Early childhood obesity prevention policies

Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-190

  Birch, Leann L ^a   Parker, Lynn ^b   Burns, Annina ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85014300630     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.17226/13124     Document Type: Book

References (499)

1. AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). 2005. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 115(2):496-506.
2. AAP, APHA (American Public Health Association), and National Resource Center for Health Safety in Child Care and Early Education. 2010. Preventing Childhood Obesity in Early Care and Education Programs: Selected Standards from Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards. Aurora, CO: NRC.
3. Baker, E. A., M. Schootman, E. Barnidge, and C. Kelly. 2006. The role of race and poverty in access to foods that enable individuals to adhere to dietary guidelines. Preventing Chronic Disease [electronic resource] 3(3).
4. Birch, L. L., and S. L. Anzman. 2010. Learning to eat in an obesogenic environment: A developmental systems perspective on childhood obesity. Child Development Perspectives 4(2):138-143.
5. Black, J. L., and J. Macinko. 2008. Neighborhoods and obesity. Nutrition Reviews 66(1):2-20.
6. Black, M. M., and F. E. Aboud. 2011. Responsive feeding is embedded in a theoretical framework of responsive parenting. Journal of Nutrition 141(3):490-494.
7. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2011. CDC grand rounds: Childhood obesity in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 60(2):42-46.
8. Christakis, D. A., and M. M. Garrison. 2009. Preschool-aged children's television viewing in child care settings. Pediatrics 124(6):1627-1632.
9. Copeland, K. A., S. N. Sherman, J. C. Khoury, K. E. Foster, B. E. Saelens, and H. J. Kalkwarf. 2011. Wide variability in physical activity environments and weather-related outdoor play policies in child care centers within a single County of Ohio. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 165(5):435-442.
10. Ding, D., J. F. Sallis, G. J. Norman, B. E. Saelens, S. K. Harris, J. Kerr, D. Rosenberg, N. Durant, and K. Glanz. In press. Community food environment, home food environment, and fruit and vegetable intake of children and adolescents. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior.
11. Eshel, N., B. Daelmans, M. C. D. Mello, and J. Martines. 2006. Responsive parenting: Interventions and outcomes. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 84:991-998.
12. Fox, M. K., E. Condon, R. R. Briefel, K. C. Reidy, and D. M. Deming. 2010. Food consumption patterns of young preschoolers: Are they starting off on the right path? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(12):S52-S59.
13. Freedman, D. S., L. K. Khan, M. K. Serdula, W. H. Dietz, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. S. Berenson. 2005. The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 115(1):22-27.
14. Gluckman, P. D., M. A. Hanson, C. Cooper, and K. L. Thornburg. 2008. Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. New England Journal of Medicine 359(1):61-73.
15. Goodell, L. S., D. B. Wakefield, and A. M. Ferris. 2009. Rapid weight gain during the first year of life predicts obesity in 2-3 year olds from a low-income, minority population. Journal of Community Health 34(5):370-375.
16. Guendelman, S., J. L. Kosa, M. Pearl, S. Graham, J. Goodman, and M. Kharrazi. 2009. Juggling work and breastfeeding: Effects of maternity leave and occupational characteristics. Pediatrics 123(1):e38-e46.
17. HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2010. Healthy People 2020. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=33 (accessed June 11, 2011).
18. HHS. 2011. What Is Cultural Competency? http://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2&lvlID=11 (accessed March 22, 2011).
19. Iglowstein, I., O. G. Jenni, L. Molinari, and R. H. Largo. 2003. Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: Reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics 111(2):302-307.
20. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
21. IOM and NRC (National Research Council). 2009. Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
22. Kelly, L. E., and B. J. Patterson. 2006. Childhood nutrition: Perceptions of caretakers in a low-income urban setting. The Journal of School Nursing: The Official Publication of the National Association of School Nurses 22(6):345-351.
23. Kimbro, R. T. 2006. On-the-job moms: Work and breastfeeding initiation and duration for a sample of low-income women. Maternal and Child Health Journal 10(1):19-26.
24. Kumanyika, S., and S. Grier. 2006. Targeting interventions for ethnic minority and lowincome populations. Future of Children 16(1):187-207.
25. Larson, N. I., M. T. Story, and M. C. Nelson. 2009. Neighborhood environments. Disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36(1).
26. Lovasi, G. S., M. A. Hutson, M. Guerra, and K. M. Neckerman. 2009. Built environments and obesity in disadvantaged populations. Epidemiologic Reviews 31(1):7-20.
27. Morland, K., S. Wing, A. Diez Roux, and C. Poole. 2002. Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 22(1):23-29.
28. Morland, K., A. V. Diez Roux, and S. Wing. 2006. Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30(4):333-339.
29. NASPE (National Association for Sport and Physical Education). 2009. Active Start: A Statement of Physical Activity Guidelines for Children Birth to Five Years. Reston, VA: NASPE Publications.
30. National Association for Regulatory Administration. 2011. Strong Licensing: The Foundation for a Quality Early Care and Education System. http://naralicensing.org/Strong_Licensing (accessed June 10, 2011).
31. National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education. 2011. Achieving a State of Healthy Weight: A National Assessment of Obesity Prevention Terminology in Child Care Regulations 2010. Aurora, CO: National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education.
32. NRC (National Resource Council) and IOM. 2000. From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
33. Ogden, C. L., M. D. Carroll, and K. M. Flegal. 2008. High body mass index for age among U.S. children and adolescents, 2003-2006. Journal of the American Medical Association 299(20):2401-2405.
34. Ogden, C. L., M. D. Carroll, L. R. Curtin, M. M. Lamb, and K. M. Flegal. 2010. Prevalence of high body mass index in U.S. children and adolescents, 2007-2008. Journal of the American Medical Association 303(3):242-249.
35. Omar, M. A., G. Coleman, and S. Hoerr. 2001. Healthy eating for rural low-income toddlers: Caregivers' perceptions. Journal of Community Health Nursing 18(2):93-106.
36. Ong, K. K., P. Emmett, K. Northstone, J. Golding, I. Rogers, A. R. Ness, J. C. Wells, and D. B. Dunger. 2009. Infancy weight gain predicts childhood body fat and age at menarche in girls. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94(5):1527-1532.
37. Perrin, J. M., S. R. Bloom, and S. L. Gortmaker. 2007. The increase of childhood chronic conditions in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 297(24):2755-2759.
38. Powell, L. M., M. C. Auld, F. J. Chaloupka, P. M. O'Malley, and L. D. Johnston. 2007. Associations between access to food stores and adolescent body mass index. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 33(Suppl. 4):S301-S307.
39. Reedy, J., and S. M. Krebs-Smith. 2010. Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(10):1477-1484.
40. Rojjanasrirat, W., and V. D. Sousa. 2010. Perceptions of breastfeeding and planned return to work or school among low-income pregnant women in the USA. Journal of Clinical Nursing 19(13-14):2014-2022.
41. Siega-Riz, A. M., D. M. Deming, K. C. Reidy, M. K. Fox, E. Condon, and R. R. Briefel. 2010. Food consumption patterns of infants and toddlers: Where are we now? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(12):S38-S51.
42. Slusser, W., M. Prelip, J. Kinsler, J. T. Erausquin, C. Thai, and C. Neumann. 2011. Challenges to parent nutrition education: A qualitative study of parents of urban children attending low-income schools. Public Health Nutrition 1-9.
43. Stettler, N., S. K. Kumanyika, S. H. Katz, B. S. Zemel, and V. A. Stallings. 2003. Rapid weight gain during infancy and obesity in young adulthood in a cohort of African Americans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77(6):1374-1378.
44. Trost, S. G., D. S. Ward, and M. Senso. 2010. Effects of child care policy and environment on physical activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 42(3):520-525.
45. Yancey, A. K., B. L. Cole, R. Brown, J. D. Williams, A. Hillier, R. S. Kline, M. Ashe, S. A. Grier, D. Backman, and W. J. McCarthy. 2009. A cross-sectional prevalence study of ethnically targeted and general audience outdoor obesity-related advertising. The Milbank Quarterly 87(1).
46. Zenk, S. N., and L. M. Powell. 2008. US secondary schools and food outlets. Health and Place 14(2):336-346.
47. Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., C. L. Hart, A. McConnachie, M. N. Upton, M. E. J. Lean, and G. C. M. Watt. 2008. Contribution of midparental BMI and other determinants of obesity in adult offspring. Obesity 16(6):1388-1393.
48. American Diabetes Association. 2004. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 27(90001):S88-S90.
49. Artal, R., R. B. Catanzaro, J. A. Gavard, D. J. Mostello, and J. C. Friganza. 2007. A lifestyle intervention of weight-gain restriction: Diet and exercise in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32(3):596-601.
50. Baird, J., D. Fisher, P. Lucas, J. Kleijnen, H. Roberts, and C. Law. 2005. Being big or growing fast: Systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity. British Medical Journal 331(7522):929-931.
51. Baughcum, A. E., K. A. Burklow, C. M. Deeks, S. W. Powers, and R. C. Whitaker. 1998. Maternal feeding practices and childhood obesity: A focus group study of low-income mothers. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 152(10):1010-1014.
52. Baughcum, A. E., L. A. Chamberlin, C. M. Deeks, S. W. Powers, and R. C. Whitaker. 2000. Maternal perceptions of overweight preschool children. Pediatrics 106(6):1380-1386.
53. Belfort, M. B., S. L. Rifas-Shiman, J. W. Rich-Edwards, K. P. Kleinman, E. Oken, and M. W. Gillman. 2008. Infant growth and child cognition at 3 years of age. Pediatrics 122(3):e689-695.
54. Benson, L., H. J. Baer, and D. C. Kaelber. 2009. Trends in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: 1999-2007. Pediatrics 123(1).
55. Bo, S., G. Menato, A. Lezo, A. Signorile, C. Bardelli, F. De Michieli, M. Massobrio, and G. Pagano. 2001. Dietary fat and gestational hyperglycaemia. Diabetologia 44(8):972-978.
56. Casey, P. H., L. Whiteside-Mansell, K. Barrett, R. H. Bradley, and R. Gargus. 2006. Impact of prenatal and/or postnatal growth problems in low birth weight preterm infants on school-age outcomes: An 8-year longitudinal evaluation. Pediatrics 118(3):1078-1086.
57. Catalano, P. M. 2007. Management of obesity in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology 109(2 Part 1):419-433.
58. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2010. Growth Charts.http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/ (accessed March 11, 2011).
59. Chen, H., and M. J. Morris. 2007. Maternal smoking-a contributor to the obesity epidemic? Obesity Research and Clinical Practice 1(3):155-163.
60. Chu, S. Y., D. J. Bachman, W. M. Callaghan, E. P. Whitlock, P. M. Dietz, C. J. Berg, M. O'Keeffe-Rosetti, F. C. Bruce, and M. C. Hornbrook. 2008. Association between obesity during pregnancy and increased use of health care. New England Journal of Medicine 358(14):1444-1453.
61. Chu, S. Y., S. Y. Kim, and C. L. Bish. 2009. Prepregnancy obesity prevalence in the United States, 2004-2005. Maternal and Child Health Journal 13(5):614-620.
62. Crowther, C. A., J. E. Hiller, J. R. Moss, A. J. McPhee, W. S. Jeffries, and J. S. Robinson. 2005. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine 352(24):2477-2486.
63. Dabelea, D., R. L. Hanson, R. S. Lindsay, D. J. Pettitt, G. Imperatore, M. M. Gabir, J. Roumain, P. H. Bennett, and W. C. Knowler. 2000. Intrauterine exposure to diabetes conveys risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity: A study of discordant sibships. Diabetes 49(12):2208-2211.
64. Dabelea, D., J. K. Snell-Bergeon, C. L. Hartsfield, K. J. Bischoff, R. F. Hamman, and R. S. McDuffie. 2005. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) over time and by birth cohort: Kaiser Permanente of Colorado GDM screening program. Diabetes Care 28(3):579-584.
65. de Onis, M., C. Garza, C. G. Victora, A. W. Onyango, E. A. Frongillo, and J. Martines. 2004. The WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study: Planning, study design, and methodology. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 25(1 Suppl. 1).
66. Dennison, B. A., L. S. Edmunds, H. H. Stratton, and R. M. Pruzek. 2006. Rapid infant weight gain predicts childhood overweight. Obesity 14(3):491-499.
67. Dodd, J. M., C. A. Crowther, and J. S. Robinson. 2008. Dietary and lifestyle interventions to limit weight gain during pregnancy for obese or overweight women: A systematic review. Scandinavian Association of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 87(7):702-706.
68. Ehrenkranz R. A., A. M. Dusick, B. R. Vohr, L. L. Wright, L. A. Wrage, and W. K. Poole. 2006. Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 117(4):1253-1261.
69. England, L., and J. Zhang. 2007. Smoking and risk of preeclampsia: A systematic review. Frontiers in Bioscience: A Journal and Virtual Library 12:2471-2483.
70. Fraser, A., K. Tilling, C. MacDonald-Wallis, N. Sattar, M. J. Brion, L. Benfield, A. Ness, J. Deanfield, A. Hingorani, S. M. Nelson, G. D. Smith, and D. A. Lawlor. 2010. Association of maternal weight gain in pregnancy with offspring obesity and metabolic and vascular traits in childhood. Circulation 121(23):2557-2564.
71. Freedman, D. S., L. K. Khan, M. K. Serdula, W. H. Dietz, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. S. Berenson. 2005. The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 115(1):22-27.
72. Gillman, M. W. 2010. Early infancy as a critical period for development of obesity and related conditions. In Importance of Growth for Health and Development, Vol. 65, edited by A. Lucas, M. Makrides, and E. Ziegler. Boston, MA: Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop. Pp. 13-24.
73. Gillman, M. W., S. Rifas-Shiman, C. S. Berkey, A. E. Field, and G. A. Colditz. 2003. Maternal gestational diabetes, birth weight, and adolescent obesity. Pediatrics 111(3).
74. Gillman, M. W., S. L. Rifas-Shiman, K. Kleinman, E. Oken, J. W. Rich-Edwards, and E. M. Taveras. 2008. Developmental origins of childhood overweight: Potential public health impact. Obesity 16(7):1651-1656.
75. Grummer-Strawn, L. M., C. Reinold, and N. F. Krebs. 2010. Use of World Health Organization and CDC growth charts for children aged 0-59 months in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59(RR-9):1-14.
76. Gunderson, E. P. 2007. Breastfeeding after gestational diabetes pregnancy: Subsequent obesity and type 2 diabetes in women and their offspring. Diabetes Care 30(Suppl. 2).
77. Heslehurst, N., H. Simpson, L. J. Ells, J. Rankin, J. Wilkinson, R. Lang, T. J. Brown, and C. D. Summerbell. 2008. The impact of maternal BMI status on pregnancy outcomes with immediate short-term obstetric resource implications: A meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews 9(6):635-683.
78. Hillman, J. B., S. D. Corathers, and S. E. Wilson. 2009. Pediatricians and screening for obesity with body mass index: Does level of training matter? Public Health Reports 124(4):561-567.
79. Huang, J. S., K. Becerra, T. Oda, E. Walker, R. Xu, M. Donohue, I. Chena, V. Curbelo, and A. Breslow. 2007. Parental ability to discriminate the weight status of children: Results of a survey. Pediatrics 120(1).
80. Huang, J. S., M. Donohue, G. Golnari, S. Fernandez, E. Walker-Gallego, K. Galvan, C. Briones, J. Tamai, and K. Becerra. 2009. Pediatricians' weight assessment and obesity management practices. BMC Pediatrics 9(1).
81. Hui, L. L., C. M. Schooling, S. S. L. Leung, K. H. Mak, L. M. Ho, T. H. Lam, and G. M. Leung. 2008. Birth weight, infant growth, and childhood body mass index: Hong Kong's children of 1997 birth cohort. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 162(3):212-218.
82. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2009. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
83. Jansen, W., and J. Brug. 2006. Parents often do not recognize overweight in their child, regardless of their socio-demographic background. European Journal of Public Health 16(6):645-647.
84. Jelalian, E., J. Boergers, C. S. Alday, and R. Frank. 2003. Survey of physician attitudes and practices related to pediatric obesity. Clinical Pediatrics 42(3):235-245.
85. Jimenez-Cruz, A., M. Bacardi-Gascon, O. Castillo-Ruiz, Z. Mandujano-Trujillo, and A. Pichardo-Osuna. 2010. Low income, Mexican mothers' perception of their infants' weight status and beliefs about their foods and physical activity. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 41(5):490-500.
86. Kinnunen, T. I., M. Pasanen, M. Aittasalo, M. Fogelholm, L. Hilakivi-Clarke, E. Weiderpass, and R. Luoto. 2007. Preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy-a controlled trial in primary health care. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61(7):884-891.
87. Klein, J. D., T. S. Sesselberg, M. S. Johnson, K. G. O'Connor, S. Cook, M. Coon, C. Homer, N. Krebs, and R. Washington. 2010. Adoption of body mass index guidelines for screening and counseling in pediatric practice. Pediatrics 125(2):265-272.
88. Kuhlmann, A. K., P. M. Dietz, C. Galavotti, and L. J. England. 2008. Weight-management interventions for pregnant or postpartum women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34(6):523-528.
89. Levin, B. E. 2000. Metabolic imprinting on genetically predisposed neural circuits perpetuates obesity. Nutrition 16(10):909-915.
90. Li, R., S. Jewell, and L. Grummer-Strawn. 2003. Maternal obesity and breast-feeding practices. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77(4):931-936.
91. Lightfoot, C., M. Cole, and S. R. Cole. 2009. The Development of Children, 6th ed. New York: Worth Publishers.
92. Maffeis, C., G. Talamini, and L. Tatò. 1998. Influence of diet, physical activity and parents' obesity on children's adiposity: A four-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Obesity 22(8):758-764.
93. Manios, Y., G. Moschonis, E. Grammatikaki, A. Anastasiadou, and T. Liarigkovinos. 2010. Determinants of childhood obesity and association with maternal perceptions of their children's weight status: The "genesis" study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(10):1527-1531.
94. Margerison Zilko, C. E., D. Rehkopf, and B. Abrams. 2010. Association of maternal gestational weight gain with short- and long-term maternal and child health outcomes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202(6).
95. McLearn, K. T., B. S. Zuckerman, S. Parker, M. Yellowitz, and M. Kaplan-Sanoff. 1998. Child development and pediatrics for the 21st century: The healthy steps approach. Journal of Urban Health 75(4):704-723.
96. Monteiro, P. O. A., and C. G. Victora. 2005. Rapid growth in infancy and childhood and obesity in later life-a systematic review. Obesity Reviews 6(2):143-154.
97. Moseley, K. L., G. L. Freed, and S. D. Goold. 2011. Which sources of child health advice do parents follow? Clinical Pediatrics 50(1):50-56.
98. Oken, E. 2009. Maternal and child obesity: The causal link. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 36(2):361-377.
99. Oken, E., S. Y. Huh, E. M. Taveras, J. W. Rich-Edwards, and M. W. Gillman. 2005. Associations of maternal prenatal smoking with child adiposity and blood pressure. Obesity Research 13(11):2021-2028.
100. Oken, E., E. M. Taveras, K. P. Kleinman, J. W. Rich-Edwards, and M. W. Gillman. 2007. Gestational weight gain and child adiposity at age 3 years. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 196(4).
101. Oken, E., E. B. Levitan, and M. W. Gillman. 2008. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: Systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity 32(2):201-210.
102. Oken, E., K. P. Kleinman, M. B. Belfort, J. K. Hammitt, and M. W. Gillman. 2009. Associations of gestational weight gain with short- and longer-term maternal and child health outcomes. American Journal of Epidemiology 170(2):173-180.
103. Oliveria, S. A., R. C. Ellison, L. L. Moore, M. W. Gillman, E. J. Garrahie, and M. R. Singer. 1992. Parent-child relationships in nutrient intake: The Framingham Children's Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(3):593-598.
104. Olson, C. M., M. S. Strawderman, and R. G. Reed. 2004. Efficacy of an intervention to prevent excessive gestational weight gain. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 191(2):530-536.
105. Olson, C. M., M. S. Strawderman, and B. A. Dennison. 2009. Maternal weight gain during pregnancy and child weight at age 3 years. Maternal and Child Health Journal 13(6):839-846.
106. Patel, A. I., K. A. Madsen, J. H. Maselli, M. D. Cabana, R. S. Stafford, and A. L. Hersh. 2010. Underdiagnosis of pediatric obesity during outpatient preventive care visits. Academic Pediatrics 10(6):405-409.
107. Polley, B. A., R. R. Wing, and C. J. Sims. 2002. Randomized controlled trial to prevent excessive weight gain in pregnant women. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26(11):1494-1502.
108. Pomietto, M., A. D. Docter, N. Van Borkulo, L. Alfonsi, J. Krieger, and L. L. Liu. 2009. Small steps to health: Building sustainable partnerships in pediatric obesity care. Pediatrics 123(Suppl. 5):S308-S316.
109. Power, C., and B. J. M. H. Jefferis. 2002. Fetal environment and subsequent obesity: A study of maternal smoking. International Journal of Epidemiology 31(2):413-419.
110. Radesky, J. S., E. Oken, S. L. Rifas-Shiman, K. P. Kleinman, J. W. Rich-Edwards, and M. W. Gillman. 2008. Diet during early pregnancy and development of gestational diabetes. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 22(1):47-59.
111. Salihu, H. M., and R. E. Wilson. 2007. Epidemiology of prenatal smoking and perinatal outcomes. Early Human Development 83(11):713-720.
112. Sesselberg, T. S., J. D. Klein, K. G. O'Connor, and M. S. Johnson. 2010. Screening and counseling for childhood obesity: Results from a national survey. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 23(3):334-342.
113. Silverman, B. L., T. Rizzo, O. C. Green, N. H. Cho, R. J. Winter, E. S. Ogata, G. E. Richards, and B. E. Metzger. 1991. Long-term prospective evaluation of offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes 40(Suppl. 2):121-125.
114. Silverman, B. L., B. E. Metzger, N. H. Cho, C. A. Loeb. 1995. Impaired glucose tolerance in adolescent offspring of diabetic mothers. Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism. Diabetes Care 18:611-617.
115. Stettler, N., B. S. Zemel, S. Kumanyika, and V. A. Stallings. 2002. Infant weight gain and childhood overweight status in a multicenter, cohort study. Pediatrics 109(2I):194-199.
116. Stuebe, A. M., J. W. Rich-Edwards, W. C. Willett, J. E. Manson, and K. B. Michels. 2005. Duration of lactation and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American Medical Association 294(20):2601-2610.
117. Stuebe, A. M., M. R. Forman, and K. B. Michels. 2009. Maternal-recalled gestational weight gain, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and obesity in the daughter. International Journal of Obesity 33(7):743-752.
118. Taveras, E. M., S. L. Rifas-Shiman, K. S. Scanlon, L. M. Grummer-Strawn, B. Sherry, and M. W. Gillman. 2006. To what extent is the protective effect of breastfeeding on future overweight explained by decreased maternal feeding restriction? Pediatrics 118(6):2341-2348.
119. Taveras, E. M., S. L. Rifas-Shiman, E. Oken, E. P. Gunderson, and M. W. Gillman. 2008. Short sleep duration in infancy and risk of childhood overweight. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 162(4):305-311.
120. Taveras, E. M., S. L. Rifas-Shiman, M. B. Belfort, K. P. Kleinman, E. Oken, and M. W. Gillman. 2009. Weight status in the first 6 months of life and obesity at 3 years of age. Pediatrics 123(4):1177-1183.
121. Taveras, E. M., S. L. Rifas-Shiman, B. Sherry, E. Oken, J. Haines, K. P. Kleinman, J. W. Rich-Edwards, and M. W. Gillman. In press. Crossing growth percentiles in infancy and risk of obesity in childhood. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine.
122. Vickers, M. H., C. L. Cupido, and P. D. Gluckman. 2007. Developmental programming of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 18(1):1-23.
123. Viswanathan, M., A. M. Siega-Riz, M. K. Moos, A. Deierlein, S. Mumford, J. Knaack, P. Thieda, L. J. Lux, and K. N. Lohr. 2008. Outcomes of maternal weight gain. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment 168:1-223.
124. Vohr, B. R., L. P. Lipsitt, and W. Oh. 1980. Somatic growth of children of diabetic mothers with reference to birth size. Journal of Pediatrics 97(2):196-199.
125. Von Kries, R., A. M. Toschke, B. Koletzko, and W. Slikker, Jr. 2002. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity. American Journal of Epidemiology 156(10):954-961.
126. Whitaker, R. C. 2004. Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: The role of maternal obesity in early pregnancy. Pediatrics 114(1).
127. Whitaker, R. C., and W. H. Dietz. 1998. Role of the prenatal environment in the development of obesity. Journal of Pediatrics 132(5):768-776.
128. Whitaker, R. C., J. A. Wright, M. S. Pepe, K. D. Seidel, and W. H. Dietz. 1997. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 337(13):869-873.
129. Whitaker, R. C., M. S. Pepe, K. D. Seidel, J. A. Wright, and R. H. Knopp. 1998. Gestational diabetes and the risk of offspring obesity. Pediatrics 101(2).
130. Williams, S. 2001. Overweight at age 21: The association with body mass index in childhood and adolescence and parents' body mass index. A cohort study of New Zealanders born in 1972-1973. International Journal of Obesity 25(2):158-163.
131. Wolff, S., J. Legarth, K. Vangsgaard, S. Toubro, and A. Astrup. 2008. A randomized trial of the effects of dietary counseling on gestational weight gain and glucose metabolism in obese pregnant women. International Journal of Obesity 32(3):495-501.
132. Wright, C. S., S. L. Rifas-Shiman, J. W. Rich-Edwards, E. M. Taveras, M. W. Gillman, and E. Oken. 2009. Intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes, child adiposity, and blood pressure. American Journal of Hypertension 22(2):215-220.
133. Wrotniak, B. H., J. Shults, S. Butts, and N. Stettler. 2008. Gestational weight gain and risk of overweight in the offspring at age 7 y in a multicenter, multiethnic cohort study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87(6):1818-1824.
134. Yeh, J., and J. A. Shelton. 2005. Increasing prepregnancy body mass index: Analysis of trends and contributing variables. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 193(6):1994-1998.
135. AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). 2009. The built environment: Designing communities to promote physical activity in children. Pediatrics 123:1591-1598.
136. AAP, APHA (American Public Health Association), and National Resource Center for Health Safety in Child Care and Early Education. 2002. Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards; Guidelines for Out-of-Home Child Care Programs, 2nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: AAP and Washington, DC: APHA.
137. AAP, APHA, and National Resource Center for Health Safety in Child Care and Early Education. 2010. Preventing Childhood Obesity in Early Care and Education.http://nrckids.org/CFOC3/PDFVersion/preventing_obesity.pdf (accessed October 22, 2010).
138. Abbott, A. L., and D. J. Bartlett. 2001. Infant motor development and equipment use in the home. Child: Care, Health and Development 27(3):295-306.
139. Alhassan, S., J. R. Sirard, and T. N. Robinson. 2007. The effects of increasing outdoor play time on physical activity in Latino preschool children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2(3):153-158.
140. Benjamin, S. E. 2010. Preventing Obesity in the Child Care Setting: Evaluating State Regulations. http://cfm.mc.duke.edu/wysiwyg/downloads/State_Report-NC.pdf (accessed October 22, 2010).
141. Benjamin, S. E., A. Ammerman, J. Sommers, J. Dodds, B. Neelon, and D. S. Ward. 2007. Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (NAP SACC): Results from a pilot intervention. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 39(3):142-149.
142. Berntsen, S., P. Mowinckel, K. H. Carlsen, K. C. Lødrup Carlsen, M. L. Pollestad Kolsgaard, G. Joner, and S. A. Anderssen. 2010. Obese children playing towards an active lifestyle. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 5(1):64-71.
143. Bialocerkowski, A. E., S. L. Vladusic, and C. Wei Ng. 2008. Prevalence, risk factors, and natural history of positional plagiocephaly: A systematic review. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 50(8):577-586.
144. Black, H. 2009. Back sleeping can flatten babies' heads. Nursing New Zealand (Wellington, N.Z.: 1995) 15(8):4.
145. Boldemann, C., M. Blennow, H. Dal, F. Martensson, A. Raustorp, K. Yuen, and U. Wester. 2006. Impact of preschool environment upon children's physical activity and sun exposure. Preventive Medicine 42(4):301-308.
146. Bower, J. K., D. P. Hales, D. F. Tate, D. A. Rubin, S. E. Benjamin, and D. S. Ward. 2008. The childcare environment and children's physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34(1):23-29.
147. Brown, W. H., K. A. Pfeiffer, K. L. McIver, M. Dowda, M. J. C. A. Almeida, and R. R. Pate. 2006. Assessing preschool children's physical activity: The observational system for recording physical activity in children-preschool version. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 77(2):167-176.
148. Brown, W. H., K. A. Pfeiffer, K. L. McIver, M. Dowda, C. L. Addy, and R. R. Pate. 2009. Social and environmental factors associated with preschoolers' nonsedentary physical activity. Child Development 80(1):45-58.
149. Burdette, H. L., and R. C. Whitaker. 2005. Resurrecting free play in young children: Looking beyond fitness and fatness to attention, affiliation, and affect. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 159(1):46-50.
150. Bushnell, E. W., and J. P. Boudreau. 1993. Motor development and the mind: The potential role of motor abilities as a determinant of aspects of perceptual development. Child Development 64(4):1005-1021.
151. Cardon, G., E. Van Cauwenberghe, V. Labarque, L. Haerens, and I. De Bourdeaudhuij. 2008. The contribution of preschool playground factors in explaining children's physical activity during recess. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 5:11.
152. Cawley, J., and C. K. Spiess. 2008. Obesity and skill attainment in early childhood. Economics and Human Biology 6(3):388-397.
153. Chen, A. Y., S. E. Kim, A. J. Houtrow, and P. W. Newacheck. 2010. Prevalence of obesity among children with chronic conditions. Obesity 18(1):210-213.
154. Clark, J. 1994. Motor development. In Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, edited by V. S. Ramachandran. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
155. Cliff, D. P., A. D. Okely, L. M. Smith, and K. McKeen. 2009. Relationships between fundamental movement skills and objectively measured physical activity in preschool children. Pediatric Exercise Science 21(4):436-449.
156. Cosco, N. G., R. C. Moore, and M. Z. Islam. 2010. Behavior mapping: A method for linking preschool physical activity and outdoor design. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 42(3):513-519.
157. Cottrell, L., E. Spangler-Murphy, V. Minor, A. Downes, P. Nicholson, and W. A. Neal. 2005. A kindergarten cardiovascular risk surveillance study: Cardiac-kinder. American Journal of Health Behavior 29(6):595-606.
158. Cowan, S., and S. Bennett. 2009. Pursuing safe sleep for every baby, every sleep, in every place they sleep. Nursing New Zealand (Wellington, N.Z.: 1995) 15(6):12-13.
159. CPSC (U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission). 2010. Public Playground Safety Handbook. http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/325.pdf (accessed June 3, 2011).
160. Davison, K. K., and C. T. Lawson. 2006. Do attributes in the physical environment influence children's physical activity? A review of the literature. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 3(19).
161. DeBord, K., L. L. Hestenes, R. C. Moore, N. G. Cosco, and J. R. McGinnis. 2005. Preschool Outdoor Environment Measurement Scale-Poems. Winston Salem, NC: Kaplan, Inc.
162. Dowda, M., R. R. Pate, S. G. Trost, M. J. Almeida, and J. R. Sirard. 2004. Influences of preschool policies and practices on children's physical activity. Journal of Community Health 29(3):183-196.
163. Dowda, M., W. H. Brown, K. L. McIver, K. A. Pfeiffer, J. R. O'Neill, C. L. Addy, and R. R. Pate. 2009. Policies and characteristics of the preschool environment and physical activity of young children. Pediatrics 123(2):e261-e266.
164. Dwyer, G. M., L. A. Baur, and L. L. Hardy. 2009. The challenge of understanding and assessing physical activity in preschool-age children: Thinking beyond the framework of intensity, duration and frequency of activity. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12(5):534-536.
165. Eliakim, A., D. Nemet, Y. Balakirski, and Y. Epstein. 2007. The effects of nutritionalphysical activity school-based intervention on fatness and fitness in preschool children. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism: JPEM 20(6):711-718.
166. Fisher, A., J. J. Reilly, L. A. Kelly, C. Montgomery, A. Williamson, J. Y. Paton, and S. Grant. 2005. Fundamental movement skills and habitual physical activity in young children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 37(4):684-688.
167. Floriani, V., and C. Kennedy. 2008. Promotion of physical activity in children. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 20(1):90-95.
168. Frey, G. C., and B. Chow. 2006. Relationship between BMI, physical fitness, and motor skills in youth with mild intellectual disabilities. International Journal of Obesity 30(5):861-867.
169. Gabor, V., K. Mantinan, K. Rudolph, R. Morgan, and M. Longjohn. 2010. Challenges and Opportunities Related to Implementation of Child Care Nutrition and Physical Activity Policies in Delaware: Findings from Focus Groups with Child Care Providers and Parents. http://www.cshelwa.org/Resources/DelawareFocusGroup-FullReport-FIN.pdf (accessed October 21, 2010).
170. Garrett, M., A. M. McElroy, and A. Staines. 2002. Locomotor milestones and babywalkers: Cross sectional study. British Medical Journal 324:1494.
171. Ginsburg, K. R., D. L. Shifrin, D. D. Broughton, B. P. Dreyer, R. M. Milteer, D. A. Mulligan, K. G. Nelson, T. R. Altmann, M. Brody, M. L. Shuffett, B. Wilcox, C. Kolbaba, V. L. Noland, M. Tharp, W. L. Coleman, M. F. Earls, E. Goldson, C. L. Hausman, B. S. Siegel, T. J. Sullivan, J. L. Tanner, R. T. Brown, M. J. Kupst, S. E. A. Longstaffe, J. Mims, F. J. Wren, G. J. Cohen, and K. Smith. 2007. The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds. Pediatrics 119(1):182-191.
172. Graf, C., B. Koch, E. Kretschmann-Kandel, G. Falkowski, H. Christ, S. Coburger, W. Lehmacher, B. Bjarnason-Wehrens, P. Platen, W. Tokarski, H. G. Predel, and S. Dordel. 2004. Correlation between BMI, leisure habits and motor abilities in childhood (CHILT-project). International Journal of Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders 28(1):22-26.
173. Hamilton, M. T., D. G. Hamilton, and T. W. Zderic. 2007. Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 56(11):2655-2667.
174. Hankinson, A. L., M. L. Daviglus, C. Bouchard, M. Carnethon, C. E. Lewis, P. J. Schreiner, K. Liu, and S. Sydney. 2010. Maintaining a high physical activity level over 20 years and weight gain. Journal of the American Medical Association 304(23): 2603-2610.
175. Hannon, J. C., and B. B. Brown. 2008. Increasing preschoolers' physical activity intensities: An activity-friendly preschool playground intervention. Preventive Medicine 46(6): 532-536.
176. HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2008a. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/guidelines/default.aspx (accessed October 20, 2010).
177. HHS. 2008b. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report 2008.http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/committeereport.aspx (accessed October 21, 2010).
178. HHS. 2010. The Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy and Fit Nation. Rockville, MD: HHS.
179. Hu, F. B., T. Y. Li, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, and J. E. Manson. 2003. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Journal of the American Medical Association 289(14):1785-1791.
180. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
181. IOM and NRC (National Research Council). 2009. Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
182. Jackson, D. M., K. Djafarian, J. Stewart, and J. R. Speakman. 2009. Increased television viewing is associated with elevated body fatness but not with lower total energy expenditure in children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89(4):1031-1036.
183. Jago, R., T. Baranowski, J. C. Baranowski, D. Thompson, and K. A. Greaves. 2005. BMI from 3-6 y of age is predicted by TV viewing and physical activity, not diet. International Journal of Obesity 29(6):557-564.
184. Janz, K. F., S. M. Levy, T. L. Burns, J. C. Torner, M. C. Willing, and J. J. Warren. 2002. Fatness, physical activity, and television viewing in children during the adiposity rebound period: The Iowa bone development study. Preventive Medicine 35(6): 563-571.
185. Janz, K. F., T. L. Burns, and S. M. Levy. 2005. Tracking of activity and sedentary behaviors in childhood: The Iowa Bone Development Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 29(3):171-178.
186. Janz, K. F., S. Kwon, E. M. Letuchy, J. M. Eichenberger Gilmore, T. L. Burns, J. C. Torner, M. C. Willing, and S. M. Levy. 2009. Sustained effect of early physical activity on body fat mass in older children. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 37(1):35-40.
187. Jennings, J. T., B. G. Sarbaugh, and N. S. Payne. 2005. Conveying the message about optimal infant positions. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 25(3):3-18.
188. Kaczynskl, A. T., and K. A. Henderson. 2008. Parks and recreation settings and active living: A review of associations with physical activity function and intensity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 5(4):619-632.
189. Kelly, L. A., J. J. Reilly, D. M. Jackson, C. Montgomery, S. Grant, and J. Y. Paton. 2007. Tracking physical activity and sedentary behavior in young children. Pediatric Exercise Science 19(1):51-60.
190. Klesges, R. C., L. H. Eck, C. L. Hanson, C. K. Haddock, and L. M. Klesges. 1990. Effects of obesity, social interactions, and physical environment on physical activity in preschoolers. Health Psychology 9(4):435-449.
191. Klohe-Lehman, D. M., J. Freeland-Graves, K. K. Clarke, G. Cai, V. S. Voruganti, T. J. Milani, H. J. Nuss, J. M. Proffitt, and T. M. Bohman. 2007. Low-income, overweight and obese mothers as agents of change to improve food choices, fat habits, and physical activity in their 1-to-3-year-old children. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 26(3):196-208.
192. Kordestani, R. K., and J. Panchal. 2006. Neurodevelopment delays in children with deformational plagiocephaly. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 118(3):808-809; author reply 809-810.
193. Kuo, Y. L., H. F. Liao, P. C. Chen, W. S. Hsieh, and A. W. Hwang. 2008. The influence of wakeful prone positioning on motor development during the early life. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: JDBP 29(5):367-376.
194. Li, R., L. O'Connor, D. Buckley, and B. Specker. 1995. Relation of activity levels to body fat in infants 6 to 12 months of age. Journal of Pediatrics 126(3):353-357.
195. Maher, C. A., M. T. Williams, T. Olds, and A. E. Lane. 2007. Physical and sedentary activity in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 49(6):450-457.
196. McKinney, C. M., M. L. Cunningham, V. L. Holt, B. Leroux, and J. R. Starr. 2009. A casecontrol study of infant, maternal and perinatal characteristics associated with deformational plagiocephaly. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 23(4):332-345.
197. McWilliams, C., S. C. Ball, S. E. Benjamin, D. Hales, A. Vaughn, and D. S. Ward. 2009. Best-practice guidelines for physical activity at child care. Pediatrics 124(6):1650-1659.
198. Metcalfe, J. S., and J. E. Clark. 2000. Sensory information affords exploration of posture in newly walking infants and toddlers. Infant Behavior and Development 23(3-4): 391-405.
199. Mildred, J., K. Beard, A. Dallwitz, and J. Unwin. 1995. Play position is influenced by knowledge of SIDS sleep position recommendations. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 31(6):499-502.
200. Mond, J. M., H. Stich, P. J. Hay, A. Kraemer, and B. T. Baune. 2007. Associations between obesity and developmental functioning in pre-school children: A population-based study. International Journal of Obesity 31(7):1068-1073.
201. Montgomery, C., J. J. Reilly, D. M. Jackson, L. A. Kelly, C. Slater, J. Y. Paton, and S. Grant. 2004. Relation between physical activity and energy expenditure in a representative sample of young children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80(3):591-596.
202. Moore, L. L., D. Gao, M. L. Bradlee, L. A. Cupples, A. Sundarajan-Ramamurti, M. H. Proctor, M. Y. Hood, M. R. Singer, and R. C. Ellison. 2003. Does early physical activity predict body fat change throughout childhood? Preventive Medicine 37(1):10-17.
203. NASPE (National Association for Sport and Physical Education). 2009. Active Start: A Statement of Physical Activity Guidelines for Children from Birth to Age 5, 2nd ed. Reston, VA: NASPE.
204. Ogden, C. L., M. D. Carroll, L. R. Curtin, M. M. Lamb, and K. M. Flegal. 2010. Prevalence of high body mass index in U.S. children and adolescents, 2007-2008. Journal of the American Medical Association 303(3):242-249.
205. Okely, A. D., M. L. Booth, and T. Chey. 2004. Relationships between body composition and fundamental movement skills among children and adolescents. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 75(3):238-247.
206. Oliver, M., G. M. Schofield, and G. S. Kolt. 2007. Physical activity in preschoolers: Understanding prevalence and measurement issues. Sports Medicine 37(12):1045-1070.
207. Pate, R. R., M. J. Almeida, K. L. McIver, K. A. Pfeiffer, and M. Dowda. 2006. Validation and calibration of an accelerometer in preschool children. Obesity 14(11):2000-2006.
208. Pfeiffer, K. A., M. Dowda, K. L. McIver, and R. R. Pate. 2009. Factors related to objectively measured physical activity in preschool children. Pediatric Exercise Science 21(2):196-208.
209. Preiser, W. F. E., and E. Ostroff, eds. 2001. Universal Design Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.
210. Proctor, M. H., L. L. Moore, D. Gao, L. A. Cupples, M. L. Bradlee, M. Y. Hood, and R. C. Ellison. 2003. Television viewing and change in body fat from preschool to early adolescence: The Framingham Children's Study. International Journal of Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders 27(7):827-833.
211. Reilly, J. J., J. Coyle, L. Kelly, G. Burke, S. Grant, and J. Y. Paton. 2003. An objective method for measurement of sedentary behavior in 3- to 4-year olds. Obesity Research 11(10):1155-1158.
212. Reilly, J. J., D. M. Jackson, C. Montgomery, L. A. Kelly, C. Slater, S. Grant, and J. Y. Paton. 2004. Total energy expenditure and physical activity in young Scottish children: Mixed longitudinal study. Lancet 363(9404):211-212.
213. Riddoch, C. J., S. D. Leary, A. R. Ness, S. N. Blair, K. Deere, C. Mattocks, A. Griffiths, G. Davey Smith, and K. Tilling. 2009. Prospective associations between objective measures of physical activity and fat mass in 12-14 year old children: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). British Medical Journal 339:b4544.
214. Riley, B. B., J. H. Rimmer, E. Wang, and W. J. Schiller. 2008. A conceptual framework for improving the accessibility of fitness and recreation facilities for people with disabilities. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 5(1):158-168.
215. Rimmer, J. H., K. Yamaki, B. M. Lowry, E. Wang, and L. C. Vogel. 2010. Obesity and obesity-related secondary conditions in adolescents with intellectual/developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 54(9):787-794.
216. Robinson, S. 2010. Deformational plagiocephaly delays motor skill development in 6-month-old infants. Journal of Pediatrics 157(3):514-515.
217. Sääkslahti, A., P. Numminen, P. Salo, J. Tuominen, H. Helenius, and I. Välimäki. 2004. Effects of a three-year intervention on children's physical activity from age 4 to 7. Pediatric Exercise Science 16(2):167-180.
218. Saelens, B. E., L. D. Frank, C. Auffrey, R. C. Whitaker, H. L. Burdette, and N. Colabianchi. 2006. Measuring physical environments of parks and playgrounds: EAPRS instrument development and inter-rater reliability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3(Suppl. 1):S190-S207.
219. Sallis, J. F., P. R. Nader, S. L. Broyles, C. C. Berry, J. P. Elder, T. L. McKenzie, and J. A. Nelson. 1993. Correlates of physical activity at home in Mexican-American and Anglo-American preschool children. Health Psychology 12(5):390-398.
220. Shibli, R., L. Rubin, H. Akons, and R. Shaoul. 2008. Morbidity of overweight (≥85th percentile) in the first 2 years of life. Pediatrics 122(2):267-272.
221. Sirard, J. R., S. G. Trost, K. A. Pfeiffer, M. Dowda, and R. R. Pate. 2005. Calibration and evaluation of an objective measure of physical activity in preschool children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2(3):345-357.
222. Slining, M., L. S. Adair, B. D. Goldman, J. B. Borja, and M. Bentley. 2010. Infant overweight is associated with delayed motor development. Journal of Pediatrics 157(1):20-25 e21.
223. Steele, C., I. Kalnins, J. Jutai, J. Bortolussi, and W. Biggar. 1996. Lifestyle health behaviours of 11- to 16-year-old youth with physical disabilities. Health Education Research 11:173-186.
224. Strong, W. B., R. M. Malina, C. J. Blimkie, S. R. Daniels, R. K. Dishman, B. Gutin, A. C. Hergenroeder, A. Must, P. A. Nixon, J. M. Pivarnik, T. Rowland, S. Trost, and F. Trudeau. 2005. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. Journal of Pediatrics 146(6):732-737.
225. Thein, M., J. Lee, V. Tay, and S. Ling. 1997. Infant walker use, injuries and motor development. Injury Prevention 3:63-66.
226. Trost, S. G., B. Fees, and D. Dzewaltowski. 2008. Feasibility and efficacy of a "move and learn" physical activity curriculum in preschool children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 5(1):88-103.
227. Trost, S. G., D. S. Ward, and M. Senso. 2010. Effects of child care policy and environment on physical activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 42(3): 520-525.
228. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) and HHS. 2010. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010.http://www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines (accessed January 12, 2011).
229. Ward, D. S., S. E. Benjamin, A. S. Ammerman, S. C. Ball, B. H. Neelon, and S. I. Bangdiwala. 2008. Nutrition and physical activity in child care. Results from an environmental intervention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35(4): 352-356.
230. Ward, D. S., A. Vaughn, C. McWilliams, and D. Hales. 2010. Interventions for increasing physical activity at child care. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 42(3):526-534.
231. Wells, J. C., T. J. Cole, and P. S. Davies. 1996a. Total energy expenditure and body composition in early infancy. Archives of Disease in Childhood 75(5):423-426.
232. Wells, J. C., M. Stanley, A. S. Laidlaw, J. M. Day, and P. S. Davies. 1996b. The relationship between components of infant energy expenditure and childhood body fatness. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 20(9):848-853.
233. Williams, C. L., B. J. Carter, D. L. Kibbe, and D. Dennison. 2009. Increasing physical activity in preschool: A pilot study to evaluate animal trackers. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 41(1):47-52.
234. Williams, H., and E. Monsma. 2007. Assessment of gross motor development in preschool children. In The Psychoeducational Assessment of Preschool Children, edited by B. N. Bracken. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
235. AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). 2005. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 115(2):496-506.
236. AAP. 2008. Crying and Your Baby: How to Calm a Fussy or Colicky Baby.http://www.huntsvillepediatrics.com/images/colic_2009_aap.pdf (accessed May 17, 2011).
237. Abdulwadud, O. A., and M. E. Snow. 2007. Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3).
238. ADA (American Dietetic Association). 2005. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Promoting and supporting breastfeeding. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 105(5):810-818.
239. Adair, L. S. 2009. Methods appropriate for studying the relationship of breast-feeding to obesity. Journal of Nutrition 139(2):408S-411S.
240. Addessi, E., A. T. Galloway, E. Visalberghi, and L. L. Birch. 2005. Specific social influences on the acceptance of novel foods in 2-5-year-old children. Appetite 45(3):264-271.
241. Anzman, S. L., B. Y. Rollins, and L. L. Birch. 2010. Parental influence on children's early eating environments and obesity risk: Implications for prevention. International Journal of Obesity 34(7):1116-1124.
242. Arenz, S., R. Ruckerl, B. Koletzko, and R. Von Kries. 2004. Breast-feeding and childhood obesity-a systematic review. International Journal of Obesity 28(10):1247-1256.
243. Baby-Friendly USA. 2011. US Baby-Friendly Birth Facilities.http://www.babyfriendlyusa.org/eng/03.html (accessed May 12, 2011).
244. Baker, S. S., W. J. Cochran, F. R. Greer, M. B. Heyman, M. S. Jacobson, T. Jaksic, N. F. Krebs, D. Blum-Kemelor, W. Dietz, G. Grave, and S. S. Harris. 2001. The use and misuse of fruit juice in pediatrics. Pediatrics 107(5):1210-1213.
245. Bante, H., M. Elliott, A. Harrod, and D. Haire-Joshu. 2008. The use of inappropriate feeding practices by rural parents and their effect on preschoolers' fruit and vegetable preferences and intake. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 40(1):28-33.
246. Baughcum, A. E., K. A. Burklow, C. M. Deeks, S. W. Powers, and R. C. Whitaker. 1998. Maternal feeding practices and childhood obesity: A focus group study of low-income mothers. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 152(10):1010-1014.
247. Beauchamp, G. K., and M. Moran. 1984. Acceptance of sweet and salty tastes in 2-yearold children. Appetite 5(4):291-305.
248. Benjamin, S. E., D. F. Tate, S. I. Bangdiwala, B. H. Neelon, A. S. Ammerman, J. M. Dodds, and D. S. Ward. 2008. Preparing child care health consultants to address childhood overweight: A randomized controlled trial comparing web to in-person training. Maternal and Child Health Journal 12(5):662-669.
249. Benton, D. 2004. Role of parents in the determination of the food preferences of children and the development of obesity. International Journal of Obesity 28(7):858-869.
250. Birch, L. L. 1999. Development of food preferences. Annual Review of Nutrition 19:41-62.
251. Birch, L. L., and J. O. Fisher. 1998. Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents. Pediatrics 101(3 Pt. 2):539-549.
252. Birch, L. L., and D. W. Marlin. 1982. I don't like it; I never tried it: Effects of exposure on two-year-old children's food preferences. Appetite 3(4):353-360.
253. Birch, L. L., L. McPhee, B. C. Shoba, L. Steinberg, and R. Krehbiel. 1987. "Clean up your plate": Effects of child feeding practices on the conditioning of meal size. Learning and Motivation 18(3):301-317.
254. Birch, L. L., L. Gunder, K. Grimm-Thomas, and D. G. Laing. 1998. Infants' consumption of a new food enhances acceptance of similar foods. Appetite 30(3):283-295.
255. Birch, L. L., S. L. Johnson, G. Andresen, J. C. Peters, and M. C. Schulte. 1991. The variability of young children's energy intake. New England Journal of Medicine 324(4):232-238.
256. Birch, L. L., J. O. Fisher, and K. K. Davison. 2003. Learning to overeat: Maternal use of restrictive feeding practices promotes girls' eating in the absence of hunger. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78(2):215-220.
257. Bitler, M. P., J. Currie, and J. K. Scholz. 2003. WIC eligibility and participation. Journal of Human Resources 38(Suppl.):1176-1179.
258. Black, M. M., and Aboud, F. E. 2011. Responsive feeding is embedded in a theoretical framework of responsive parenting. Journal of Nutrition 141(3):490-494.
259. Blisard, N., H. Stewart, and D. Jolliffe. 2004. Low-Income Households' Expenditures on Fruits and Vegetables. Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service.
260. Bradlee, M. L., M. R. Singer, M. M. Qureshi, and L. L. Moore. 2010. Food group intake and central obesity among children and adolescents in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Public Health Nutrition 13(6):797-805.
261. Branen, L., and J. Fletcher. 1999. Comparison of college students' current eating habits and recollections of their childhood food practices. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 31(6):304-310.
262. Branen, L. J., J. W. Fletcher, and L. S. Myers. 1997. Effects of pre-plated and family style food service on preschool children's food intake and waste at snacktime. Journal of Research in Childhood Education 12:88-95.
263. Bruening, K. S., J. A. Gilbride, M. R. Passannante, and S. McClowry. 1999. Dietary intake and health outcomes among young children attending 2 urban day-care centers. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 99(12):1529-1535.
264. Carper, J. L., J. Orlet Fisher, and L. L. Birch. 2000. Young girls' emerging dietary restraint and disinhibition are related to parental control in child feeding. Appetite 35(2):121-129.
265. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2008. Breastfeeding-related maternity practices at hospitals and birth centers-United States, 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 57(23):621-625.
266. CDC. 2010. Breastfeeding Among U.S. Children Born 1999-2007, CDC National Immunization Survey. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/NIS_data/index.htm (accessed April 19, 2011).
267. Cohen, R., and M. B. Mrtek. 1994. The impact of two corporate lactation programs on the incidence and duration of breast-feeding by employed mothers. American Journal of Health Promotion 8(6):436-441.
268. Cole, N., and M. K. Fox. 2008. Diet Quality of Americans by Food Stamp Participation Status: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cambridge, MA: ABT Associates.
269. Connecticut State Department of Education. 2010. Eating environment. In Action Guide for Child Care Nutrition and Physical Activity Policies. http://healthymeals.nal.usda.gov/hsmrs/Connecticut/ Action_Guide_Child_Care/CCAG_Section5.pdf (accessed April 15, 2011).
270. Cowart, B. J., G. K. Beauchamp, and J. A. Mennella. 2004. Development of taste and smell in the neonate. In Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, 3rd ed. Vol. 2, edited by R. A. Polin, W. W. Fox and S. H. Abman. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co. Pp. 1819-1827.
271. Crepinsek, M. K., and N. R. Burstein. 2004. Maternal Employment and Children's Nutrition: Volume I, Diet Quality and the Role of the CACFP (Electronic Publications of the Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, E-FAN-04-006-1). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
272. Daniels, S. R., M. S. Jacobson, B. W. McCrindle, R. H. Eckel, and B. M. Sanner. 2009. American Heart Association childhood obesity: Research summit. Circulation 119(15):2114-2123.
273. DiGirolamo, A. M., L. M. Grummer-Strawn, and S. B. Fein. 2008. Effect of maternity-care practices on breastfeeding. Pediatrics 122(Suppl. 2).
274. ECLKC (Early Childhood Learning and Knowledge Center). 2011. Head Start Program Performance Standards.http://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/hslc (accessed January 12, 2011).
275. Engle, P. L., and G. H. Pelto. 2011. Responsive feeding: Implications for policy and program implementation. Journal of Nutrition 141(3):508-511.
276. Fairbank, L., S. O'Meara, M. J. Renfrew, M. Woolridge, A. J. Sowden, and D. Lister-Sharp. 2000. A systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to promote the initiation of breastfeeding. Health Technology Assessment 4(25).
277. Faith, M. S., K. S. Scanlon, L. L. Birch, L. A. Francis, and B. Sherry. 2004. Parent-child feeding strategies and their relationships to child eating and weight status. Obesity Research 12(11):1711-1722.
278. Fein, S. B., J. Labiner-Wolfe, K. S. Scanlon, and L. M. Grummer-Strawn. 2008. Selected complementary feeding practices and their association with maternal education. Pediatrics 122(Suppl. 2):S91-S97.
279. Fiocchi, A., A. Assa'ad, and S. Bahna. 2006. Food allergy and the introduction of solid foods to infants: A consensus document. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 97(1):10-21.
280. Fiorito, L. M., M. Marini, L. A. Francis, H. Smiciklas-Wright, and L. L. Birch. 2009. Beverage intake of girls at age 5 y predicts adiposity and weight status in childhood and adolescence. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90(4):935-942.
281. Fiorito, L. M., M. Marini, D. C. Mitchell, H. Smiciklas-Wright, and L. L. Birch. 2010. Girls' early sweetened carbonated beverage intake predicts different patterns of beverage and nutrient intake across childhood and adolescence. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(4):543-550.
282. Fisher, J. O., and L. L. Birch. 1999. Restricting access to foods and children's eating. Appetite 32(3):405-419.
283. Fisher, J. O., Y. Liu, L. L. Birch, and B. J. Rolls. 2007. Effects of portion size and energy density on young children's intake at a meal. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86(1):174-179.
284. Fletcher, J., and L. J. Branen. 2004. Mealtimes for young children in group settings. Nutrition Link. Publication of the School Nutrition Services Dietetic Practice Group, American Dietetic Association.
285. Fletcher, J., L. J. Branen, and E. Price. 2005. Building Mealtime Environments and Relationships.http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/feeding/pdfs/BMER.pdf (accessed June 1, 2011).
286. Fomon, S. J., L. J. Filer Jr., L. N. Thomas, R. R. Rogers, and A. M. Proksch. 1969. Relationship between formula concentration and rate of growth of normal infants. Journal of Nutrition 98(2):241-254.
287. Fox, M. K., B. Devaney, K. Reidy, C. Razafindrakoto, and P. Ziegler. 2006. Relationship between portion size and energy intake among infants and toddlers: Evidence of selfregulation. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106(Suppl. 1).
288. Fox, M. K., E. Condon, R. R. Briefel, K. C. Reidy, and D. M. Deming. 2010. Food consumption patterns of young preschoolers: Are they starting off on the right path? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(12):S52-S59.
289. Frank, G. C. 2008. Changes in women, infants, and children (WIC) food packages: An opportunity to address obesity. Obesity Management 4(6):333-337.
290. Freedman, D. S., Z. Mei, S. R. Srinivasan, G. S. Berenson, and W. H. Dietz. 2007. Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Journal of Pediatrics 150(1).
291. Fungwe, T., P. M. Guenther, W. Y. Juan, H. Hiza, and M. Lino. 2009. The Quality of Children's Diets in 2003-04 as Measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2005.Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
292. Gross, S. M., A. K. Resnik, C. Cross-Barnet, J. P. Nanda, M. Augustyn, and D. M. Paige. 2009. The differential impact of WIC peer counseling programs on breastfeeding initiation across the state of Maryland. Journal of Human Lactation 25(4):435-443.
293. Grummer-Strawn, L. M., and K. R. Shealy. 2009. Progress in protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding: 1984-2009. Breastfeeding Medicine 4(Special Issue).
294. Grummer-Strawn, L. M., K. S. Scanlon, and S. B. Fein. 2008. Infant feeding and feeding transitions during the first year of life. Pediatrics 122(Suppl. 2):S36-S42.
295. Guenther, P. M., W. Y. Juan, M. Lino, H. A. Hiza, T. Fungwe, and R. Lucas. 2008. Diet Quality of Low-Income and Higher Income Americans in 2003-04 as Measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2005. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
296. Gupta, R. S., S. Shuman, E. M. Taveras, M. Kulldorff, and J. A. Finkelstein. 2005. Opportunities for health promotion education in child care. Pediatrics 116(4):e499-e505.
297. Hagan, J. F., J. S. Shaw, and P. M. Duncan, eds. 2008. Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
298. Harder, T., R. Bergmann, G. Kallischnigg, and A. Plagemann. 2005. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology 162(5):397-403.
299. Harper, L. V., and K. M. Sanders. 1975. The effect of adults' eating on young children's acceptance of unfamiliar foods. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 20(2): 206-214.
300. Hawkins, S. S., L. J. Griffiths, C. Dezateux, C. Law, C. Peckham, N. Butler, T. Cole, H. Bedford, A. R. Tate, S. Walton, L. Samad, and S. Bartington. 2007. The impact of maternal employment on breast-feeding duration in the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Public Health Nutrition 10(9):891-896.
301. HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2011a. FFY 2009 CCDF Data Tables.http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/occ/data/ccdf_data/09acf800_preliminary/table13.htm (accessed May 12, 2011).
302. HHS. 2011b. The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding. Washington, DC: HHS.
303. Hu, F. B., and V. S. Malik. 2010. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: Epidemiologic evidence. Physiology and Behavior 100(1):47-54.
304. Huh, S. Y., S. L. Rifas-Shiman, E. M. Taveras, E. Oken, and M. W. Gillman. 2011. Timing of solid food introduction and risk of obesity in preschool-aged children. Pediatrics 127(3):e544-551.
305. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance.Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
306. IOM. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
307. IOM. 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
308. IOM. 2011a. Child and Adult Care Food Program: Aligning Dietary Guidance for All. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
309. IOM. 2011b. Hunger and Obesity: Understanding a Food Insecurity Paradigm.Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
310. IOM and NRC (National Research Council). 2009. Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
311. Johnson, S. L. 2000. Improving preschoolers' self-regulation of energy intake. Pediatrics 106(6):1429-1435.
312. Johnson, S. L., and L. L. Birch. 1994. Parents' and children's adiposity and eating style. Pediatrics 94(5):653-661.
313. Kavanagh, K. F., M. Habibi, K. Anderson, and M. Spence. 2010. Caregiver- vs infantoriented feeding: A model of infant-feeding strategies among special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children participants in rural East Tennessee. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(10):1485-1491.
314. Kimbro, R. T., and E. Rigby. 2010. Federal food policy and childhood obesity: A solution or part of the problem? Health Affairs 29(3):411-418.
315. Kleinman, R. D. 2009. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, 6th ed. Elk Grove, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
316. Kramer, M. S., B. Chalmers, E. D. Hodnett, Z. Sevkovskaya, I. Dzikovich, S. Shapiro, J. P. Collet, I. Vanilovich, I. Mezen, T. Ducruet, G. Shishko, V. Zubovich, D. Mknuik, E. Gluchanina, V. Dombrovskiy, A. Ustinovitch, T. Kot, N. Bogdanovich, L. Ovchinikova, and E. Helsing. 2001. Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervation Trial (PROBIT): A randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. Journal of the American Medical Association 285(4):413-420.
317. Kranz, S., H. Smiciklas-Wright, A. M. Siega-Riz, and D. C. Mitchell. 2005. Adverse effect of high added sugar consumption on dietary intake in American preschoolers. Journal of Pediatrics 146(1):105-111.
318. Leahy, K. E., L. L. Birch, and B. J. Rolls. 2008. Reducing the energy density of multiple meals decreases the energy intake of preschool-age children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88(6):1459-1468.
319. Li, R., S. B. Fein, and L. M. Grummer-Strawn. 2010. Do infants fed from bottles lack self-regulation of milk intake compared with directly breastfed infants? Pediatrics 125(6):e1386-e1393.
320. Libbus, M. K., and L. F. Bullock. 2002. Breastfeeding and employment: An assessment of employer attitudes. Journal of Human Lactation: Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association 18(3):247-251.
321. Lovasi, G. S., M. A. Hutson, M. Guerra, and K. M. Neckerman. 2009. Built environments and obesity in disadvantaged populations. Epidemiologic Reviews 31(1):7-20.
322. Mandal, B., B. E Roe, and S. B. Fein. 2010. The differential effects of fulltime and parttime work status on breastfeeding. Health Policy 97:79-86.
323. Mennella, J. A., S. Nicklaus, A. L. Jagolino, and L. M. Yourshaw. 2008. Variety is the spice of life: Strategies for promoting fruit and vegetable acceptance during infancy. Physiology and Behavior 94(1):29-38.
324. Mennella, J. A., C. A. Forestell, L. K. Morgan, and G. K. Beauchamp. 2009. Early milk feeding influences taste acceptance and liking during infancy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90(3).
325. Merewood, A., S. D. Mehta, L. B. Chamberlain, B. L. Philipp, and H. Bauchner. 2005. Breastfeeding rates in U.S. Baby-Friendly hospitals: Results of a national survey. Pediatrics 116(3):628-634.
326. Mills, S. P. 2009. Workplace lactation programs: A critical element for breastfeeding mothers' success. AAOHN Journal: Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses 57(6):227-231.
327. Monasta, L., G. D. Batty, A. Cattaneo, V. Lutje, L. Ronfani, F. J. Van Lenthe, and J. Brug. 2010. Early-life determinants of overweight and obesity: A review of systematic reviews. Obesity Reviews 11(10):695-708.
328. Moorcroft, K. E., J. L. Marshall, and F. M. McCormick. 2011. Association between timing of introducing solid foods and obesity in infancy and childhood: A systematic review. Maternal & Child Nutrition 7(1):3-26.
329. Muckelbauer, R., L. Libuda, K. Clausen, A. M. Toschke, T. Reinehr, and M. Kersting. 2009. Promotion and provision of drinking water in schools for overweight prevention: Randomized, controlled cluster trial. Pediatrics 123(4).
330. Murphy, M. M., J. S. Douglass, R. K. Johnson, and L. A. Spence. 2008. Drinking flavored or plain milk is positively associated with nutrient intake and is not associated with adverse effects on weight status in U.S. children and adolescents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108(4):631-639.
331. National Conference of State Legislatures. 2011. Breastfeeding Laws. http://www.ncsl.org/IssuesResearch/Health/BreastfeedingLaws/tabid/14389/Default.aspx (accessed August 14, 2010).
332. Nicklas, T. A., T. Baranowski, J. C. Baranowski, K. Cullen, L. Rittenberry, and N. Olvera. 2001. Family and child-care provider influences on preschool children's fruit, juice, and vegetable consumption. Nutrition Reviews 59(7):224-235.
333. Nicklas, T. A., C. E. O'Neil, and R. Kleinman. 2008. Association between 100% juice consumption and nutrient intake and weight of children aged 2 to 11 years. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 162(6):557-565.
334. Owen, C. G., R. M. Martin, P. H. Whincup, G. D. Smith, and D. G. Cook. 2005. Effect of infant feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: A quantitative review of published evidence. Pediatrics 115(5):1367-1377.
335. Pi-Sunyer, X. 2009. The medical risks of obesity. Postgraduate Medicine 121(6):21-33.
336. Ramsay, S. A., L. J. Branen, J. Fletcher, E. Price, S. L. Johnson, and M. Sigman-Grant. 2010. "Are you done?" Child care providers' verbal communication at mealtimes that reinforce or hinder children's internal cues of hunger and satiation. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 42(4):265-270.
337. Reedy, J., and S. M. Krebs-Smith. 2010. Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(10):1477-1484.
338. Rhee, K. E., J. C. Lumeng, D. P. Appugliese, N. Kaciroti, and R. H. Bradley. 2006. Parenting styles and overweight status in first grade. Pediatrics 117(6):2047-2054.
339. Shealy, K. R., S. Benton-Davis, and L. M. Grummer-Strawn. 2005. The CDC Guide to Breastfeeding Interventions. Atlanta, GA: CDC.
340. Shelov, S. P. (Ed.). 2009. Caring for Your Baby and Child: Birth to Age 5, 5th ed. New York: Bantam. http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/feedingnutrition/pages/Amount-and-Schedule-of-Formula-Feedings.aspx (accessed May 17, 2011).
341. Siega-Riz, A. M., D. M. Deming, K. C. Reidy, M. K. Fox, E. Condon, and R. R. Briefel. 2010. Food consumption patterns of infants and toddlers: Where are we now? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(12):S38-S51.
342. Sigman-Grant, M., E. Christiansen, L. Branen, J. Fletcher, and S. L. Johnson. 2008. About feeding children: Mealtimes in child-care centers in four Western states. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108(2):340-346.
343. Skinner, J. D., W. Bounds, B. R. Carruth, M. Morris, and P. Ziegler. 2004. Predictors of children's body mass index: A longitudinal study of diet and growth in children aged 2-8y. International Journal of Obesity 28(4):476-482.
344. Stang, J., and C. T. Bayerl. 2010. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Child and adolescent nutrition assistance programs. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(5):791-799.
345. Steiner, J. E., and D. Glaser. 1995. Taste-induced facial expressions in apes and humans. Human Evolution 10(2):97-105.
346. Story, M., K. M. Kaphingst, R. Robinson-O'Brien, and K. Glanz. 2008. Creating healthy food and eating environments: Policy and environmental approaches. Annual Review of Public Health 29:253-272.
347. Sturm, R., and A. Datar. 2005. Metropolitan Area Food Prices and Children's Weight Gain. Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service.
348. Sullivan, S. A., and L. L. Birch. 1990. Pass the sugar, pass the salt: Experience dictates preference. Developmental Psychology 26(4):546-551.
349. Sullivan, S. A., and L. L. Birch. 1994. Infant dietary experience and acceptance of solid foods. Pediatrics 93(2):271-277.
350. Taveras, E. M., S. L. Rifas-Shiman, M. B. Belfort, K. P. Kleinman, E. Oken, and M. W. Gillman. 2009. Weight status in the first 6 months of life and obesity at 3 years of age. Pediatrics 123(4):1177-1183.
351. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 2001. Feeding Infants: A Guide for Use in the Child Nutrition Programs. http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/Resources/feeding_infants.pdf (accessed June 2, 2011).
352. USDA. 2009. Infant Nutrition and Feeding: A Guide for Use in the WIC and CSF Programs.http://www.nal.usda.gov/wicworks/Topics/FG/CompleteIFG.pdf (accessed January 19, 2011).
353. USDA. 2011. Food and Nutrition Service, Programs and Services.http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/services.htm (accessed February 1, 2011).
354. USDA and HHS. 2010. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010.http://www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines (accessed January 12, 2011).
355. Van Horn, L. 2010. Development of the 2010 U.S. dietary guidelines advisory committee report: Perspectives from a registered dietitian. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(11):1638-1645.
356. Vartanian, L. R., M. B. Schwartz, and K. D. Brownell. 2007. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health 97(4):667-675.
357. VerPloeg, M., B. Brenemen, T. Farrigan, K. Harrick, D. Hopkins, P. Kaufman, B. Lin, M. Nord, T. Smith, R. Williams, K. Kinnison, D. Olander, A. Singh, and E. Tuckermanty. 2009. Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food-Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their Consequences: Report to Congress. Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service.
358. Walker, W. A., P. R. Durie, J. R. Hamilton, J. A. Walker-Smith, and J. B. Watkins. 1996. Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
359. Wang, Y. C., D. S. Ludwig, K. Sonneville, and S. L. Gortmaker. 2009. Impact of change in sweetened caloric beverage consumption on energy intake among children and adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 163(4):336-343.
360. Wasser, H., M. Bentley, J. Borja, B. D. Goldman, A. Thompson, M. Slining, and L. Adair. 2011. Infants perceived as "fussy" are more likely to receive complementary foods before 4 months. Pediatrics 2010-0166.
361. Whaley, S., J. Gomez, N. Mallo, P. James, D. Fredericks, P. Abascal, M. Sharp, K. Chandran, and K. Hecht. 2008. It's 12 O'clock...What Are Our Preschoolers Eating for Lunch? An Assessment of Nutrition and the Nutrition Environment in Licensed Child Care in Los Angeles County. Irwindale, CA: Public Health Foundation Enterprises WIC Program, Child Care Food Program Roundtable and California Food Policy Advocates. http://www.cfpa.net/cacfp/gilbert_execsumm.pdf (accessed May 18, 2011).
362. Whitaker, R. C., J. A. Wright, M. S. Pepe, K. D. Seidel, and W. H. Dietz. 1997. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 337(13):869-873.
363. Whitaker, R. C., R. A. Gooze, C. C. Hughes, and D. M. Finkelstein. 2009. A national survey of obesity prevention practices in Head Start. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 163(12):1144-1150.
364. White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity. 2010. Solving the Problem of Childhood Obesity Within a Generation.http://www.letsmove.gov/pdf/TaskForce:on_Childhood_Obesity_May2010_FullReport.pdf (accessed January 14, 2011).
365. WHO (World Health Organization). 2001. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding: The Optimal Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding.http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/WHA54/ea54id4.pdf (accessed May 31, 2011).
366. Williams, C. 2010. Resource 1: Children's Dietary Intake. Supplement to the Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2010/DGAC/Report/Resources.pdf (accessed May 5, 2011).
367. Wilson, J. F. 2000. Lunch eating behavior of preschool children: Effects of age, gender, and type of beverage served. Physiology and Behavior 70(1-2):27-33.
368. Wyatt, S. N. 2002. Challenges of the working breastfeeding mother. Workplace solutions. AAOHN Journal: Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses 50(2):61-66.
369. AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). 2001. Children, adolescents, and television. Pediatrics 107:423-426.
370. Anderson, D. R., and T. A. Pempek. 2005. Television and very young children. American Behavioral Scientist 48(5):505-522.
371. Asbury, L. D., F. L. Wong, S. M. Price, and M. J. Nolin. 2008. The VERB(TM) campaign: Applying a branding strategy in public health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34(6 Suppl. 1):S183-S187.
372. Banspach, S. W. 2008. The VERB(TM) campaign. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34(6 Suppl. 1):S275-S275.
373. CBBB (Council of Better Business Bureaus). 2008. The Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative in Action: A Report on Compliance and Implementation During 2007. Arlington, VA: CBBB.
374. CBBB. 2009. The Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative in Action: A Report on Compliance and Implementation During 2008. Arlington, VA: CBBB.
375. CBBB. 2010. The Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative in Action: A Report on Compliance and Implementation During 2009. Arlington, VA: CBBB.
376. Christakis, D. A. 2009. The effects of infant media usage: What do we know and what should we learn? Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics 98(1):8-16.
377. Christakis, D. A., and M. M. Garrison. 2009. Preschool-aged children's television viewing in child care settings. Pediatrics 124(6):1627-1632.
378. Christakis, D. A., B. E. Ebel, F. P. Rivara, and F. J. Zimmerman. 2004. Television, video, and computer game usage in children under 11 years of age. Journal of Pediatrics 145(5):652-656.
379. Community Guide. 2010. Guide to Community Preventive Services, Obesity Prevention and Control: Interventions to Reduce Screen Time, Research Gaps. http://www.thecommunityguide.org/obesity/supportingmaterials/RGscreentime.html (accessed June 9, 2011).
380. Elliott, C. 2008. Assessing "fun foods": Nutritional content and analysis of supermarket foods targeted at children. Obesity Reviews 9(4):368-377.
381. Evans, W. D., J. Blitstein, J. C. Hersey, J. Renaud, and A. L. Yaroch. 2008. Systematic review of public health branding. Journal of Health Communication 13(8):721-741.
382. Evans, W. D., K. K. Christoffel, J. W. Necheles, and A. B. Becker. 2010. Social marketing as a childhood obesity prevention strategy. Obesity 18(Suppl. 1).
383. FTC (Federal Trade Commission). 2007. Children's Exposure to TV Advertising in 1977 and 2004.http://www.ftc.gov/os/2007/06/cabecolor.pdf (accessed May 17, 2011).
384. Gentile, D. A., C. Oberg, N. E. Sherwood, M. Story, D. A. Walsh, and M. Hogan. 2004. Well-child visits in the video age: Pediatricians and the American Academy of Pediatrics' guidelines for children's media use. Pediatrics 114(5):1235-1241.
385. Grier, S., and S. Kumanyika. 2010. Targeted marketing and public health. Annual Review of Public Health 31:349-369.
386. Harris, J. L., J. L. Pomeranz, T. Lobstein, and K. D. Brownell. 2009a. A crisis in the marketplace: How food marketing contributes to childhood obesity and what can be done. Annual Review of Public Health 30:211-225.
387. Harris, J. L., M. B. Schwartz, and K. D. Brownell. 2009b. Marketing foods to children and adolescents: Licensed characters and other promotions on packaged foods in the supermarket. Public Health Nutrition 13(3):409-417.
388. HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2010. Healthy People 2020.http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=33 (accessed June 11, 2011).
389. HHS Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2010. National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy.http://www.health.gov/communication/hlactionplan/pdf/Health_Literacy_Action_Plan.pdf (accessed June 11, 2011).
390. Huhman, M., L. Potter, M. Nolin, A. Piesse, D. Judkins, S. Banspach, and F. Wong. 2010. The influence of the VERB campaign on children's physical activity in 2002 to 2006. American Journal of Public Health 100(4):638-645.
391. Interagency Working Group on Food Marketed to Children. 2011. Interagency Working Group on Food Marketed to Children: Preliminary Proposed Nutrition Principles to Guide Industry Self-Regulatory Efforts. http://www.ftc.gov/os/2011/04/110428food marketproposedguide.pdf (accessed May 17, 2011).
392. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
393. Jackson, D. M., K. Djafarian, J. Stewart, and J. R. Speakman. 2009. Increased television viewing is associated with elevated body fatness but not with lower total energy expenditure in children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89(4):1031-1036.
394. Jago, R., T. Baranowski, J. C. Baranowski, D. Thompson, and K. A. Greaves. 2005. BMI from 3-6y of age is predicted by TV viewing and physical activity, not diet. International Journal of Obesity 29(6):557-564.
395. Janz, K. F., S. M. Levy, T. L. Burns, J. C. Torner, M. C. Willing, and J. J. Warren. 2002. Fatness, physical activity, and television viewing in children during the adiposity rebound period: The Iowa bone development study. Preventive Medicine 35(6): 563-571.
396. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2003. Zero to Six: Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers. http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/Zero-to-Six-Electronic-Media-in-the-Lives-of-Infants-Toddlers-and-Preschoolers-PDF.pdf (accessed April 14, 2011).
397. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2005. The Effects of Electronic Media on Children Ages Zero to Six: A History of Research. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
398. Kaphingst, K. M., and M. Story. 2009. Child care as an untapped setting for obesity prevention: State child care licensing regulations related to nutrition, physical activity, and media use for preschool-aged children in the United States. Preventing Chronic Disease 6(1).
399. Khermouch, G. 2004. Brainer babies? Maybe. Big sales? Business Week 3865:34.
400. Kovacic, W. E., P. J. Harbour, J. Leibowitz, and J. T. Rosch. 2008. Marketing Food to Children and Adolescents: A Review of Industry Expenditures, Activities, and Self-Regulation. Washington, DC: FTC.
401. Kumanyika, S., and S. Grier. 2006. Targeting interventions for ethnic minority and lowincome populations. Future of Children 16(1):187-207.
402. Kunkel, D. 2009. The Impact of Industry Self-Regulation on the Nutritional Quality of Foods Advertised on Television to Children. http://www.childrennow.org/uploads/documents/adstudy_2009.pdf (accessed March 18, 2011).
403. Lee, S. J., S. Bartolic, and E. A. Vandewater. 2009. Predicting children's media use in the USA: Differences in cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 27(Pt. 1):123-143.
404. Mendelsohn, A. L., S. B. Berkule, S. Tomopoulos, C. S. Tamis-LeMonda, H. S. Huberman, J. Alvir, and B. P. Dreyer. 2008. Infant television and video exposure associated with limited parent-child verbal interactions in low socioeconomic status households. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 162(5):411-417.
405. Mendoza, J. A., F. J. Zimmerman, and D. A. Christakis. 2007. Television viewing, computer use, obesity, and adiposity in US preschool children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 4.
406. Miller, S. A., E. M. Taveras, S. L. Rifas-Shiman, and M. W. Gillman. 2008. Association between television viewing and poor diet quality in young children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 3(3):168-176.
407. Moore, E. S. 2006. It's Child's Play: Advergaming and the Online Marketing of Food to Children. Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation.
408. Pempek, T. A., and S. L. Calvert. 2009. Tipping the balance: Use of advergames to promote consumption of nutritious foods and beverages by low-income African American children. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 163(7):633-637.
409. Proctor, M. H., L. L. Moore, D. Gao, L. A. Cupples, M. L. Bradlee, M. Y. Hood, and R. C. Ellison. 2003. Television viewing and change in body fat from preschool to early adolescence: The Framingham Children's Study. International Journal of Obesity 27(7):827-833.
410. Reger, B., M. G. Wootan, S. Booth-Butterfield, and H. Smith. 1998. 1% or less: A community-based nutrition campaign. Public Health Reports 113(5):410-419.
411. Rideout, V., and E. Hamel. 2006. The Media Family: Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers, Preschoolers and their Parents. Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation.
412. Schor, J. B., and M. Ford. 2007. From tastes great to cool: Children's food marketing and the rise of the symbolic. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 35(1):10-21.
413. Smith, W. A. 2006. Social marketing: An overview of approach and effects. Injury Prevention 12(Suppl. 1):i38-i43.
414. Snyder, L. B. 2007. Health communication campaigns and their impact on behavior. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 39(2 Suppl.).
415. Snyder, L. B., M. A. Hamilton, E. W. Mitchell, J. Kiwanuka-Tondo, F. Fleming-Milici, and D. Proctor. 2004. A meta-analysis of the effect of mediated health communication campaigns on behavior change in the United States. Journal of Health Communication 9(Suppl. 1):71-96.
416. Spivack, J. G., M. Swietlik, E. Alessandrini, and M. S. Faith. 2010. Primary care providers' knowledge, practices, and perceived barriers to the treatment and prevention of childhood obesity. Obesity 18(7):1341-1347.
417. Stead, M., G. Hastings, and L. McDermott. 2007. The meaning, effectiveness and future of social marketing. Obesity Reviews 8(Suppl. 1):189-193.
418. Stitt, C., and D. Kunkel. 2008. Food advertising during children's television programming on broadcast and cable channels. Health Communication 23(6):573-584.
419. Story, M., K. M. Kaphingst, R. Robinson-O'Brien, and K. Glanz. 2008. Creating healthy food and eating environments: Policy and environmental approaches. Annual Review of Public Health 29:253-272.
420. Swinburn, B., and A. Shelly. 2008. Effects of TV time and other sedentary pursuits. International Journal of Obesity 32(Suppl. 7).
421. Taveras, E. M., K. H. Hohman, S. Price, S. L. Gortmaker, and K. Sonneville. 2009. Televisions in the bedrooms of racial/ethnic minority children: How did they get there and how do we get them out? Clinical Pediatrics 48(7):715-719.
422. Taveras, E. M., K. Blackburn, M. W. Gillman, J. Haines, J. McDonald, S. Price, and E. Oken. 2010. First steps for mommy and me: A pilot intervention to improve nutrition and physical activity behaviors of postpartum mothers and their infants. Maternal and Child Health Journal October 19 [Epub ahead of print].
423. Thompson, D. A., G. Flores, B. E. Ebel, and D. A. Christakis. 2008. Comida en venta: After-school advertising on Spanish-language television in the United States. Journal of Pediatrics 152(4):576-581.
424. Vandewater, E. A., D. S. Bickham, J. H. Lee, H. M. Cummings, E. A. Wartella, and V. J. Rideout. 2005. When the television is always on: Heavy television exposure and young children's development. American Behavioral Scientist 48(5):562-577.
425. Vandewater, E. A., D. S. Bickham, and J. H. Lee. 2006. Time well spent? Relating television use to children's free-time activities. Pediatrics 117(2).
426. Vandewater, E. A., V. J. Rideout, E. A. Wartella, X. Huang, J. H. Lee, and M. S. Shim. 2007. Digital childhood: Electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Pediatrics 119(5).
427. Viner, R. M., and T. J. Cole. 2005. Television viewing in early childhood predicts adult body mass index. Journal of Pediatrics 147(4):429-435.
428. Wartella, E. A. 2011. Food Marketing. Presented at IOM Committee on Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention Meeting, Panel on Marketing Approaches. http://iom.edu/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/AccelProgObesPrev/Marketing%20Panel/Wartella_APOP%20Food%20Marketing%20progress_Jan2011.pdf (accessed January 13, 2011).
429. Wartella, E. A., E. A. Vandewater, and V. J. Rideout. 2005. Introduction: Electronic media use in the lives of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. American Behavioral Scientist 48(5):501-204.
430. White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity. 2010. Solving the Problem of Childhood Obesity Within a Generation.http://www.letsmove.gov/pdf/TaskForce:on_Childhood_Obesity_May2010_FullReport.pdf (accessed January 14, 2011).
431. Wong, F. L. 2011. Overview and Lessons Learned from the VERB Campaign. Presentation at Updating the USDA National Breastfeeding Campaign: Workshop, Washington, DC.
432. Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity. 2010. Fast Food FACTS: Evaluating Fast Food Nutrition and Marketing to Youth. http://www.fastfoodmarketing.org/media/FastFoodFACTS_Report.pdf (accessed March 18, 2011).
433. Zimmerman, F. J., D. A. Christakis, and A. N. Meltzoff. 2007. Television and DVD/video viewing in children younger than 2 years. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 161(5):473-479.
434. Acebo, C., A. Sadeh, R. Seifer, O. Tzischinsky, A. Hafer, and M. A. Carskadon. 2005. Sleep/wake patterns derived from activity monitoring and maternal report for healthy 1- to 5-year-old children. Sleep 28(12):1568-1577.
435. Agras, W. S., L. D. Hammer, F. McNicholas, and H. C. Kraemer. 2004. Risk factors for childhood overweight: A prospective study from birth to 9.5 years. Journal of Pediatrics 145(1):20-25.
436. Anderson, S. E., and R. C. Whitaker. 2010. Household routines and obesity in US preschool-aged children. Pediatrics 125(3):420-428.
437. Ayas, N. T., D. P. White, W. K. Al-Delaimy, J. E. Manson, M. J. Stampfer, F. E. Speizer, S. Patel, and F. B. Hu. 2003. A prospective study of self-reported sleep duration and incident diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 26(2):380-384.
438. Bell, J. F., and F. J. Zimmerman. 2010. Shortened nighttime sleep duration in early life and subsequent childhood obesity. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 164(9):840-845.
439. Cao, M., and C. Guilleminault. 2008. Sleep difficulties and behavioral outcomes in children. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 162(4):385-389.
440. Cappuccio, F. P., F. M. Taggart, N. B. Kandala, A. Currie, E. Peile, S. Stranges, and M. A. Miller. 2008. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 31(5):619-626.
441. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009. Perceived insufficient rest or sleep among adults-United States, 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58(42):1175-1179.
442. Chaput, J. P., M. Brunet, and A. Tremblay. 2006. Relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood overweight/obesity: Results from the "Quebec en Forme" Project. International Journal of Obesity 30(7):1080-1085.
443. Chaput, J. P., J. P. Despres, C. Bouchard, and A. Tremblay. 2008. The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: A 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study. Sleep 31(4):517-523.
444. Chen, X. L., M. A. Beydoun, and Y. F. Wang. 2008. Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity 16(2):265-274.
445. Chervin, R. D., J. E. Dillon, C. Bassetti, D. A. Ganoczy, and K. J. Pituch. 1997. Symptoms of sleep disorders, inattention, and hyperactivity in children. Sleep 20(12):1185-1192.
446. Chervin, R. D., J. E. Dillon, K. H. Archbold, and D. L. Ruzicka. 2003. Conduct problems and symptoms of sleep disorders in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42(2):201-208.
447. Dollman, J., K. Ridley, T. Olds, and E. Lowe. 2007. Trends in the duration of schoolday sleep among 10- to 15-year-old south Australians between 1985 and 2004. Acta Paediatrica 96(7):1011-1014.
448. Eisenmann, J. C., P. Ekkekakis, and M. Holmes. 2006. Sleep duration and overweight among Australian children and adolescents. Acta Paediatrica 95(8):956-963.
449. Gangwisch, J. E., S. B. Heymsfield, B. Boden-Albala, R. M. Buijs, F. Kreier, T. G. Pickering, A. G. Rundle, G. K. Zammit, and D. Malaspina. 2006. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension: Analyses of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hypertension 47(5):833-839.
450. Gottlieb, D. J., S. Redline, F. J. Nieto, C. M. Baldwin, A. B. Newman, H. E. Resnick, and N. M. Punjabi. 2006. Association of usual sleep duration with hypertension: The Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep 29(8):1009-1014.
451. Gregory, A. M., J. Van der Ende, T. A. Willis, and F. C. Verhulst. 2008. Parent-reported sleep problems during development and self-reported anxiety/depression, attention problems, and aggressive behavior later in life. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 162(4):330-335.
452. Iglowstein, I., O. G. Jenni, L. Molinari, and R. H. Largo. 2003. Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: Reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics 111(2):302-307.
453. Kagamimori, S., T. Yamagami, S. Sokejima, N. Numata, K. Handa, S. Nanri, T. Saito, N. Tokui, T. Yoshimura, and K. Yoshida. 1999. The relationship between lifestyle, social characteristics and obesity in 3-year-old Japanese children. Child Care Health Development 25(3):235-247.
454. Kataria, S., M. S. Swanson, and G. E. Trevathan. 1987. Persistence of sleep disturbances in preschool children. Journal of Pediatrics 110(4):642-646.
455. King, C. R., K. L. Knutson, P. J. Rathouz, S. Sidney, K. Liu, and D. S. Lauderdale. 2008. Short sleep duration and incident coronary artery calcification. Journal of the American Medical Association 300(24):2859-2866.
456. Ko, C. H., and J. S. Takahashi. 2006. Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock. Human Molecular Genetics 15(Spec. No. 2):R271-R277.
457. Landhuis, C. E., R. Poulton, D. Welch, and R. J. Hancox. 2008. Childhood sleep time and long-term risk for obesity: A 32-year prospective birth cohort study. Pediatrics 122(5):955-960.
458. Lauderdale, D. S., K. L. Knutson, L. L. Yan, P. J. Rathouz, S. B. Hulley, S. Sidney, and K. Liu. 2006. Objectively measured sleep characteristics among early-middle-aged adults: The Cardia Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 164(1):5-16.
459. Locard, E., N. Mamelle, A. Billette, M. Miginiac, F. Munoz, and S. Rey. 1992. Risk factors of obesity in a five year old population. Parental versus environmental factors. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 16(10):721-729.
460. Mamun, A. A., D. A. Lawlor, S. Cramb, M. O'Callaghan, G. Williams, and J. Najman. 2007. Do childhood sleeping problems predict obesity in young adulthood? Evidence from a prospective birth cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology 166(12):1368-1373.
461. Mindell, J. A., B. Kuhn, D. S. Lewin, L. J. Meltzer, and A. Sadeh. 2006. Behavioral treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings in infants and young children. Sleep 29(10):1263-1276.
462. Mindell, J. A., L. J. Meltzer, M. A. Carskadon, and R. D. Chervin. 2009. Developmental aspects of sleep hygiene: Findings from the 2004 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll. Sleep Medicine 10(7):771-779.
463. Nedeltcheva, A. V., L. Kessler, J. Imperial, and P. D. Penev. 2009. Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94(9):3242-3250.
464. Nevarez, M. D., S. L. Rifas-Shiman, K. P. Kleinman, M. W. Gillman, and E. M. Taveras. 2010. Associations of early life risk factors with infant sleep duration. Academic Pediatrics 10(3):187-193.
465. NSF (National Sleep Foundation). 2008. Sleep in America. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/2008%20POLL%20SOF.PDF (accessed May 13, 2011).
466. NSF. 2011. Children and Sleep. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/children-and-sleep (accessed May 13, 2011).
467. Padez, C., I. Mourao, P. Moreira, and V. Rosado. 2005. Prevalence and risk factors for overweight and obesity in Portuguese children. Acta Paediatrica 94(11):1550-1557.
468. Patel, S. R., and F. B. Hu. 2008. Short sleep duration and weight gain: A systematic review. Obesity 16(3):643-653.
469. Paul, I. M., J. S. Savage, S. L. Anzman, J. S. Beiler, M. E. Marini, J. L. Stokes, and L. L. Birch. 2011. Preventing obesity during infancy: A pilot study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 19(2):353-361.
470. Pollock, J. I. 1994. Night-waking at five years of age: Predictors and prognosis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 35(4):699-708.
471. Reilly, J. J., J. Armstrong, A. R. Dorosty, P. M. Emmett, A. Ness, I. Rogers, C. Steer, and A. Sherriff. 2005. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: Cohort study. British Medical Journal 330(7504):1357-1359.
472. Sadeh, A., and Y. Sivan. 2009. Clinical practice: Sleep problems during infancy. European Journal of Pediatrics 168(10):1159-1164.
473. Sadeh, A., E. Flint-Ofir, T. Tirosh, and L. Tikotzky. 2007. Infant sleep and parental sleeprelated cognitions. Journal of Family Psychology 21(1):74-87.
474. Sadeh, A., L. Tikotzky, and A. Scher. 2010. Parenting and infant sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews 14(2):89-96.
475. Scheer, F. A., M. F. Hilton, C. S. Mantzoros, and S. A. Shea. 2009. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences 106(11):4453-4458.
476. Sekine, M., T. Yamagami, K. Handa, T. Saito, S. Nanri, K. Kawaminami, N. Tokui, K. Yoshida, and S. Kagamimori. 2002. A dose-response relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood obesity: Results of the Toyama Birth Cohort Study. Child: Care, Health and Development 28(2):163-170.
477. Sivak, M. 2006. Sleeping more as a way to lose weight. Obesity Reviews 7(3):295-296.
478. Snell, E. K., E. K. Adam, and G. J. Duncan. 2007. Sleep and the body mass index and overweight status of children and adolescents. Child Development 78(1):309-323.
479. Spiegel, K., R. Leproult, M. L'Hermite-Baleriaux, G. Copinschi, P. D. Penev, and E. Van Cauter. 2004a. Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: Relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89(11):5762-5771.
480. Spiegel, K., E. Tasali, P. Penev, and E. Van Cauter. 2004b. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Annals of Internal Medicine 141(11): 846-850.
481. Spilsbury, J. C., A. Storfer-Isser, D. Drotar, C. L. Rosen, L. H. Kirchner, H. Benham, and S. Redline. 2004. Sleep behavior in an urban US sample of school-aged children. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 158(10):988-994.
482. Taheri, S., L. Lin, D. Austin, T. Young, and E. Mignot. 2004. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Medicine 1(3):e62.
483. Taveras, E. M., S. L. Rifas-Shiman, E. Oken, E. P. Gunderson, and M. W. Gillman. 2008. Short sleep duration in infancy and risk of childhood overweight. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 162(4):305-311.
484. Taveras, E. M., K. Blackburn, M. W. Gillman, J. Haines, J. McDonald, S. Price, and E. Oken. 2010. First steps for mommy and me: A pilot intervention to improve nutrition and physical activity behaviors of postpartum mothers and their infants. Maternal and Child Health Journal October 19 [Epub ahead of print].
485. Thunstrom, M. 1999. Severe sleep problems among infants in a normal population in Sweden: Prevalence, severity and correlates. Acta Paediatrica 88(12):1356-1363.
486. Thunstrom, M. 2002. Severe sleep problems in infancy associated with subsequent development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at 5.5 years of age. Acta Paediatrica 91(5):584-592.
487. Tikotzky, L., and A. Sadeh. 2009. Maternal sleep-related cognitions and infant sleep: A longitudinal study from pregnancy through the 1st year. Child Development 80(3):860-874.
488. Tikotzky, L., G. de Marcas, J. Har-Toov, S. Dollberg, Y. Bar-Haim, and A. Sadeh. 2010. Sleep and physical growth in infants during the first 6 months. Journal of Sleep Research 19(1 Pt. 1):103-110.
489. Vgontzas, A. N., E. Zoumakis, E. O. Bixler, H. M. Lin, H. Follett, A. Kales, and G. P. Chrousos. 2004. Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89(5):2119-2126.
490. Vioque, J., A. Torres, and J. Quiles. 2000. Time spent watching television, sleep duration and obesity in adults living in Valencia, Spain. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 24(12):1683-1688.
491. von Kries, R., A. M. Toschke, H. Wurmser, T. Sauerwald, and B. Koletzko. 2002. Reduced risk for overweight and obesity in 5- and 6-y-old children by duration of sleep-a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26(5):710-716.
492. Wake, M., E. Morton-Allen, Z. Poulakis, H. Hiscock, S. Gallagher, and F. Oberklaid. 2006. Prevalence, stability, and outcomes of cry-fuss and sleep problems in the first 2 years of life: Prospective community-based study. Pediatrics 117(3):836-842.
493. Williams, C. J., F. B. Hu, S. R. Patel, and C. S. Mantzoros. 2007. Sleep duration and snoring in relation to biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk among women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30(5):1233-1240.
494. Heindel, J. J., and F. S. vom Saal. 2009. Role of nutrition and environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals during the perinatal period on the aetiology of obesity. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 304(1-2):90-96.
495. Nelson, J. W., E. E. Hatch, and T. F. Webster. 2010. Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and cholesterol, body weight, and insulin resistance in the general U.S. population. Environmental Health Perspectives 118(2):197-202.
496. Newbold, R. R., E. Padilla-Banks, W. N. Jefferson, and J. J. Heindel. 2008. Effects of endocrine disruptors on obesity. International Journal of Andrology 31(2):201-207.
497. Stahlhut, R. W., E. van Wijngaarden, T. D. Dye, S. Cook, and S. H. Swan. 2007. Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with increased waist circumference and insulin resistance in adult U.S. males. Environmental Health Perspectives 115(6):876-882.
498. Turnbaugh, P. J., R. E. Ley, M. A. Mahowald, V. Magrini, E. R. Mardis, and J. I. Gordon. 2006. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444(7122):1027-1031.
499. Turnbaugh, P. J., V. K. Ridaura, J. J. Faith, F. E. Rey, R. Knight, and J. I. Gordon. 2009. The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: A metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Science Translational Medicine 1(6).