Are mast cells MASTers in cancer?

Frontiers in Immunology

Volumn 8, Issue APR, 2017, Pages

  Varricchi, Gilda ^a   Galdiero, Maria Rosaria ^a   Loffredo, Stefania ^a   Marone, Giancarlo ^a   Iannone, Raffaella ^a   Marone, Gianni ^a,b   Granata, Francescopaolo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Cancer; Inflammation; Lymphangiogenesis; Mast cells

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPOIETIN 1; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR1; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR3; CXCL1 CHEMOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 10; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; STEM CELL FACTOR; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR;

BREAST CANCER; CELL DENSITY; CELL MIGRATION; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; MALIGNANT PLEURA EFFUSION; MAST CELL; NEOPLASM; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; PLASMACYTOMA; REVIEW; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

EID: 85018374025     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16643224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00424     Document Type: Review

References (191)

1. Ehrlich P. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der granulirten Bindegewebszellen und der eosinophilen Leukocythen. Arch Anat Physiol (Leipzig) (1879) 3:166-9
2. Ehrlich P. über die specifischen Granulationen des Blutes. Arch Anat Physiol (Leipzig) (1879):571-9
3. Mulero I, Sepulcre MP, Meseguer J, Garcia-Ayala A, Mulero V. Histamine is stored in mast cells of most evolutionarily advanced fish and regulates the fish inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007) 104:19434-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0704535104
4. Marone G, Galli SJ, Kitamura Y. Probing the roles of mast cells and basophils in natural and acquired immunity, physiology and disease. Trends Immunol (2002) 23:425-7. doi:10.1016/S1471-4906(02)02274-3
5. Galli SJ, Tsai M. IgE and mast cells in allergic disease. Nat Med (2012) 18:693-704. doi:10.1038/nm.2755
6. Kirshenbaum AS, Goff JP, Semere T, Foster B, Scott LM, Metcalfe DD. Demonstration that human mast cells arise from a progenitor cell population that is CD34(+), c-kit(+), and expresses aminopeptidase N (CD13). Blood (1999) 94:2333-42
7. Krystel-Whittemore M, Dileepan KN, Wood JG. Mast cell: a multi-functional master cell. Front Immunol (2016) 6:620. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00620
8. Jimenez-Andrade GY, Ibarra-Sanchez A, Gonzalez D, Lamas M, Gonzalez-Espinosa C. Immunoglobulin E induces VEGF production in mast cells and potentiates their pro-tumorigenic actions through a Fyn kinase-dependent mechanism. J Hematol Oncol (2013) 6:56. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-6-56
9. Genovese A, Borgia G, Bjorck L, Petraroli A, de Paulis A, Piazza M, et al. Immunoglobulin superantigen protein L induces IL-4 and IL-13 secretion from human Fc epsilon RI+ cells through interaction with the kappa light chains of IgE. J Immunol (2003) 170:1854-61. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.4.1854
10. Marone G, Rossi FW, Detoraki A, Granata F, Marone GC, Genovese A, et al. Role of superallergens in allergic disorders. In: Marone G, editor. Superantigens and Superallergens. Basel: Karger (2007). 195 p
11. Andreu P, Johansson M, Affara NI, Pucci F, Tan T, Junankar S, et al. FcRgamma activation regulates inflammation-associated squamous carcinogenesis. Cancer Cell (2010) 17:121-34. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.019
12. Groot Kormelink T, Powe DG, Kuijpers SA, Abudukelimu A, Fens MH, Pieters EH, et al. Immunoglobulin free light chains are biomarkers of poor prognosis in basal-like breast cancer and are potential targets in tumor-associated inflammation. Oncotarget (2014) 5:3159-67. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.1868
13. Huang B, Lei Z, Zhang GM, Li D, Song C, Li B, et al. SCF-mediated mast cell infiltration and activation exacerbate the inflammation and immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. Blood (2008) 112:1269-79. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-03-147033
14. Oldford SA, Haidl ID, Howatt MA, Leiva CA, Johnston B, Marshall JS. A critical role for mast cells and mast cell-derived IL-6 in TLR2-mediated inhibition of tumor growth. J Immunol (2010) 185:7067-76. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001137
15. Borriello F, Iannone R, Marone G. Histamine release from mast cells and basophils. Handb Exp Pharmacol (2017) 1-19. doi:10.1007/164_2017_18
16. Marichal T, Starkl P, Reber LL, Kalesnikoff J, Oettgen HC, Tsai M, et al. A beneficial role for immunoglobulin E in host defense against honeybee venom. Immunity (2013) 39:963-75. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.005
17. Palm NW, Rosenstein RK, Yu S, Schenten DD, Florsheim E, Medzhitov R. Bee venom phospholipase A2 induces a primary type 2 response that is dependent on the receptor ST2 and confers protective immunity. Immunity (2013) 39:976-85. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.006
18. Wang Z, Lai Y, Bernard JJ, Macleod DT, Cogen AL, Moss B, et al. Skin mast cells protect mice against vaccinia virus by triggering mast cell receptor S1PR2 and releasing antimicrobial peptides. J Immunol (2012) 188:345-57. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1101703
19. Chan CY, St John AL, Abraham SN. Plasticity in mast cell responses during bacterial infections. Curr Opin Microbiol (2012) 15:78-84. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2011.10.007
20. Josephs DH, Spicer JF, Corrigan CJ, Gould HJ, Karagiannis SN. Epidemiological associations of allergy, IgE and cancer. Clin Exp Allergy (2013) 43:1110-23. doi:10.1111/cea.12178
21. Jensen-Jarolim E, Bax HJ, Bianchini R, Capron M, Corrigan C, Castells M, et al. AllergoOncology-the impact of allergy in oncology: EAACI position paper. Allergy (2016). doi:10.1111/all.13119
22. Platzer B, Elpek KG, Cremasco V, Baker K, Stout MM, Schultz C, et al. IgE/FcepsilonRI-mediated antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells enhances anti-tumor immune responses. Cell Rep (2015) 10:1487-95. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.015
23. Dawson MA, Kouzarides T, Huntly BJ. Targeting epigenetic readers in cancer. N Engl J Med (2012) 367:647-57. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1112635
24. Zitvogel L, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Andre F, Tesniere A, Kroemer G. The anticancer immune response: indispensable for therapeutic success? J Clin Invest (2008) 118:1991-2001. doi:10.1172/JCI35180
25. Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G. Mechanism of action of conventional and targeted anticancer therapies: reinstating immunosurveillance. Immunity (2013) 39:74-88. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.014
26. Bissell MJ, Hines WC. Why don't we get more cancer? A proposed role of the microenvironment in restraining cancer progression. Nat Med (2011) 17:320-9. doi:10.1038/nm.2328
27. Hanahan D, Coussens LM. Accessories to the crime: functions of cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell (2012) 21:309-22. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.022
28. Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature (2008) 454:436-44. doi:10.1038/nature07205
29. Galdiero MR, Garlanda C, Jaillon S, Marone G, Mantovani A. Tumor associated macrophages and neutrophils in tumor progression. J Cell Physiol (2013) 228:1404-12. doi:10.1002/jcp.24260
30. Galdiero MR, Marone G, Mantovani A. Cancer inflammation and cytokines. Perspect Biol (2017). (in press)
31. Westphal E. über Mastzellen. In: Ehrlich P, editor. Farbenanalytische Untersuchungen. Berlin: Hirschwald (1891). p. 17-41
32. Aoki M, Pawankar R, Niimi Y, Kawana S. Mast cells in basal cell carcinoma express VEGF, IL-8 and RANTES. Int Arch Allergy Immunol (2003) 130:216-23. doi:10.1159/000069515
33. Beer TW, Ng LB, Murray K. Mast cells have prognostic value in Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol (2008) 30:27-30. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e31815c932a
34. Dvorak AM, Mihm MC Jr, Osage JE, Dvorak HF. Melanoma. An ultrastructural study of the host inflammatory and vascular responses. J Invest Dermatol (1980) 75:388-93. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12523627
35. Giannou AD, Marazioti A, Spella M, Kanellakis NI, Apostolopoulou H, Psallidas I, et al. Mast cells mediate malignant pleural effusion formation. J Clin Invest (2015) 125:2317-34. doi:10.1172/JCI79840
36. Johansson A, Rudolfsson S, Hammarsten P, Halin S, Pietras K, Jones J, et al. Mast cells are novel independent prognostic markers in prostate cancer and represent a target for therapy. Am J Pathol (2010) 177:1031-41. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.100070
37. Ma Y, Hwang RF, Logsdon CD, Ullrich SE. Dynamic mast cell-stromal cell interactions promote growth of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res (2013) 73:3927-37. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4479
38. Melillo RM, Guarino V, Avilla E, Galdiero MR, Liotti F, Prevete N, et al. Mast cells have a protumorigenic role in human thyroid cancer. Oncogene (2010) 29:6203-15. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.348
39. Ng L, Beer TW, Murray K. Vascular density has prognostic value in Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol (2008) 30:442-5. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e318172364d
40. Pittoni P, Tripodo C, Piconese S, Mauri G, Parenza M, Rigoni A, et al. Mast cell targeting hampers prostate adenocarcinoma development but promotes the occurrence of highly malignant neuroendocrine cancers. Cancer Res (2011) 71:5987-97. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1637
41. Ribatti D, Ennas MG, Vacca A, Ferreli F, Nico B, Orru S, et al. Tumor vascularity and tryptase-positive mast cells correlate with a poor prognosis in melanoma. Eur J Clin Invest (2003) 33:420-5. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2003.01152.x
42. Ribatti D, Vacca A, Ria R, Marzullo A, Nico B, Filotico R, et al. Neovascularisation, expression of fibroblast growth factor-2, and mast cells with tryptase activity increase simultaneously with pathological progression in human malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer (2003) 39:666-74. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(02)00150-8
43. Siiskonen H, Poukka M, Bykachev A, Tyynela-Korhonen K, Sironen R, Pasonen-Seppanen S, et al. Low numbers of tryptase+ and chymase+ mast cells associated with reduced survival and advanced tumor stage in melanoma. Melanoma Res (2015) 25:479-85. doi:10.1097/CMR.0000000000000192
44. Takahashi K, Mulliken JB, Kozakewich HP, Rogers RA, Folkman J, Ezekowitz RA. Cellular markers that distinguish the phases of hemangioma during infancy and childhood. J Clin Invest (1994) 93:2357-64. doi:10.1172/JCI117241
45. Toth-Jakatics R, Jimi S, Takebayashi S, Kawamoto N. Cutaneous malignant melanoma: correlation between neovascularization and peritumor accumulation of mast cells overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor. Hum Pathol (2000) 31:955-60. doi:10.1053/hupa.2000.16658
46. Johnson C, Huynh V, Hargrove L, Kennedy L, Graf-Eaton A, Owens J, et al. Inhibition of mast cell-derived histamine decreases human cholangiocarcinoma growth and differentiation via c-kit/stem cell factor-dependent signaling. Am J Pathol (2016) 186:123-33. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.016
47. Ribatti D, Vacca A, Nico B, Quondamatteo F, Ria R, Minischetti M, et al. Bone marrow angiogenesis and mast cell density increase simultaneously with progression of human multiple myeloma. Br J Cancer (1999) 79:451-5. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6690070
48. Rabenhorst A, Schlaak M, Heukamp LC, Forster A, Theurich S, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, et al. Mast cells play a protumorigenic role in primary cutaneous lymphoma. Blood (2012) 120:2042-54. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-03-415638
49. Vyzoukaki R, Tsirakis G, Pappa CA, Devetzoglou M, Tzardi M, Alexandrakis MG. The impact of mast cell density on the progression of bone disease in multiple myeloma patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol (2015) 168:263-8. doi:10.1159/000443275
50. Tripodo C, Gri G, Piccaluga PP, Frossi B, Guarnotta C, Piconese S, et al. Mast cells and Th17 cells contribute to the lymphoma-associated pro-inflammatory microenvironment of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Am J Pathol (2010) 177:792-802. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.091286
51. Taskinen M, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Leppa S. Prognostic influence of tumor-infiltrating mast cells in patients with follicular lymphoma treated with rituximab and CHOP. Blood (2008) 111:4664-7. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-11-125823
52. Franco G, Guarnotta C, Frossi B, Piccaluga PP, Boveri E, Gulino A, et al. Bone marrow stroma CD40 expression correlates with inflammatory mast cell infiltration and disease progression in splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Blood (2014) 123:1836-49. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-04-497271
53. Molin D, Edstrom A, Glimelius I, Glimelius B, Nilsson G, Sundstrom C, et al. Mast cell infiltration correlates with poor prognosis in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br J Haematol (2002) 119:122-4. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03768.x
54. Andersen MD, Kamper P, Nielsen PS, Bendix K, Riber-Hansen R, Steiniche T, et al. Tumour-associated mast cells in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma: correlation with histological subtype, other tumour-infiltrating inflammatory cell subsets and outcome. Eur J Haematol (2016) 96:252-9. doi:10.1111/ejh.12583
55. Englund A, Molin D, Enblad G, Karlen J, Glimelius I, Ljungman G, et al. The role of tumour-infiltrating eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages in classical and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma in children. Eur J Haematol (2016) 97:430-8. doi:10.1111/ejh.12747
56. Marone G, Varricchi G, Loffredo S, Granata F. Mast cells and basophils in inflammatory and tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol (2016) 778:146-51. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.088
57. Yamamoto T, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Expression of stem cell factor in basal cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol (1997) 137:709-13. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.19402055.x
58. de Paulis A, Minopoli G, Arbustini E, de Crescenzo G, Dal Piaz F, Pucci P, et al. Stem cell factor is localized in, released from, and cleaved by human mast cells. J Immunol (1999) 163:2799-808
59. Detoraki A, Staiano RI, Granata F, Giannattasio G, Prevete N, de Paulis A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factors synthesized by human lung mast cells exert angiogenic effects. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2009) 123:1142-9, 1149.e1141-1145. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.044
60. Prevete N, Staiano RI, Granata F, Detoraki A, Necchi V, Ricci V, et al. Expression and function of angiopoietins and their tie receptors in human basophils and mast cells. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents (2013) 27:827-39
61. Visciano C, Liotti F, Prevete N, Cali G, Franco R, Collina F, et al. Mast cells induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem cell features in human thyroid cancer cells through an IL-8-Akt-Slug pathway. Oncogene (2015) 34:5175-86. doi:10.1038/onc.2014.441
62. Kay LJ, Yeo WW, Peachell PT. Prostaglandin E2 activates EP2 receptors to inhibit human lung mast cell degranulation. Br J Pharmacol (2006) 147:707-13. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706664
63. Weller CL, Collington SJ, Hartnell A, Conroy DM, Kaise T, Barker JE, et al. Chemotactic action of prostaglandin E2 on mouse mast cells acting via the PGE2 receptor 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007) 104:11712-7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701700104
64. Godot V, Arock M, Garcia G, Capel F, Flys C, Dy M, et al. H4 histamine receptor mediates optimal migration of mast cell precursors to CXCL12. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2007) 120:827-34. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.05.046
65. Weller CL, Collington SJ, Brown JK, Miller HR, Al-Kashi A, Clark P, et al. Leukotriene B4, an activation product of mast cells, is a chemoattractant for their progenitors. J Exp Med (2005) 201:1961-71. doi:10.1084/jem.20042407
66. Nagasaka A, Matsue H, Matsushima H, Aoki R, Nakamura Y, Kambe N, et al. Osteopontin is produced by mast cells and affects IgE-mediated degranulation and migration of mast cells. Eur J Immunol (2008) 38:489-99. doi:10.1002/eji.200737057
67. Rao Q, Chen Y, Yeh CR, Ding J, Li L, Chang C, et al. Recruited mast cells in the tumor microenvironment enhance bladder cancer metastasis via modulation of ERbeta/CCL2/CCR2 EMT/MMP9 signals. Oncotarget (2016) 7:7842-55. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5467
68. Acikalin MF, Oner U, Topcu I, Yasar B, Kiper H, Colak E. Tumour angiogenesis and mast cell density in the prognostic assessment of colorectal carcinomas. Dig Liver Dis (2005) 37:162-9. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2004.09.028
69. Gulubova M, Vlaykova T. Prognostic significance of mast cell number and microvascular density for the survival of patients with primary colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol (2009) 24:1265-75. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05009.x
70. Ammendola M, Sacco R, Sammarco G, Donato G, Montemurro S, Ruggieri E, et al. Correlation between serum tryptase, mast cells positive to tryptase and microvascular density in colo-rectal cancer patients: possible biological-clinical significance. PLoS One (2014) 9:e99512. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099512
71. Wang S, Li L, Shi R, Liu X, Zhang J, Zou Z, et al. Mast cell targeted chimeric toxin can be developed as an adjunctive therapy in colon cancer treatment. Toxins (Basel) (2016) 8:1-18. doi:10.3390/toxins8030071
72. Malfettone A, Silvestris N, Saponaro C, Ranieri G, Russo A, Caruso S, et al. High density of tryptase-positive mast cells in human colorectal cancer: a poor prognostic factor related to protease-activated receptor 2 expression. J Cell Mol Med (2013) 17:1025-37. doi:10.1111/jcmm.12073
73. Suzuki S, Ichikawa Y, Nakagawa K, Kumamoto T, Mori R, Matsuyama R, et al. High infiltration of mast cells positive to tryptase predicts worse outcome following resection of colorectal liver metastases. BMC Cancer (2015) 15:840. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1863-z
74. Fakhrjou A, Niroumand-Oscoei SM, Somi MH, Ghojazadeh M, Naghashi S, Samankan S. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating mast cells in outcome of patients with esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer (2014) 45:48-53. doi:10.1007/s12029-013-9550-2
75. Yano H, Kinuta M, Tateishi H, Nakano Y, Matsui S, Monden T, et al. Mast cell infiltration around gastric cancer cells correlates with tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Gastric Cancer (1999) 2:26-32. doi:10.1007/s101200050017
76. Kondo K, Muramatsu M, Okamoto Y, Jin D, Takai S, Tanigawa N, et al. Expression of chymase-positive cells in gastric cancer and its correlation with the angiogenesis. J Surg Oncol (2006) 93:36-42; discussion 42-33. doi:10.1002/jso.20394
77. Ammendola M, Sacco R, Donato G, Zuccala V, Russo E, Luposella M, et al. Mast cell positivity to tryptase correlates with metastatic lymph nodes in gastrointestinal cancer patients treated surgically. Oncology (2013) 85:111-6. doi:10.1159/000351145
78. Ammendola M, Marech I, Sammarco G, Zuccala V, Luposella M, Zizzo N, et al. Infiltrating mast cells correlate with angiogenesis in bone metastases from gastric cancer patients. Int J Mol Sci (2015) 16:3237-50. doi:10.3390/ijms16023237
79. Tu JF, Pan HY, Ying XH, Lou J, Ji JS, Zou H. Mast cells comprise the major of interleukin 17-producing cells and predict a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) (2016) 95:e3220. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003220
80. Imada A, Shijubo N, Kojima H, Abe S. Mast cells correlate with angiogenesis and poor outcome in stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Eur Respir J (2000) 15:1087-93. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.01517.x
81. Takanami I, Takeuchi K, Naruke M. Mast cell density is associated with angiogenesis and poor prognosis in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Cancer (2000) 88:2686-92. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20000615)88:12<2686::AID-CNCR6>3.3.CO;2-Y
82. Banat GA, Tretyn A, Pullamsetti SS, Wilhelm J, Weigert A, Olesch C, et al. Immune and inflammatory cell composition of human lung cancer stroma. PLoS One (2015) 10:e0139073. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139073
83. Holzel M, Landsberg J, Glodde N, Bald T, Rogava M, Riesenberg S, et al. A preclinical model of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor-like melanoma is characterized by infiltrating mast cells. Cancer Res (2016) 76:251-63. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1090
84. Strouch MJ, Cheon EC, Salabat MR, Krantz SB, Gounaris E, Melstrom LG, et al. Crosstalk between mast cells and pancreatic cancer cells contributes to pancreatic tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res (2010) 16:2257-65. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1230
85. Chang DZ, Ma Y, Ji B, Wang H, Deng D, Liu Y, et al. Mast cells in tumor microenvironment promotes the in vivo growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res (2011) 17:7015-23. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0607
86. Cai SW, Yang SZ, Gao J, Pan K, Chen JY, Wang YL, et al. Prognostic significance of mast cell count following curative resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Surgery (2011) 149:576-84. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2010.10.009
87. Li L, Dang Q, Xie H, Yang Z, He D, Liang L, et al. Infiltrating mast cells enhance prostate cancer invasion via altering LncRNA-HOTAIR/PRC2-androgen receptor (AR)-MMP9 signals and increased stem/progenitor cell population. Oncotarget (2015) 6:14179-90. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.3651
88. Nonomura N, Takayama H, Nishimura K, Oka D, Nakai Y, Shiba M, et al. Decreased number of mast cells infiltrating into needle biopsy specimens leads to a better prognosis of prostate cancer. Br J Cancer (2007) 97:952-6. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603962
89. Wasiuk A, Dalton DK, Schpero WL, Stan RV, Conejo-Garcia JR, Noelle RJ. Mast cells impair the development of protective anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother (2012) 61:2273-82. doi:10.1007/s00262-012-1276-7
90. Wedemeyer J, Galli SJ. Decreased susceptibility of mast cell-deficient Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice to the development of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal tumors. Lab Invest (2005) 85:388-96. doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700232
91. Gounaris E, Erdman SE, Restaino C, Gurish MF, Friend DS, Gounari F, et al. Mast cells are an essential hematopoietic component for polyp development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007) 104:19977-82. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704620104
92. Nordlund JJ, Askenase PW. The effect of histamine, antihistamines, and a mast cell stabilizer on the growth of cloudman melanoma cells in DBA/2 mice. J Invest Dermatol (1983) 81:28-31. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12538356
93. Jeong HJ, Oh HA, Nam SY, Han NR, Kim YS, Kim JH, et al. The critical role of mast cell-derived hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in human and mice melanoma growth. Int J Cancer (2013) 132:2492-501. doi:10.1002/ijc.27937
94. Soucek L, Lawlor ER, Soto D, Shchors K, Swigart LB, Evan GI. Mast cells are required for angiogenesis and macroscopic expansion of Myc-induced pancreatic islet tumors. Nat Med (2007) 13:1211-8. doi:10.1038/nm1649
95. Soucek L, Buggy JJ, Kortlever R, Adimoolam S, Monclus HA, Allende MT, et al. Modeling pharmacological inhibition of mast cell degranulation as a therapy for insulinoma. Neoplasia (2011) 13:1093-100. doi:10.1593/neo.11980
96. Nakayama T, Yao L, Tosato G. Mast cell-derived angiopoietin-1 plays a critical role in the growth of plasma cell tumors. J Clin Invest (2004) 114:1317-25. doi:10.1172/JCI22089
97. Xie H, Li C, Dang Q, Chang LS, Li L. Infiltrating mast cells increase prostate cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistances via modulation of p38/p53/p21 and ATM signals. Oncotarget (2016) 7:1341-53. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6372
98. Coussens LM, Raymond WW, Bergers G, Laig-Webster M, Behrendtsen O, Werb Z, et al. Inflammatory mast cells up-regulate angiogenesis during squamous epithelial carcinogenesis. Genes Dev (1999) 13:1382-97. doi:10.1101/gad.13.11.1382
99. Sarchio SN, Scolyer RA, Beaugie C, McDonald D, Marsh-Wakefield F, Halliday GM, et al. Pharmacologically antagonizing the CXCR4-CXCL12 chemokine pathway with AMD3100 inhibits sunlight-induced skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol (2014) 134:1091-100. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.424
100. Tournilhac O, Santos DD, Xu L, Kutok J, Tai YT, Le Gouill S, et al. Mast cells in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia support lymphoplasmacytic cell growth through CD154/CD40 signaling. Ann Oncol (2006) 17:1275-82. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdl109
101. Sinnamon MJ, Carter KJ, Sims LP, Lafleur B, Fingleton B, Matrisian LM. A protective role of mast cells in intestinal tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis (2008) 29:880-6. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn040
102. Yang XD, Ai W, Asfaha S, Bhagat G, Friedman RA, Jin G, et al. Histamine deficiency promotes inflammation-associated carcinogenesis through reduced myeloid maturation and accumulation of CD11b+Ly6G+ immature myeloid cells. Nat Med (2011) 17:87-95. doi:10.1038/nm.2278
103. Purwar R, Schlapbach C, Xiao S, Kang HS, Elyaman W, Jiang X, et al. Robust tumor immunity to melanoma mediated by interleukin-9-producing T cells. Nat Med (2012) 18:1248-53. doi:10.1038/nm.2856
104. Siebenhaar F, Metz M, Maurer M. Mast cells protect from skin tumor development and limit tumor growth during cutaneous de novo carcinogenesis in a kit-dependent mouse model. Exp Dermatol (2014) 23:159-64. doi:10.1111/exd.12328
105. Hedstrom G, Berglund M, Molin D, Fischer M, Nilsson G, Thunberg U, et al. Mast cell infiltration is a favourable prognostic factor in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol (2007) 138:68-71. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06612.x
106. Dabiri S, Huntsman D, Makretsov N, Cheang M, Gilks B, Bajdik C, et al. The presence of stromal mast cells identifies a subset of invasive breast cancers with a favorable prognosis. Mod Pathol (2004) 17:690-5. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800094
107. Amini RM, Aaltonen K, Nevanlinna H, Carvalho R, Salonen L, Heikkila P, et al. Mast cells and eosinophils in invasive breast carcinoma. BMC Cancer (2007) 7:165. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-7-165
108. della Rovere F, Granata A, Familiari D, D'Arrigo G, Mondello B, Basile G. Mast cells in invasive ductal breast cancer: different behavior in high and minimum hormone-receptive cancers. Anticancer Res (2007) 27:2465-71
109. Rajput AB, Turbin DA, Cheang MC, Voduc DK, Leung S, Gelmon KA, et al. Stromal mast cells in invasive breast cancer are a marker of favourable prognosis: a study of 4,444 cases. Breast Cancer Res Treat (2008) 107:249-57. doi:10.1007/s10549-007-9546-3
110. Tan SY, Fan Y, Luo HS, Shen ZX, Guo Y, Zhao LJ. Prognostic significance of cell infiltrations of immunosurveillance in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol (2005) 11:1210-4. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i8.1210
111. Carlini MJ, Dalurzo MC, Lastiri JM, Smith DE, Vasallo BC, Puricelli LI, et al. Mast cell phenotypes and microvessels in non-small cell lung cancer and its prognostic significance. Hum Pathol (2010) 41:697-705. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.04.029
112. Ali G, Boldrini L, Lucchi M, Mussi A, Corsi V, Fontanini G. Tryptase mast cells in malignant pleural mesothelioma as an independent favorable prognostic factor. J Thorac Oncol (2009) 4:348-54. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181989ddb
113. Welsh TJ, Green RH, Richardson D, Waller DA, O'Byrne KJ, Bradding P. Macrophage and mast-cell invasion of tumor cell islets confers a marked survival advantage in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol (2005) 23:8959-67. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.01.4910
114. Shikotra A, Ohri CM, Green RH, Waller DA, Bradding P. Mast cell phenotype, TNFalpha expression and degranulation status in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep (2016) 6:38352. doi:10.1038/srep38352
115. Chan JK, Magistris A, Loizzi V, Lin F, Rutgers J, Osann K, et al. Mast cell density, angiogenesis, blood clotting, and prognosis in women with advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol (2005) 99:20-5. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.05.042
116. Fleischmann A, Schlomm T, Kollermann J, Sekulic N, Huland H, Mirlacher M, et al. Immunological microenvironment in prostate cancer: high mast cell densities are associated with favorable tumor characteristics and good prognosis. Prostate (2009) 69:976-81. doi:10.1002/pros.20948
117. Chichlowski M, Westwood GS, Abraham SN, Hale LP. Role of mast cells in inflammatory bowel disease and inflammation-associated colorectal neoplasia in IL-10-deficient mice. PLoS One (2010) 5:e12220. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012220
118. Antsiferova M, Martin C, Huber M, Feyerabend TB, Forster A, Hartmann K, et al. Mast cells are dispensable for normal and activin-promoted wound healing and skin carcinogenesis. J Immunol (2013) 191:6147-55. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301350
119. Xia Q, Wu XJ, Zhou Q, Jing Z, Hou JH, Pan ZZ, et al. No relationship between the distribution of mast cells and the survival of stage IIIB colon cancer patients. J Transl Med (2011) 9:88. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-9-88
120. Dundar E, Oner U, Peker BC, Metintas M, Isiksoy S, Ak G. The significance and relationship between mast cells and tumour angiogenesis in non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Int Med Res (2008) 36:88-95. doi:10.1177/147323000803600112
121. Tuna B, Yorukoglu K, Unlu M, Mungan MU, Kirkali Z. Association of mast cells with microvessel density in renal cell carcinomas. Eur Urol (2006) 50:530-4. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.040
122. Ammendola M, Sacco R, Sammarco G, Donato G, Zuccala V, Romano R, et al. Mast cells positive to tryptase and c-kit receptor expressing cells correlates with angiogenesis in gastric cancer patients surgically treated. Gastroenterol Res Pract (2013) 2013:703163. doi:10.1155/2013/703163
123. Esposito I, Menicagli M, Funel N, Bergmann F, Boggi U, Mosca F, et al. Inflammatory cells contribute to the generation of an angiogenic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Pathol (2004) 57:630-6. doi:10.1136/jcp.2003.014498
124. Marone G, Granata F, editors. Angiogenesis, Lymphangiogenesis and Clinical Implications, Chem Immunol Allergy. (Vol. 99). Basel: Karger (2014)
125. Folkman J, Shing Y. Angiogenesis. J Biol Chem (1992) 267:10931-4
126. Grutzkau A, Kruger-Krasagakes S, Baumeister H, Schwarz C, Kogel H, Welker P, et al. Synthesis, storage, and release of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) by human mast cells: implications for the biological significance of VEGF206. Mol Biol Cell (1998) 9:875-84. doi:10.1091/mbc.9.4.875
127. Abdel-Majid RM, Marshall JS. Prostaglandin E2 induces degranulation-independent production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human mast cells. J Immunol (2004) 172:1227-36. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1227
128. Theoharides TC, Zhang B, Kempuraj D, Tagen M, Vasiadi M, Angelidou A, et al. IL-33 augments substance P-induced VEGF secretion from human mast cells and is increased in psoriatic skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2010) 107:4448-53. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000803107
129. Sismanopoulos N, Delivanis DA, Alysandratos KD, Angelidou A, Vasiadi M, Therianou A, et al. IL-9 induces VEGF secretion from human mast cells and IL-9/IL-9 receptor genes are overexpressed in atopic dermatitis. PLoS One (2012) 7:e33271. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033271
130. Boesiger J, Tsai M, Maurer M, Yamaguchi M, Brown LF, Claffey KP, et al. Mast cells can secrete vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial cell growth factor and exhibit enhanced release after immunoglobulin E-dependent upregulation of fc epsilon receptor I expression. J Exp Med (1998) 188:1135-45. doi:10.1084/jem.188.6.1135
131. Detoraki A, Granata F, Staibano S, Rossi FW, Marone G, Genovese A. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in bronchial asthma. Allergy (2010) 65:946-58. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02372.x
132. Varricchi G, Granata F, Loffredo S, Genovese A, Marone G. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in inflammatory skin disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol (2015) 73:144-53. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.03.041
133. Varey AH, Rennel ES, Qiu Y, Bevan HS, Perrin RM, Raffy S, et al. VEGF 165 b, an antiangiogenic VEGF-A isoform, binds and inhibits bevacizumab treatment in experimental colorectal carcinoma: balance of pro-and antiangiogenic VEGF-A isoforms has implications for therapy. Br J Cancer (2008) 98:1366-79. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604308
134. Bates DO, Mavrou A, Qiu Y, Carter JG, Hamdollah-Zadeh M, Barratt S, et al. Detection of VEGF-A(xxx)b isoforms in human tissues. PLoS One (2013) 8:e68399. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068399
135. Harper SJ, Bates DO. VEGF-A splicing: the key to anti-angiogenic therapeutics? Nat Rev Cancer (2008) 8:880-7. doi:10.1038/nrc2505
136. Loffredo S, Borriello F, Iannone R, Ferrara AL, Galdiero MR, Gigantino V, et al. Group V secreted phospholipase A2 induces the release of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors by human neutrophils. Front Immunol (2017). (in press)
137. Baram D, Vaday GG, Salamon P, Drucker I, Hershkoviz R, Mekori YA. Human mast cells release metalloproteinase-9 on contact with activated T cells: juxtacrine regulation by TNF-alpha. J Immunol (2001) 167:4008-16. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.4008
138. Rinderknecht M, Detmar M. Tumor lymphangiogenesis and melanoma metastasis. J Cell Physiol (2008) 216:347-54. doi:10.1002/jcp.21494
139. Granata F, Frattini A, Loffredo S, Staiano RI, Petraroli A, Ribatti D, et al. Production of vascular endothelial growth factors from human lung macrophages induced by group IIA and group X secreted phospholipases A2. J Immunol (2010) 184:5232-41. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0902501
140. Bowers HM Jr, Mahapatro RC, Kennedy JW. Numbers of mast cells in the axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients. Cancer (1979) 43:568-73. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197902)43:2<568::AID-CNCR2820430225>3.0.CO;2-#
141. Zheng X, Carstens JL, Kim J, Scheible M, Kaye J, Sugimoto H, et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is dispensable for metastasis but induces chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Nature (2015) 527:525-30. doi:10.1038/nature16064
142. Fischer KR, Durrans A, Lee S, Sheng J, Li F, Wong ST, et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is not required for lung metastasis but contributes to chemoresistance. Nature (2015) 527:472-6. doi:10.1038/nature15748
143. Scheel C, Weinberg RA. Cancer stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition: concepts and molecular links. Semin Cancer Biol (2012) 22:396-403. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.04.001
144. Pittoni P, Colombo MP. The dark side of mast cell-targeted therapy in prostate cancer. Cancer Res (2012) 72:831-5. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3110
145. Bry M, Kivela R, Leppanen VM, Alitalo K. Vascular endothelial growth factor-B in physiology and disease. Physiol Rev (2014) 94:779-94. doi:10.1152/physrev.00028.2013
146. Eruslanov EB, Bhojnagarwala PS, Quatromoni JG, Stephen TL, Ranganathan A, Deshpande C, et al. Tumor-associated neutrophils stimulate T cell responses in early-stage human lung cancer. J Clin Invest (2014) 124:5466-80. doi:10.1172/JCI77053
147. Zaretsky JM, Garcia-Diaz A, Shin DS, Escuin-Ordinas H, Hugo W, Hu-Lieskovan S, et al. Mutations associated with acquired resistance to PD-1 blockade in melanoma. N Engl J Med (2016) 375:819-29. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1604958
148. Varricchi G, Galdiero MR, Marone G, Granata F, Borriello F, Marone G. Controversial role of mast cells in skin cancers. Exp Dermatol (2017) 26:11-7. doi:10.1111/exd.13107
149. Hirschhaeuser F, Sattler UG, Mueller-Klieser W. Lactate: a metabolic key player in cancer. Cancer Res (2011) 71:6921-5. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1457
150. Gottfried E, Kreutz M, Mackensen A. Tumor metabolism as modulator of immune response and tumor progression. Semin Cancer Biol (2012) 22:335-41. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.02.009
151. Marone G, Findlay SR, Lichtenstein LM. Adenosine receptor on human basophils: modulation of histamine release. J Immunol (1979) 123:1473-7
152. Gulliksson M, Carvalho RF, Ulleras E, Nilsson G. Mast cell survival and mediator secretion in response to hypoxia. PLoS One (2010) 5:e12360. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012360
153. Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Ratajewski M, Wagner W, Dastych J. HIF-1alpha is up-regulated in activated mast cells by a process that involves calcineurin and NFAT. J Immunol (2008) 181:1665-72. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1665
154. Marquardt DL, Gruber HE, Wasserman SI. Adenosine release from stimulated mast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1984) 81:6192-6. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.19.6192
155. Peachell PT, Columbo M, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM, Marone G. Adenosine potentiates mediator release from human lung mast cells. Am Rev Respir Dis (1988) 138:1143-51. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/138.5.1143
156. Visciano C, Prevete N, Liotti F, Marone G. Tumor-associated mast cells in thyroid cancer. Int J Endocrinol (2015) 2015:705169. doi:10.1155/2015/705169
157. Lin TJ, Issekutz TB, Marshall JS. SDF-1 induces IL-8 production and transendothelial migration of human cord blood-derived mast cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol (2001) 124:142-5. doi:10.1159/000053693
158. Jensen-Jarolim E, Achatz G, Turner MC, Karagiannis S, Legrand F, Capron M, et al. AllergoOncology: the role of IgE-mediated allergy in cancer. Allergy (2008) 63:1255-66. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01768.x
159. Chan JK, Roth J, Oppenheim JJ, Tracey KJ, Vogl T, Feldmann M, et al. Alarmins: awaiting a clinical response. J Clin Invest (2012) 122:2711-9. doi:10.1172/JCI62423
160. Subramanian H, Gupta K, Guo Q, Price R, Ali H. Mas-related gene X2 (MrgX2) is a novel G protein-coupled receptor for the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in human mast cells: resistance to receptor phosphorylation, desensitization, and internalization. J Biol Chem (2011) 286:44739-49. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.277152
161. Byrne SN, Beaugie C, O'Sullivan C, Leighton S, Halliday GM. The immune-modulating cytokine and endogenous Alarmin interleukin-33 is upregulated in skin exposed to inflammatory UVB radiation. Am J Pathol (2011) 179:211-22. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.010
162. de Vries VC, Pino-Lagos K, Nowak EC, Bennett KA, Oliva C, Noelle RJ. Mast cells condition dendritic cells to mediate allograft tolerance. Immunity (2011) 35:550-61. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.012
163. Rivellese F, Suurmond J, Habets K, Dorjee AL, Ramamoorthi N, Townsend MJ, et al. Ability of interleukin-33-and immune complex-triggered activation of human mast cells to down-regulate monocyte-mediated immune responses. Arthritis Rheumatol (2015) 67:2343-53. doi:10.1002/art.39192
164. Okayama Y, Hagaman DD, Metcalfe DD. A comparison of mediators released or generated by IFN-gamma-treated human mast cells following aggregation of Fc gamma RI or Fc epsilon RI. J Immunol (2001) 166:4705-12. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4705
165. Daeron M. Innate myeloid cells under the control of adaptive immunity: the example of mast cells and basophils. Curr Opin Immunol (2016) 38:101-8. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2015.12.004
166. Oldford SA, Marshall JS. Mast cells as targets for immunotherapy of solid tumors. Mol Immunol (2015) 63:113-24. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.020
167. Shijubo N, Kojima H, Nagata M, Ohchi T, Suzuki A, Abe S, et al. Tumor angiogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer. Microsc Res Tech (2003) 60:186-98. doi:10.1002/jemt.10257
168. Triggiani M, Hubbard WC, Chilton FH. Synthesis of 1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by an enriched preparation of the human lung mast cell. J Immunol (1990) 144:4773-80
169. Damiani E, Puebla-Osorio N, Gorbea E, Ullrich SE. Platelet-activating factor induces epigenetic modifications in human mast cells. J Invest Dermatol (2015) 135:3034-40. doi:10.1038/jid.2015.336
170. Chacon-Salinas R, Chen L, Chavez-Blanco AD, Limon-Flores AY, Ma Y, Ullrich SE. An essential role for platelet-activating factor in activating mast cell migration following ultraviolet irradiation. J Leukoc Biol (2014) 95:139-48. doi:10.1189/jlb.0811409
171. de Paulis A, Marino I, Ciccarelli A, de Crescenzo G, Concardi M, Verga L, et al. Human synovial mast cells. I. Ultrastructural in situ and in vitro immunologic characterization. Arthritis Rheum (1996) 39:1222-33. doi:10.1002/art.1780390723
172. Movahedi K, Laoui D, Gysemans C, Baeten M, Stange G, Van den Bossche J, et al. Different tumor microenvironments contain functionally distinct subsets of macrophages derived from Ly6C(high) monocytes. Cancer Res (2010) 70:5728-39. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4672
173. Motakis E, Guhl S, Ishizu Y, Itoh M, Kawaji H, de Hoon M, et al. Redefinition of the human mast cell transcriptome by deep-CAGE sequencing. Blood (2014) 123:e58-67. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-02-483792
174. Lundstrom SL, Saluja R, Adner M, Haeggstrom JZ, Nilsson G, Wheelock CE. Lipid mediator metabolic profiling demonstrates differences in eicosanoid patterns in two phenotypically distinct mast cell populations. J Lipid Res (2013) 54:116-26. doi:10.1194/jlr.M030171
175. Sotiriou C, Pusztai L. Gene-expression signatures in breast cancer. N Engl J Med (2009) 360:790-800. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0801289
176. Popper HH, Ryska A, Timar J, Olszewski W. Molecular testing in lung cancer in the era of precision medicine. Transl Lung Cancer Res (2014) 3:291-300. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2014.10.01
177. Kim SY, Kim SN, Hahn HJ, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Metaanalysis of BRAF mutations and clinicopathologic characteristics in primary melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol (2015) 72:1036-46.e1032. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1113
178. Riquelme I, Saavedra K, Espinoza JA, Weber H, Garcia P, Nervi B, et al. Molecular classification of gastric cancer: towards a pathway-driven targeted therapy. Oncotarget (2015) 6:24750-79. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4990
179. Coussens LM, Zitvogel L, Palucka AK. Neutralizing tumor-promoting chronic inflammation: a magic bullet? Science (2013) 339:286-91. doi:10.1126/science.1232227
180. Bedard PL, Hansen AR, Ratain MJ, Siu LL. Tumour heterogeneity in the clinic. Nature (2013) 501:355-64. doi:10.1038/nature12627
181. Mancardi DA, Jonsson F, Iannascoli B, Khun H, Van Rooijen N, Huerre M, et al. Cutting edge: the murine high-affinity IgG receptor FcgammaRIV is sufficient for autoantibody-induced arthritis. J Immunol (2011) 186:1899-903. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003642
182. Feyerabend TB, Weiser A, Tietz A, Stassen M, Harris N, Kopf M, et al. Cre-mediated cell ablation contests mast cell contribution in models of antibody-and T cell-mediated autoimmunity. Immunity (2011) 35:832-44. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.015
183. De Monte L, Wormann S, Brunetto E, Heltai S, Magliacane G, Reni M, et al. Basophil recruitment into tumor-draining lymph nodes correlates with Th2 inflammation and reduced survival in pancreatic cancer patients. Cancer Res (2016) 76:1792-803. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1801-T
184. Rodewald HR, Feyerabend TB. Widespread immunological functions of mast cells: fact or fiction? Immunity (2012) 37:13-24. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.07.007
185. Reber LL, Marichal T, Galli SJ. New models for analyzing mast cell functions in vivo. Trends Immunol (2012) 33:613-25. doi:10.1016/j.it.2012.09.008
186. Duluc D, Corvaisier M, Blanchard S, Catala L, Descamps P, Gamelin E, et al. Interferon-gamma reverses the immunosuppressive and protumoral properties and prevents the generation of human tumor-associated macrophages. Int J Cancer (2009) 125:367-73. doi:10.1002/ijc.24401
187. Hagemann T, Lawrence T, McNeish I, Charles KA, Kulbe H, Thompson RG, et al. "Re-educating" tumor-associated macrophages by targeting NF-kappaB. J Exp Med (2008) 205:1261-8. doi:10.1084/jem.20080108
188. Sharma P, Allison JP. Immune checkpoint targeting in cancer therapy: toward combination strategies with curative potential. Cell (2015) 161:205-14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.030
189. Tan S, Chen D, Liu K, He M, Song H, Shi Y, et al. Crystal clear: visualizing the intervention mechanism of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction by two cancer therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Protein Cell (2016) 7:866-77. doi:10.1007/s13238-016-0337-7
190. Kleffel S, Posch C, Barthel SR, Mueller H, Schlapbach C, Guenova E, et al. Melanoma cell-intrinsic PD-1 receptor functions promote tumor growth. Cell (2015) 162:1242-56. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.052
191. Nakae S, Suto H, Iikura M, Kakurai M, Sedgwick JD, Tsai M, et al. Mast cells enhance T cell activation: importance of mast cell costimulatory molecules and secreted TNF. J Immunol (2006) 176:2238-48. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2238