Pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila

International Journal of Medical Microbiology

Volumn 291, Issue 5, 2001, Pages 331-343

  Cianciotto, Nicholas P ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Intracellular parasitism; Legionella pneumophila; Legionnaires' disease; Macrophages; Type II and type IV protein secretion

Indexed keywords

LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA;

EID: 0034756244     PISSN: 14384221     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1078/1438-4221-00139     Document Type: Article

References (221)

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4. Phenotypic modulation by Legionella pneumophila upon infection of macrophages
5. Cloning and molecular characterization of a Legionella pneumophila gene induced by intracellular infection and by Various in vitro stress conditions
6. Transcriptional regulation of the macrophage-induced gene (gspA) of Legionella pneumophila and phenotypic characterization of a null mutant
7. The use of differential display-PCR to isolate and characterize a Legionella pneumophila locus induced during the intracellular infection of macrophages
8. Legionella drozanskii sp. nov., Legionella rowbathamii sp. nov. and Legionella fallonii sp. nov.: Three unusual new Legionella species
9. Temporal pore formation-mediated egress from macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells by Legionella pneumophila
10. Identification of a novel periplasmic catalase-peroxidase KatA of Legionella pneumophila
11. Identification of linked Legionella pneumophila genes essential for intracellular growth and evasion of the endocytic pathway
12. Legionella pneumophila major acid phosphatase and its role in intracellular infection
13. Secreted enzymatic activities of wild-type and pilD-deficient Legionella pneumophila
14. Legionella: From environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control
15. RpoS co-operates with other factors to induce Legionella pneumophila virulence in the stationary phase
16. Cytolytic and phospholipase C activity m Legionella species
17. Aromatic substrate specificity of browning by cultures of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium
18. Legionella pneumophila catalase-peroxidase: Cloning of the katB gene and studies of KatB function
19. Catalase-peroxidases of Legionella pneumophila: Cloning of the katA gene and studies of KatA function
20. Complement component C3 fixes selectively to the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Legionella pneumophila and mediates phagocytosis of liposome-MOMP complexes by human monocytes
21. Two distinct defects in intracellular growth complemented by a single genetic locus m Legionella pneumophila
22. Altered intracellular targeting properties associated with mutations in the Legionella pneumophila dotA gene
23. An immunoprotective molecule, the major secretory protein of Legionella pneumophila, is not a virulence factor in a guinea pig model of Legionnaires' disease
24. Bactericidal effect of lactoferrin on Legionella pneumophila: Effect of the physiological state of the organism
25. The Legionella pneumophila icm locus: A set of genes required for intracellular multiplication in human macrophages
26. Classification of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium: Legionella pneumophila, genus novum, species nova, of the family Legionellaceae, familia nova
27. Replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection in intratracheally inoculated A/J mice. A murine model of human Legionnaires' disease
28. Immunomodulatory role of endogenous interleukin-18 in gamma interferon-mediated resolution of replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection
29. Lactoferrin inhibits or promotes Legionella pneumophila intracellular multiplication in nonactivated and interferon gamma-activated human monocytes depending upon its degree of iron saturation. Iron-lactoferrin and nonphysiologic iron chelates reverse monocyte activation against Legionella pneumophila
30. Aberrantly low transferrin receptor expression on human monocytes is associated with nonpermissiveness for Legionella pneumophila growth
31. Expression of Legionella pneumophila virulence traits in response to growth conditions
32. Macrophage toxicity and complement sensitivity of virulent and avirulent strains of Legionella pneumophila
33. Characterization of the selective inhibition of growth of virulent Legionella pneumophila by supplemented Mueller-Hinton medium
34. Ultrastructure of the agent of Legionnaires' disease in the human lung
35. Flagella on Legionnaires' disease bacteria: Ultastructural observations
36. Bacterial type IV secretion: Conjugation systems adapted to deliver effector molecules to host cells
37. Genetics and molecular pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular parasite of macrophages
38. Identification of mip-like genes in the genus Legionella
39. A mutation in the mip gene results in an attenuation of Legionella pneumophila virulence
40. A Legionella pneumophila gene encoding a species-specific surface protein potentiates initiation of intracellular infection
41. Legionella pneumophila mip gene potentiates intracellular infection of protozoa and human macrophages
42. Infectivity of Legionella pneumophila mip mutant for alveolar epithelial cells
43. Serogroup specificity of Legionella pneumophila is related to lipopolysaccharide characteristics
44. Intracellular growth in Acanthamoeba castellani affects monocyte entry mechanisms and enhances virulence of Legionella pneumophila
45. Legionella pneumophila entry gene rtxA is involved in virulence
46. Identification of novel loci involved in entry by Legionella pneumophila
47. Hypoexpression of major histocompatibility complex molecules on Legionella pneumophila phagosomes and phagolysosomes
48. Characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome and evidence that phagosomal maturation is inhibited
49. Deviant expression of Rab5 on phagosomes containing the intracellular pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Legionella pneumophila is associated with altered phagosomal fate
50. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Legionella pneumophila phagosomes exhibit arrested maturation despite acquisition of Rab7
51. Identification of Icm protein complexes that play distinct roles in the biogenesis of an organelle permissive for Legionella pneumophila intracellular growth
52. Modulation of phagosome biogenesis by Legionella pneumophila creates an organelle permissive for intracellular growth
53. The relationship between the serogroup antigen and lipopolysaccharide of Legionella pneumophila
54. In vivo production of a tissue-destructive protease by Legionella pneumophila in the lungs of experimentally infected guinea-pigs
55. Inactivation of human alpha-1-antitrypsin by a tissue-destructive protease of Legionella pneumophila
56. The kinetics of early inflammatory events during experimental pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila in guinea pigs
57. Flagellum of Legionella pneumophila positively affects the early phase of infection of eukaryotic host cells
58. Virulence factors of the family Legionellaceae
59. Purification and characterization of an extracellular protease of Legionella pneumotion
60. The Legionella pneumophila IcmR protein exhibits chaperone activity for IcmQ by preventing its participation in high-molecular-weight complexes
61. Improved semiselective medium for isolation of Legionella pneumophila from contaminated clinical and environmental specimens
62. Intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 monoclonal antibody type 2 positive and negative bacteria
63. Discovery of virulence genes of Legionella pneumophila by using signature tagged mutagenesis in a guinea pig pneumonia model
64. Treatment of alveolar macrophages with cytochalasin D inhibits uptake and subsequent growth of Legionella pneumophila
65. Characterization of a Legionella pneumophilia gene encoding a lipoprotein antigen
66. Elevated levels of Legionella pneumophila stress protein Hsp60 early in infection of human monocytes and L929 cells correlate with virulence
67. Characterization of the Legionella pneumophila gene ligA
68. The molecular ecology of legionellae
69. Mip protein of Legionella pneumophila exhibits peptidylprolyl-cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) activity
70. Characterization of a novel phospholipase A (PLA) activity secreted by Legionella species
71. Phospholipase A secreted by Legionella pneumophila destroys alveolar surfactant phospholipids
72. Novel lysophospholipase A secreted by Legionella pneumophila
73. Identification of a cytotoxin produced by Legionella pneumophila
74. Investigation of the role of macrophages and endogenous interferon-gamma in natural resistance of mice against Legionella pneumophila infection
75. Purification of Legionella pneumophila major outer membrane protein and demonstration that it is a porin
76. Utilization of similar mechanisms by Legionella pneumophila to parasitize two evolutionarily distant host cells, mammalian macrophages and protozoa
77. Identification of macrophage-specific infectivity loci (mil) of Legionella pneumophila that are not required for infectivity of protozoa
78. Activation of caspase 3 during Legionella pneumophila-induced apoptosis
79. Apoptosis in macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells during early stages of infection by Legionella pneumophila and its role in cytopathogenicity
80. Immunolocalization of Hsp60 in Legionella pneumophila
81. Surface-associated Hsp60 chaperonin of Legionella pneumophila mediates invasion in a HeLa cell model
82. Macrophage permissiveness for Legionella pneumophila growth modulated by iron
83. Adherence of Legionella pneumophila to U-937 cells, guinea-pig alveolar macrophages, and MRC-5 cells by a novel, complement-independent binding mechanism
84. Ultrastructure of lung in Legionnaires' disease. Observations of three biopsies done during the Vermont epidemic
85. Metal complexes of lactoferrin and their effect on the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila
86. Growth of Legionella spp. under conditions of iron restriction
87. Proteinases of Legionella: Phenylalanineaminopeptidase of L. pneumophila
88. Analysis of virulence factors of Legionella pneumophila
89. Legionella pneumophila kills human phagocytes but not protozoan host cells by inducing apoptotic cell death
90. Legionella pneumophila contains a type II general secretion pathway required for growth in amoebae as well as for secretion of the Msp protease
91. The Legionella pneumophila rpoS gene is required for growth within Acanthamoebae castellani
92. Co-ordination of Legionella pneumophila virulence with entry into stationary phase by ppGpp
93. Identification of the aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase gene of Legionella pneumophila and characterization of a null mutant
94. Characterization of a macrophage-specific infectivity locus (milA) of Legionella pneumophila
95. Essential role for the Legionella pneumophila Rep helicase homologue in intracellular infection of mammalian cells
96. From protozoa to mammalian cells: A new paradigm in the life cycle of intracellular bacterial pathogens
97. Immunolocalization of the Mip protein of intracellularly and extracellularly grown Legionella pneumophila
98. The expression of the flagellum of Legionella pneumophila is modulated by different environmental factors
99. Cloning and characterization of a Legionella pneumophila-specific gene encoding a member of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators
100. Cloning and sequencing of the Legionella pneumophila fur gene
101. An iron- and fur-repressed Legionella pneumophila gene that promotes intracellular infection and encodes a protein with similarity to the Escherichia coli aerobactin synthetases
102. Cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of a gene (ompM) encoding a 25 kDa major outer-membrane protein (MOMP) of Legionella pneumophila
103. Cloning and expression of a common Legionella outer membrane antigen in Escherichia coil
104. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a gene (ompS) encoding the major outer membrane protein of Legionella pneumophila
105. Formation of a novel phagosome by the Legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) in human monocytes
106. The Legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion in human monocytes
107. Phagocytosis of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) occurs by a novel mechanism: Engulfment within a pseudopod coil
108. Interactions between macrophages and Legionella pneumophila
109. Legionella pneumophila inhibits acidification of its phagosome in human monocytes
110. Interaction of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) with human phagocytes. I. L. pneumophila resists killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, antibody, and complement
111. Adherence of Legionella pneumophila to guinea pig peritoneal macrophages, J774 mouse macrophages, and undifferentiated U937 human monocytes: Role of Fc and complement receptors
112. Legionella pneumophila inhibits superoxide generation in human monocytes via the down-modulation of alpha and beta protein kinase C isotypes
113. Interaction of primate alveolar macrophages and Legionella pneumophila
114. An oxaloacetate decarboxylase homologue protein influences the intracellular survival of Legionella pneumophila
115. A study of iron acquisition mechanisms of Legionella pneumophila grown in chemostat culture
116. Influence of iron-limited continuous culture on physiology and virulence of Legionella pneumophila
117. The effect of oxygen-dependent antimicrobial systems on strains of Legionella pneumophila of different virulence
118. Acquisition of iron by Legionella pneumophila: Role of iron reductase
119. Evidence that Dot-dependent and -independent factors isolate the Legionella pneumophila phagosome from the endocytic network in mouse macrophages
120. Legionnaires' disease: Ultrastructural appearance of the agent in a lung biopsy specimen
121. Phosphatase-negative mutants of Legionella pneumophila and their behavior in mammalian cell infection
122. Effects of cytochalasin D and methylamine on intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila in amoebae and human monocyte-like cells
123. Evidence for pore-forming ability by Legionella pneumophila
124. In vitro interaction between normal cynolmolgus monkey alveolar macrophages and Legionnaires disease bacteria
125. Role of the 25 kDa major outer membrane protein of Legionella pneumophila in attachment to U-937 cells and its potential as a virulence factor for chick embryos
126. Discovery of a nonclassical siderophore, legiobactin, produced by strains of Legionella pneumophila
127. The prepilin peptidase is required for protein secretion by and the virulence of the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila
128. Identification and temperature regulation of Legionella pneumophila genes involved in type IV pilus biogenesis and type II protein secretion
129. Defective triggering of polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxidative metab by Legionella pneumophila toxin
130. Effect of oxygen-dependent antimicrobial systems on Legionella pneumophila
131. Cloning, genetic analysis, and nucleotide sequence of a determinant coding for a 19-kilodalton peptidoglycan-associated protein (Ppl) of Legionella pneumophila
132. Chromosomal insertion and excision of a 30 kb unstable genetic element is responsible for phase variation of lipopolysaccharide and other virulence determinants in Legionella pneumophila
133. Phase-variable expression of lipopolysaccharide contributes to the virulence of Legionella pneumophila
134. Identification of a Legionella pneumophila locus required for intracellular multiplication in human macrophages
135. Identification and subcellular localization of the Legionella pneumophila IcmX protein: A factor essential for establishment of a replicative organelle in eukaryotic host cells
136. The Legionella pneumophila hel locus encodes intracellularly induced homologs of heavy-metal ion transporters of Alcaligenes spp.
137. Differential expression of IL-1 and TNF receptors in murine macrophages infected with virulent vs. avirulent Legionella pneumophila
138. Analysis of the Legionella pneumophila fliI gene: Intracellular growth of a defined mutant defective for flagellum biosynthesis
139. Isolation and characterization of auxotrophic mutants of Legionella pneumophila that fail to multiply in human monocytes
140. Legionella pneumophila protease inactivates interleukin-2 and cleaves CD4 on human T cells
141. Legionella pneumophila replicates within rat alveolar epithelial cells
142. Effects of an isogenic Zn-metalloprotease-deficient mutant of Legionella pneumophila in a guinea-pig pneumonia model
143. Evidence for apoptosis of human macrophage-like HL-60 cells by Legionella pneumophila infection
144. Differential effects of virulent versus avirulent Legionella pneumophila on chemokine gene expresulent in murine alveolar macrophages determined by cDNA expression array technique
145. Interaction between the legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) and human alveolar macrophages. Influence of antibody, lymphokines, and hydrocortisone
146. IFN-gamma-activated human alveolar macrophages inhibit the intra-cellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila
147. Low endotoxic potential of Legionella pneumophila lipopolysaccharide due to failure of interaction with the monocyte lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14
148. Induction of interleukin-4 (IL-4) by Legionella pneumophila infection in BALB/c mice and regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, and IL-lb
149. Electrophoretic and serological characterization of the lipopolysacchafect of Legionella pneumophila
150. Enzymatic activities of Legionella pneumophila and Legionella-like organisms
151. Effect of culture medium on morphology and virulence of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1
152. A Legionella pneumophila gene that promotes hemin binding
153. Serospecific antigens of Legionella pneumophila
154. Phagocytosis of Legionella pneumophila is mediated by human monocyte complement receptors
155. Growth of Legionella pneumophila in a human macrophage-like (U937) cell line
156. HtrA homologue of Legionella pneumophila: An indispensable element for intracellular infection of mammalian but not protozoan cells
157. Determination of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase within the genus Legionella
158. Ferric reductases of Legionella pneumophila
159. Identification of Legionella pneumophila genes important for infection of amoebas by signature-tagged mutagenesis
160. Legionella pneumophila mutants that are defective for iron acquisition and assimilation and intracellular infection
161. Association of flagellum expression and intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila
162. The Legionella pneumophila icmGCDJBF genes are required for killing of human macrophages
163. Engulfment of the Philadelphia strain of Legionella pneumophila within pseudopod coils in human phagocytes. Comparison with other Legionella strains and species
164. Effect of Legionella pneumophila cytotoxic protease on human neutrophil and monocyte function
165. Legionella pneumophila heat-shock protein-induced increase of interleukin-1 beta mRNA involves protein kinase C signalling in macrophages
166. Identification of Legionella pneumophila rcp, a pagP-like gene that confers resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides and promotes intracellular infection
167. Ultrastructure of Legionella pneumophila
168. Electron microscopic evidence of flagella and pill on Legionellapneumophila
169. Electron microscopy of the organism of Legionnaires' disease
170. Type II protein secretion is a subset of the PilD-dependent processes that facilitate intracellular infection by Legionella pneumophila
171. Trafficking of the Legionella pneumophila phagosome
172. Legionella pneumophila DotA protein is required for early phagosome trafficking decisions that occur within minutes of bacterial uptake
173. Topology of Legionella pneumophila DotA: An inner membrane protein required for replication in macrophages
174. Identification of Legionella pneumophila genes required for growth withlication and killing of human macrophages
175. The iron superoxide dismutase of Legionella pneumophilaq is essential for viability
176. Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function by Legionella pneumophila exoproducts
177. Differential induction of gamma interferon in Legionella pneumophila-infected macrophages from BALB/c and A/J mice
178. Nucleotide sequence of htpB, the Legionella pneumophila gene encoding the 58-kilodalton (kDa) common antigen, formerly designated the 60-kDa common antigen
179. A cyclophilin-like peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase from Legionella pneumophila - Characterization, molecular cloning and overexpression
180. Host cell killing and bacterial conjugation require Overlapping sets of genes within a 22-kb region of the Legionella pneumophila genome
181. Relationships between a new type IV secretion system and the icm/dot virulence system of Legionella pneumophila
182. Characterization of a new region required for macrophage killing by Legionella pneumophila
183. How is the intracellular fate of the Legionella phagosome determined?
184. Intracellular multiplication and human macrophage killing by Legionella pneumophila are inhibited by conjugal components of IncQ plasmid RSF1010
185. Recombinant murine interferon-gamma reversibly activates rat alveolar macrophages to kill Legionella pneumophila
186. Intratracheal interferon-gamma augments pulmonary defenses in experimental legionellosis
187. Periplasmic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase of Legionella pneumophila: Role in stationary-phase survival
188. The Lly protein protects Legionella pneumo-phila from light but does not directly influence its intracellular survival in Hartmannella vermiformis
189. Studies on the uptake and intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila in protozoa and in macrophage-like cells
190. Expression of multiple pili by Legionella pneumophila: Identificanon and characterization of a type IV pilin gene and its role in adherence to mammalian and protozoan cells
191. The Legionella pneumophila prp locus; required during infection of macrophages and amoebae
192. Legionella pneumophila replication vacuoles mature into acidic, endocytic organelles
193. De novo synthesis of Legionella pneumophila antigens during intracellular growth in phagocytic cells
194. Legionella pneumophila infection in intratracheally inoculated T cell-depleted or -nondepleted A/J mice
195. Legionella pneumophila pathogenesis: A fateful journey from amoebae to macrophages
196. Association ofLegionella pneumophila with the macrophage endoplasmic reticulum
197. Identification of Legionella pneumophila mutants that have aberrant intracellular fates
198. The Legionella pneumophila major secretory protein, a protease, is not required for intracellular growth or cell killing
199. Serum cytokines in patients with Legionella pneumonia: Relative predominance of Th1-type cytokines
200. Early recruitment of neutrophils determines subsequent T1/T2 host responses in a murine model of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia
201. Chemokine-dependent neutrophil recruitment in a murine model of Legionella pneumonia: Potential role of neutrophils as immunoregulatory cells
202. Extracellular enzymes of Legionella pneumophila
203. Opsonization of Legionella pneumophila in human serum: Key roles for specific antibodies and the classical complement pathway
204. Role of iron acquisition in Legionella pneumophila virulence
205. The Legionella pneumophila iraAB locus is required for iron assimilation, intracellular infection, and virulence
206. The cytochrome c maturation locus of Legionella pneumophila promotes iron assimilation and intracellular infection and contains a strata-specific insertion sequence element
207. Conjugative transfer by the virulence system of Legionella pneumophila
208. Cell biology of Legionella pneumomophila
209. Legionella species of different human prevalence induce different rates of apoptosis in human monocytic cells
210. Formation of a fibrous structure on the surface of Legionella pneumophila associated with exposure of DotH and DotO proteins after intracellular growth
211. Early events in phagosome establishment are required for intracellular survival of Legionella pneumophila
212. Immunocytochemical demonstration of the association between Legionella pneumophila, its tissue-destructive protease, and pulmonary lesions in experimental legionnaires' disease
213. Legionnaires disease: Historical perspective
214. Sequence determination and mutational analysis of the lly locus of Legionella pneumophila
215. Influence of site specifically altered Mip proteins on intracellular survival of Legionella pneumophila in eukaryotic cells
216. Characterization of legiolysin (lly), responsible for haemolytic activity, colour production and fluorescence of Legionella pneumophila
217. "Endotoxicity" of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium
218. Legionella pneumophila virulence conserved after multiple single-colony passage on agar
219. Growth of Legionella pneumophila in thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages from A/J mice
220. Multiplication of Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia-1 in cultured peritoneal macrophages and its correlation to susceptibility of animals
221. Pore-forming activity is not sufficient for Legionella pneumophila phagosome trafficking and intracellular growth