Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in inflammatory skin disorders

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 144-153

  Varricchi, Gilda ^a   Granata, Francescopaolo ^a   Loffredo, Stefania ^a   Genovese, Arturo ^a   Marone, Gianni ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

angioedema; angiogenesis; atopic dermatitis; interleukin 17; lymphangiogenesis; macrophages; mast cells; psoriasis; urticaria; vascular endothelial growth factor

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANGIOGENIC FACTOR; ANGIOPOIETIN; FORMYLPEPTIDE RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 17 ANTIBODY; MICRORNA; QUERCETIN; TANNIN; THROMBOSPONDIN 1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN A; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 2;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ANTIANGIOGENIC THERAPY; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; CHRONIC URTICARIA; DERMATITIS; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INNATE IMMUNITY; LYMPH VESSEL; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSORIASIS; RADIATION INJURY; REVIEW; SKIN BLOOD FLOW; SKIN INJURY; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; ACUTE DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; PATHOLOGY; SKIN; VASCULARIZATION;

ACUTE DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; DERMATITIS; HUMANS; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; SKIN;

EID: 84937966143     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: 10976787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.03.041     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. G. Marone, and F. Granata Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and clinical implications: preface Chem Immunol Allergy 99 2014 XI XII
2. N. Ferrara Vascular endothelial growth factor: pathophysiology and clinical implications N. Ferrara, Ed. Angiogenesis: from basic science to clinical applications 2007 CRC New York 1 36
3. M. Simons, and A. Eichmann Lymphatics are in my veins Science 341 2013 622 624
4. K. Alitalo The lymphatic vasculature in disease Nat Med 17 2011 1371 1380
5. H. Kim, R.P. Kataru, and G.Y. Koh Regulation and implications of inflammatory lymphangiogenesis Trends Immunol 33 2012 350 356
6. J. Folkman Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications N Engl J Med 285 1971 1182 1186
7. D.R. Senger, S.J. Galli, A.M. Dvorak, C.A. Perruzzi, V.S. Harvey, and H.F. Dvorak Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid Science 219 1983 983 985
8. D.W. Leung, G. Cachianes, W.J. Kuang, D.V. Goeddel, and N. Ferrara Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen Science 246 1989 1306 1309
9. P.J. Keck, S.D. Hauser, G. Krivi, and et al. Vascular permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF Science 246 1989 1309 1312
10. B.A. Keyt, L.T. Berleau, H.V. Nguyen, and et al. The carboxyl-terminal domain (111-165) of vascular endothelial growth factor is critical for its mitogenic potency J Biol Chem 271 1996 7788 7795
11. V.M. Leppanen, M. Jeltsch, A. Anisimov, and et al. Structural determinants of vascular endothelial growth factor-D receptor binding and specificity Blood 117 2011 1507 1515
12. V.M. Leppanen, D. Tvorogov, K. Kisko, and et al. Structural and mechanistic insights into VEGF receptor 3 ligand binding and activation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110 2013 12960 12965
13. I. Zachary Neuropilins: role in signalling, angiogenesis and disease Chem Immunol Allergy 99 2014 37 70
14. D. Moyon, L. Pardanaud, L. Yuan, C. Breant, and A. Eichmann Plasticity of endothelial cells during arterial-venous differentiation in the avian embryo Development 128 2001 3359 3370
15. P.M. Becker, J. Waltenberger, R. Yachechko, and et al. Neuropilin-1 regulates vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated endothelial permeability Circ Res 96 2005 1257 1265
16. M. Thomas, and H.G. Augustin The role of the angiopoietins in vascular morphogenesis Angiogenesis 12 2009 125 137
17. H.T. Yuan, E.V. Khankin, S.A. Karumanchi, and S.M. Parikh Angiopoietin 2 is a partial agonist/antagonist of Tie2 signaling in the endothelium Mol Cell Biol 29 2009 2011 2022
18. J.W. Fett, D.J. Strydom, R.R. Lobb, and et al. Isolation and characterization of angiogenin, an angiogenic protein from human carcinoma cells Biochemistry 24 1985 5480 5486
19. L. Geerts, P.G. Jorens, J. Willems, M. De Ley, and H. Slegers Natural inhibitors of neutrophil function in acute respiratory distress syndrome Crit Care Med 29 2001 1920 1924
20. J. Folkman, and M. Klagsbrun Angiogenic factors Science 235 1987 442 447
21. D.E. Hu, Y. Hori, and T.P. Fan Interleukin-8 stimulates angiogenesis in rats Inflammation 17 1993 135 143
22. M. Numasaki, J. Fukushi, M. Ono, and et al. Interleukin-17 promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth Blood 101 2003 2620 2627
23. M. Numasaki, M. Watanabe, T. Suzuki, and et al. IL-17 enhances the net angiogenic activity and in vivo growth of human non-small cell lung cancer in SCID mice through promoting CXCR-2-dependent angiogenesis J Immunol 175 2005 6177 6189
24. S. Kazerounian, K.O. Yee, and J. Lawler Thrombospondins in cancer Cell Mol Life Sci 65 2008 700 712
25. M. Detmar The role of VEGF and thrombospondins in skin angiogenesis J Dermatol Sci 24 Suppl 2000 S78 S84
26. K. Yano, H. Oura, and M. Detmar Targeted overexpression of the angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin-1 in the epidermis of transgenic mice prevents ultraviolet-B-induced angiogenesis and cutaneous photo-damage J Invest Dermatol 118 2002 800 805
27. P. Velasco, R. Huegel, J. Brasch, and et al. The angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin-1 inhibits acute cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions J Invest Dermatol 129 2009 2022 2030
28. M.S. O'Reilly, L. Holmgren, Y. Shing, and et al. Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma Cell 79 1994 315 328
29. M.S. O'Reilly, T. Boehm, Y. Shing, and et al. Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth Cell 88 1997 277 285
30. N. Yamaguchi, B. Anand-Apte, M. Lee, and et al. Endostatin inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration and tumor growth independently of zinc binding EMBO J 18 1999 4414 4423
31. D.O. Bates, A. Mavrou, Y. Qiu, and et al. Detection of VEGF-A(xxx)b isoforms in human tissues PLoS One 8 2013 e68399
32. M. Manetti, S. Guiducci, E. Romano, and et al. Overexpression of VEGF165b, an inhibitory splice variant of vascular endothelial growth factor, leads to insufficient angiogenesis in patients with systemic sclerosis Circ Res 109 2011 e14 e26
33. F. Borriello, F. Granata, G. Varricchi, A. Genovese, M. Triggiani, and G. Marone Immunopharmacological modulation of mast cells Curr Opin Pharmacol 17 2014 45 57
34. S.O. Ozdamar, D. Seckin, B. Kandemir, and A.Y. Turanli Mast cells in psoriasis Dermatology 192 1996 190
35. M. Fischer, I.T. Harvima, R.F. Carvalho, and et al. Mast cell CD30 ligand is upregulated in cutaneous inflammation and mediates degranulation-independent chemokine secretion J Clin Invest 116 2006 2748 2756
36. T. Kawakami, T. Ando, M. Kimura, B.S. Wilson, and Y. Kawakami Mast cells in atopic dermatitis Curr Opin Immunol 21 2009 666 678
37. J.R. Seibold, R.C. Giorno, and H.N. Claman Dermal mast cell degranulation in systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 33 1990 1702 1709
38. A.M. Irani, B.L. Gruber, L.D. Kaufman, M.B. Kahaleh, and L.B. Schwartz Mast cell changes in scleroderma. Presence of MCT cells in the skin and evidence of mast cell activation Arthritis Rheum 35 1992 933 939
39. A. Detoraki, R.I. Staiano, F. Granata, and et al. Vascular endothelial growth factors synthesized by human lung mast cells exert angiogenic effects J Allergy Clin Immunol 123 2009 1142 1149 1149.e1-e5
40. A.A. Gaspari Innate and adaptive immunity and the pathophysiology of psoriasis J Am Acad Dermatol 54 2006 S67 S80
41. M. Pasparakis, I. Haase, and F.O. Nestle Mechanisms regulating skin immunity and inflammation Nat Rev Immunol 14 2014 289 301
42. A. Mantovani, M.A. Cassatella, C. Costantini, and S. Jaillon Neutrophils in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity Nat Rev Immunol 11 2011 519 531
43. F. Granata, A. Frattini, S. Loffredo, and et al. Production of vascular endothelial growth factors from human lung macrophages induced by group IIA and group X secreted phospholipases A2 J Immunol 184 2010 5232 5241
44. D. Kerjaschki The crucial role of macrophages in lymphangiogenesis J Clin Invest 115 2005 2316 2319
45. K. Maruyama, M. Ii, C. Cursiefen, and et al. Inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis in the cornea arises from CD11b-positive macrophages J Clin Invest 115 2005 2363 2372
46. M. Gaudry, O. Bregerie, V. Andrieu, J. El Benna, M.A. Pocidalo, and J. Hakim Intracellular pool of vascular endothelial growth factor in human neutrophils Blood 90 1997 4153 4161
47. E. Dumas, C. Martel, P.E. Neagoe, A. Bonnefoy, and M.G. Sirois Angiopoietin-1 but not angiopoietin-2 promotes neutrophil viability: role of interleukin-8 and platelet-activating factor Biochim Biophys Acta 1823 2012 358 367
48. P. Scapini, J.A. Lapinet-Vera, S. Gasperini, F. Calzetti, F. Bazzoni, and M.A. Cassatella The neutrophil as a cellular source of chemokines Immunol Rev 177 2000 195 203
49. A.E. Koch, P.J. Polverini, S.L. Kunkel, and et al. Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis Science 258 1992 1798 1801
50. M. Pelletier, L. Maggi, A. Micheletti, and et al. Evidence for a cross-talk between human neutrophils and Th17 cells Blood 115 2010 335 343
51. A.M. Lin, C.J. Rubin, R. Khandpur, and et al. Mast cells and neutrophils release IL-17 through extracellular trap formation in psoriasis J Immunol 187 2011 490 500
52. M. Takamura, Y. Osuga, G. Izumi, and et al. Interleukin-17A is present in neutrophils in endometrioma and stimulates the secretion of growth-regulated oncogene-alpha (Gro-alpha) from endometrioma stromal cells Fertil Steril 98 2012 1218 1224 e1-e2
53. C.W. Lynde, Y. Poulin, R. Vender, M. Bourcier, and S. Khalil Interleukin 17A: toward a new understanding of psoriasis pathogenesis J Am Acad Dermatol 71 2014 141 150
54. C. Koga, K. Kabashima, N. Shiraishi, M. Kobayashi, and Y. Tokura Possible pathogenic role of Th17 cells for atopic dermatitis J Invest Dermatol 128 2008 2625 2630
55. S. Kagami, H.L. Rizzo, J.J. Lee, Y. Koguchi, and A. Blauvelt Circulating Th17, Th22, and Th1 cells are increased in psoriasis J Invest Dermatol 130 2010 1373 1383
56. H. Karasuyama, and Y. Yamanishi Basophils have emerged as a key player in immunity Curr Opin Immunol 31C 2014 1 7
57. F. Borriello, F. Granata, and G. Marone Basophils and skin disorders J Invest Dermatol 134 2014 1202 1210
58. F. Kern, and L.M. Lichtenstein Defective histamine release in chronic urticaria J Clin Invest 57 1976 1369 1377
59. G. Marone, V. Casolaro, R. Paganelli, and I. Quinti IgG anti-IgE from atopic dermatitis induces mediator release from basophils and mast cells J Invest Dermatol 93 1989 246 252
60. A. de Paulis, G. Valentini, G. Spadaro, S. Lupoli, G. Tirri, and G. Marone Human basophil releasability. VIII. Increased basophil releasability in patients with scleroderma Arthritis Rheum 34 1991 1289 1296
61. N. Charles, D. Hardwick, E. Daugas, G.G. Illei, and J. Rivera Basophils and the T helper 2 environment can promote the development of lupus nephritis Nat Med 16 2010 701 707
62. A. de Paulis, N. Prevete, I. Fiorentino, and et al. Expression and functions of the vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors in human basophils J Immunol 177 2006 7322 7331
63. D. Voskas, Y. Babichev, L.S. Ling, and et al. An eosinophil immune response characterizes the inflammatory skin disease observed in Tie-2 transgenic mice J Leukoc Biol 84 2008 59 67
64. A. Tedeschi, R. Asero, A.V. Marzano, and et al. Plasma levels and skin-eosinophil-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with chronic urticaria Allergy 64 2009 1616 1622
65. I. Puxeddu, A. Alian, A.M. Piliponsky, D. Ribatti, A. Panet, and F. Levi-Schaffer Human peripheral blood eosinophils induce angiogenesis Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37 2005 628 636
66. I. Puxeddu, N. Berkman, D. Ribatti, and et al. Osteopontin is expressed and functional in human eosinophils Allergy 65 2010 168 174
67. A.H. Nissim Ben Efraim, R. Eliashar, and F. Levi-Schaffer Hypoxia modulates human eosinophil function Clin Mol Allergy 8 2010 10
68. J. Folkman Angiogenesis in psoriasis: therapeutic implications J Invest Dermatol 59 1972 40 43
69. I.M. Braverman Ultrastructure and organization of the cutaneous microvasculature in normal and pathologic states J Invest Dermatol 93 1989 2S 9S
70. R. Kunstfeld, S. Hirakawa, Y.K. Hong, and et al. Induction of cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in VEGF-A transgenic mice results in chronic skin inflammation associated with persistent lymphatic hyperplasia Blood 104 2004 1048 1057
71. M. Detmar, L.F. Brown, K.P. Claffey, and et al. Overexpression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in psoriasis J Exp Med 180 1994 1141 1146
72. A. Campanati, G. Goteri, O. Simonetti, and et al. Angiogenesis in psoriatic skin and its modifications after administration of etanercept: videocapillaroscopic, histological and immunohistochemical evaluation Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 22 2009 371 377
73. A. Nofal, I. Al-Makhzangy, E. Attwa, A. Nassar, and A. Abdalmoati Vascular endothelial growth factor in psoriasis: an indicator of disease severity and control J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 23 2009 803 806
74. O. Simonetti, G. Lucarini, A. Campanati, and et al. VEGF, survivin and NOS overexpression in psoriatic skin: critical role of nitric oxide synthases J Dermatol Sci 54 2009 205 208
75. R. Heidenreich, M. Rocken, and K. Ghoreschi Angiogenesis drives psoriasis pathogenesis Int J Exp Pathol 90 2009 232 248
76. I. Kryczek, A.T. Bruce, J.E. Gudjonsson, and et al. Induction of IL-17+ T cell trafficking and development by IFN-gamma: mechanism and pathological relevance in psoriasis J Immunol 181 2008 4733 4741
77. E.G. Harper, C. Guo, H. Rizzo, and et al. Th17 cytokines stimulate CCL20 expression in keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo: implications for psoriasis pathogenesis J Invest Dermatol 129 2009 2175 2183
78. H.S. Young, A.M. Summers, M. Bhushan, P.E. Brenchley, and C.E. Griffiths Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of vascular endothelial growth factor in psoriasis of early onset J Invest Dermatol 122 2004 209 215
79. H.S. Young, A.M. Summers, I.R. Read, and et al. Interaction between genetic control of vascular endothelial growth factor production and retinoid responsiveness in psoriasis J Invest Dermatol 126 2006 453 459
80. Z. Wang, W. Liang, B. Zhang, M. Lv, J. Wang, and L. Zhang Single nucleotide polymorphisms of VEGF gene and Psoriasis risk J Dermatol Sci 49 2008 263 265
81. X.Y. Man, X.H. Yang, S.Q. Cai, Y.G. Yao, and M. Zheng Immunolocalization and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and neuropilins (NRPs) on keratinocytes in human epidermis Mol Med 12 2006 127 136
82. C. Cayrol, and J.P. Girard IL-33: an alarmin cytokine with crucial roles in innate immunity, inflammation and allergy Curr Opin Immunol 31C 2014 31 37
83. T.C. Theoharides, B. Zhang, D. Kempuraj, and et al. IL-33 augments substance P-induced VEGF secretion from human mast cells and is increased in psoriatic skin Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 2010 4448 4453
84. K. Kuroda, A. Sapadin, T. Shoji, R. Fleischmajer, and M. Lebwohl Altered expression of angiopoietins and Tie2 endothelium receptor in psoriasis J Invest Dermatol 116 2001 713 720
85. D. Voskas, N. Jones, P. Van Slyke, and et al. A cyclosporine-sensitive psoriasis-like disease produced in Tie2 transgenic mice Am J Pathol 166 2005 843 855
86. S.C. Liew, E. Das-Gupta, S. Chakravarthi, and et al. Differential expression of the angiogenesis growth factors in psoriasis vulgaris BMC Res Notes 5 2012 201
87. K.E. Kim, C.H. Cho, H.Z. Kim, P. Baluk, D.M. McDonald, and G.Y. Koh In vivo actions of angiopoietins on quiescent and remodeling blood and lymphatic vessels in mouse airways and skin Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27 2007 564 570
88. H. Hvid, I. Teige, P.H. Kvist, L. Svensson, and K. Kemp TPA induction leads to a Th17-like response in transgenic K14/VEGF mice: a novel in vivo screening model of psoriasis Int Immunol 20 2008 1097 1106
89. R. Huggenberger, S. Ullmann, S.T. Proulx, B. Pytowski, K. Alitalo, and M. Detmar Stimulation of lymphangiogenesis via VEGFR-3 inhibits chronic skin inflammation J Exp Med 207 2010 2255 2269
90. R. Huggenberger, S.S. Siddiqui, D. Brander, and et al. An important role of lymphatic vessel activation in limiting acute inflammation Blood 117 2011 4667 4678
91. L.F. Eichenfield, W.L. Tom, S.L. Chamlin, and et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis J Am Acad Dermatol 70 2014 338 351
92. M. Boguniewicz, and D.Y. Leung Atopic dermatitis: a disease of altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation Immunol Rev 242 2011 233 246
93. K. Brockow, C. Akin, M. Huber, L.M. Scott, L.B. Schwartz, and D.D. Metcalfe Levels of mast-cell growth factors in plasma and in suction skin blister fluid in adults with mastocytosis: correlation with dermal mast-cell numbers and mast-cell tryptase J Allergy Clin Immunol 109 2002 82 88
94. Y. Zhang, H. Matsuo, and E. Morita Increased production of vascular endothelial growth factor in the lesions of atopic dermatitis Arch Dermatol Res 297 2006 425 429
95. J.H. Namkung, J.E. Lee, E. Kim, and et al. Single nucleotide polymorphism in the FLT4 gene is associated with atopic dermatitis in Koreans Cytokine 62 2013 110 114
96. M. Zablotna, M. Sobjanek, J. Glen, and et al. Association between the -1154 G/A promoter polymorphism of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene and atopic dermatitis J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 24 2010 91 92
97. A. Detoraki, F. Granata, S. Staibano, F.W. Rossi, G. Marone, and A. Genovese Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in bronchial asthma Allergy 65 2010 946 958
98. J. Cao, N. Papadopoulou, D. Kempuraj, and et al. Human mast cells express corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors and CRH leads to selective secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor J Immunol 174 2005 7665 7675
99. N. Sismanopoulos, D.A. Delivanis, K.D. Alysandratos, and et al. IL-9 induces VEGF secretion from human mast cells and IL-9/IL-9 receptor genes are overexpressed in atopic dermatitis PLoS One 7 2012 e33271
100. A. Genovese, A. Detoraki, F. Granata, M.R. Galdiero, G. Spadaro, and G. Marone Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and atopic dermatitis Chem Immunol Allergy 96 2012 50 60
101. F. Bussolino, E. Giraudo, and G. Serini Class 3 semaphorin in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis Chem Immunol Allergy 99 2014 71 88
102. J. Yamaguchi, F. Nakamura, M. Aihara, and et al. Semaphorin3A alleviates skin lesions and scratching behavior in NC/Nga mice, an atopic dermatitis model J Invest Dermatol 128 2008 2842 2849
103. M.K. Jung, D.Y. Hur, S.B. Song, and et al. Tannic acid and quercetin display a therapeutic effect in atopic dermatitis via suppression of angiogenesis and TARC expression in Nc/Nga mice J Invest Dermatol 130 2010 1459 1463
104. R. Agha-Majzoub, R.P. Becker, D.E. Schraufnagel, and L.S. Chan Angiogenesis: the major abnormality of the keratin-14 IL-4 transgenic mouse model of atopic dermatitis Microcirculation 12 2005 455 476
105. L. Chen, D.J. Marble, R. Agha, and et al. The progression of inflammation parallels the dermal angiogenesis in a keratin 14 IL-4-transgenic model of atopic dermatitis Microcirculation 15 2008 49 64
106. T.R. Berton, D.L. Mitchell, S.M. Fischer, and M.F. Locniskar Epidermal proliferation but not quantity of DNA photodamage is correlated with UV-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis J Invest Dermatol 109 1997 340 347
107. K. Yano, K. Kadoya, K. Kajiya, Y.K. Hong, and M. Detmar Ultraviolet B irradiation of human skin induces an angiogenic switch that is mediated by upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and by downregulation of thrombospondin-1 Br J Dermatol 152 2005 115 121
108. B. Jimenez, O.V. Volpert, S.E. Crawford, M. Febbraio, R.L. Silverstein, and N. Bouck Signals leading to apoptosis-dependent inhibition of neovascularization by thrombospondin-1 Nat Med 6 2000 41 48
109. K. Kajiya, and M. Detmar An important role of lymphatic vessels in the control of UVB-induced edema formation and inflammation J Invest Dermatol 126 2006 919 921
110. K. Kajiya, S. Hirakawa, and M. Detmar Vascular endothelial growth factor-A mediates ultraviolet B-induced impairment of lymphatic vessel function Am J Pathol 169 2006 1496 1503
111. K. Kajiya, M. Sawane, R. Huggenberger, and M. Detmar Activation of the VEGFR-3 pathway by VEGF-C attenuates UVB-induced edema formation and skin inflammation by promoting lymphangiogenesis J Invest Dermatol 129 2009 1292 1298
112. J.A. Bernstein, D.M. Lang, D.A. Khan, and et al. The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update J Allergy Clin Immunol 133 2014 1270 1277
113. A.P. Kaplan, Z. Horakova, and S.I. Katz Assessment of tissue fluid histamine levels in patients with urticaria J Allergy Clin Immunol 61 1978 350 354
114. A.H. Nissim Ben Efraim, and F. Levi-Schaffer Roles of eosinophils in the modulation of angiogenesis Chem Immunol Allergy 99 2014 138 154
115. F. Bossi, B. Frossi, O. Radillo, and et al. Mast cells are critically involved in serum-mediated vascular leakage in chronic urticaria beyond high-affinity IgE receptor stimulation Allergy 66 2011 1538 1545
116. A.B. Kay, S. Ying, E. Ardelean, and et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and vascular endothelial growth factor are expressed in lesional but not uninvolved skin in chronic spontaneous urticaria Clin Exp Allergy 44 2014 1053 1060
117. L.C. Parish Hereditary angioedema: diagnosis and management-a perspective for the dermatologist J Am Acad Dermatol 65 2011 843 850
118. E. Terzuoli, S. Meini, P. Cucchi, and et al. Antagonism of bradykinin B2 receptor prevents inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells by quenching the NF-kB pathway activation PLoS One 9 2014 e84358
119. M. Cicardi, W. Aberer, A. Banerji, and et al. Classification, diagnosis, and approach to treatment for angioedema: consensus report from the Hereditary Angioedema International Working Group Allergy 69 2014 602 616
120. C. Oschatz, C. Maas, B. Lecher, and et al. Mast cells increase vascular permeability by heparin-initiated bradykinin formation in vivo Immunity 34 2011 258 268
121. A.P. Kaplan, and M. Greaves Pathogenesis of chronic urticaria Clin Exp Allergy 39 2009 777 787
122. M.S. Moraes, P.E. Costa, W.L. Batista, and et al. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) activates the NO-epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated signaling pathway in bradykinin-stimulated angiogenesis Arch Biochem Biophys 558 2014 14 27
123. A. Gabrielli, E.V. Avvedimento, and T. Krieg Scleroderma N Engl J Med 360 2009 1989 2003
124. Z. Mackiewicz, A. Sukura, D. Povilenaite, and et al. Increased but imbalanced expression of VEGF and its receptors has no positive effect on angiogenesis in systemic sclerosis skin Clin Exp Rheumatol 20 2002 641 646
125. J.J. Choi, D.J. Min, M.L. Cho, and et al. Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor in systemic sclerosis J Rheumatol 30 2003 1529 1533
126. O. Distler, J.H. Distler, A. Scheid, and et al. Uncontrolled expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors leads to insufficient skin angiogenesis in patients with systemic sclerosis Circ Res 95 2004 109 116
127. H. Watanabe, A.J. Mamelak, B. Wang, and et al. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (Flk-1/KDR) antibody suppresses contact hypersensitivity Exp Dermatol 13 2004 671 681
128. A. Yamamoto, H. Watanabe, H. Sueki, T. Nakanishi, H. Yasuhara, and M. Iijima Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK787/ZK 222584 inhibits both the induction and elicitation phases of contact hypersensitivity J Dermatol 34 2007 419 429
129. C. Halin, H. Fahrngruber, J.G. Meingassner, and et al. Inhibition of chronic and acute skin inflammation by treatment with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Am J Pathol 173 2008 265 277
130. A. Akman, E. Yilmaz, H. Mutlu, and M. Ozdogan Complete remission of psoriasis following bevacizumab therapy for colon cancer Clin Exp Dermatol 34 2009 e202 e204
131. J.R. Zibert, K. Wallbrecht, M. Schon, and et al. Halting angiogenesis by non-viral somatic gene therapy alleviates psoriasis and murine psoriasiform skin lesions J Clin Invest 121 2011 410 421
132. K.A. Papp, C. Leonardi, A. Menter, and et al. Brodalumab, an anti-interleukin-17-receptor antibody for psoriasis N Engl J Med 366 2012 1181 1189
133. C. Leonardi, R. Matheson, C. Zachariae, and et al. Anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody ixekizumab in chronic plaque psoriasis N Engl J Med 366 2012 1190 1199
134. Y. Suarez, and W.C. Sessa MicroRNAs as novel regulators of angiogenesis Circ Res 104 2009 442 454
135. S. Anand, B.K. Majeti, L.M. Acevedo, and et al. MicroRNA-132-mediated loss of p120RasGAP activates the endothelium to facilitate pathological angiogenesis Nat Med 16 2010 909 914
136. A. de Paulis, N. Prevete, F.W. Rossi, and et al. Helicobacter pylori Hp(2-20) promotes migration and proliferation of gastric epithelial cells by interacting with formyl peptide receptors in vitro and accelerates gastric mucosal healing in vivo J Immunol 183 2009 3761 3769
137. Prevete N, Liotti F, Visciano C, Marone G, Melillo RM, de Paulis A. The formyl peptide receptor 1 exerts a tumor suppressor function in human gastric cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis. Oncogene. doi: 10.1038/onc.2014.309. Published online September 29, 2014.
138. th Symposium of the Collegium Internationale Allergologicum; September 13-18, 2014; Petersberg, Germany.
139. S.C. Oliveira Sampaio, C.J.S. de Monteiro, M.C. Cangussu, and et al. Effect of laser and LED phototherapies on the healing of cutaneous wound on healthy and iron-deficient Wistar rats and their impact on fibroblastic activity during wound healing Lasers Med Sci 28 2013 799 806
140. J. Feng, Y. Zhang, and D. Xing Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes VEGF expression and vascular endothelial cell proliferation through the activation of ERK/Sp1 pathway Cell Signal 24 2012 1116 1125
141. A.P. de Sousa, G.M. Paraguassu, N.T. Silveira, and et al. Laser and LED phototherapies on angiogenesis Lasers Med Sci 28 2013 981 987
142. V. Cury, A.I. Moretti, L. Assis, and et al. Low level laser therapy increases angiogenesis in a model of ischemic skin flap in rats mediated by VEGF, HIF-1alpha and MMP-2 J Photochem Photobiol B 125 2013 164 170
143. S. Loffredo, R.I. Staiano, F. Granata, A. Genovese, and G. Marone Immune cells as a source and target of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors Chem Immunol Allergy 99 2014 15 36
144. Y.W. Kim, and T.V. Byzova Oxidative stress in angiogenesis and vascular disease Blood 123 2014 625 631
145. A. Albini, G. Pennesi, F. Donatelli, R. Cammarota, S. De Flora, and D.M. Noonan Cardiotoxicity of anticancer drugs: the need for cardio-oncology and cardio-oncological prevention J Natl Cancer Inst 102 2010 14 25
146. R.M. Steingart, G.L. Bakris, H.X. Chen, and et al. Management of cardiac toxicity in patients receiving vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway inhibitors Am Heart J 163 2012 156 163
147. S.M. Bair, T.K. Choueiri, and J. Moslehi Cardiovascular complications associated with novel angiogenesis inhibitors: emerging evidence and evolving perspectives Trends Cardiovasc Med 23 2013 104 113