR, Fumagalli F, et al. Knockout of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 gene results in neonatal death and supersensitivity to cocaine and amphetamine. Neuron 1997; 19: 1285-1296.
200. 2 receptors and transport sites for serotonin. Brain Res 1993; 615: 87-94.
201. Weaver DR, Roca AL, Reppert SM. c-fos and jun-B mRNAs are transiently expressed in fetal rodent suprachiasmatic nucleus following dopaminergic stimulation. Dev Brain Res 1995; 85: 293-297.
202. Bengel D, Murphy DL, Andrews AM, Wichems CH, Feltner D, Heils A, Mössner R, Westphal H, Lesch KP. Altered brain serotonin (5-HT) homeostasis and locomotor insensitivity to MDMA ("ecstasy") in serotonin transporter-deficient mice. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 53: 649-655.
203. Wong DF, Harris JC, Naidu S, et al. Dopamine transporters are markedly reduced in Lesch-Nyhan disease in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 5539-5543.
204. Wong DF, Ricaurte G, Grunder G, et al. Dopamine transporter changes in neuropsychiatric disorders. In: Goldman D, Eisenhofer G, McCarty R, Eds. Catecholamines, Bridging Basic Science with Clinical Medicine. San Diego: Academic Press, 1988: 219-223.
205. 11C]WIN 35,428 PET imaging are elevated in Tourette syndrome. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 130P. [Abstract]
206. Young WS, Horváth S, Palkovits M. The influences of hyperosmolality and synaptic inputs on galanin and vasopressin expression in the hypothalamus. Neuroscience 1990; 39: 115-125.
207. Young WS, Kuhar MJ. Serotonin receptor localization in rat brain by light microscopic autoradiography. Eur JPharmacol 1980; 62: 237-239.
208. Young WS III, Mezey E. In situ hybridization histochemistry. In: Crawley J, Gerfen C, Sibley D, Skolnick P, Eds. Current Protocols in Neuroscinece. New York: Wiley, 1997.
209. Yu A, Yang J, Pawlyk AC, Tejani-Butt SM. Acute depletion of serotonin down-regulates serotonin transporter mRNAin raphe neurons. Brain Res 1995; 688: 209-212.
210. Zahniser NR, Gerhardt GA, Hoffman AF, Lupica CR. Voltage-dependency of the dopamine transporter in rat brain. Adv Pharmacol 1998; 42: 195-198.
211. Zhou FC, Xu Y, Bledsoe S, Lin R, Kelley MR. Serotonin transporter antibodies: Production, characterization, and localization in the brain. Mol Brain Res 1996; 43: 267-278.
212. Zhu SJ, Kavanaugh MP, Sonders MS, Amara SG, Zahniser NR. Activation of protein kinase C inhibits uptake, currents and binding associated with the human dopamine transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes. JPharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 282: 1358-1365.