Probiotic approach to pathogen control in premise plumbing systems? A review

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 47, Issue 18, 2013, Pages 10117-10128

  Wang, Hong ^a   Edwards, Marc A ^a   Falkinham, Joseph O ^b   Pruden, Amy ^a  

^a State University   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS; ENGINEERING CONTROLS; MICROBIAL ECOLOGY; PATHOGEN CONTROL; PLUMBING SYSTEMS; POTENTIAL TARGETS; PREMISE PLUMBINGS; WATER-BORNE DISEASE;

BACTERIA; ECOLOGY; PLUMBING; RISK ASSESSMENT; WATER PIPING SYSTEMS;

PATHOGENS;

DISINFECTANT AGENT; DRINKING WATER; ORGANIC CARBON; PROBIOTIC AGENT;

BACTERIUM; BUILDING; DISEASE SPREAD; DRINKING WATER; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION; INOCULATION; LITERATURE REVIEW; MICROBIAL ECOLOGY; PARADIGM SHIFT; PATHOGEN; PROBIOTICS; RESEARCH WORK; RISK ASSESSMENT; STAKEHOLDER; WATERBORNE DISEASE;

ACIDOVORAX; ACINETOBACTER; AEROMONAS; ALCALIGENES; BACILLUS; DISINFECTION; ECOLOGICAL NICHE; ENTEROBACTER; FLAVOBACTERIUM; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; KEYSTONE SPECIES; KLEBSIELLA; LEGIONELLA; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; METHYLOBACTERIUM; MICROBIOME; MYCOBACTERIUM; MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM; MYCOBACTERIUM INTRACELLULARE AVIUM; NOCARDIA; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PLUMBING; PSEUDOMONAS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; SPHINGOMONAS; TEMPERATURE; TUBE; UTILITY WORKS, APPLIANCES AND SERVICES; XANTHOBACTER;

DISINFECTION; DRINKING WATER; PROBIOTICS; SANITARY ENGINEERING; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 84884251811     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es402455r     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for drinking-waterquality [electronic resource]: Incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda,Vol. 1, Recommendations, 3 rd ed. 2008. http://www.who.int/water-sanitation-health/dwq/ fulltext.pdf (accessed May 20th, 2013)
2. McGuire, M. J. Eight revolutions in the history of US drinking water disinfection J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2006, 98 (3) 123-149
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Historyof drinking water treatment http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/history.html (accessed May 20th, 2013).
4. Billinger, M. E.; Olivier, K. N.; Viboud, C.; de Oca, R. M.; Steiner, C.; Holland, S. M.; Prevots, D. R. Nontuberculous mycobacteria-associated lung disease in hospitalized persons, United States, 1998-2005 Emerging Infect. Dis. 2009, 15 (10) 1562-1569
5. Anaissie, E. J.; Penzak, S. R.; Dignani, M. C. The hospital water supply as a source of nosocomial infections Arch. Intern. Med. 2002, 162 (13) 1483-1492 (Pubitemid 34747482)
6. Kilvington, S.; Gray, T.; Dart, J.; Morlet, N.; Beeching, J. R.; Frazer, D. G.; Matheson, M. Acanthamoeba keratitis: The role of domestic tap water contamination in the United Kingdom Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 2004, 45 (1) 165-169 (Pubitemid 38055683)
7. Brunkard, J. M.; Ailes, E.; Roberts, V. A.; Hill, V.; Hilborn, E. D.; Craun, G. F.; Rajasingham, A.; Kahler, A.; Garrison, L.; Hicks, L.; Carpenter, J.; Wade, T. J.; Beach, M. J.; Yoder, J. S. Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water-United States, 2007-2008 Morbity Mortal. Weekly Rep. 2011, 60 (ss12) 38-68
8. Fraser, M. N.; Wong, Q.; Shah, L.; Holland, S. P.; Morshed, M.; Isaac-Renton, J.; Chong, M.; Kibsey, P.; Patrick, D. M. Characteristics of an Acanthamoeba keratitis outbreak in British Columbia between 2003 and 2007 Ophthalmology 2012, 119 (6) 1120-1125
9. Collier, S. A.; Stockman, L. J.; Hicks, L. A.; Garrison, L. E.; Zhou, F. J.; Beach, M. J. Direct healthcare costs of selected diseases primarily or partially transmitted by water Epidemiol. Infect. 2012, 140 (11) 2003-2013
10. Pruden, A.; Edwards, M.; Falkinham, J. O., III. Research Needs for Opportunisitc Pathogens in Premise Plumbing; Water Resarch Foundation: Dever, CO, 2013; http://www.waterrf.org/Pages/Projects.aspx?PID=4379
11. National Research Concil (NRC). Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks; the National Academies Press: Washington DC, 2006.
12. Szewzyk, U.; Szewzyk, R.; Manz, W.; Schleifer, K. H. Microbiological safety of drinking water Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2000, 54, 81-127
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A Small Systems Guide to the Total Coliform Rule: Monitoring Drinking Water to Protect Public Health; EPA, Washington DC. 2001, http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/disinfection/tcr/pdfs/small-tcr. pdf. Accessed on May 20th, 2013.
14. Allen, M. J.; Edberg, S. C.; Reasoner, D. J. Heterotrophic plate count bacteria-What is their significance in drinking water? Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2004, 92 (3) 265-274 (Pubitemid 38625562)
15. Norton, C. D.; LeChevallier, M. W. A pilot study of bacteriological population changes through potable water treatment and distribution Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000, 66 (1) 268-276 (Pubitemid 30030527)
16. Gallego, V.; Garcia, M. T.; Ventosa, A. Methylobacterium hispanicum sp nov and Methylobacterium aquaticum sp nov., isolated from drinking water Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2005, 55, 281-287 (Pubitemid 40185503)
17. Poitelon, J.-B.; Joyeux, M.; Welte, B.; Duguet, J.-P.; Prestel, E.; Lespinet, O.; DuBow, M. S. Assessment of phylogenetic diversity of bacterial microflora in drinking water using serial analysis of ribosomal sequence tags Water Res. 2009, 43 (17) 4197-4206
18. Poitelon, J. B.; Joyeux, M.; Welte, B.; Duguet, J. P.; Peplies, J.; DuBow, M. S. Identification and phylogeny of eukaryotic 18S rDNA phylotypes detected in chlorinated finished drinking water samples from three Parisian surface water treatment plants Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2009, 49 (5) 589-595
19. Henne, K.; Kahlisch, L.; Brettar, I.; Hoefle, M. G. Analysis of structure and composition of bacterial core communities in mature drinking water biofilms and bulk water of a citywide network in Germany Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78 (10) 3530-3538
20. Eichler, S.; Christen, R.; Holtje, C.; Westphal, P.; Botel, J.; Brettar, I.; Mehling, A.; Hofle, M. G. Composition and dynamics of bacterial communities of a drinking water supply system as assessed by RNA- and DNA-based 16S rRNA gene fingerprinting Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72 (3) 1858-1872
21. Kahlisch, L.; Henne, K.; Groebe, L.; Brettar, I.; Hoefle, M. G. Assessing the viability of bacterial species in drinking water by combined cellular and molecular analyses Microb. Ecol. 2012, 63 (2) 383-397
22. Hong, P. Y.; Hwang, C. C.; Ling, F. Q.; Andersen, G. L.; LeChevallier, M. W.; Liu, W. T. Pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial biofilm communities in water meters of a drinking water distribution system Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76 (16) 5631-5635
23. Liu, R. Y.; Yu, Z. S.; Guo, H. G.; Liu, M. M.; Zhang, H. X.; Yang, M. Pyrosequencing analysis of eukaryotic and bacterial communities in faucet biofilms Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 435, 124-131
24. Kwon, S.; Moon, E.; Kim, T. S.; Hong, S.; Park, H. D. Pyrosequencing demonstrated complex microbial communities in a membrane filtration system for a drinking water treatment plant Microbes Environ. 2011, 26 (2) 149-155
25. Pinto, A. J.; Xi, C.; Raskin, L. Bacterial community structure in the drinking water microbiome is governed by filtration processes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (16) 8851-8859
26. Gomez-Alvarez, V.; Revetta, R. P.; Santo Doming, J. W. Metagenomic analyses of drinking water receiving different disinfection treatments Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78 (17) 6095-6102
27. Rusin, P. A.; Rose, J. B.; Haas, C. N.; Gerba, C. P. Risk assessment of opportunistic bacterial pathogens in drinking water Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1997, 152, 57-83
28. Hoge, C. W.; Breiman, R. F. Advances in the epidemiology and control of Legionella infections Epidemiol. Rev. 1991, 13 (1) 329-340
29. Marston, B. J.; Plouffe, J. F.; File, T. M., Jr.; Hackman, B. A.; Salstrom, S. J.; Lipman, H. B.; Kolczak, M. S.; Breiman, R. F. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: Results of a population-based active surveillance study in Ohio Arch. Intern. Med. 1997, 157 (15) 1709-1718 (Pubitemid 27327407)
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Legionellosis- UnitedStates, 2000-2009. Morbity Mortal. Weekly Rep. 2011, 60, (11), 1083-1086.
31. Buse, H. Y.; Schoen, M. E.; Ashbolt, N. J. Legionellae in engineered systems and use of quantitative microbial risk assessment to predict exposure Water Res. 2012, 46 (4) 921-933
32. Winthrop, K. L.; McNelley, E.; Kendall, B.; Marshall-Olson, A.; Morris, C.; Cassidy, M.; Saulson, A.; Hedberg, K. Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease prevalence and clinical features an emerging public health disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010, 182 (7) 977-982
33. Field, S. K.; Fisher, D.; Cowie, R. L. Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease in patients without HIV infection Chest J. 2004, 126 (2) 566-581 (Pubitemid 39093445)
34. Chan, E. D.; Iseman, M. D. Slender, older women appear to be more susceptible to nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease Gender Med. 2010, 7 (1) 5-18
35. Conger, N. G.; O'Connell, R. J.; Laurel, V. L.; Olivier, K. N.; Graviss, E. A.; Williams-Bouyer, N.; Zhang, Y. S.; Brown-Elliott, B. A.; Wallace, R. J. Mycobacterium simiae outbreak associated with a hospital water supply Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol. 2004, 25 (12) 1050-1055 (Pubitemid 39664731)
36. Falkinham, J. O., III. Nontuberculous mycobacteria from household plumbing of patients with nontuberculous mycobacteria disease Emerging Infect. Dis. 2011, 17 (3) 419-24
37. Falkinham, J. O., III; Iseman, M. D.; de Haas, P.; van Soolingen, D. Mycobacterium avium in a shower linked to pulmonary disease J. Water Health 2008, 6 (2) 209-213 (Pubitemid 351972136)
38. Engleberg, N. C.; Dermody, T.; DiRita, V. Schaechter's Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, 4 ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore/Philadelphia, 2007.
39. Rossolini, G. M.; Mantengoli, E. Treatment and control of severe infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2005, 11, 17-32 (Pubitemid 40946169)
40. Trautmann, M.; Lepper, P. M.; Haller, M. Ecology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intensive care unit and the evolving role of water outlets as a reservoir of the organism Am. J. Infect. Control 2005, 33 (5) S41-S49
41. Yu, Y.; Cheng, A. S.; Wang, L.; Dunne, W. M.; Bayliss, S. J. Hot tub folliculitis or hot hand-foot syndrome caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2007, 57 (4) 596-600 (Pubitemid 47384918)
42. Huhulescu, S.; Simon, M.; Lubnow, M.; Kaase, M.; Wewalka, G.; Pietzka, A. T.; Stoger, A.; Ruppitsch, W.; Allerberger, F. Fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in a previously healthy woman was most likely associated with a contaminated hot tub Infection 2011, 39 (3) 265-269
43. Rice, S. A.; van den Akker, B.; Pomati, F.; Roser, D. A risk assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools: A review J. Water Health 2012, 10 (2) 181-196
44. Fiorillo, L.; Zucker, M.; Sawyer, D.; Lin, A. N. The pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 345 (5) 335-338 (Pubitemid 32703236)
45. Yoder, J. S.; Verani, J.; Heidman, N.; Hoppe-Bauer, J.; Alfonso, E. C.; Miller, D.; Jones, D. B.; Bruckner, D.; Langston, R.; Jeng, B. H.; Joslin, C. E.; Tu, E.; Colby, K.; Vetter, E.; Ritterband, D.; Mathers, W.; Kowalski, R. P.; Acharya, N. R.; Limaye, A. P.; Leiter, C.; Roy, S.; Lorick, S.; Roberts, J.; Beach, M. J. Acanthamoeba keratitis: The persistence of cases following a multistate outbreak Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2012, 19 (4) 221-225
46. Yoder, J. S.; Straif-Bourgeois, S.; Roy, S. L.; Moore, T. A.; Visvesvara, G. S.; Ratard, R. C.; Hill, V. R.; Wilson, J. D.; Linscott, A. J.; Crager, R.; Kozak, N. A.; Sriram, R.; Narayanan, J.; Mull, B.; Kahler, A. M.; Schneeberger, C.; da Silva, A. J.; Poudel, M.; Baumgarten, K. L.; Xiao, L. H.; Beach, M. J. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis deaths associated with sinus irrigation using contaminated tap water Clin. Infect. Dis. 2012, 55 (9) E79-E85
47. Thomas, J. M.; Ashbolt, N. J. Do free-living amoebae in treated drinking water systems present an emerging health risk? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (3) 860-869
48. Thomas, V.; Herrera-Rimann, K.; Blanc, D. S.; Greub, G. Biodiversity of amoebae and amoeba-resisting bacteria in a hospital water network Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72 (4) 2428-2438
49. Nguyen, C.; Elfland, C.; Edwards, M. Impact of advanced water conservation features and new copper pipe on rapid chloramine decay and microbial regrowth Water Res. 2012, 46 (3) 611-621
50. Brown-Elliott, B. A.; Wallace, R. J., Jr.; Tichindelean, C.; Sarria, J. C.; McNulty, S.; Vasireddy, R.; Bridge, L.; Mayhall, C. G.; Turenne, C.; Loeffelholz, M. Five-Year Outbreak of community- and hospital-acquired Mycobacterium porcinum infections related to public water supplies J. Clin. Microbiol. 2011, 49 (12) 4231-4238
51. Arvand, M.; Jungkind, K.; Hack, A. Contamination of the cold water distribution system of health care facilities by Legionella pneumophila: Do we know the true dimension? Eurosurveillance 2011, 16 (16) 9-14
52. Rivera, J. M.; Aguilar, L.; Granizo, J. J.; Vos-Arenilla, A.; Gimenez, M. J.; Aguiar, J. M.; Prieto, J. Isolation of Legionella species/serogroups from water cooling systems compared with potable water systems in Spanish healthcare facilities J. Hosp. Infect. 2007, 67 (4) 360-366 (Pubitemid 350162962)
53. Mouchtouri, V.; Velonakis, E.; Tsakalof, A.; Kapoula, C.; Goutziana, G.; Vatopoulos, A.; Kremastinou, J.; Hadjichristodoulou, C. Risk factors for contamination of hotel water distribution systems by Legionella species Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73 (5) 1489-1492 (Pubitemid 46417873)
54. Borella, P.; Montagna, M. T.; Stampi, S.; Stancanelli, G.; Romano-Spica, V.; Triassi, M.; Marchesi, I.; Bargellini, A.; Tato, D.; Napoli, C.; Zanetti, F.; Leoni, E.; Moro, M.; Scaltriti, S.; D'Alcala, G. R.; Santarpia, R.; Boccia, S. Legionella contamination in hot water of Italian hotels Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71 (10) 5805-5813 (Pubitemid 41456871)
55. Bonetta, S.; Bonetta, S.; Ferretti, E.; Balocco, F.; Carraro, E. Evaluation of Legionella pneumophila contamination in Italian hotel water systems by quantitative real-time PCR and culture methods J. Appl. Microbiol. 2010, 108 (5) 1576-1583
56. Wang, H.; Edwards, M.; Falkinham, J. O., III; Pruden, A. Molecular survey of occurrence of Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and amoeba hosts in two chloraminated drinking water distribution systems Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78 (17) 6285-6294
57. Feazel, L. M.; Baumgartner, L. K.; Peterson, K. L.; Frank, D. N.; Harris, J. K.; Pace, N. R. Opportunistic pathogens enriched in showerhead biofilms Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106 (38) 16393-16398
58. Perkins, S. D.; Mayfield, J.; Fraser, V.; Angenent, L. T. Potentially pathogenic bacteria in shower water and air of a stem cell transplant unit Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75 (16) 5363-5372
59. Paszko-Kolva, C.; Sawyer, T. K.; Palmer, C. J.; Nerad, T. A.; Fayer, R. Examination of microbial contaminants of emergency showers and eyewash stations J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1998, 20 (3-4) 139-143 (Pubitemid 28298913)
60. Falkinham, J. O. III Hospital water filters as a source of Mycobacterium avium complex J. Med. Microbiol. 2010, 59 (10) 1198-1202
61. Falkinham, J. O. III Surrounded by mycobacteria: Nontuberculous mycobacteria in the human environment J. Appl. Microbiol. 2009, 107 (2) 356-367
62. Allegra, S.; Grattard, F.; Girardot, F.; Riffard, S.; Pozzetto, B.; Berthelot, P. Longitudinal evaluation of the efficacy of heat treatment procedures against Legionella spp. in hospital water systems by using a flow cytometric assay Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77 (4) 1268-1275
63. Coulon, C.; Collignon, A.; McDonnell, G.; Thomas, V. Resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to disinfection treatments used in health care settings J. Clin. Microbiol. 2010, 48 (8) 2689-2697
64. Taylor, M.; Ross, K.; Bentham, R. Legionella, Protozoa, and biofilms: Interactions within complex microbial systems Microb. Ecol. 2009, 58 (3) 538-547
65. Zhang, Y.; Love, N.; Edwards, M. Nitrification in drinking water systems Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Technol. 2009, 39 (3) 153-208
66. Zhang, Y.; Edwards, M. Accelerated chloramine decay and microbial growth by nitrification in premise plumbing J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2009, 101 (11) 51-62
67. Wang, H.; Masters, S.; Hong, Y.; Stallings, J.; Falkinham, J. O.; Edwards, M. A.; Pruden, A. Effect of disinfectant, water age, and pipe material on occurrence and persistence of Legionella, mycobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two amoebas Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (21) 11566-11574
68. Declerck, P.; Behets, J.; Margineanu, A.; van Hoef, V.; De Keersmaecker, B.; Ollevier, F. Replication of Legionella pneumophila in biofilms of water distribution pipes Microbiol. Res. 2009, 164 (6) 593-603
69. Adekambi, T.; Ben Salah, S.; Khlif, M.; Raoult, D.; Drancourt, M. Survival of environmental mycobacteria in Acanthamoeba polyphaga Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72 (9) 5974-5981 (Pubitemid 44414625)
70. Declerck, P. Biofilms: The environmental playground of Legionella pneumophila Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 12 (3) 557-566
71. Cirillo, J. D.; Cirillo, S. L.; Yan, L.; Bermudez, L. E.; Falkow, S.; Tompkins, L. S. Intracellular growth in Acanthamoeba castellanii affects monocyte entry mechanisms and enhances virulence of Legionella pneumophila Infect. Immun. 1999, 67 (9) 4427-4434 (Pubitemid 29400416)
72. Cirillo, J. D.; Falkow, S.; Tompkins, L. S.; Bermudez, L. E. Interaction of Mycobacterium avium with environmental amoebae enhances virulence Infect. Immun. 1997, 65 (9) 3759-3767 (Pubitemid 27398137)
73. Murga, R.; Forster, T. S.; Brown, E.; Pruckler, J. M.; Fields, B. S.; Donlan, R. M. Role of biofilms in the survival of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable-water system Microbiology 2001, 147, 3121-3126 (Pubitemid 33077000)
74. Lau, H. Y.; Ashbolt, N. J. The role of biofilms and protozoa in Legionella pathogenesis: Implications for drinking water J. Appl. Microbiol. 2009, 107 (2) 368-378
75. Bouyer, S.; Imbert, C.; Rodier, M. H.; Hechard, Y. Long-term survival of Legionella pneumophila associated with Acanthamoeba castellanii vesicles Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 9 (5) 1341-1344 (Pubitemid 46697283)
76. Greub, G.; Raoult, D. Morphology of Legionella pneumophila according to their location within Hartmanella vermiformis Res. Microbiol. 2003, 154 (9) 619-21 (Pubitemid 37329969)
77. Kilvington, S.; Price, J. Survival of Legionella pneumophila within cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga following chlorine exposure J. Appl. Microbiol. 1990, 68 (5) 519-525 (Pubitemid 20269690)
78. Declerck, P.; Behets, J.; Delaedt, Y.; Margineanu, A.; Lammertyn, E.; Ollevier, F. Impact of non-Legionella bacteria on the uptake and intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila in Acanthamoeba castellanii and Naegleria lovaniensis Microb. Ecol. 2005, 50 (4) 536-549 (Pubitemid 41832719)
79. Guerrieri, E.; Bondi, M.; Sabia, C.; de Niederhausern, S.; Borella, P.; Messi, P. Effect of bacterial interference on biofilm development by Legionella pneumophila Curr. Microbiol. 2008, 57 (6) 532-536 (Pubitemid 50261273)
80. Wadowsky, R. M.; Yee, R. B. Satellite growth of Legionella pneumophila with an environmental isolate of Flavobacterium breve Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1983, 46 (6) 1447-1449 (Pubitemid 14223961)
81. Temmerman, R.; Vervaeren, H.; Noseda, B.; Boon, N.; Verstraete, W. Necrotrophic growth of Legionella pneumophila Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72 (6) 4323-4328 (Pubitemid 43894901)
82. Thomas, V.; McDonnell, G.; Denyer, S. P.; Maillard, J.-Y. Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: Risks for water quality FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2010, 34 (3) 231-259
83. Gimenez, G.; Bertelli, C.; Moliner, C.; Robert, C.; Raoult, D.; Fournier, P. E.; Greub, G. Insight into cross-talk between intra-amoebal pathogens BMC Genomics 2011, 12, 542
84. Edagawa, A.; Kimura, A.; Doi, H.; Tanaka, H.; Tomioka, K.; Sakabe, K.; Nakajima, C.; Suzuki, Y. Detection of culturable and nonculturable Legionella species from hot water systems of public buildings in Japan J. Appl. Microbiol. 2008, 105 (6) 2104-2114
85. Sebakova, H.; Kozisek, F.; Mudra, R.; Kaustova, J.; Fiedorova, M.; Hanslikova, D.; Nachtmannova, H.; Kubina, J.; Vraspir, P.; Sasek, J. Incidence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in four hot water systems using various types of disinfection Can. J. Microbiol. 2008, 54 (11) 891-898
86. Seidel, C. J.; McGuire, M. J.; Summers, R. S.; Via, S. Have utilities switched to chloramines? J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2005, 97 (10) 87-97
87. Le Dantec, C.; Duguet, J. P.; Montiel, A.; Dumoutier, N.; Dubrou, S.; Vincent, V. Chlorine disinfection of atypical mycobacteria isolated from a water distribution system Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68 (3) 1025-1032 (Pubitemid 34205337)
88. Taylor, R. H.; Falkinham, J. O.; Norton, C. D.; LeChevallier, M. W. Chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000, 66 (4) 1702-1705 (Pubitemid 30185654)
89. Cooper, I. R.; Hanlon, G. W. Resistance of Legionella pneumophila serotype 1 biofilms to chlorine-based disinfection J. Hosp. Infect. 2010, 74 (2) 152-159
90. Lee, E. S.; Yoon, T. H.; Lee, M. Y.; Han, S. H.; Ka, J. O. Inactivation of environmental mycobacteria by free chlorine and UV Water Res. 2010, 44 (5) 1329-1334
91. Donlan, R. M.; Forster, T.; Murga, R.; Brown, E.; Lucas, C.; Carpenter, J.; Fields, B. Legionella pneumophila associated with the protozoan Hartmannella vermiformis in a model multi-species biofilm has reduced susceptibility to disinfectants Biofouling 2005, 21 (1) 1-7 (Pubitemid 41411235)
92. Thomas, V.; Bouchez, T.; Nicolas, V.; Robert, S.; Loret, J. F.; Levi, Y. Amoebae in domestic water systems: Resistance to disinfection treatments and implication in Legionella persistence J. Appl. Microbiol. 2004, 97 (5) 950-963 (Pubitemid 39390222)
93. Moore, M. R.; Pryor, M.; Fields, B.; Lucas, C.; Phelan, M.; Besser, R. E. Introduction of monochloramine into a municipal water system: Impact on colonization of buildings by Legionella spp Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72 (1) 378-383
94. Flannery, B.; Gelling, L. B.; Vugia, D. J.; Weintraub, J. M.; Salerno, J. J.; Conroy, M. J.; Stevens, V. A.; Rose, C. E.; Moore, M. R.; Fields, B. S.; Besser, R. E. Reducing Legionelia colonization of water systems with monochloramine Emerging Infect. Dis. 2006, 12 (4) 588-596
95. Pryor, M.; Springthorpe, S.; Riffard, S.; Brooks, T.; Huo, Y.; Davis, G.; Sattar, S. A. Investigation of opportunistic pathogens in municipal drinking water under different supply and treatment regimes Water Sci. Technol. 2004, 50 (1) 83-90 (Pubitemid 39139959)
96. Wang, H.; Pryor, M.; Edwards, M.; Falkinham, J. O. I.; Pruden, A. Effect of GAC pre-treatment and disinfectant on microbial community structure and opportunistic pathogen occurrence. Water Res. 2013, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.watres.2013.06.052.
97. Dupuy, M.; Mazoua, S.; Berne, F.; Bodet, C.; Garrec, N.; Herbelin, P.; Menard-Szczebara, F.; Oberti, S.; Rodier, M. H.; Soreau, S.; Wallet, F.; Hechard, Y. Efficiency of water disinfectants against Legionella pneumophila and Acanthamoeba Water Res. 2011, 45 (3) 1087-1094
98. Luh, J.; Marinas, B. J. Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium with free chlorine Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41 (14) 5096-5102 (Pubitemid 47121112)
99. Luh, J.; Tong, N.; Raskin, L.; Marinas, B. J. Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium with monochloramine Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (21) 8051-8056
100. Mogoa, E.; Bodet, C.; Morel, F.; Rodier, M.-H.; Legube, B.; Hechard, Y. Cellular response of the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii to chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and monochloramine treatments Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77 (14) 4974-4980
101. Lin, Y. E.; Stout, J. E.; Yu, V. L. Controlling Legionella in hospital drinking water: An evidence-based review of disinfection methods Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2011, 32 (2) 166-173
102. Marchesi, I.; Marchegiano, P.; Bargellini, A.; Cencetti, S.; Frezza, G.; Miselli, M.; Borella, P. Effectiveness of different methods to control Legionella in the water supply: Ten-year experience in an Italian university hospital J. Hosp. Infect. 2011, 77 (1) 47-51
103. Zhang, Z.; McCann, C.; Hanrahan, J.; Jencson, A.; Joyce, D.; Fyffe, S.; Piesczynski, S.; Hawks, R.; Stout, J. E.; Yu, V. L.; Vidic, R. D. Legionella control by chlorine dioxide in hospital water systems J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2009, 101 (5) 117-127
104. Zhang, Z.; McCann, C.; Stout, J. E.; Piesczynski, S.; Hawks, R.; Vidic, R.; Yu, V. L. Safety and efficacy of chlorine dioxide for Legionella control in a hospital water system Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2007, 28 (8) 1009-1012 (Pubitemid 47218285)
105. Sidari, F. P.; Stout, J. E.; Vanbriesen, J. M.; Bowman, A. M.; Grubb, D.; Neuner, A.; Wagener, M. M.; Yu, V. L. Keeping Legionella out of water systems J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2004, 96 (1) 111-119
106. Srinivasan, A.; Bova, G.; Ross, T.; Mackie, K.; Paquette, N.; Merz, W.; Perl, T. M. A 17-month evaluation of a chlorine dioxide water treatment system to control Legionella species in a hospital water supply Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2003, 24 (8) 575-579 (Pubitemid 37039614)
107. Tesauro, M.; Bianchi, A.; Consonni, M.; Pregliasco, F.; Galli, M. G. Environmental surveillance of Legionella pneumophila in two Italian hospitals Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita 2010, 46 (3) 274-278
108. Zhang, Z.; Stout, J. E.; Yu, V. L.; Vidic, R. Effect of pipe corrosion scales on chlorine dioxide consumption in drinking water distribution systems Water Res. 2008, 42 (1-2) 129-136 (Pubitemid 350296244)
109. Chord, F.; Fascia, P.; Mallaval, F.; Cornillon, J.; Roesch, L.; Pozzetto, B.; Grattard, F.; Berthelot, P. Chlorine dioxide for Legionella spp. disinfection: A danger for cross-linked polyethylene pipes? J. Hosp. Infect. 2011, 78 (3) 242-243
110. Nguyen, C. K.; Powers, K. A.; Raetz, M. A.; Parks, J. L.; Edwards, M. A. Rapid free chlorine decay in the presence of Cu(OH)(2): Chemistry and practical implications Water Res. 2011, 45 (16) 5302-5312
111. Calle, G. R.; Vargas, I. T.; Alsina, M. A.; Pasten, P. A.; Pizarro, G. E. Enhanced copper release from pipes by alternating stagnation and flow events Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41 (21) 7430-7436 (Pubitemid 350071656)
112. Edwards, M.; Jacobs, S.; Taylor, R. The blue water phemomenon J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2000, 92 (7) 72-82
113. Rogers, J.; Dowsett, A. B.; Dennis, P. J.; Lee, J. V.; Keevil, C. W. Influence of temperature and plumbing material selection on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable water system containing complex microbial flora Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994, 60 (5) 1585-1592 (Pubitemid 24144818)
114. van der Kooij, D.; Veenendaal, H. R.; Scheffer, W. J. H. Biofilm formation and multiplication of Legionella in a model warm water system with pipes of copper, stainless steel and cross-linked polyethylene Water Res. 2005, 39 (13) 2789-2798 (Pubitemid 41044156)
115. Bargellini, A.; Marchesi, I.; Righi, E.; Ferrari, A.; Cencetti, S.; Borella, P.; Rovesti, S. Parameters predictive of Legionella contamination in hot water systems: Association with trace elements and heterotrophic plate counts Water Res. 2011, 45 (6) 2315-2321
116. Borella, P.; Montagna, M. T.; Romano-Spica, V.; Stampi, S.; Stancanelli, G.; Triassi, M.; Neglia, R.; Marchesi, I.; Fantuzzi, G.; Tato, D.; Napoli, C.; Quaranta, G.; Laurenti, P.; Leoni, E.; De Luca, G.; Ossi, C.; Moro, M.; Ribera D'Alcala, G. Legionella infection risk from domestic hot water Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2004, 10 (3) 457-464 (Pubitemid 38314472)
117. Mathys, W.; Stanke, J.; Harmuth, M.; Junge-Mathys, E. Occurrence of Legionella in hot water systems of single-family residences in suburbs of two German cities with special reference to solar and district heating Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2008, 211 (1-2) 179-185 (Pubitemid 351249203)
118. Norton, C. D.; LeChevallier, M. W.; Falkinham, J. O. Survival of Mycobacterium avium in a model distribution system Water Res. 2004, 38 (6) 1457-1466 (Pubitemid 38317378)
119. Escobar, I. C.; Randall, A. A. Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC): Complementary measurements Water Res. 2001, 35 (18) 4444-4454 (Pubitemid 32988454)
120. Lechevallier, M. W.; Schulz, W.; Lee, R. G. Bacterial nutrients in drinking water Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1991, 57 (3) 857-862
121. Falkinham, J. O., III; Norton, C. D.; LeChevallier, M. W. Factors influencing numbers of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and other mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001, 67 (3) 1225-1231 (Pubitemid 33643564)
122. Torvinen, E.; Suomalainen, S.; Lehtola, M. J.; Miettinen, I. T.; Zacheus, O.; Paulin, L.; Katila, M. L.; Martikainen, P. J. Mycobacteria in water and loose deposits of drinking water distribution systems in Finland Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004, 70 (4) 1973-1981 (Pubitemid 38500494)
123. van der Wielen, P. W. J. J.; van der Kooij, D. Nontuberculous mycobacteria, fungi, and opportunistic pathogens in unchlorinated drinking water in the Netherlands Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2013, 79 (3) 825-834
124. Valster, R. M.; Wullings, B. A.; Bakker, G.; Smidt, H.; van der Kooij, D. Free-living protozoa in two unchlorinated drinking water supplies, identified by phylogenic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75 (14) 4736-4746
125. Wullings, B. A.; Bakker, G.; van der Kooij, D. Concentration and diversity of uncultured Legionella spp. in two unchlorinated drinking water supplies with different concentrations of natural organic matter Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77 (2) 634-641
126. Edwards, M.; Pruden, A.; Falkinham, J. O., III; Brazeau, R. H.; Williams, K.; Wang, H.; Martin, A.; Rhoads, W. Relationship between Biodegradable Organic Matter and Pathogen Concentrations in Premise Plumbing; Water Reserch Foundation: Denver, CO. 2013. http://www.waterrf.org/Pages/Projects.aspx?PID= 4251.
127. George, J. R.; Pine, L.; Reeves, M. W.; Harrell, W. K. Amino acid requirements of Legionella pneumophila J. Clin. Microbiol. 1980, 11 (3) 286-291 (Pubitemid 10134228)
128. Martin, A. Organic carbon generation mechanisms in main and premise distribution systems. Virginia Tech Master's Thesis 2012.
129. Lasheras, A.; Boulestreau, H.; Rogues, A.-M.; Ohayon-Courtes, C.; Labadie, J.-C.; Gachie, J.-P. Influence of amoebae and physical and chemical characteristics of water on presence and proliferation of Legionella species in hospital water systems Am. J. Infect. Control 2006, 34 (8) 520-525 (Pubitemid 44466128)
130. World Health Organization (WHO). Legionella and prevention of legionellosis. http://www.who.int/water-sanitation-health/emerging/legionella. pdf 2007 (accessed May 20, 2013).
131. Darelid, J.; Lofgren, S.; Malmvall, B. E. Control of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease by keeping the circulating hot water temperature above 55 degrees C: Experience from a 10-year surveillance programme in a district general hospital J. Hosp. Infect. 2002, 50 (3) 213-219 (Pubitemid 37554877)
132. Martinelli, F.; Caruso, A.; Moschini, L.; Turano, A.; Scarcella, C.; Speziani, F. A comparison of Legionella pneumophila occurrence in hot water tanks and instantaneous devices in domestic, nosocomial, and community environments Curr. Microbiol. 2000, 41 (5) 374-376
133. Brazeau, R. H.; Edwards, M. A. A review of the sustainability of residential hot water infrastructure: Public health, environmental impacts and consumer drivers J. Green Build. 2011, 6 (4) 77-95
134. Leoni, E.; De Luca, G.; Legnani, P. P.; Sacchetti, R.; Stampi, S.; Zanetti, F. Legionella waterline colonization: Detection of Legionella species in domestic, hotel and hospital hot water systems J. Appl. Microbiol. 2005, 98 (2) 373-379 (Pubitemid 40188155)
135. Farhat, M.; Trouilhe, M. C.; Foret, C.; Hater, W.; Moletta-Denat, M.; Robine, E.; Frere, J. Chemical disinfection of Legionella in hot water systems biofilm: A pilot-scale 1 study Water Sci. Technol. 2011, 64 (3) 708-714
136. Sydnor, E. R. M.; Bova, G.; Gimburg, A.; Cosgrove, S. E.; Perl, T. M.; Maragakis, L. L. Electronic-eye faucets: Legionella species contamination in healthcare settings Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2012, 33 (3) 235-240
137. Yapicioglu, H.; Gokmen, T. G.; Yildizdas, D.; Koksal, F.; Ozlu, F.; Kale-Cekinmez, E.; Mert, K.; Mutlu, B.; Satar, M.; Narli, N.; Candevir, A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections due to electronic faucets in a neonatal intensive care unit J. Paediatr. Child Health 2012, 48 (5) 430-434
138. Sheffer, P. J.; Stout, J. E.; Wagener, M. M.; Muder, R. R. Efficacy of new point-of-use water filter for preventing exposure to Legionella and waterborne bacteria Am. J. Infect. Control 2005, 33 (5) S20-S25
139. Williams, M. M.; Chen, T. H.; Keane, T.; Toney, N.; Toney, S.; Armbruster, C. R.; Butler, W. R.; Arduino, M. J. Point-of-use membrane filtration and hyperchlorination to prevent patient exposure to rapidly growing mycobacteria in the potable water supply of a skilled nursing facility Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2011, 32 (9) 837-844
140. Sherman, P. M.; Ossa, J. C.; Wine, E. Bacterial infections: New and emerging enteric pathogens Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2010, 26 (1) 1-4
141. Neish, A. S. Microbes in gastrointestinal health and disease Gastroenterology 2009, 136 (1) 65-80
142. Antonopoulos, D. A.; Huse, S. M.; Morrison, H. G.; Schmidt, T. M.; Sogin, M. L.; Young, V. B. Reproducible community dynamics of the gastrointestinal microbiota following antibiotic perturbation Infect. Immun. 2009, 77 (6) 2367-2375
143. Croswell, A.; Amir, E.; Teggatz, P.; Barman, M.; Salzman, N. H. Prolonged impact of antibiotics on intestinal microbial ecology and susceptibility to enteric Salmonella infection Infect. Immun. 2009, 77 (7) 2741-2753
144. Chang, J. Y.; Antonopoulos, D. A.; Kalra, A.; Tonelli, A.; Khalife, W. T.; Schmidt, T. M.; Young, V. B. Decreased diversity of the fecal microbiome in
145. Khoruts, A.; Dicksved, J.; Jansson, J. K.; Sadowsky, M. J. Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile -associated Diarrhea J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2010, 44 (5) 354-360
146. Grehan, M. J.; Borody, T. J.; Leis, S. M.; Campbell, J.; Mitchell, H.; Wettstein, A. Durable alteration of the colonic microbiota by the administration of donor fecal flora J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2010, 44 (8) 551-561
147. Garner, C. D.; Antonopoulos, D. A.; Wagner, B.; Duhamel, G. E.; Keresztes, I.; Ross, D. A.; Young, V. B.; Altier, C. Perturbation of the small intestine microbial ecology by streptomycin alters pathology in a Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium murine model of infection Infect. Immun. 2009, 77 (7) 2691-2702
148. Sherman, P. M.; Ossa, J. C.; Johnson-Henry, K. Unraveling mechanisms of action of probiotics Nutr. Clin. Pract. 2009, 24 (1) 10-14
149. Snydman, D. R. The safety of probiotics Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 46 (Supplement 2) S104-S111
150. Boyle, R. J.; Robins-Browne, R. M.; Tang, M. L. K. Probiotic use in clinical practice: What are the risks? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83 (6) 1256-1264 (Pubitemid 44713053)
151. Groysman, A. Corrosion in natural and industrial environments. In Corrosion for Everybody; Springer: Netherlands: 2010; pp 109-150.
152. Lechevallier, M. W.; McFeters, G. A. Interactions between heterotrophic plate count bacteria and coliform organisms Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985, 49 (5) 1338-1341 (Pubitemid 15056855)
153. Camper, A. K.; Lechevallier, M. W.; Broadaway, S. C.; McFeters, G. A. Growth and persistence of pathogens on granular activated carbon filters Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985, 50 (6) 1378-1382 (Pubitemid 16213352)
154. Berry, D.; Horn, M.; Xi, C. W.; Raskin, L. Mycobacterium avium infections of Acanthamoeba strains: Host strain variability, grazing-acquired infections, and altered dynamics of inactivation with monochloramine Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76 (19) 6685-6688
155. Kimura, S.; Tateda, K.; Ishii, Y.; Horikawa, M.; Miyairi, S.; Gotoh, N.; Ishiguro, M.; Yamaguchi, K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Las quorum sensing autoinducer suppresses growth and biofilm production in Legionella species Microbiology 2009, 155, 1934-1939
156. Messi, P.; Anacarso, I.; Bargellini, A.; Bondi, M.; Marchesi, I.; de Niederhaeusern, S.; Borella, P. Ecological behaviour of three serogroups of Legionella pneumophila within a model plumbing system Biofouling 2011, 27 (2) 165-172
157. Temmerman, R.; Vervaeren, H.; Noseda, B.; Boon, N.; Verstraete, W. Inhibition of Legionella pneumophila by Bacillus sp Eng. Life Sci. 2007, 7 (5) 497-503 (Pubitemid 350020198)
158. Giao, M. S.; Azevedo, N. F.; Wilks, S. A.; Vieira, M. J.; Keevil, C. W. Interaction of Legionella pneumophila and Helicobacter pylori with bacterial species isolated from drinking water biofilms BMC Microbiol. 2011, 11, 57
159. Buse, H.; Donohue, M.; Ashbolt, N. Hartmannella vermiformis inhibition of Legionella pneumophila cultivability Microb. Ecol. 2013, 1-12
160. Mampel, J.; Spirig, T.; Weber, S. S.; Haagensen, J. A. J.; Molin, S.; Hilbi, H. Planktonic replication is essential for biofilm formation by Legionella pneumophila in a complex medium under static and dynamic flow conditions Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72 (4) 2885-2895
161. Uzeh, R. E.; Okolo, C. A.; Iwalokun, B. A. In-vivo effect of probiotics on Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from salad vegetables J. Food Res. 2012, 1 (4) 27-34
162. Harris, R. N.; Lauer, A.; Simon, M. A.; Banning, J. L.; Alford, R. A. Addition of antifungal skin bacteria to salamanders ameliorates the effects of chytridiomycosis Dis. Aquat. Org. 2009, 83 (1) 11-16
163. Bletz, M. C.; Loudon, A. H.; Becker, M. H.; Bell, S. C.; Woodhams, D. C.; Minbiole, K. P. C.; Harris, R. N. Mitigating amphibian chytridiomycosis with bioaugmentation: Characteristics of effective probiotics and strategies for their selection and use Ecol. Lett. 2013, 16 (6) 807-820
164. Rendueles, O.; Ghigo, J.-M. Multi-species biofilms: How to avoid unfriendly neighbors FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2012, 36 (5) 972-989
165. Wadowsky, R. M.; Butler, L. J.; Cook, M. K.; Verma, S. M.; Paul, M. A.; Fields, B. S.; Keleti, G.; Sykora, J. L.; Yee, R. B. Growth-supporting activity for Legionella pneumophila in tap water cultures and implication of hartmannellid amoebae as growth factors Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1988, 54 (11) 2677-2682 (Pubitemid 18268366)
166. Thomas, V.; Bertelli, C.; Collyn, F.; Casson, N.; Telenti, A.; Goesmann, A.; Croxatto, A.; Greub, G. Lausannevirus, a giant amoebal virus encoding histone doublets Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 13 (6) 1454-1466
167. Lammertyn, E.; Voorde, J.; Meyen, E.; Maes, L.; Mast, J.; Anné, J. Evidence for the presence of Legionella bacteriophages in environmental water samples Microb. Ecol. 2008, 56 (1) 191-197 (Pubitemid 351799166)
168. Huck, P. M.; Gagnon, G. A. Understanding the distribution system as a bioreactor: A framework for managing heterotrophic plate count levels Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2004, 92 (3) 347-353 (Pubitemid 38625570)
169. Vital, M.; Hammes, F.; Egli, T. Competition of Escherichia coli O157 with a drinking water bacterial community at low nutrient concentrations Water Res. 2012, 46 (19) 6279-6290