The Microbiome of the Built Environment and Human Behavior: Implications for Emotional Health and Well-Being in Postmodern Western Societies

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 131, Issue , 2016, Pages 289-323

  Stamper, C E ^a   Hoisington, A J ^b,c   Gomez, O M ^a   Halweg Edwards, A L ^a   Smith, D G ^a   Bates, K L ^b   Kinney, K A ^c,d   Postolache, T T ^c,e,f,g   Brenner, L A ^c,g,h   Rook, G A W ⁱ   Lowry, C A ^a,c,g,h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ACADEMY   (United States)

^c Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium of Research and Education (MVM CORE)   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center   (United States)

^g Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Behavior; Biodiversity hypothesis; Built environment; Hygiene hypothesis; Microbiome; Microbiome of the built environment; Urbanization

Indexed keywords

B LYMPHOCYTE; BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT; BUILT ENVIRONMENT; EMOTIONAL STABILITY; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOREGULATION; MACROPHAGE FUNCTION; MENTAL STRESS; MICROBIOME; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY B CELL; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TREND STUDY; URBANIZATION; WATER SUPPLY; WELLBEING; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; INFLAMMATION; MENTAL HEALTH; MICROCLIMATE; MICROFLORA; PHYSIOLOGY;

ENVIRONMENT DESIGN; ENVIRONMENT, CONTROLLED; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MENTAL HEALTH; MICROBIOTA;

EID: 84995390419     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: 21625514     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.07.006     Document Type: Chapter

References (186)

1. Adams, R.I., Bhangar, S., Pasut, W., Arens, E.A., Taylor, J.W., Lindow, S.E., et al. Chamber bioaerosol study: Outdoor air and human occupants as sources of indoor airborne microbes. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0128022.
2. Adams, R.I., Miletto, M., Lindow, S.E., Taylor, J.W., Bruns, T.D., Airborne bacterial communities in residences: Similarities and differences with fungi. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e91283.
3. Aichbhaumik, N., Zoratti, E.M., Strickler, R., Wegienka, G., Ownby, D.R., Havstad, S., et al. Prenatal exposure to household pets influences fetal immunoglobulin E production. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 38 (2008), 1787–1794.
4. Al-Ghalith, G.A., Knights, D., Bygiene: The new paradigm of bidirectional hygiene. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 88 (2015), 359–365.
5. Allen, R.G., Lafuse, W.P., Galley, J.D., Ali, M.M., Ahmer, B.M., Bailey, M.T., The intestinal microbiota are necessary for stressor-induced enhancement of splenic macrophage microbicidal activity. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 26 (2012), 371–382.
6. Amu, S., Saunders, S.P., Kronenberg, M., Mangan, N.E., Atzberger, A., Fallon, P.G., Regulatory B cells prevent and reverse allergic airway inflammation via FoxP3-positive T regulatory cells in a murine model. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125 (2010), 1114–1124.
7. Angenent, L.T., Kelley, S.T., St Amend, A., Pace, N.R., Hernandez, M.T., Molecular identification of potential pathogens in water and air of a hospital therapy pool. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005), 4860–4865.
8. Arnold, I.C., Dehzad, N., Reuter, S., Martin, H., Becher, B., Taube, C., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection prevents allergic asthma in mouse models through the induction of regulatory T cells. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 121 (2011), 3088–3093.
9. Arnold, I.C., Hitzler, I., Muller, A., The immunomodulatory properties of Helicobacter pylori confer protection against allergic and chronic inflammatory disorders. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2, 2012, 10.
10. Arnold, I.C., Lee, J.Y., Amieva, M.R., Roers, A., Flavell, R.A., Sparwasser, T., et al. Tolerance rather than immunity protects from Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric preneoplasia. Gastroenterology 140 (2011), 199–209.
11. Arumugam, M., Raes, J., Pelletier, E., Le Paslier, D., Yamada, T., Mende, D.R., et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 473 (2011), 174–180.
12. Astell-Burt, T., Feng, X., Kolt, G.S., Is neighborhood green space associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes? Evidence from 267,072 Australians. Diabetes Care 37 (2014), 197–201.
13. Atarashi, K., Tanoue, T., Shima, T., Imaoka, A., Kuwahara, T., Momose, Y., et al. Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species. Science 331 (2011), 337–341.
14. Atherton, J.C., Blaser, M.J., Coadaptation of Helicobacter pylori and humans: Ancient history, modern implications. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 119 (2009), 2475–2487.
15. Bach, J.F., The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. The New England Journal of Medicine 347 (2002), 911–920.
16. Barberan, A., Ladau, J., Leff, J.W., Pollard, K.S., Menninger, H.L., Dunn, R.R., et al. Continental-scale distributions of dust-associated bacteria and fungi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (2015), 5756–5761.
17. Baron, J.L., Vikram, A., Duda, S., Stout, J.E., Bibby, K., Shift in the microbial ecology of a hospital hot water system following the introduction of an on-site monochloramine disinfection system. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e102679.
18. Bartra, J., Garcia-Moral, A., Enrique, E., Geographical differences in food allergy. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 59 (2016), 755–763.
19. Bassaganya-Riera, J., Reynolds, K., Martino-Catt, S., Cui, Y., Hennighausen, L., Gonzalez, F., et al. Activation of PPAR gamma and delta by conjugated linoleic acid mediates protection from experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 127 (2004), 777–791.
20. Bassaganya-Riera, J., Viladomiu, M., Pedragosa, M., De, S.C., Carbo, A., Shaykhutdinov, R., et al. Probiotic bacteria produce conjugated linoleic acid locally in the gut that targets macrophage PPAR gamma to suppress colitis. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e31238.
21. Becattini, S., Taur, Y., Pamer, E.G., Antibiotic-induced changes in the intestinal microbiota and disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine 22 (2016), 458–478.
22. Blaser, M.J., Dominguez-Bello, M.G., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Estrada, I., et al. Distinct cutaneous bacterial assemblages in a sampling of South American Amerindians and US residents. The ISME Journal 7 (2013), 85–95.
23. Bokulich, N.A., Mills, D.A., Underwood, M.A., Surface microbes in the neonatal intensive care unit: Changes with routine cleaning and over time. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 51 (2013), 2617–2624.
24. Bottos, E.M., Woo, A.C., Zawar-Reza, P., Pointing, S.B., Cary, S.C., Airborne bacterial populations above desert soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Microbial Ecology 67 (2014), 120–128.
25. Bouhlel, M.A., Derudas, B., Rigamonti, E., Dievart, R., Brozek, J., Haulon, S., et al. PPARgamma activation primes human monocytes into alternative M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties. Cell Metabolism 6 (2007), 137–143.
26. Bowers, R.M., McLetchie, S., Knight, R., Fierer, N., Spatial variability in airborne bacterial communities across land-use types and their relationship to the bacterial communities of potential source environments. The ISME Journal 5 (2011), 601–612.
27. Braat, H., van den Brande, J., van Tol, E., Hommes, D., Peppelenbosch, M., van Deventer, S., Lactobacillus rhamnosus induces peripheral hyporesponsiveness in stimulated CD4 + T cells via modulation of dendritic cell function. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (2004), 1618–1625.
28. Browne, H.P., Forster, S.C., Anonye, B.O., Kumar, N., Neville, B.A., Stares, M.D., et al. Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation. Nature 533 (2016), 543–546.
29. Burr, M.L., Butland, B.K., King, S., Vaughan-Williams, E., Changes in asthma prevalence: Two surveys 15 years apart. Archives of Disease in Childhood 64 (1989), 1452–1456.
30. Chinetti, G., Fruchart, J.C., Staels, B., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: New targets for the pharmacological modulation of macrophage gene expression and function. Current Opinion in Lipidology 14 (2003), 459–468.
31. Clemente, J.C., Pehrsson, E.C., Blaser, M.J., Sandhu, K., Gao, Z., Wang, B., et al. The microbiome of uncontacted Amerindians. Science Advances, 1, 2015, 3.
32. Contreras, M., Costello, E.K., Hidalgo, G., Magris, M., Knight, R., Dominguez-Bello, M.G., The bacterial microbiota in the oral mucosa of rural Amerindians. Microbiology 156 (2010), 3282–3287.
33. Correale, J., Farez, M., Razzitte, G., Helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis induce regulatory B cells. Annals of Neurology 64 (2008), 187–199.
34. Craig, A.D., A new view of pain as a homeostatic emotion. Trends in Neurosciences 26 (2003), 303–307.
35. Dannemiller, K.C., Gent, J.F., Leaderer, B.P., Peccia, J., Influence of housing characteristics on bacterial and fungal communities in homes of asthmatic children. Indoor Air 26 (2016), 179–192.
36. De Filippo, C., Cavalieri, D., Di, P.M., Ramazzotti, M., Poullet, J.B., Massart, S., et al. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (2010), 14691–14696.
37. Dedesko, S., Siegel, J.A., Moisture parameters and fungal communities associated with gypsum drywall in buildings. Microbiome, 3, 2015, 71.
38. DeLeon-Rodriguez, N., Lathem, T.L., Rodriguez, R., Barazesh, J.M., Anderson, B.E., Beyersdorf, A.J., et al. Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (2013), 2575–2580.
39. Deloge-Abarkan, M., Ha, T.L., Robine, E., Zmirou-Navier, D., Mathieu, L., Detection of airborne Legionella while showering using liquid impingement and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Journal of Environmental Monitoring 9 (2007), 91–97.
40. Diaz Heijtz, R.D., Fetal, neonatal, and infant microbiome: Perturbations and subsequent effects on brain development and behavior. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 2016, 10.1016/j.siny.2016.04.012 Epub ahead of print.
41. Di Giacinto, C., Marinaro, M., Sanchez, M., Strober, W., Boirivant, M., Probiotics ameliorate recurrent Th1-mediated murine colitis by inducing IL-10 and IL-10-dependent TGF-beta-bearing regulatory cells. Journal of Immunology 174 (2005), 3237–3246.
42. Dietert, R.R., Dietert, J.M., Potential for early-life immune insult including developmental immunotoxicity in autism and autism spectrum disorders: Focus on critical windows of immune vulnerability. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews 11 (2008), 660–680.
43. Diorio, D., Viau, V., Meaney, M.J., The role of the medial prefrontal cortex (cingulate gyrus) in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. The Journal of Neuroscience 13 (1993), 3839–3847.
44. Downs, S.H., Marks, G.B., Mitakakis, T.Z., Leuppi, J.D., Car, N.G., Peat, J.K., Having lived on a farm and protection against allergic diseases in Australia. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 31 (2001), 570–575.
45. Dunn, R.R., Fierer, N., Henley, J.B., Leff, J.W., Menninger, H.L., Home life: Factors structuring the bacterial diversity found within and between homes. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e64133.
46. Ege, M.J., Mayer, M., Normand, A.C., Genuneit, J., Cookson, W.O., Braun-Fahrlander, C., et al. Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma. The New England Journal of Medicine 364 (2011), 701–709.
47. Elliott, D.E., Weinstock, J.V., Helminth-host immunological interactions: Prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1247 (2012), 83–96.
48. Emerson, J.B., Keady, P.B., Brewer, T.E., Clements, N., Morgan, E.E., Awerbuch, J., et al. Impacts of flood damage on airborne bacteria and fungi in homes after the 2013 Colorado Front Range flood. Environmental Science & Technology 49 (2015), 2675–2684.
49. Evans, G.W., McCoy, J.M., When buildings don't work: The role of architecture in human health. Journal of Environmental Psychology 18 (1998), 85–94.
50. Evans, N.P., Misyak, S.A., Schmelz, E.M., Guri, A.J., Hontecillas, R., Bassaganya-Riera, J., Conjugated linoleic acid ameliorates inflammation-induced colorectal cancer in mice through activation of PPARgamma. The Journal of Nutrition 140 (2010), 515–521.
51. Flores, G.E., Bates, S.T., Knights, D., Lauber, C.L., Stombaugh, J., Knight, R., et al. Microbial biogeography of public restroom surfaces. PLoS One, 6, 2011, e28132.
52. Flores, G.E., Caporaso, J.G., Henley, J.B., Rideout, J.R., Domogala, D., Chase, J., et al. Temporal variability is a personalized feature of the human microbiome. Genome Biology, 15, 2014, 531.
53. Frankel, M., Beko, G., Timm, M., Gustavsen, S., Hansen, E.W., Madsen, A.M., Seasonal variations of indoor microbial exposures and their relation to temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange rate. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78 (2012), 8289–8297.
54. Fujimura, K.E., Johnson, C.C., Ownby, D.R., Cox, M.J., Brodie, E.L., Havstad, S.L., et al. Man's best friend? The effect of pet ownership on house dust microbial communities. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 126 (2010), 410–412.
55. Fuller, R.A., Irvine, K.N., Devine-Wright, P., Warren, P.H., Gaston, K.J., Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity. Biology Letters 3 (2007), 390–394.
56. Fusar-Poli, P., Radua, J., McGuire, P., Borgwardt, S., Neuroanatomical maps of psychosis onset: Voxel-wise meta-analysis of antipsychotic-naive VBM studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38 (2012), 1297–1307.
57. Gorvitovskaia, A., Holmes, S.P., Huse, S.M., Interpreting Prevotella and Bacteroides as biomarkers of diet and lifestyle. Microbiome, 4, 2016, 15.
58. Gozdz, J., Holbreich, M., Metwali, N., Thorne, P., Sperling, A., Martinez, F.D., et al. Opposite effects of farming on asthma: Mice exposed to Amish and Hutterite environmental products recapitulate asthma protection and risk. B.21. TRANSLATIONAL ASTHMA RESEARCH, 2015, American Thoracic Society, New York, NY A2489.
59. Graham-Rowe, D., Lifestyle: When allergies go west. Nature 479 (2011), S2–S4.
60. Grainger, J.R., Smith, K.A., Hewitson, J.P., McSorley, H.J., Harcus, Y., Filbey, K.J., et al. Helminth secretions induce de novo T cell Foxp3 expression and regulatory function through the TGF-beta pathway. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 207 (2010), 2331–2341.
61. Grantham, N.S., Reich, B.J., Pacifici, K., Laber, E.B., Menninger, H.L., Henley, J.B., et al. Fungi identify the geographic origin of dust samples. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0122605.
62. Green, J.L., Can bioinformed design promote healthy indoor ecosystems?. Indoor Air 24 (2014), 113–115.
63. Haddad, L., Schafer, A., Streit, F., Lederbogen, F., Grimm, O., Wust, S., et al. Brain structure correlates of urban upbringing, an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 41 (2015), 115–122.
64. Hadley, G.A., Bartlett, S.T., Via, C.S., Rostapshova, E.A., Moainie, S., The epithelial cell-specific integrin, CD103 (alpha E integrin), defines a novel subset of alloreactive CD8 + CTL. Journal of Immunology 159 (1997), 3748–3756.
65. Hanski, I., von Hertzen, L., Fyhrquist, N., Koskinen, K., Torppa, K., Laatikainen, T., et al. Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (2012), 8334–8339.
66. Hart, A.L., Lammers, K., Brigidi, P., Vitali, B., Rizzello, F., Gionchetti, P., et al. Modulation of human dendritic cell phenotype and function by probiotic bacteria. Gut 53 (2004), 1602–1609.
67. Henne, K., Kahlisch, L., Brettar, I., Hofle, M.G., Analysis of structure and composition of bacterial core communities in mature drinking water biofilms and bulk water of a citywide network in Germany. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78 (2012), 3530–3538.
68. Hoang, C.P., Kinney, K.A., Corsi, R.L., Szaniszlo, P.J., Resistance of green building materials to fungal growth. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 64 (2010), 104–113.
69. Hoban, A.E., Stilling, R.M., Ryan, F.J., Shanahan, F., Dinan, T.G., Claesson, M.J., et al. Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. Translational Psychiatry, 6, 2016, e774.
70. Hoisington, A.J., Brenner, L.A., Kinney, K.A., Postolache, T.T., Lowry, C.A., The microbiome of the built environment and mental health. Microbiome 3 (2015), 1–12.
71. Hoisington, A., Maestre, J.P., Kinney, K.A., Siegel, J.A., Characterizing the bacterial communities in retail stores in the United States. Indoor Air, 2015, 10.1111/ina.12273 Epub ahead of print.
72. Holbreich, M., Genuneit, J., Weber, J., Braun-Fahrlander, C., Waser, M., von Mutius, E., Amish children living in northern Indiana have a very low prevalence of allergic sensitization. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 129 (2012), 1671–1673.
73. Hospodsky, D., Qian, J., Nazaroff, W.W., Yamamoto, N., Bibby, K., Rismani-Yazdi, H., et al. Human occupancy as a source of indoor airborne bacteria. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e34867.
74. Hospodsky, D., Yamamoto, N., Nazaroff, W.W., Miller, D., Gorthala, S., Peccia, J., Characterizing airborne fungal and bacterial concentrations and emission rates in six occupied children's classrooms. Indoor Air 25 (2015), 641–652.
75. Hug, L.A., Baker, B.J., Anantharaman, K., Brown, C.T., Probst, A.J., Castelle, C.J., et al. A new view of the tree of life. Nature Microbiology, 1, 2016, 16048.
76. Hwang, D., Fatty acids and immune responses—A new perspective in searching for clues to mechanism. Annual Review of Nutrition 20 (2000), 431–456.
77. Jaensson, E., Uronen-Hansson, H., Pabst, O., Eksteen, B., Tian, J., Coombes, J.L., et al. Small intestinal CD103 + dendritic cells display unique functional properties that are conserved between mice and humans. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 205 (2008), 2139–2149.
78. Ji, P., Parks, J., Edwards, M.A., Pruden, A., Impact of water chemistry, pipe material and stagnation on the building plumbing microbiome. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0141087.
79. Karimi, K., Inman, M.D., Bienenstock, J., Forsythe, P., Lactobacillus reuteri-induced regulatory T cells protect against an allergic airway response in mice. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 179 (2009), 186–193.
80. Kelley, S.T., Gilbert, J.A., Studying the microbiology of the indoor environment. Genome Biology, 14, 2013, 202.
81. Kelley, S.T., Theisen, U., Angenent, L.T., St Amend, A., Pace, N.R., Molecular analysis of shower curtain biofilm microbes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (2004), 4187–4192.
82. Kembel, S.W., Jones, E., Kline, J., Northcutt, D., Stenson, J., Womack, A.M., et al. Architectural design influences the diversity and structure of the built environment microbiome. The ISME Journal 6 (2012), 1469–1479.
83. Kembel, S.W., Meadow, J.F., O'Connor, T.K., Mhuireach, G., Northcutt, D., Kline, J., et al. Architectural design drives the biogeography of indoor bacterial communities. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e87093.
84. Kemp, P.F., Aller, J.Y., Bacterial diversity in aquatic and other environments: What 16S rDNA libraries can tell us. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 47 (2004), 161–177.
85. Kim, D.I., Kim, K.H., Kang, J.H., Jung, E.M., Kim, S.S., Jeung, E.B., et al. Trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid modulates NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha production in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells via a PPARgamma-dependent pathway. The British Journal of Nutrition 105 (2011), 1329–1336.
86. Kliewer, S.A., Lenhard, J.M., Willson, T.M., Patel, I., Morris, D.C., Lehmann, J.M., A prostaglandin J2 metabolite binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and promotes adipocyte differentiation. Cell 83 (1995), 813–819.
87. Korkalainen, M., Taubel, M., Naarala, J., Kirjavainen, P., Koistinen, A., Hyvarinen, A., et al. Synergistic proinflammatory interactions of microbial toxins and structural components characteristic to moisture-damaged buildings. Indoor Air, 2016, 10.1111/ina.12282 Epub ahead of print.
88. Krabbendam, L., van Os, J., Schizophrenia and urbanicity: A major environmental influence—Conditional on genetic risk. Schizophrenia Bulletin 31 (2005), 795–799.
89. Lau, H.Y., Ashbolt, N.J., The role of biofilms and protozoa in Legionella pathogenesis: Implications for drinking water. Journal of Applied Microbiology 107 (2009), 368–378.
90. Lauener, R.P., Birchler, T., Adamski, J., Braun-Fahrlander, C., Bufe, A., Herz, U., et al. Expression of CD14 and Toll-like receptor 2 in farmers’ and non-farmers’ children. Lancet 360 (2002), 465–466.
91. Lautenschlager, K., Boon, N., Wang, Y., Egli, T., Hammes, F., Overnight stagnation of drinking water in household taps induces microbial growth and changes in community composition. Water Research 44 (2010), 4868–4877.
92. Lax, S., Nagler, C.R., Gilbert, J.A., Our interface with the built environment: Immunity and the indoor microbiota. Trends in Immunology 36 (2015), 121–123.
93. Lax, S., Smith, D.P., Hampton-Marcell, J., Owens, S.M., Handley, K.M., Scott, N.M., et al. Longitudinal analysis of microbial interaction between humans and the indoor environment. Science 345 (2014), 1048–1052.
94. Le Bert, N., Chain, B.M., Rook, G., Noursadeghi, M., DC priming by M. vaccae inhibits Th2 responses in contrast to specific TLR2 priming and is associated with selective activation of the CREB pathway. PLoS One, 6, 2011, e18346.
95. Lederbogen, F., Kirsch, P., Haddad, L., Streit, F., Tost, H., Schuch, P., et al. City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans. Nature 474 (2011), 498–501.
96. Lee, S.O., Kim, C.S., Cho, S.K., Choi, H.J., Ji, G.E., Oh, D.K., Bioconversion of linoleic acid into conjugated linoleic acid during fermentation and by washed cells of Lactobacillus reuteri. Biotechnology Letters 25 (2003), 935–938.
97. Leung, M.H., Lee, P.K., The roles of the outdoors and occupants in contributing to a potential pan-microbiome of the built environment: A review. Microbiome, 4, 2016, 21.
98. Ley, R.E., Backhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C.A., Knight, R.D., Gordon, J.I., Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005), 11070–11075.
99. Little, A.E., Robinson, C.J., Peterson, S.B., Raffa, K.F., Handelsman, J., Rules of engagement: Interspecies interactions that regulate microbial communities. Annual Review of Microbiology 62 (2008), 375–401.
100. Logan, A.C., Dysbiotic drift: Mental health, environmental grey space, and microbiota. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 34, 2015, 23.
101. Loke, P., MacDonald, A.S., Robb, A., Maizels, R.M., Allen, J.E., Alternatively activated macrophages induced by nematode infection inhibit proliferation via cell-to-cell contact. European Journal of Immunology 30 (2000), 2669–2678.
102. Lowry, C.A., Hollis, J.H., de Vries, A., Pan, B., Brunet, L.R., Hunt, J.R., et al. Identification of an immune-responsive mesolimbocortical serotonergic system: Potential role in regulation of emotional behavior. Neuroscience 146 (2007), 756–772.
103. Lowry, C.A., Smith, D.G., Siebler, P.H., Schmidt, D., Stamper, C.E., Hassell, J.E. Jr., et al. The microbiota, immunoregulation and mental health: Implications for public health. Current Environmental Health Reports 3 (2016), 270–286.
104. Luongo, J.C., Barberan, A., Hacker-Cary, R., Morgan, E.E., Miller, S.L., Fierer, N., Microbial analyses of airborne dust collected from dormitory rooms predict the sex of occupants. Indoor Air, 2016, 10.1111/ina12302 Epub ahead of print.
105. Lymperopoulou, D.S., Adams, R.I., Lindow, S.E., Contribution of vegetation to the microbial composition of nearby outdoor air. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82 (2016), 3822–3833.
106. Macovei, L., McCafferty, J., Chen, T., Teles, F., Hasturk, H., Paster, B.J., et al. The hidden ‘mycobacteriome’ of the human healthy oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. Journal of Oral Microbiology, 7, 2015, 26094.
107. Mangan, N.E., Fallon, R.E., Smith, P., van Rooijen, N., McKenzie, A.N., Fallon, P.G., Helminth infection protects mice from anaphylaxis via IL-10-producing B cells. Journal of Immunology 173 (2004), 6346–6356.
108. March, D., Hatch, S.L., Morgan, C., Kirkbride, J.B., Bresnahan, M., Fearon, P., et al. Psychosis and place. Epidemiologic Reviews 30 (2008), 84–100.
109. Martinez, I., Stegen, J.C., Maldonado-Gomez, M.X., Eren, A.M., Siba, P.M., Greenhill, A.R., et al. The gut microbiota of rural papua new guineans: Composition, diversity patterns, and ecological processes. Cell Reports 11 (2015), 527–538.
110. Matsushita, T., Yanaba, K., Bouaziz, J.D., Fujimoto, M., Tedder, T.F., Regulatory B cells inhibit EAE initiation in mice while other B cells promote disease progression. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 118 (2008), 3420–3430.
111. Matthews, D.M., Jenks, S.M., Ingestion of Mycobacterium vaccae decreases anxiety-related behavior and improves learning in mice. Behavioural Processes 96 (2013), 27–35.
112. McDade, T.W., Rutherford, J., Adair, L., Kuzawa, C.W., Early origins of inflammation: Microbial exposures in infancy predict lower levels of C-reactive protein in adulthood. Proceedings of the Biological Sciences 277 (2010), 1129–1137.
113. Meadow, J.F., Altrichter, A.E., Kembel, S.W., Kline, J., Mhuireach, G., Moriyama, M., et al. Indoor airborne bacterial communities are influenced by ventilation, occupancy, and outdoor air source. Indoor Air 24 (2014), 41–48.
114. Miletto, M., Lindow, S.E., Relative and contextual contribution of different sources to the composition and abundance of indoor air bacteria in residences. Microbiome, 3, 2015, 61.
115. Miller, A.H., Raison, C.L., The role of inflammation in depression: From evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nature Reviews. Immunology 16 (2016), 22–34.
116. Miller, J.D., Rand, T.G., Jarvis, B.B., Stachybotrys chartarum: Cause of human disease or media darling?. Medical Mycology 41 (2003), 271–291.
117. Mitchell, R., Popham, F., Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: An observational population study. Lancet 372 (2008), 1655–1660.
118. Modi, S.R., Collins, J.J., Relman, D.A., Antibiotics and the gut microbiota. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 124 (2014), 4212–4218.
119. Mosser, D.M., Edwards, J.P., Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nature Reviews. Immunology 8 (2008), 958–969.
120. Nazaroff, W.W., Indoor bioaerosol dynamics. Indoor Air 26 (2016), 61–78.
121. Obregon-Tito, A.J., Tito, R.Y., Metcalf, J., Sankaranarayanan, K., Clemente, J.C., Ursell, L.K., et al. Subsistence strategies in traditional societies distinguish gut microbiomes. Nature Communications, 6, 2015, 6505.
122. Odegaard, J.I., Ricardo-Gonzalez, R.R., Goforth, M.H., Morel, C.R., Subramanian, V., Mukundan, L., et al. Macrophage-specific PPARgamma controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance. Nature 447 (2007), 1116–1120.
123. Ogawa, J., Kishino, S., Ando, A., Sugimoto, S., Mihara, K., Shimizu, S., Production of conjugated fatty acids by lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 100 (2005), 355–364.
124. Ownby, D.R., Johnson, C.C., Peterson, E.L., Exposure to dogs and cats in the first year of life and risk of allergic sensitization at 6 to 7 years of age. JAMA 288 (2002), 963–972.
125. Pedersen, C.B., Mortensen, P.B., Evidence of a dose-response relationship between urbanicity during upbringing and schizophrenia risk. Archives of General Psychiatry 58 (2001), 1039–1046.
126. Peen, J., Schoevers, R.A., Beekman, A.T., Dekker, J., The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 121 (2010), 84–93.
127. Pezawas, L., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Drabant, E.M., Verchinski, B.A., Munoz, K.E., Kolachana, B.S., et al. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: A genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nature Neuroscience 8 (2005), 828–834.
128. Pinto, A.J., Xi, C., Raskin, L., Bacterial community structure in the drinking water microbiome is governed by filtration processes. Environmental Science & Technology 46 (2012), 8851–8859.
129. Poza, M., Gayoso, C., Gomez, M.J., Rumbo-Feal, S., Tomas, M., Aranda, J., et al. Exploring bacterial diversity in hospital environments by GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e44105.
130. Qian, J., Hospodsky, D., Yamamoto, N., Nazaroff, W.W., Peccia, J., Size-resolved emission rates of airborne bacteria and fungi in an occupied classroom. Indoor Air 22 (2012), 339–351.
131. Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Paglino, J., Eslami-Varzaneh, F., Edberg, S., Medzhitov, R., Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 118 (2004), 229–241.
132. Reber, S.O., Siebler, P.H., Donner, N.C., Morton, J.T., Smith, D.G., Kopelman, J.M., et al. Immunization with a heat-killed preparation of the environmental bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae promotes stress resilience in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (2016), E3130–E3139.
133. Rintala, H., Nevalainen, A., Suutari, M., Diversity of streptomycetes in water-damaged building materials based on 16S rDNA sequences. Letters in Applied Microbiology 34 (2002), 439–443.
134. Ripa, L.W., A half-century of community water fluoridation in the United States: Review and commentary. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 53 (1993), 17–44.
135. Roman-Nunez, M., Cuesta-Alonso, E.P., Gilliland, S.E., Influence of sodium glycocholate on production of conjugated linoleic acid by cells of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55739. Journal of Food Science 72 (2007), M140–M143.
136. Rook, G.A., 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: Darwinian medicine and the ‘hygiene’ or ‘old friends’ hypothesis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 160 (2010), 70–79.
137. Rook, G.A., Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: An ecosystem service essential to health. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (2013), 18360–18367.
138. Rook, G.A., Adams, V., Hunt, J., Palmer, R., Martinelli, R., Brunet, L.R., Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders. Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 25 (2004), 237–255.
139. Rook, G.A., Raison, C.L., Lowry, C.A., Microbial ‘old friends’, immunoregulation and socioeconomic status. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 177 (2014), 1–12.
140. Ross, A.A., Neufeld, J.D., Microbial biogeography of a university campus. Microbiome, 3, 2015, 66.
141. Round, J.L., Lee, S.M., Li, J., Tran, G., Jabri, B., Chatila, T.A., et al. The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota. Science 332 (2011), 974–977.
142. Ruokolainen, L., von Hertzen, L., Fyhrquist, N., Laatikainen, T., Lehtomaki, J., Auvinen, P., et al. Green areas around homes reduce atopic sensitization in children. Allergy 70 (2015), 195–202.
143. Rusin, P., Orosz-Coughlin, P., Gerba, C., Reduction of faecal coliform, coliform and heterotrophic plate count bacteria in the household kitchen and bathroom by disinfection with hypochlorite cleaners. Journal of Applied Microbiology 85 (1998), 819–828.
144. Schnoeller, C., Rausch, S., Pillai, S., Avagyan, A., Wittig, B.M., Loddenkemper, C., et al. A helminth immunomodulator reduces allergic and inflammatory responses by induction of IL-10-producing macrophages. Journal of Immunology 180 (2008), 4265–4272.
145. Seifried, J.S., Wichels, A., Gerdts, G., Spatial distribution of marine airborne bacterial communities. MicrobiologyOpen 4 (2015), 475–490.
146. Sela, D.A., Mills, D.A., Nursing our microbiota: Molecular linkages between bifidobacteria and milk oligosaccharides. Trends in Microbiology 18 (2010), 298–307.
147. Selten, J.P., Cantor-Graae, E., Social defeat: Risk factor for schizophrenia?. The British Journal of Psychiatry 187 (2005), 101–102.
148. Shibolet, O., Podolsky, D.K., TLRs in the Gut. IV. Negative regulation of Toll-like receptors and intestinal homeostasis: Addition by subtraction. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 292 (2007), G1469–G1473.
149. Shwartz, A., Turbe, A., Simon, L., Julliard, R., Enhancing urban biodiversity and its influence on city-dwellers: An experiment. Biological Conservation 171 (2014), 82–90.
150. Smelt, M.J., de Haan, B.J., Bron, P.A., van Swam, I., Meijerink, M., Wells, J.M., et al. L. plantarum, L. salivarius, and L. lactis attenuate Th2 responses and increase Treg frequencies in healthy mice in a strain dependent manner. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e47244.
151. Smith, P., Mangan, N.E., Walsh, C.M., Fallon, R.E., McKenzie, A.N., van Rooijen, N., et al. Infection with a helminth parasite prevents experimental colitis via a macrophage-mediated mechanism. Journal of Immunology 178 (2007), 4557–4566.
152. Smith, P.D., Ochsenbauer-Jambor, C., Smythies, L.E., Intestinal macrophages: Unique effector cells of the innate immune system. Immunological Reviews 206 (2005), 149–159.
153. Smith, M.I., Yatsunenko, T., Manary, M.J., Trehan, I., Mkakosya, R., Cheng, J., et al. Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor. Science 339 (2013), 548–554.
154. Smits, H.H., Engering, A., van der Kleij, D., de Jong, E.C., Schipper, K., van Capel, T.M., et al. Selective probiotic bacteria induce IL-10-producing regulatory T cells in vitro by modulating dendritic cell function through dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 115 (2005), 1260–1267.
155. Smythies, L.E., Sellers, M., Clements, R.H., Mosteller-Barnum, M., Meng, G., Benjamin, W.H., et al. Human intestinal macrophages display profound inflammatory anergy despite avid phagocytic and bacteriocidal activity. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 115 (2005), 66–75.
156. Smythies, L.E., Shen, R., Bimczok, D., Novak, L., Clements, R.H., Eckhoff, D.E., et al. Inflammation anergy in human intestinal macrophages is due to Smad-induced IkappaBalpha expression and NF-kappaB inactivation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 285 (2010), 19593–19604.
157. Sonnenburg, E.D., Sonnenburg, J.L., Starving our microbial self: The deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. Cell Metabolism 20 (2014), 779–786.
158. Strachan, D.P., Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 299 (1989), 1259–1260.
159. Sun, C.M., Hall, J.A., Blank, R.B., Bouladoux, N., Oukka, M., Mora, J.R., et al. Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 204 (2007), 1775–1785.
160. Sun, W., Svendsen, E.R., Karmaus, W.J., Kuehr, J., Forster, J., Early-life antibiotic use is associated with wheezing among children with high atopic risk: A prospective European study. The Journal of Asthma 52 (2015), 647–652.
161. Suzuki, T.A., Worobey, M., Geographical variation of human gut microbial composition. Biology Letters, 10, 2014, 20131037.
162. Szponar, B., Larsson, L., Determination of microbial colonisation in water-damaged buildings using chemical marker analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Indoor Air 10 (2000), 13–18.
163. Tillisch, K., Labus, J., Kilpatrick, L., Jiang, Z., Stains, J., Ebrat, B., et al. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterology 144 (2013), 1394–1401.
164. Torvinen, E., Meklin, T., Torkko, P., Suomalainen, S., Reiman, M., Katila, M.L., et al. Mycobacteria and fungi in moisture-damaged building materials. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (2006), 6822–6824.
165. Ulrich, R.S., View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science 224 (1984), 420–421.
166. United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 revision. 2014, United Nations, New York, NY.
167. Valkonen, M., Wouters, I.M., Taubel, M., Rintala, H., Lenters, V., Vasara, R., et al. Bacterial exposures and associations with atopy and asthma in children. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0131594.
168. van Os, J., Pedersen, C.B., Mortensen, P.B., Confirmation of synergy between urbanicity and familial liability in the causation of psychosis. The American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004), 2312–2314.
169. Vassos, E., Pedersen, C.B., Murray, R.M., Collier, D.A., Lewis, C.M., Meta-analysis of the association of urbanicity with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38 (2012), 1118–1123.
170. von Hertzen, L., Beutler, B., Bienenstock, J., Blaser, M., Cani, P.D., Eriksson, J., et al. Helsinki alert of biodiversity and health. Annals of Medicine 47 (2015), 218–225.
171. von Mutius, E., The microbial environment and its influence on asthma prevention in early life. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 137 (2016), 680–689.
172. von Mutius, E., Martinez, F.D., Fritzsch, C., Nicolai, T., Roell, G., Thiemann, H.H., Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 149 (1994), 358–364.
173. Wang, H., Edwards, M.A., Falkinham, J.O. III, Pruden, A., Probiotic approach to pathogen control in premise plumbing systems? A review. Environmental Science & Technology 47 (2013), 10117–10128.
174. Wang, H., Masters, S., Edwards, M.A., Falkinham, J.O. III, Pruden, A., Effect of disinfectant, water age, and pipe materials on bacterial and eukaryotic community structure in drinking water biofilm. Environmental Science & Technology 48 (2014), 1426–1435.
175. Wang, H., Masters, S., Falkinham, J.O. III, Edwards, M.A., Pruden, A., Distribution system water quality affects responses of opportunistic pathogen gene markers in household water heaters. Environmental Science & Technology 49 (2015), 8416–8424.
176. White, C., Tancos, M., Lytle, D.A., Microbial community profile of a lead service line removed from a drinking water distribution system. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77 (2011), 5557–5561.
177. Wlasiuk, G., Vercelli, D., The farm effect, or: When, what and how a farming environment protects from asthma and allergic disease. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 12 (2012), 461–466.
178. Wu, G.D., Chen, J., Hoffmann, C., Bittinger, K., Chen, Y.Y., Keilbaugh, S.A., et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334 (2011), 105–108.
179. Yamamoto, N., Hospodsky, D., Dannemiller, K.C., Nazaroff, W.W., Peccia, J., Indoor emissions as a primary source of airborne allergenic fungal particles in classrooms. Environmental Science & Technology 49 (2015), 5098–5106.
180. Yanaba, K., Bouaziz, J.D., Haas, K.M., Poe, J.C., Fujimoto, M., Tedder, T.F., A regulatory B cell subset with a unique CD1dhiCD5 + phenotype controls T cell-dependent inflammatory responses. Immunity 28 (2008), 639–650.
181. Yanaba, K., Bouaziz, J.D., Matsushita, T., Magro, C.M., St Clair, E.W., Tedder, T.F., B-lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease. Immunological Reviews 223 (2008), 284–299.
182. Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F.E., Manary, M.J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M.G., Contreras, M., et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 486 (2012), 222–227.
183. Yunginger, J.W., Reed, C.E., O'Connell, E.J., Melton, L.J. III, O'Fallon, W.M., Silverstein, M.D., A community-based study of the epidemiology of asthma. Incidence rates, 1964-1983. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 146 (1992), 888–894.
184. Zekveld, C., Bibakis, I., Bibaki-Liakou, V., Pedioti, A., Dimitroulis, I., Harris, J., et al. The effects of farming and birth order on asthma and allergies. The European Respiratory Journal 28 (2006), 82–88.
185. Zuany-Amorim, C., Manlius, C., Trifilieff, A., Brunet, L.R., Rook, G., Bowen, G., et al. Long-term protective and antigen-specific effect of heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae in a murine model of allergic pulmonary inflammation. Journal of Immunology 169 (2002), 1492–1499.
186. Zuany-Amorim, C., Sawicka, E., Manlius, C., Le Moine, A., Brunet, L.R., Kemeny, D.M., et al. Suppression of airway eosinophilia by killed Mycobacterium vaccae-induced allergen-specific regulatory T-cells. Nature Medicine 8 (2002), 625–629.