Aβ-amyloid and Tau Imaging in Dementia

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 75-88

  Villemagne, Victor L ^a,b   Doré, Vincent ^a,c   Bourgeat, Pierrick ^c   Burnham, Samantha C ^c   Laws, Simon ^d   Salvado, Olivier ^c   Masters, Colin L ^b   Rowe, Christopher C ^a,b  

^a AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c CSIRO   (Australia)

^d EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; TAU PROTEIN;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; MEMORY DISORDER; MOLECULAR IMAGING; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; METABOLISM; PROCEDURES;

AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES; BIOMARKERS; DEMENTIA; HUMANS; MOLECULAR IMAGING; TAU PROTEINS;

EID: 85006115758     PISSN: 00012998     EISSN: 15584623     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.09.006     Document Type: Review

References (235)

1. 1 Masters, C.L., Cappai, R., Barnham, K.J., et al. Molecular mechanisms for Alzheimer's disease: Implications for neuroimaging and therapeutics. J Neurochem 97 (2006), 1700–1725.
2. 2 Khachaturian, Z.S., Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 42 (1985), 1097–1105.
3. 3 Isacson, O., Seo, H., Lin, L., et al. Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome: Roles of APP, trophic factors and ACh. Trends Neurosci 25 (2002), 79–84.
4. 4 Johnson, N., Davis, T., Bosanquet, N., The epidemic of Alzheimer's disease. How can we manage the costs?. Pharmacoeconomics 18 (2000), 215–223.
5. 5 O'Brien, J., Ames, D., Burns, A., Dementia, ed 2, 2000, Arnold, London.
6. 6 Jellinger, K., Morphology of Alzheimer disease and related disorders. Maurer, K., Riederer, P., Beckmann, H., (eds.) Alzheimer Disease: Epidemiology, Neuropathology, Neurochemistry, and Clinics., 1990, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 61–77.
7. 7 Masters, C.L., Neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. Burns, A., O'Brien, J., Ames, D., (eds.) Dementia, ed 3, 2005, Hodder Arnold, London, 393–407.
8. 8 Masters, C.L., Beyreuther, K., The neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease in the year 2005. Beal, M.F., Lang, A.E., Ludolph, A.C., (eds.) Neurodegenerative Diseases: Neurobiology, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics, 2005, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 433–440.
9. 9 Jellinger, K.A., Bancher, C., Neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease: A critical update. J Neural Transm Suppl 54 (1998), 77–95.
10. 10 Michaelis, M.L., Dobrowsky, R.T., Li, G., Tau neurofibrillary pathology and microtubule stability. J Mol Neurosci 19 (2002), 289–293.
11. 11 Masters, C.L., Simms, G., Weinman, N.A., et al. Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82 (1985), 4245–4249.
12. 12 Villemagne, V.L., Cappai, R., Barnham, K.J., et al. The Aβ centric pathway of Alzheimer's disease. Barrow, C.J., Small, B.J., (eds.) Abeta Peptide and Alzheimer's Disease, 2006, Springer-Verlag, London, 5–32.
13. 13 Hardy, J., Amyloid, the presenilins and Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 20 (1997), 154–159.
14. 14 McKhann, G.M., Knopman, D.S., Chertkow, H., et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7 (2011), 263–269.
15. 15 Dubois, B., Feldman, H.H., Jacova, C., et al. Revising the definition of Alzheimer's disease: A new lexicon. Lancet Neurol 9 (2010), 1118–1127.
16. 16 Dubois, B., Feldman, H.H., Jacova, C., et al. Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurol 6 (2007), 734–746.
17. 17 Cummings, J.L., Vinters, H.V., Cole, G.M., et al. Alzheimer's disease: Etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve, and treatment opportunities. Neurology 51 (1998), S2–S17 [discussion S65-17].
18. 18 Larson, E.B., Edwards, J.K., O'Meara, E., et al. Neuropathologic diagnostic outcomes from a cohort of outpatients with suspected dementia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 51:suppl 6 (1996), M313–M318.
19. 19 Petersen, R.C., Mild cognitive impairment: Transition between aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurologia 15 (2000), 93–101.
20. 20 Petersen, R.C., Smith, G.E., Waring, S.C., et al. Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 56 (1999), 303–308.
21. 21 Winblad, B., Palmer, K., Kivipelto, M., et al. Mild cognitive impairment—Beyond controversies, towards a consensus: Report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Intern Med 256 (2004), 240–246.
22. 22 Masters, C.L., Beyreuther, K., Alzheimer's centennial legacy: Prospects for rational therapeutic intervention targeting the Abeta amyloid pathway. Brain 129 (2006), 2823–2839.
23. 23 Villemagne, V.L., Fodero-Tavoletti, M.T., Pike, K.E., et al. The ART of Loss: Aβ Imaging in the evaluation of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Mol Neurobiol 38 (2008), 1–15.
24. 24 Clark, C.M., Davatzikos, C., Borthakur, A., et al. Biomarkers for early detection of Alzheimer pathology. Neurosignals 16 (2008), 11–18.
25. 25 Sperling, R., Johnson, K., Pro: Can biomarkers be gold standards in Alzheimer's disease?. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2, 2010, 17.
26. 26 Sperling, R., Johnson, K., Biomarkers of Alzheimer disease: Current and future applications to diagnostic criteria. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 19 (2013), 325–338.
27. 27 Shaw, L.M., Korecka, M., Clark, C.M., et al. Biomarkers of neurodegeneration for diagnosis and monitoring therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6 (2007), 295–303.
28. 28 Albert, M.S., Dekosky, S.T., Dickson, D., et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7 (2011), 270–279.
29. 29 Sperling, R.A., Aisen, P.S., Beckett, L.A., et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7 (2011), 280–292.
30. 30 Dubois, B., Hampel, H., Feldman, H.H., et al. Preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Definition, natural history, and diagnostic criteria. Alzheimers Dement 12 (2016), 292–323.
31. 31 Morris, J.C., Selkoe, D.J., Recommendations for the incorporation of biomarkers into Alzheimer clinical trials: An overview. Neurobiol Aging 32:suppl 1 (2011), S1–S3.
32. 32 Prestia, A., Caroli, A., van der Flier, W.M., et al. Prediction of dementia in MCI patients based on core diagnostic markers for Alzheimer disease. Neurology 80 (2013), 1048–1056.
33. 33 Jack, C.R. Jr., Knopman, D.S., Jagust, W.J., et al. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol 9 (2010), 119–128.
34. 34 Ossenkoppele, R., van Berckel, B.N., Prins, N.D., Amyloid imaging in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther, 3, 2011, 26.
35. 35 Villemagne, V.L., Pike, K.E., Chetelat, G., et al. Longitudinal assessment of Aβ and cognition in aging and Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 69 (2011), 181–192.
36. 36 Hyman, B.T., Amyloid-dependent and amyloid-independent stages of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 68 (2011), 1062–1064.
37. 37 Karran, E., Mercken, M., De Strooper, B., The amyloid cascade hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease: An appraisal for the development of therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 10 (2011), 698–712.
38. 38 Cohen, A.D., Rabinovici, G.D., Mathis, C.A., et al. Using Pittsburgh Compound B for in vivo PET imaging of fibrillar amyloid-beta. Adv Pharmacol 64 (2012), 27–81.
39. 39 Pike, K.E., Savage, G., Villemagne, V.L., et al. Beta-amyloid imaging and memory in non-demented individuals: Evidence for preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Brain 130 (2007), 2837–2844.
40. 40 Smith, E.E., Egorova, S., Blacker, D., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging white matter hyperintensities and brain volume in the prediction of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Arch Neurol 65 (2008), 94–100.
41. 41 Chang, C.Y., Silverman, D.H., Accuracy of early diagnosis and its impact on the management and course of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 4 (2004), 63–69.
42. 42 Rowe, C.C., Bourgeat, P., Ellis, K.A., et al. Predicting Alzheimer disease with beta-amyloid imaging: Results from the Australian imaging, biomarkers, and lifestyle study of ageing. Ann Neurol 74 (2013), 905–913.
43. 43 Sair, H.I., Doraiswamy, P.M., Petrella, J.R., In vivo amyloid imaging in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroradiology 46 (2004), 93–104.
44. 44 Villemagne, V.L., Rowe, C.C., Macfarlane, S., et al. Imaginem oblivionis: The prospects of neuroimaging for early detection of Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Neurosci 12 (2005), 221–230.
45. 45 Mathis, C.A., Klunk, W.E., Price, J.C., et al. Imaging technology for neurodegenerative diseases: Progress toward detection of specific pathologies. Arch Neurol 62 (2005), 196–200.
46. 46 Villemagne, V.L., Rowe, C.C., Amyloid ligands for dementia. PET Clin 5 (2010), 33–53.
47. 47 Shoghi-Jadid, K., Small, G.W., Agdeppa, E.D., et al. Localization of neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques in the brains of living patients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 10 (2002), 24–35.
48. 48 Klunk, W.E., Engler, H., Nordberg, A., et al. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Ann Neurol 55 (2004), 306–319.
49. 49 Verhoeff, N.P., Wilson, A.A., Takeshita, S., et al. In-vivo imaging of Alzheimer disease beta-amyloid with [11C]SB-13 PET. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 12 (2004), 584–595.
50. 50 Bauer, M., Langer, O., Dal-Bianco, P., et al. A positron emission tomography microdosing study with a potential antiamyloid drug in healthy volunteers and patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 80 (2006), 216–227.
51. 51 Kudo, Y., Okamura, N., Furumoto, S., et al. 2-(2-[2-Dimethylaminothiazol-5-yl]ethenyl)-6-(2-[fluoro]ethoxy)benzoxazole: A novel PET agent for in vivo detection of dense amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease patients. J Nucl Med 48 (2007), 553–561.
52. 52 Rowe, C.C., Ackerman, U., Browne, W., et al. Imaging of amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease with (18)F-BAY94-9172, a novel PET tracer: Proof of mechanism. Lancet Neurol 7 (2008), 129–135.
53. 53 Serdons, K., Terwinghe, C., Vermaelen, P., et al. Synthesis and evaluation of (18)F-labeled 2-phenylbenzothiazoles as positron emission tomography imaging agents for amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. J Med Chem, 2009.
54. 54 Wong, D.F., Rosenberg, P.B., Zhou, Y., et al. In vivo imaging of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease using the radioligand 18F-AV-45 (florbetapir [corrected] F 18). J Nucl Med 51 (2010), 913–920.
55. 55 Cselenyi, Z., Jonhagen, M.E., Forsberg, A., et al. Clinical vof 18F-AZD4694: An amyloid-beta-specific PET radioligand. J Nucl Med 53 (2012), 415–424.
56. 56 Rowe, C.C., Pejoska, S., Mulligan, R.S., et al. Head-to-head comparison of 11C-PiB and 18F-AZD4694 (NAV4694) for beta-amyloid imaging in aging and dementia. J Nucl Med 54 (2013), 880–886.
57. 57 Mathis, C.A., Bacskai, B.J., Kajdasz, S.T., et al. A lipophilic thioflavin-T derivative for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of amyloid in brain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 12 (2002), 295–298.
58. 58 Klunk, W.E., Wang, Y., Huang, G.F., et al. Uncharged thioflavin-T derivatives bind to amyloid-beta protein with high affinity and readily enter the brain. Life Sci 69 (2001), 1471–1484.
59. 59 Price, J.C., Klunk, W.E., Lopresti, B.J., et al. Kinetic modeling of amyloid binding in humans using PET imaging and Pittsburgh Compound-B. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25 (2005), 1528–1547.
60. 60 Ye, L., Morgenstern, J.L., Gee, A.D., et al. Delineation of positron emission tomography imaging agent binding sites on beta-amyloid peptide fibrils. J Biol Chem 280 (2005), 23599–23604.
61. 61 Braak, H., Braak, E., Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiol Aging 18 (1997), 351–357.
62. 62 Klunk, W.E., Price, J.C., Mathis, C.A., et al. Amyloid deposition begins in the striatum of presenilin-1 mutation carriers from two unrelated pedigrees. J Neurosci 27 (2007), 6174–6184.
63. 63 Villemagne, V.L., Ataka, S., Mizuno, T., et al. High striatal amyloid beta-peptide deposition across different autosomal Alzheimer disease mutation types. Arch Neurol 66 (2009), 1537–1544.
64. 64 Koivunen, J., Verkkoniemi, A., Aalto, S., et al. PET amyloid ligand [11C]PIB uptake shows predominantly striatal increase in variant Alzheimer's disease. Brain 131 (2008), 1845–1853.
65. 65 Ng, S.Y., Villemagne, V.L., Masters, C.L., et al. Evaluating atypical dementia syndromes using positron emission tomography with carbon 11 labeled Pittsburgh Compound B. Arch Neurol 64 (2007), 1140–1144.
66. 66 Formaglio, M., Costes, N., Seguin, J., et al. In vivo demonstration of amyloid burden in posterior cortical atrophy: A case series with PET and CSF findings. J Neurol 258 (2011), 1841–1851.
67. 67 Kambe, T., Motoi, Y., Ishii, K., et al. Posterior cortical atrophy with [11C] Pittsburgh Compound B accumulation in the primary visual cortex. J Neurol 257 (2010), 469–471.
68. 68 Tenovuo, O., Kemppainen, N., Aalto, S., et al. Posterior cortical atrophy: A rare form of dementia with in vivo evidence of amyloid-beta accumulation. J Alzheimers Dis 15 (2008), 351–355.
69. 69 Dierksen, G.A., Skehan, M.E., Khan, M.A., et al. Spatial relation between microbleeds and amyloid deposits in amyloid angiopathy. Ann Neurol 68 (2010), 545–548.
70. 70 Johnson, K.A., Gregas, M., Becker, J.A., et al. Imaging of amyloid burden and distribution in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ann Neurol 62 (2007), 229–234.
71. 71 Rowe, C.C., Ng, S., Ackermann, U., et al. Imaging beta-amyloid burden in aging and dementia. Neurology 68 (2007), 1718–1725.
72. 72 Clark, C.M., Schneider, J.A., Bedell, B.J., et al. Use of florbetapir-PET for imaging beta-amyloid pathology. J Am Med Assoc 305 (2011), 275–283.
73. 73 Villemagne, V.L., Ong, K., Mulligan, R.S., et al. Amyloid Imaging with 18F-florbetaben in alzheimer disease and other dementias. J Nucl Med 52 (2011), 1210–1217.
74. 74 Barthel, H., Gertz, H.J., Dresel, S., et al. Cerebral amyloid-beta PET with florbetaben ((18)F) in patients with Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls: A multicentre phase 2 diagnostic study. Lancet Neurol 10 (2011), 424–435.
75. 75 Vandenberghe, R., Van Laere, K., Ivanoiu, A., et al. 18F-flutemetamol amyloid imaging in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment: A phase 2 trial. Ann Neurol 68 (2010), 319–329.
76. 76 Nelissen, N., Van Laere, K., Thurfjell, L., et al. Phase 1 study of the Pittsburgh Compound B derivative 18F-flutemetamol in healthy volunteers and patients with probable Alzheimer disease. J Nucl Med 50 (2009), 1251–1259.
77. 77 Camus, V., Payoux, P., Barre, L., et al. Using PET with (18)F-AV-45 (florbetapir) to quantify brain amyloid load in a clinical environment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 39:4 (2012), 621–631.
78. 78 Fleisher, A.S., Chen, K., Liu, X., et al. Using positron emission tomography and florbetapir F18 to image cortical amyloid in patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia due to Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 68 (2011), 1404–1411.
79. 79 Furst, A.J., Rabinovici, G.D., Rostomian, A.H., et al. Cognition, glucose metabolism and amyloid burden in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 33:2 (2010), 215–225.
80. 80 Jack, C.R. Jr., Lowe, V.J., Senjem, M.L., et al. 11C PiB and structural MRI provide complementary information in imaging of Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Brain 131 (2008), 665–680.
81. 81 Mintun, M.A., Larossa, G.N., Sheline, Y.I., et al. [11C]PIB in a nondemented population: potential antecedent marker of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 67 (2006), 446–452.
82. 82 Morris, J.C., Roe, C.M., Grant, E.A., et al. Pittsburgh Compound B imaging and prediction of progression from cognitive normality to symptomatic Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 66 (2009), 1469–1475.
83. 83 Rabinovici, G.D., Furst, A.J., O'Neil, J.P., et al. 11C-PIB PET imaging in Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurology 68 (2007), 1205–1212.
84. 84 Rowe, C.C., Ellis, K.A., Rimajova, M., et al. Amyloid imaging results from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study of aging. Neurobiol Aging 31 (2010), 1275–1283.
85. 85 Lister-James, J., Pontecorvo, M.J., Clark, C., et al. Florbetapir f-18: A histopathologically validated Beta-amyloid positron emission tomography imaging agent. Semin Nucl Med 41 (2011), 300–304.
86. 86 Sperling, R.A., Johnson, K.A., Doraiswamy, P.M., et al. Amyloid deposition detected with florbetapir F 18 ((18)F-AV-45) is related to lower episodic memory performance in clinically normal older individuals. Neurobiol Aging, 2012.
87. 87 Doraiswamy, P.M., Sperling, R.A., Coleman, R.E., et al. Amyloid-beta assessed by florbetapir F 18 PET and 18-month cognitive decline: A multicenter study. Neurology 79 (2012), 1636–1644.
88. 88 Doraiswamy, P.M., Sperling, R.A., Johnson, K., et al. Florbetapir F 18 amyloid PET and 36-month cognitive decline: prospective multicenter study. Mol Psychiatry 19 (2014), 1044–1051.
89. 89 Clark, C.M., Pontecorvo, M.J., Beach, T.G., et al. Cerebral PET with florbetapir compared with neuropathology at autopsy for detection of neuritic amyloid-beta plaques: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 11 (2012), 669–678.
90. 90 Zhang, W., Oya, S., Kung, M.P., et al. F-18 stilbenes as PET imaging agents for detecting beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. J Med Chem 48 (2005), 5980–5988.
91. 91 Fodero-Tavoletti, M.T., Brockschnieder, D., Villemagne, V.L., et al. In vitro characterisation of [18F]–florbetaben, an Aβ imaging radiotracer. Nucl Med Biol, 2012, 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.1003.1001.
92. 92 Sabri, O., Sabbagh, M.N., Seibyl, J., et al. Florbetaben PET imaging to detect amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer's disease: Phase 3 study. Alzheimers Dement 11 (2015), 964–974.
93. 93 Ong, K., Villemagne, V.L., Bahar-Fuchs, A., et al. (18)F-florbetaben Abeta imaging in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Res Ther, 5, 2013, 4.
94. 94 Ong, K.T., Villemagne, V.L., Bahar-Fuchs, A., et al. Abeta imaging with 18F-florbetaben in prodromal Alzheimer's disease: A prospective outcome study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 86 (2015), 431–436.
95. 95 Serdons, K., Verduyckt, T., Vanderghinste, D., et al. Synthesis of 18F-labelled 2-(4’-fluorophenyl)-1,3-benzothiazole and evaluation as amyloid imaging agent in comparison with [11C]PIB. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 19 (2009), 602–605.
96. 96 Thurfjell, L., Lotjonen, J., Lundqvist, R., et al. Combination of biomarkers: PET [F]Flutemetamol imaging and structural MRI in dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Neurodegener Dis, 2012.
97. 97 Wolk, D.A., Grachev, I.D., Buckley, C., et al. Association between in vivo fluorine 18-labeled flutemetamol amyloid positron emission tomography imaging and in vivo cerebral cortical histopathology. Arch Neurol 68 (2011), 1398–1403.
98. 98 Wong, D.F., Moghekar, A.R., Rigamonti, D., et al. An in vivo evaluation of cerebral cortical amyloid with [(18)F]flutemetamol using positron emission tomography compared with parietal biopsy samples in living normal pressure hydrocephalus patients. Mol Imaging Biol, 2012.
99. 99 Curtis, C., Gamez, J.E., Singh, U., et al. Phase 3 trial of flutemetamol labeled with radioactive fluorine 18 imaging and neuritic plaque density. JAMA Neurol 72 (2015), 287–294.
100. 100 Villain, N., Chetelat, G., Grassiot, B., et al. Regional dynamics of amyloid-beta deposition in healthy elderly, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A voxelwise PiB-PET longitudinal study. Brain 135 (2012), 2126–2139.
101. 101 Sojkova, J., Zhou, Y., An, Y., et al. Longitudinal patterns of beta-amyloid deposition in nondemented older adults. Arch Neurol 68 (2011), 644–649.
102. 102 Resnick, S.M., Sojkova, J., Zhou, Y., et al. Longitudinal cognitive decline is associated with fibrillar amyloid-beta measured by [11C]PiB. Neurology 74 (2010), 807–815.
103. 103 Jack, C.R. Jr., Lowe, V.J., Weigand, S.D., et al. Serial PIB and MRI in normal, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Implications for sequence of pathological events in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 132 (2009), 1355–1365.
104. 104 Okello, A., Koivunen, J., Edison, P., et al. Conversion of amyloid positive and negative MCI to AD over 3 years: An 11C-PIB PET study. Neurology 73 (2009), 754–760.
105. 105 Engler, H., Forsberg, A., Almkvist, O., et al. Two-year follow-up of amyloid deposition in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain 129 (2006), 2856–2866.
106. 106 Rinne, J.O., Brooks, D.J., Rossor, M.N., et al. 11C-PiB PET assessment of change in fibrillar amyloid-beta load in patients with Alzheimer's disease treated with bapineuzumab: A phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose study. Lancet Neurol 9 (2010), 363–372.
107. 107 Landau, S.M., Fero, A., Baker, S.L., et al. Measurement of Longitudinal beta-amyloid change with 18F-florbetapir PET and standardized uptake value ratios. J Nucl Med 56 (2015), 567–574.
108. 108 Jack, C.R. Jr., Wiste, H.J., Lesnick, T.G., et al. Brain beta-amyloid load approaches a plateau. Neurology 80 (2013), 890–896.
109. 109 Villemagne, V.L., Burnham, S., Bourgeat, P., et al. Amyloid beta deposition, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 12 (2013), 357–367.
110. 110 Vlassenko, A.G., Mintun, M.A., Xiong, C., et al. Amyloid-beta plaque growth in cognitively normal adults: Longitudinal [11C]Pittsburgh Compound B data. Ann Neurol 70 (2011), 857–861.
111. 111 Bacskai, B.J., Frosch, M.P., Freeman, S.H., et al. Molecular imaging with Pittsburgh Compound B confirmed at autopsy: A case report. Arch Neurol 64 (2007), 431–434.
112. 112 Ikonomovic, M.D., Klunk, W.E., Abrahamson, E.E., et al. Post-mortem correlates of in vivo PiB-PET amyloid imaging in a typical case of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 131 (2008), 1630–1645.
113. 113 Burack, M.A., Hartlein, J., Flores, H.P., et al. In vivo amyloid imaging in autopsy-confirmed Parkinson disease with dementia. Neurology 74 (2010), 77–84.
114. 114 Leinonen, V., Alafuzoff, I., Aalto, S., et al. Assessment of β-amyloid in a frontal cortical brain biopsy specimen and by positron emission tomography with carbon 11-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B. Arch Neurol 65 (2008), 1304–1309.
115. 115 Kadir, A., Marutle, A., Gonzalez, D., et al. Positron emission tomography imaging and clinical progression in relation to molecular pathology in the first Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography patient with Alzheimer's disease. Brain 134 (2011), 301–317.
116. 116 Villemagne, V.L., McLean, C.A., Reardon, K., et al. 11C-PiB PET studies in typical sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80 (2009), 998–1001.
117. 117 Sojkova, J., Driscoll, I., Iacono, D., et al. In vivo fibrillar beta-amyloid detected using [11C]PiB positron emission tomography and neuropathologic assessment in older adults. Arch Neurol 68 (2011), 232–240.
118. 118 Sabbagh, M.N., Fleisher, A., Chen, K., et al. Positron emission tomography and neuropathologic estimates of fibrillar amyloid-beta in a patient with Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 68 (2011), 1461–1466.
119. 119 Arnold, S.E., Han, L.Y., Clark, C.M., et al. Quantitative neurohistological features of frontotemporal degeneration. Neurobiol Aging 21 (2000), 913–919.
120. 120 Naslund, J., Haroutunian, V., Mohs, R., et al. Correlation between elevated levels of amyloid beta-peptide in the brain and cognitive decline. J Am Med Assoc 283 (2000), 1571–1577.
121. 121 Petersen, R.C., Smith, G.E., Ivnik, R.J., et al. Apolipoprotein E status as a predictor of the development of Alzheimer's disease in memory-impaired individuals. J Am Med Assoc 273 (1995), 1274–1278.
122. 122 Kemppainen, N.M., Aalto, S., Wilson, I.A., et al. PET amyloid ligand [11C]PIB uptake is increased in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 68 (2007), 1603–1606.
123. 123 Forsberg, A., Engler, H., Almkvist, O., et al. PET imaging of amyloid deposition in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 29 (2008), 1456–1465.
124. 124 Mormino, E.C., Kluth, J.T., Madison, C.M., et al. Episodic memory loss is related to hippocampal-mediated beta-amyloid deposition in elderly subjects. Brain 132 (2009), 1310–1323.
125. 125 Lowe, V.J., Kemp, B.J., Jack, C.R. Jr., et al. Comparison of 18F-FDG and PiB PET in cognitive impairment. J Nucl Med 50 (2009), 878–886.
126. 126 Dubois, B., Feldman, H.H., Jacova, C., et al. Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease: The IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol 13 (2014), 614–629.
127. 127 Villemagne, V.L., Pike, K.E., Darby, D., et al. Aβ deposits in older non-demented individuals with cognitive decline are indicative of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 46 (2008), 1688–1697.
128. 128 Aizenstein, H.J., Nebes, R.D., Saxton, J.A., et al. Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly. Arch Neurol 65 (2008), 1509–1517.
129. 129 Reiman, E.M., Chen, K., Liu, X., et al. Fibrillar amyloid-beta burden in cognitively normal people at 3 levels of genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 (2009), 6820–6825.
130. 130 Davies, L., Wolska, B., Hilbich, C., et al. A4 amyloid protein deposition and the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Prevalence in aged brains determined by immunocytochemistry compared with conventional neuropathologic techniques. Neurology 38 (1988), 1688–1693.
131. 131 Forman, M.S., Mufson, E.J., Leurgans, S., et al. Cortical biochemistry in MCI and Alzheimer disease: Lack of correlation with clinical diagnosis. Neurology 68 (2007), 757–763.
132. 132 Morris, J.C., Price, A.L., Pathologic correlates of nondemented aging, mild cognitive impairment, and early-stage Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Neurosci 17 (2001), 101–118.
133. 133 Price, J.L., Morris, J.C., Tangles and plaques in nondemented aging and “preclinical” Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 45 (1999), 358–368.
134. 134 Sperling, R.A., Jack, C.R. Jr., Aisen, P.S., Testing the right target and right drug at the right stage. Sci Transl Med, 3, 2011, 111cm133.
135. 135 Sperling, R.A., Rentz, D.M., Johnson, K.A., et al. The A4 study: Stopping AD before symptoms begin?. Sci Transl Med, 6, 2014, 228fs213.
136. 136 Jack, C.R. Jr., Knopman, D.S., Weigand, S.D., et al. An operational approach to National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association criteria for preclinical Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 71 (2012), 765–775.
137. 137 Mormino, E.C., Betensky, R.A., Hedden, T., et al. Synergistic effect of beta-amyloid and neurodegeneration on cognitive decline in clinically normal individuals. JAMA Neurol 71 (2014), 1379–1385.
138. 138 Vos, S.J., Xiong, C., Visser, P.J., et al. Preclinical Alzheimer's disease and its outcome: A longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Neurol 12 (2013), 957–965.
139. 139 van Harten, A.C., Smits, L.L., Teunissen, C.E., et al. Preclinical AD predicts decline in memory and executive functions in subjective complaints. Neurology 81 (2013), 1409–1416.
140. 140 Burnham, S.C., Bourgeat, P., Dore, V., et al. Clinical and cognitive trajectories in cognitively healthy elderly individuals with suspected non-Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology (SNAP) or Alzheimer's disease pathology: a longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol, 2016.
141. 141 Sojkova, J., Resnick, S.M., In vivo human amyloid imaging. Curr Alzheimer Res 8 (2011), 366–372.
142. 142 Rabinovici, G.D., Furst, A.J., Alkalay, A., et al. Increased metabolic vulnerability in early-onset Alzheimer's disease is not related to amyloid burden. Brain 133 (2010), 512–528.
143. 143 Wahlund, L.O., Blennow, K., Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for disease stage and intensity in cognitively impaired patients. Neurosci Lett 339 (2003), 99–102.
144. 144 Sunderland, T., Gur, R.E., Arnold, S.E., The use of biomarkers in the elderly: Current and future challenges. Biol Psychiatry 58 (2005), 272–276.
145. 145 de Leon, M.J., DeSanti, S., Zinkowski, R., et al. Longitudinal CSF and MRI biomarkers improve the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 27 (2006), 394–401.
146. 146 Thal, L.J., Kantarci, K., Reiman, E.M., et al. The role of biomarkers in clinical trials for Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 20 (2006), 6–15.
147. 147 Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Minthon, L., et al. Longitudinal stability of CSF biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 419 (2007), 18–22.
148. 148 Storandt, M., Head, D., Fagan, A.M., et al. Toward a multifactorial model of Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging, 2012.
149. 149 Morris, J.C., Kimberly, A., Quaid, K., et al. Role of biomarkers in studies of presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 1 (2005), 145–151.
150. 150 Cohen, A.D., Price, J.C., Weissfeld, L.A., et al. Basal cerebral metabolism may modulate the cognitive effects of Abeta in mild cognitive impairment: an example of brain reserve. J Neurosci 29 (2009), 14770–14778.
151. 151 Edison, P., Archer, H.A., Hinz, R., et al. Amyloid, hypometabolism, and cognition in Alzheimer disease: an [11C]PIB and [18F]FDG PET study. Neurology 68 (2007), 501–508.
152. 152 Forsberg, A., Almkvist, O., Engler, H., et al. High PIB retention in Alzheimer's disease is an early event with complex relationship with CSF biomarkers and functional parameters. Curr Alzheimer Res 7 (2010), 56–66.
153. 153 Tolboom, N., van der Flier, W.M., Yaqub, M., et al. Relationship of cerebrospinal fluid markers to 11C-PiB and 18F-FDDNP binding. J Nucl Med 50 (2009), 1464–1470.
154. 154 Fagan, A.M., Roe, C.M., Xiong, C., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau/beta-amyloid(42) ratio as a prediction of cognitive decline in nondemented older adults. Arch Neurol 64 (2007), 343–349.
155. 155 Fagan, A.M., Mintun, M.A., Mach, R.H., et al. Inverse relation between in vivo amyloid imaging load and cerebrospinal fluid Abeta(42) in humans. Ann Neurol 59 (2006), 512–519.
156. 156 Fagan, A.M., Mintun, M.A., Shah, A.R., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau and ptau(181) increase with cortical amyloid deposition in cognitively normal individuals: Implications for future clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol Med 1 (2009), 371–380.
157. 157 Koivunen, J., Pirttila, T., Kemppainen, N., et al. PET amyloid ligand [C]PIB uptake and cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid in mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 26 (2008), 378–383.
158. 158 Grimmer, T., Riemenschneider, M., Forstl, H., et al. Beta amyloid in Alzheimer's disease: Increased deposition in brain is reflected in reduced concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. Biol Psychiatry 65 (2009), 927–934.
159. 159 Toledo, J.B., Xie, S.X., Trojanowski, J.Q., et al. Longitudinal change in CSF Tau and Abeta biomarkers for up to 48 months in ADNI. Acta Neuropathol 126 (2013), 659–670.
160. 160 Li, Q.X., Villemagne, V.L., Doecke, J.D., et al. Alzheimer's disease normative cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers validated in PET amyloid-beta characterized subjects from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study. J Alzheimers Dis 48 (2015), 175–187.
161. 161 Mattsson, N., Insel, P.S., Landau, S., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of CSF Ab42 and florbetapir PET for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 1 (2014), 534–543.
162. 162 Toledo, J.B., Bjerke, M., Da, X., et al. Nonlinear association between cerebrospinal fluid and florbetapir F-18 beta-amyloid measures across the spectrum of Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol 72 (2015), 571–581.
163. 163 Landau, S.M., Lu, M., Joshi, A.D., et al. Comparing positron emission tomography imaging and cerebrospinal fluid measurements of beta-amyloid. Ann Neurol 74 (2013), 826–836.
164. 164 Archer, H.A., Edison, P., Brooks, D.J., et al. Amyloid load and cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's disease: An 11C-PIB positron emission tomography study. Ann Neurol 60 (2006), 145–147.
165. 165 Chetelat, G., Villemagne, V.L., Bourgeat, P., et al. Relationship between atrophy and beta-amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 67 (2010), 317–324.
166. 166 Becker, J.A., Hedden, T., Carmasin, J., et al. Amyloid-beta associated cortical thinning in clinically normal elderly. Ann Neurol 69 (2011), 1032–1042.
167. 167 Bourgeat, P., Chetelat, G., Villemagne, V.L., et al. Beta-amyloid burden in the temporal neocortex is related to hippocampal atrophy in elderly subjects without dementia. Neurology 74 (2010), 121–127.
168. 168 Tosun, D., Schuff, N., Mathis, C.A., et al. Spatial patterns of brain amyloid-beta burden and atrophy rate associations in mild cognitive impairment. Brain 134 (2011), 1077–1088.
169. 169 Drzezga, A., Becker, J.A., Van Dijk, K.R., et al. Neuronal dysfunction and disconnection of cortical hubs in non-demented subjects with elevated amyloid burden. Brain 134 (2011), 1635–1646.
170. 170 Forster, S., Grimmer, T., Miederer, I., et al. Regional expansion of hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease follows amyloid deposition with temporal delay. Biol Psychiatry 71:9 (2011), 792–797.
171. 171 Chetelat, G., Villemagne, V.L., Villain, N., et al. Accelerated cortical atrophy in cognitively normal elderly with high beta-amyloid deposition. Neurology 78 (2012), 477–484.
172. 172 Dore, V., Villemagne, V.L., Bourgeat, P., et al. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the relationship between Abeta deposition, cortical thickness, and memory in cognitively unimpaired individuals and in Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol 70 (2013), 903–911.
173. 173 Andrews, K.A., Modat, M., Macdonald, K.E., et al. Atrophy rates in asymptomatic amyloidosis: Implications for Alzheimer prevention trials. Plos One, 2013, 8.
174. 174 Andrews, K.A., Frost, C., Modat, M., et al. Acceleration of hippocampal atrophy rates in asymptomatic amyloidosis. Neurobiol Aging 39 (2016), 99–107.
175. 175 Farrer, L.A., Cupples, L.A., Haines, J.L., et al. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. J Am Med Assoc 278 (1997), 1349–1356.
176. 176 Morris, J.C., Roe, C.M., Xiong, C., et al. APOE predicts amyloid-beta but not tau Alzheimer pathology in cognitively normal aging. Ann Neurol 67 (2010), 122–131.
177. 177 Ossenkoppele, R., Jansen, W.J., Rabinovici, G.D., et al. Prevalence of amyloid PET positivity in dementia syndromes: A meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc 313 (2015), 1939–1949.
178. 178 Drzezga, A., Grimmer, T., Henriksen, G., et al. Imaging of amyloid plaques and cerebral glucose metabolism in semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 39 (2008), 619–633.
179. 179 Grimmer, T., Tholen, S., Yousefi, B.H., et al. Progression of cerebral amyloid load is associated with the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 genotype in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 68 (2010), 879–884.
180. 180 Gomez-Isla, T., West, H.L., Rebeck, G.W., et al. Clinical and pathological correlates of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 39 (1996), 62–70.
181. 181 Berg, L., McKeel, D.W. Jr., Miller, J.P., et al. Clinicopathologic studies in cognitively healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease: Relation of histologic markers to dementia severity, age, sex, and apolipoprotein E genotype. Arch Neurol 55 (1998), 326–335.
182. 182 Gomperts, S.N., Rentz, D.M., Moran, E., et al. Imaging amyloid deposition in Lewy body diseases. Neurology 71 (2008), 903–910.
183. 183 Maetzler, W., Liepelt, I., Reimold, M., et al. Cortical PIB binding in Lewy body disease is associated with Alzheimer-like characteristics. Neurobiol Dis 34 (2009), 107–112.
184. 184 Engler, H., Santillo, A.F., Wang, S.X., et al. In vivo amyloid imaging with PET in frontotemporal dementia. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35 (2008), 100–106.
185. 185 Wolk, D.A., Price, J.C., Madeira, C., et al. Amyloid imaging in dementias with atypical presentation. Alzheimers Dement, 2012.
186. 186 Johansson, A., Savitcheva, I., Forsberg, A., et al. [(11)C]-PIB imaging in patients with Parkinson's disease: Preliminary results. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 14 (2008), 345–347.
187. 187 Edison, P., Rowe, C.C., Rinne, J.O., et al. Amyloid load in Parkinson's disease dementia and Lewy body dementia measured with [11C]PIB positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 (2008), 1331–1338.
188. 188 Maetzler, W., Reimold, M., Liepelt, I., et al. [11C]PIB binding in Parkinson's disease dementia. Neuroimage 39 (2008), 1027–1033.
189. 189 Kalaitzakis, M.E., Walls, A.J., Pearce, R.K., et al. Striatal Abeta peptide deposition mirrors dementia and differentiates DLB and PDD from other parkinsonian syndromes. Neurobiol Dis 41 (2011), 377–384.
190. 190 Foster, E.R., Campbell, M.C., Burack, M.A., et al. Amyloid imaging of Lewy body-associated disorders. Mov Disord 25 (2010), 2516–2523.
191. 191 Rabinovici, G.D., Miller, B.L., Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs 24 (2010), 375–398.
192. 192 Taniguchi, S., McDonagh, A.M., Pickering-Brown, S.M., et al. The neuropathology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with respect to the cytological and biochemical characteristics of tau protein. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 30 (2004), 1–18.
193. 193 Neumann, M., Sampathu, D.M., Kwong, L.K., et al. Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science 314 (2006), 130–133.
194. 194 Neumann, M., Rademakers, R., Roeber, S., et al. A new subtype of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with FUS pathology. Brain 132 (2009), 2922–2931.
195. 195 Mott, R.T., Dickson, D.W., Trojanowski, J.Q., et al. Neuropathologic, biochemical, and molecular characterization of the frontotemporal dementias. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 64 (2005), 420–428.
196. 196 Josephs, K.A., Holton, J.L., Rossor, M.N., et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration and ubiquitin immunohistochemistry. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 30 (2004), 369–373.
197. 197 Mackenzie, I.R., Foti, D., Woulfe, J., et al. Atypical frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive, TDP-43-negative neuronal inclusions. Brain 131 (2008), 1282–1293.
198. 198 Leyton, C.E., Villemagne, V.L., Savage, S., et al. Subtypes of progressive aphasia: Application of the international consensus criteria and validation using {beta}-amyloid imaging. Brain, 2011.
199. 199 Rabinovici, G.D., Jagust, W.J., Furst, A.J., et al. Abeta amyloid and glucose metabolism in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Ann Neurol 64 (2008), 388–401.
200. 200 Rabinovici, G.D., Rosen, H.J., Alkalay, A., et al. Amyloid vs FDG-PET in the differential diagnosis of AD and FTLD. Neurology 77 (2011), 2034–2042.
201. 201 Ostrowitzki, S., Deptula, D., Thurfjell, L., et al. Mechanism of amyloid removal in patients with alzheimer disease treated with gantenerumab. Arch Neurol 69:2 (2011), 198–207.
202. 202 Klunk, W.E., Koeppe, R.A., Price, J.C., et al. The Centiloid Project: standardizing quantitative amyloid plaque estimation by PET. Alzheimers Dement, 11, 2015 1-15.e11-e14.
203. 203 Rowe, C.C., Jones, G., Dore, V., et al. Standardized expression of 18F-NAV4694 and 11C-PiB beta-amyloid PET results with the Centiloid scale. J Nucl Med 57 (2016), 1233–1237.
204. 204 Villemagne, V.L., Fodero-Tavoletti, M.T., Masters, C.L., et al. Tau imaging: Early progress and future directions. Lancet Neurol 14 (2015), 114–124.
205. 205 Chien, D.T., Bahri, S., Szardenings, A.K., et al. Early clinical PET imaging results with the novel PHF-tau radioligand [F-18]-T807. J Alzheimers Dis 34 (2013), 457–468.
206. 206 Maruyama, M., Shimada, H., Suhara, T., et al. Imaging of Tau pathology in a tauopathy mouse model and in Alzheimer patients compared to normal controls. Neuron 79 (2013), 1094–1108.
207. 207 Walji, A.M., Hostetler, E.D., Selnick, H., et al. Discovery of 6-(Fluoro-(18)F)-3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-1-yl)isoquinolin-5-amine ([(18)F]-MK-6240): A positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent for quantification of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). J Med Chem 59 (2016), 4778–4789.
208. 208 Okamura, N., Furumoto, S., Harada, R., et al. Characterization of [18F]THK-5351: A novel PET tracer for imaging tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 41, 2014, S260.
209. 209 Johnson, K.A., Schultz, A., Betensky, R.A., et al. Tau positron emission tomographic imaging in aging and early Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 79 (2016), 110–119.
210. 210 Lockhart, S.N., Baker, S.L., Okamura, N., et al. Dynamic PET measures of Tau accumulation in cognitively normal older adults and Alzheimer's disease patients measured using [18F] THK-5351. PLoS One, 11, 2016, e0158460.
211. 211 Chiotis, K., Saint-Aubert, L., Savitcheva, I., et al. Imaging in-vivo tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease with THK5317 PET in a multimodal paradigm. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2016.
212. 212 Scholl, M., Lockhart, S.N., Schonhaut, D.R., et al. PET imaging of Tau deposition in the aging human brain. Neuron 89 (2016), 971–982.
213. 213 Royall, D.R., Location, location, location!. Neurobiol Aging, 28, 2007, 1481–1482.
214. 214 Delacourte, A., David, J.P., Sergeant, N., et al. The biochemical pathway of neurofibrillary degeneration in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 52 (1999), 1158–1165.
215. 215 Sarazin, M., Lagarde, J., Bottlaender, M., Distinct tau PET imaging patterns in typical and atypical Alzheimer's disease. Brain 139 (2016), 1321–1324.
216. 216 Wang, L., Benzinger, T.L., Su, Y., et al. Evaluation of Tau imaging in staging alzheimer disease and revealing interactions between beta-amyloid and tauopathy. JAMA Neurol, 2016.
217. 217 Cho, H., Choi, J.Y., Hwang, M.S., et al. Tau PET in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 87 (2016), 375–383.
218. 218 Ossenkoppele, R., Cohn-Sheehy, B.I., La Joie, R., et al. Atrophy patterns in early clinical stages across distinct phenotypes of Alzheimer's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 36 (2015), 4421–4437.
219. 219 Ossenkoppele, R., Pijnenburg, Y.A., Perry, D.C., et al. The behavioural/dysexecutive variant of Alzheimer's disease: Clinical, neuroimaging and pathological features. Brain 138 (2015), 2732–2749.
220. 220 Ossenkoppele, R., Schonhaut, D.R., Baker, S.L., et al. Tau, amyloid, and hypometabolism in a patient with posterior cortical atrophy. Ann Neurol 77 (2015), 338–342.
221. 221 Gordon, B.A., Friedrichsen, K., Brier, M., et al. The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid markers of Alzheimer pathology and positron emission tomography tau imaging. Brain 139 (2016), 2249–2260.
222. 222 Delacourte, A., Sergeant, N., Wattez, A., et al. Tau aggregation in the hippocampal formation: an ageing or a pathological process?. Exp Gerontol 37 (2002), 1291–1296.
223. 223 Tomlinson, B.E., Blessed, G., Roth, M., Observations on the brains of demented old people. J Neurol Sci 11 (1970), 205–242.
224. 224 Crary, J.F., Trojanowski, J.Q., Schneider, J.A., et al. Primary age-related tauopathy (PART): A common pathology associated with human aging. Acta Neuropathol 128 (2014), 755–766.
225. 225 Jellinger, K.A., Alafuzoff, I., Attems, J., et al. PART, a distinct tauopathy, different from classical sporadic Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol, 2015.
226. 226 Duyckaerts, C., Braak, H., Brion, J.P., et al. PART is part of Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol 129 (2015), 749–756.
227. 227 Jack, C.R. Jr., PART and SNAP. Acta Neuropathol 128 (2014), 773–776.
228. 228 Villemagne, V.L., Furumoto, S., Fodero-Tavoletti, M.T., et al. In vivo evaluation of a novel tau imaging tracer for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 41 (2014), 816–826.
229. 229 Beach, T.G., Monsell, S.E., Phillips, L.E., et al. Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer Disease Centers, 2005-2010. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 71 (2012), 266–273.
230. 230 Jellinger, K.A., Con: Can neuropathology really confirm the exact diagnosis?. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2, 2010, 11.
231. 231 Scheltens, P., Rockwood, K., How golden is the gold standard of neuropathology in dementia?. Alzheimers Dement 7 (2011), 486–489.
232. 232 Wischik, C., Staff, R., Challenges in the conduct of disease-modifying trials in AD: Practical experience from a phase 2 trial of Tau-aggregation inhibitor therapy. J Nutr Health Aging 13 (2009), 367–369.
233. 233 Sperling, R., Salloway, S., van Dyck, C., et al. Clinical correlates of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) in Phase 3 studies of bapineuzumab in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurology, 2013, 80.
234. 234 Jack, C.R. Jr., Wiste, H.J., Knopman, D.S., et al. Rates of beta-amyloid accumulation are independent of hippocampal neurodegeneration. Neurology 82 (2014), 1605–1612.
235. 235 Jack, C.R. Jr., Bennett, D.A., Blennow, K., et al. A/T/N: An unbiased descriptive classification scheme for Alzheimer disease biomarkers. Neurology 87 (2016), 539–547.