메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 101, Issue 11, 2016, Pages 3888-3921

Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DESMOPRESSIN; ESTROGEN; GLUCOCORTICOID; GROWTH HORMONE; TESTOSTERONE; THYROID HORMONE;

EID: 84994893397     PISSN: 0021972X     EISSN: 19457197     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2118     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (639)

References (281)
  • 1
    • 84974793861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
    • Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004;328:1490.
    • (2004) BMJ , vol.328 , pp. 1490
    • Atkins, D.1    Best, D.2    Briss, P.A.3
  • 2
    • 40849142097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case for clarity, consistency, and helpfulness: State-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines in endocrinology using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation system
    • Swiglo BA, Murad MH, Schünemann HJ, et al. A case for clarity, consistency, and helpfulness: state-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines in endocrinology using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:666-673.
    • (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.93 , pp. 666-673
    • Swiglo, B.A.1    Murad, M.H.2    Schünemann, H.J.3
  • 4
    • 0035655629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain
    • Regal M, Páramo C, Sierra SM, Garcia-Mayor RV. Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001;55:735-740.
    • (2001) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , Issue.55 , pp. 735-740
    • Regal, M.1    Páramo, C.2    Sierra, S.M.3    Garcia-Mayor, R.V.4
  • 7
    • 0025333249 scopus 로고
    • Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism
    • Rosén T, Bengtsson BA. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet. 1990;336:285-288.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.336 , pp. 285-288
    • Rosén, T.1    Bengtsson, B.A.2
  • 8
    • 70449127804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SherlockM,Reulen RC, Alonso AA, et al.ACTHdeficiency, higher doses of hydrocortisone replacement, and radiotherapy are independent predictors of mortality in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:4216-4223.
    • (2009) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.94 , pp. 4216-4223
    • Sherlockmreulen, R.C.1    Acromegaly, A.2
  • 10
    • 84867270000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid replacement and mortality in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma
    • Zueger T, Kirchner P, Herren C, et al. Glucocorticoid replacement and mortality in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1938-E1942.
    • (2012) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.97 , pp. E1938-E1942
    • Zueger, T.1    Kirchner, P.2    Herren, C.3
  • 11
    • 84956674702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma is increased: Systematic analysis of 546 cases with long follow-up
    • Ntali G, Capatina C, Fazal-Sanderson V, et al. Mortality in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma is increased: systematic analysis of 546 cases with long follow-up. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016; 174:137-145.
    • (2016) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.174 , pp. 137-145
    • Ntali, G.1    Capatina, C.2    Fazal-Sanderson, V.3
  • 14
    • 84877065154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychosocial health and levels of employment in 851 hypopituitary Swedish patients on long-term GH therapy
    • Holmer H, Svensson J, Rylander L, et al. Psychosocial health and levels of employment in 851 hypopituitary Swedish patients on long-term GH therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38: 842-852.
    • (2013) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.38 , pp. 842-852
    • Holmer, H.1    Svensson, J.2    Rylander, L.3
  • 15
    • 84907537306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainties in endocrine substitution therapy for central hypocortisolism
    • Swords FM. Uncertainties in endocrine substitution therapy for central hypocortisolism. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;124:387-396.
    • (2014) Handb Clin Neurol , vol.124 , pp. 387-396
    • Swords, F.M.1
  • 16
    • 0038054450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency
    • Arlt W, Allolio B. Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet. 2003;361:1881-1893.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 1881-1893
    • Arlt, W.1    Allolio, B.2
  • 17
    • 0031752578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the normal cortisol response to the short Synacthen test: Implications for the investigation of hypothalamic-pituitary disorders
    • Clark PM, Neylon I, Raggatt PR, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM. Defining the normal cortisol response to the short Synacthen test: implications for the investigation of hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998;49:287-292.
    • (1998) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.49 , pp. 287-292
    • Clark, P.M.1    Neylon, I.2    Raggatt, P.R.3    Sheppard, M.C.4    Stewart, P.M.5
  • 18
    • 65249111733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The approach to the adult with newly diagnosed adrenal insufficiency
    • Arlt W. The approach to the adult with newly diagnosed adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:1059-1067.
    • (2009) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.94 , pp. 1059-1067
    • Arlt, W.1
  • 19
    • 27744609119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency
    • Salvatori R. Adrenal insufficiency. JAMA. 2005;294:2481-2488.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.294 , pp. 2481-2488
    • Salvatori, R.1
  • 20
    • 0022447396 scopus 로고
    • Reversible hypopituitarism in patients with large nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas
    • Arafah BM. Reversible hypopituitarism in patients with large nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986; 62:1173-1179.
    • (1986) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.62 , pp. 1173-1179
    • Arafah, B.M.1
  • 21
    • 84924090303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rate and time course of improvement in endocrine function after more than 1000 pituitary operations
    • Jahangiri A, Wagner J, Han SW, et al. Rate and time course of improvement in endocrine function after more than 1000 pituitary operations. Neurosurgery. 2014;61(suppl 1):163-166.
    • (2014) Neurosurgery , vol.61 , pp. 163-166
    • Jahangiri, A.1    Wagner, J.2    Han, S.W.3
  • 22
  • 23
    • 77957056182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morbidity and mortality in patients with craniopharyngioma after surgery
    • Crowley RK, Hamnvik OP, O'Sullivan EP, et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients with craniopharyngioma after surgery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;73:516-521.
    • (2010) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.73 , pp. 516-521
    • Crowley, R.K.1    Hamnvik, O.P.2    O'Sullivan, E.P.3
  • 24
    • 79961241139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pituitary dysfunction in adult patients after cranial radiotherapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Kokshoorn NE, Dekkers OM, et al. Pituitary dysfunction in adult patients after cranial radiotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:2330-2340.
    • (2011) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.96 , pp. 2330-2340
    • Appelman-Dijkstra, N.M.1    Kokshoorn, N.E.2    Dekkers, O.M.3
  • 26
    • 84908009667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of proton therapy for patients with functional pituitary adenomas
    • Wattson DA, Tanguturi SK, Spiegel DY, et al. Outcomes of proton therapy for patients with functional pituitary adenomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;90:532-539.
    • (2014) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.90 , pp. 532-539
    • Wattson, D.A.1    Tanguturi, S.K.2    Spiegel, D.Y.3
  • 27
    • 77953356746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is common: A cross-sectional study in 216 patients
    • Bleicken B, Hahner S, Ventz M, Quinkler M. Delayed diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is common: a cross-sectional study in 216 patients. Am J Med Sci. 2010;339:525-531.
    • (2010) Am J Med Sci , vol.339 , pp. 525-531
    • Bleicken, B.1    Hahner, S.2    Ventz, M.3    Quinkler, M.4
  • 29
    • 84922574941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High incidence of adrenal crisis in educated patients with chronic adrenal insufficiency: A prospective study
    • Hahner S, Spinnler C, Fassnacht M, et al. High incidence of adrenal crisis in educated patients with chronic adrenal insufficiency: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 100:407-416.
    • (2015) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.100 , pp. 407-416
    • Hahner, S.1    Spinnler, C.2    Fassnacht, M.3
  • 30
    • 84876280110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deaths among adult patients with hypopituitarism: Hypocortisolism during acute stress, and de novo malignant brain tumors contribute to an increased mortality
    • Burman P, Mattsson AF, Johannsson G, et al. Deaths among adult patients with hypopituitarism: hypocortisolism during acute stress, and de novo malignant brain tumors contribute to an increased mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:1466-1475.
    • (2013) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.98 , pp. 1466-1475
    • Burman, P.1    Mattsson, A.F.2    Johannsson, G.3
  • 31
    • 84867775578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to avoid precipitating an acute adrenal crisis
    • Wass JA, Arlt W. How to avoid precipitating an acute adrenal crisis. BMJ. 2012;345:e6333.
    • (2012) BMJ , vol.345 , pp. e6333
    • Wass, J.A.1    Arlt, W.2
  • 32
    • 79955854785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of central hypothyroidism
    • Beck-Peccoz P. Treatment of central hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;74:671-672.
    • (2011) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.74 , pp. 671-672
    • Beck-Peccoz, P.1
  • 33
    • 84866149947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical review: Central hypothyroidism: Pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges
    • Persani L. Clinical review: central hypothyroidism: pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:3068-3078.
    • (2012) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.97 , pp. 3068-3078
    • Persani, L.1
  • 34
    • 79851493164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interaction between growth hormone and the thyroid axis in hypopituitary patients
    • Behan LA, Monson JP, Agha A. The interaction between growth hormone and the thyroid axis in hypopituitary patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;74:281-288.
    • (2011) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.74 , pp. 281-288
    • Behan, L.A.1    Monson, J.P.2    Agha, A.3
  • 35
    • 84952887578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and complications of pituitary irradiation
    • Ntali G, Karavitaki N. Efficacy and complications of pituitary irradiation. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2015;44:117-126.
    • (2015) Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am , vol.44 , pp. 117-126
    • Ntali, G.1    Karavitaki, N.2
  • 37
    • 84870889356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current treatment protocols can offer a normal or near-normal quality of life in the majority of patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas
    • Capatina C, Christodoulides C, Fernandez A, et al. Current treatment protocols can offer a normal or near-normal quality of life in the majority of patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;78:86-93.
    • (2013) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.78 , pp. 86-93
    • Capatina, C.1    Christodoulides, C.2    Fernandez, A.3
  • 40
    • 77956822100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland
    • Warrell DD, Cox TM, Firth JD, eds 5th ed. Chap 13.2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
    • Karavitaki N, Wass J. Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland. In: Warrell DD, Cox TM, Firth JD, eds. Oxford Textbook of Medicine. 5th ed. Chap 13.2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2010:1799-1818.
    • (2010) Oxford Textbook of Medicine , pp. 1799-1818
    • Karavitaki, N.1    Wass, J.2
  • 41
    • 33749058933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes And cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer
    • Keating NL, O'Malley AJ, SmithMR.Diabetes and cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4448-4456.
    • (2006) J Clin Oncol , vol.24 , pp. 4448-4456
    • Keating, N.L.1    O'Malley, A.J.2    Smith, M.R.3
  • 42
    • 34648828214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Androgen deprivation therapy increases cardiovascular morbidity in men with prostate cancer
    • Saigal CS, Gore JL, Krupski TL, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy increases cardiovascular morbidity in men with prostate cancer. Cancer. 2007;110:1493-1500.
    • (2007) Cancer , vol.110 , pp. 1493-1500
    • Saigal, C.S.1    Gore, J.L.2    Krupski, T.L.3
  • 43
    • 77149172555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk: A science advisory from the American Heart Association American Cancer Society and American Urological Association: Endorsed by the American Society for Radiation Oncology
    • Levine GN, D'Amico AV, Berger P, et al. Androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, and American Urological Association: endorsed by the American Society for Radiation Oncology. Circulation. 2010;121:833-840.
    • (2010) Circulation , vol.121 , pp. 833-840
    • Levine, G.N.1    D'Amico, A.V.2    Berger, P.3
  • 44
    • 0034847215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of induced hypogonadism on arterial stiffness, body composition, and metabolic parameters in males with prostate cancer
    • Smith JC, Bennett S, Evans LM, et al. The effects of induced hypogonadism on arterial stiffness, body composition, and metabolic parameters in males with prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:4261-4267.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 4261-4267
    • Smith, J.C.1    Bennett, S.2    Evans, L.M.3
  • 45
    • 0036173823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in body composition during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer
    • Smith MR, Finkelstein JS, McGovern FJ, et al. Changes in body composition during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:599-603.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 599-603
    • Smith, M.R.1    Finkelstein, J.S.2    McGovern, F.J.3
  • 46
    • 33646029746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NathanDM.Insulin sensitivity during combined androgen blockade for prostate cancer
    • SmithMR,Lee H, NathanDM.Insulin sensitivity during combined androgen blockade for prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1305-1308.
    • (2006) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.91 , pp. 1305-1308
    • Smithmrlee, H.1
  • 47
    • 29244454020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between early menopause and risk of ischaemic heart disease: Influence of hormone therapy
    • Løkkegaard E, Jovanovic Z, Heitmann BL, Keiding N, Ottesen B, Pedersen AT. The association between early menopause and risk of ischaemic heart disease: influence of hormone therapy. Maturitas. 2006;53:226-233.
    • (2006) Maturitas , vol.53 , pp. 226-233
    • Løkkegaard, E.1    Jovanovic, Z.2    Heitmann, B.L.3    Keiding, N.4    Ottesen, B.5    Pedersen, A.T.6
  • 48
    • 66149147502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ovarian conservation at the time of hysterectomy and long-term health outcomes in the Nurses' Health Study
    • Parker WH, Broder MS, Chang E, et al. Ovarian conservation at the time of hysterectomy and long-term health outcomes in the Nurses' Health Study. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113:1027-1037.
    • (2009) Obstet Gynecol , vol.113 , pp. 1027-1037
    • Parker, W.H.1    Broder, M.S.2    Chang, E.3
  • 50
    • 33646808318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmenopausal status and early menopause as independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis
    • Atsma F, Bartelink ML, Grobbee DE, van der Schouw YT. Postmenopausal status and early menopause as independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Menopause. 2006; 13:265-279.
    • (2006) Menopause , vol.13 , pp. 265-279
    • Atsma, F.1    Bartelink, M.L.2    Grobbee, D.E.3    Van Der Schouw, Y.T.4
  • 51
    • 64049116138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased cardiovascular mortality after early bilateral oophorectomy
    • Rivera CM, Grossardt BR, Rhodes DJ, et al. Increased cardiovascular mortality after early bilateral oophorectomy. Menopause. 2009;16:15-23.
    • (2009) Menopause , vol.16 , pp. 15-23
    • Rivera, C.M.1    Grossardt, B.R.2    Rhodes, D.J.3
  • 52
    • 33745240399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypopituitarism and mortality in pituitary adenoma
    • Lindholm J, Nielsen EH, Bjerre P, et al. Hypopituitarism and mortality in pituitary adenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006; 65:51-58.
    • (2006) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.65 , pp. 51-58
    • Lindholm, J.1    Nielsen, E.H.2    Bjerre, P.3
  • 53
    • 84902313079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National surveillance of central diabetes insipidus (CDI) in Denmark: Results from 5 years registration of 9309 prescriptions of desmopressin to 1285 CDI patients
    • Juul KV, SchroederM,Rittig S, Nørgaard JP. National surveillance of central diabetes insipidus (CDI) in Denmark: results from 5 years registration of 9309 prescriptions of desmopressin to 1285 CDI patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:2181-2187.
    • (2014) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.99 , pp. 2181-2187
    • Juul, K.V.1    Schroedermrittig, S.2    Nørgaard, J.P.3
  • 54
    • 0034609967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central diabetes insipidus in children and young adults
    • Maghnie M, Cosi G, Genovese E, et al. Central diabetes insipidus in children and young adults. N Engl J Med. 2000;343: 998-1007.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 998-1007
    • Maghnie, M.1    Cosi, G.2    Genovese, E.3
  • 56
    • 84898470985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RasmussenMH.Assessing the impact of growth hormone deficiency and treatment in adults: Development of a new disease-specific measure
    • Brod M, Højbjerre L, Adalsteinsson JE, RasmussenMH.Assessing the impact of growth hormone deficiency and treatment in adults: development of a new disease-specific measure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:1204-1212.
    • (2014) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.99 , pp. 1204-1212
    • Brod, M.1    Højbjerre, L.2    Adalsteinsson, J.E.3
  • 57
    • 0033401114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GH deficiency in adults: An epidemiological approach
    • Sassolas G, Chazot FB, Jaquet P, et al. GH deficiency in adults: an epidemiological approach. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;141:595-600.
    • (1999) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.141 , pp. 595-600
    • Sassolas, G.1    Chazot, F.B.2    Jaquet, P.3
  • 60
    • 84927624862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excess mortality associated with hypopituitarism in adults: A meta-analysis of observational studies
    • Pappachan JM, Raskauskiene D, Kutty VR, Clayton RN. Excess mortality associated with hypopituitarism in adults: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100: 1405-1411.
    • (2015) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.100 , pp. 1405-1411
    • Pappachan, J.M.1    Raskauskiene, D.2    Kutty, V.R.3    Clayton, R.N.4
  • 61
    • 76149109423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longevity in untreated congenital growth hormone deficiency due to a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene
    • Aguiar-Oliveira MH, Oliveira FT, Pereira RM, et al. Longevity in untreated congenital growth hormone deficiency due to a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:714-721.
    • (2010) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.95 , pp. 714-721
    • Aguiar-Oliveira, M.H.1    Oliveira, F.T.2    Pereira, R.M.3
  • 62
    • 34347210631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquired prolactin deficiency in patients with disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
    • Toledano Y, Lubetsky A, Shimon I. Acquired prolactin deficiency in patients with disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007;30:268-273.
    • (2007) J Endocrinol Invest , vol.30 , pp. 268-273
    • Toledano, Y.1    Lubetsky, A.2    Shimon, I.3
  • 63
    • 84945296517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperprolactinemia
    • Tritos NA, Klibanski A. Hyperprolactinemia. JAMA. 2015;314: 1742-1743.
    • (2015) JAMA , vol.314 , pp. 1742-1743
    • Tritos, N.A.1    Klibanski, A.2
  • 64
    • 84882482713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anterior Pituitary Failure
    • Melmed S editor, 3rd edition, Elsevier
    • Carmichael JD. Anterior Pituitary Failure, Melmed S, editor, The Pituitary 3rd edition, Elsevier; 2011;343-381.
    • (2011) The Pituitary , pp. 343-381
    • Carmichael, J.D.1
  • 65
    • 84946049641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disorders of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
    • Jameson JL, ed 2nd ed. Chap 2. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional
    • Melmed S, Jameson JL. Disorders of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. In: Jameson JL, ed. Harrison's Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Chap 2. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2010:16-49.
    • (2010) Harrison's Endocrinology , pp. 16-49
    • Melmed, S.1    Jameson, J.L.2
  • 66
    • 77649177249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by highdose cosyntropin testing in patients with abnormal response to low-dose cosyntropin stimulation: A retrospective review
    • Fleseriu M, Gassner M, Yedinak C, Chicea L, Delashaw JB Jr, Loriaux DL. Normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by highdose cosyntropin testing in patients with abnormal response to low-dose cosyntropin stimulation: a retrospective review. Endocr Pract. 2010;16:64-70.
    • (2010) Endocr Pract , vol.16 , pp. 64-70
    • Fleseriu, M.1    Gassner, M.2    Yedinak, C.3    Chicea, L.4    Delashaw, J.B.5    Loriaux, D.L.6
  • 68
    • 57349155306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticotropin tests for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal insufficiency: A metaanalysis
    • Kazlauskaite R, Evans AT, Villabona CV, et al. Corticotropin tests for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal insufficiency: a metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4245-4253.
    • (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.93 , pp. 4245-4253
    • Kazlauskaite, R.1    Evans, A.T.2    Villabona, C.V.3
  • 69
    • 0031785432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of low and high dose corticotropin stimulation tests in patients with pituitary disease
    • Mayenknecht J, Diederich S, Bähr V, Plöckinger U, Oelkers W. Comparison of low and high dose corticotropin stimulation tests in patients with pituitary disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83: 1558-1562.
    • (1998) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.83 , pp. 1558-1562
    • Mayenknecht, J.1    Diederich, S.2    Bähr, V.3    Plöckinger, U.4    Oelkers, W.5
  • 70
    • 0141676028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency: Evaluation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone test and basal serum cortisol in comparison to the insulin tolerance test in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal disease
    • Schmidt IL, Lahner H, Mann K, Petersenn S. Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency: evaluation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone test and basal serum cortisol in comparison to the insulin tolerance test in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4193-4198.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 4193-4198
    • Schmidt, I.L.1    Lahner, H.2    Mann, K.3    Petersenn, S.4
  • 71
    • 0031759387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The low dose (1-microg) adrenocorticotropin stimulation test in the evaluation of patients with suspected central adrenal insufficiency
    • Thaler LM, Blevins LS Jr. The low dose (1-microg) adrenocorticotropin stimulation test in the evaluation of patients with suspected central adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:2726-2729.
    • (1998) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.83 , pp. 2726-2729
    • Thaler, L.M.1    Blevins, L.S.2
  • 72
    • 84959422964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
    • Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:364-389.
    • (2016) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.101 , pp. 364-389
    • Bornstein, S.R.1    Allolio, B.2    Arlt, W.3
  • 74
    • 84959387728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACTH stimulation tests for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency: Systematic review and metaanalysis
    • Ospina NS, Al Nofal A, Bancos I, et al. ACTH stimulation tests for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency: systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:427-434.
    • (2016) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.101 , pp. 427-434
    • Ospina, N.S.1    Al Nofal, A.2    Bancos, I.3
  • 75
    • 84904080304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-reactivity of steroid hormone immunoassays: Clinical significance and two-dimensional molecular similarity prediction
    • Krasowski MD, Drees D, Morris CS, Maakestad J, Blau JL, Ekins S. Cross-reactivity of steroid hormone immunoassays: clinical significance and two-dimensional molecular similarity prediction. BMC Clin Pathol. 2014;14:33.
    • (2014) BMC Clin Pathol , vol.14 , pp. 33
    • Krasowski, M.D.1    Drees, D.2    Morris, C.S.3    Maakestad, J.4    Blau, J.L.5    Ekins, S.6
  • 78
    • 0742289429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and hormonal characteristics of central hypothyroidism at diagnosis and during follow-up in adult patients
    • Alexopoulou O, Beguin C, De Nayer P, Maiter D. Clinical and hormonal characteristics of central hypothyroidism at diagnosis and during follow-up in adult patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004; 150:1-8.
    • (2004) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.150 , pp. 1-8
    • Alexopoulou, O.1    Beguin, C.2    De Nayer, P.3    Maiter, D.4
  • 79
    • 84918583260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement
    • Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement. Thyroid. 2014; 24:1670-1751.
    • (2014) Thyroid , vol.24 , pp. 1670-1751
    • Jonklaas, J.1    Bianco, A.C.2    Bauer, A.J.3
  • 80
    • 79955795773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism in TSH deficiency compared to primary thyroid disease: Pituitary patients are at risk of under-replacement with levothyroxine
    • Koulouri O, AuldinMA,Agarwal R, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism in TSH deficiency compared to primary thyroid disease: pituitary patients are at risk of under-replacement with levothyroxine. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;74:744-749.
    • (2011) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.74 , pp. 744-749
    • Koulouri, O.1    Auldinmaagarwal, R.2
  • 81
    • 35948960311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone replacement for central hypothyroidism: A randomized controlled trial comparing two doses of thyroxine T4) with a combination of T4 and triiodothyronine
    • Slawik M, Klawitter B, Meiser E, et al. Thyroid hormone replacement for central hypothyroidism: a randomized controlled trial comparing two doses of thyroxine (T4) with a combination of T4 and triiodothyronine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:4115-4122.
    • (2007) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , Issue.92 , pp. 4115-4122
    • Slawik, M.1    Klawitter, B.2    Meiser, E.3
  • 82
    • 35948980778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone replacement improves thyroxine biological effects: Implications for management of central hypothyroidism
    • Martins MR, Doin FC, Komatsu WR, Barros-Neto TL, Moises VA, Abucham J. Growth hormone replacement improves thyroxine biological effects: implications for management of central hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:4144-4153.
    • (2007) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.92 , pp. 4144-4153
    • Martins, M.R.1    Doin, F.C.2    Komatsu, W.R.3    Barros-Neto, T.L.4    Moises, V.A.5    Abucham, J.6
  • 83
    • 84859403304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of subclinical central hypothyroidism in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease by Doppler echocardiography
    • Doin FC, Rosa-Borges M, Martins MR, Moisés VA, Abucham J. Diagnosis of subclinical central hypothyroidism in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease by Doppler echocardiography. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166:631-640.
    • (2012) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.166 , pp. 631-640
    • Doin, F.C.1    Rosa-Borges, M.2    Martins, M.R.3    Moisés, V.A.4    Abucham, J.5
  • 85
    • 79956291628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline
    • Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S, Merriam GR, Vance ML. Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1587-1609.
    • (2011) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.96 , pp. 1587-1609
    • Molitch, M.E.1    Clemmons, D.R.2    Malozowski, S.3    Merriam, G.R.4    Vance, M.L.5
  • 86
    • 18344370604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity and specificity of six tests for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency
    • Biller BM, Samuels MH, Zagar A, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of six tests for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2067-2079.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 2067-2079
    • Biller, B.M.1    Samuels, M.H.2    Zagar, A.3
  • 87
    • 84958741498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revised gh and cortisol cut-points for the glucagon stimulation test in the evaluation of gh and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in adults: Results from a prospective randomized multicenter study
    • Hamrahian AH, Yuen KC, Gordon MB, Pulaski-Liebert KJ, Bena J, Biller BM. Revised GH and cortisol cut-points for the glucagon stimulation test in the evaluation of GH and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in adults: results from a prospective randomized multicenter study. Pituitary. 2016;19:332-341.
    • (2016) Pituitary , vol.19 , pp. 332-341
    • Hamrahian, A.H.1    Yuen, K.C.2    Gordon, M.B.3    Pulaski-Liebert, K.J.4    Bena, J.5    Biller, B.M.6
  • 89
    • 0024419106 scopus 로고
    • Circadian variation in testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and calculated non-sex hormone-binding globulin bound testosterone in healthy young and elderly men
    • Plymate SR, Tenover JS, Bremner WJ. Circadian variation in testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and calculated non-sex hormone-binding globulin bound testosterone in healthy young and elderly men. J Androl. 1989;10:366-371.
    • (1989) J Androl , vol.10 , pp. 366-371
    • Plymate, S.R.1    Tenover, J.S.2    Bremner, W.J.3
  • 90
    • 0027218025 scopus 로고
    • Circadian variation in serum free and non-SHBG-bound testosterone in normal men: Measurements, and simulation using a mass action model
    • Cooke RR, McIntosh JE, McIntosh RP. Circadian variation in serum free and non-SHBG-bound testosterone in normal men: measurements, and simulation using a mass action model. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1993;39:163-171.
    • (1993) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.39 , pp. 163-171
    • Cooke, R.R.1    McIntosh, J.E.2    McIntosh, R.P.3
  • 91
    • 62349139045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of diurnal variation on clinical measurement of serum testosterone and other sex hormone levels in men
    • Brambilla DJ, Matsumoto AM, Araujo AB, McKinlay JB. The effect of diurnal variation on clinical measurement of serum testosterone and other sex hormone levels in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:907-913.
    • (2009) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.94 , pp. 907-913
    • Brambilla, D.J.1    Matsumoto, A.M.2    Araujo, A.B.3    McKinlay, J.B.4
  • 92
    • 0026620244 scopus 로고
    • Both hyper-and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occur transiently in acute illness: Bio-and immunoactive gonadotropins
    • Spratt DI, Bigos ST, Beitins I, Cox P, Longcope C, Orav J. Both hyper-and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occur transiently in acute illness: bio-and immunoactive gonadotropins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:1562-1570.
    • (1992) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.75 , pp. 1562-1570
    • Spratt, D.I.1    Bigos, S.T.2    Beitins, I.3    Cox, P.4    Longcope, C.5    Orav, J.6
  • 93
    • 0035060392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone levels in healthy men and the relation to behavioural and physical characteristics: Facts and constructs
    • Zitzmann M, Nieschlag E. Testosterone levels in healthy men and the relation to behavioural and physical characteristics: facts and constructs. Eur J Endocrinol. 2001;144:183-197.
    • (2001) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.144 , pp. 183-197
    • Zitzmann, M.1    Nieschlag, E.2
  • 94
    • 0023630698 scopus 로고
    • Effects of drug administration on gonadotropins, sex steroid hormones and binding proteins in humans
    • Pugeat M, Lejeune H, Dechaud H, et al. Effects of drug administration on gonadotropins, sex steroid hormones and binding proteins in humans. Horm Res. 1987;28:261-273.
    • (1987) Horm Res , vol.28 , pp. 261-273
    • Pugeat, M.1    Lejeune, H.2    Dechaud, H.3
  • 96
    • 36249031484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraindividual variation in levels of serum testosterone and other reproductive and adrenal hormones in men
    • Brambilla DJ, O'Donnell AB, Matsumoto AM, McKinlay JB. Intraindividual variation in levels of serum testosterone and other reproductive and adrenal hormones in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67:853-862.
    • (2007) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.67 , pp. 853-862
    • Brambilla, D.J.1    O'Donnell, A.B.2    Matsumoto, A.M.3    McKinlay, J.B.4
  • 97
    • 77954409942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
    • Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95: 2536-2559.
    • (2010) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.95 , pp. 2536-2559
    • Bhasin, S.1    Cunningham, G.R.2    Hayes, F.J.3
  • 98
    • 0036170745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: Longitudinal results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study
    • Feldman HA, Longcope C, Derby CA, et al. Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:589-598.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 589-598
    • Feldman, H.A.1    Longcope, C.2    Derby, C.A.3
  • 99
    • 47549107694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: The European Male Aging Study
    • Wu FC, Tajar A, Pye SR, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2737-2745.
    • (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.93 , pp. 2737-2745
    • Wu, F.C.1    Tajar, A.2    Pye, S.R.3
  • 100
    • 0019759637 scopus 로고
    • Transport of steroid hormones: Binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in human plasma
    • Dunn JF, Nisula BC, Rodbard D. Transport of steroid hormones: binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;53:58-68.
    • (1981) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.53 , pp. 58-68
    • Dunn, J.F.1    Nisula, B.C.2    Rodbard, D.3
  • 101
    • 0345257099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Men with acquired hypogonadotropic hypogonadism treated with testosterone may be fertile
    • Drincic A, Arseven OK, Sosa E, Mercado M, Kopp P, Molitch ME. Men with acquired hypogonadotropic hypogonadism treated with testosterone may be fertile. Pituitary. 2003;6:5-10.
    • (2003) Pituitary , vol.6 , pp. 5-10
    • Drincic, A.1    Arseven, O.K.2    Sosa, E.3    Mercado, M.4    Kopp, P.5    Molitch, M.E.6
  • 102
    • 84877714923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approach to the patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
    • Silveira LF, Latronico AC. Approach to the patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98: 1781-1788.
    • (2013) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.98 , pp. 1781-1788
    • Silveira, L.F.1    Latronico, A.C.2
  • 103
    • 35348883285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adequate reduction degree of pituitary gonadotropin levels in the clinical management of short-term hormone replacement therapy of women with menopausal symptoms
    • Ushiroyama T, Sakuma K, Ikeda A, Ueki M. Adequate reduction degree of pituitary gonadotropin levels in the clinical management of short-term hormone replacement therapy of women with menopausal symptoms. J Med. 2004;35:281-294.
    • (2004) J Med , vol.35 , pp. 281-294
    • Ushiroyama, T.1    Sakuma, K.2    Ikeda, A.3    Ueki, M.4
  • 104
    • 0033304504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of vasopressin cell antibodies, posterior pituitary function, and magnetic resonance imaging evaluations in subclinical autoimmune central diabetes insipidus
    • De Bellis A, Colao A, Di Salle F, et al. A longitudinal study of vasopressin cell antibodies, posterior pituitary function, and magnetic resonance imaging evaluations in subclinical autoimmune central diabetes insipidus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84: 3047-3051.
    • (1999) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.84 , pp. 3047-3051
    • De Bellis, A.1    Colao, A.2    Di Salle, F.3
  • 108
    • 34248650724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tandem mass spectrometry improves the accuracy of free thyroxine measurements during pregnancy
    • Kahric-Janicic N, Soldin SJ, Soldin OP, West T, Gu J, Jonklaas J. Tandem mass spectrometry improves the accuracy of free thyroxine measurements during pregnancy. Thyroid. 2007;17: 303-311.
    • (2007) Thyroid , vol.17 , pp. 303-311
    • Kahric-Janicic, N.1    Soldin, S.J.2    Soldin, O.P.3    West, T.4    Gu, J.5    Jonklaas, J.6
  • 109
    • 0026096434 scopus 로고
    • Daily cortisol production rate in man determined by stable isotope dilution/mass spectrometry
    • Esteban NV, Loughlin T, Yergey AL, et al. Daily cortisol production rate in man determined by stable isotope dilution/mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;72:39-45.
    • (1991) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.72 , pp. 39-45
    • Esteban, N.V.1    Loughlin, T.2    Yergey, A.L.3
  • 110
    • 0030906125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of optimal hydrocortisone replacement therapy
    • Howlett TA. An assessment of optimal hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997;46:263-268.
    • (1997) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.46 , pp. 263-268
    • Howlett, T.A.1
  • 111
    • 0027403030 scopus 로고
    • Urinary free cortisol in the assessment of hydrocortisone replacement therapy
    • Trainer PJ, McHardy KC, Harvey RD, Reid IW. Urinary free cortisol in the assessment of hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Horm Metab Res. 1993;25:117-120.
    • (1993) Horm Metab Res , vol.25 , pp. 117-120
    • Trainer, P.J.1    McHardy, K.C.2    Harvey, R.D.3    Reid, I.W.4
  • 112
    • 78049507370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical Review#: The diagnosis and management of central hypoadrenalism
    • Grossman AB. Clinical Review#: the diagnosis and management of central hypoadrenalism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:4855-4863.
    • (2010) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.95 , pp. 4855-4863
    • Grossman, A.B.1
  • 113
    • 4644312360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weight-related dosing, timing and monitoring hydrocortisone replacement therapy in patients with adrenal insufficiency
    • Mah PM, Jenkins RC, Rostami-Hodjegan A, et al. Weight-related dosing, timing and monitoring hydrocortisone replacement therapy in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004;61:367-375.
    • (2004) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.61 , pp. 367-375
    • Mah, P.M.1    Jenkins, R.C.2    Rostami-Hodjegan, A.3
  • 115
    • 84906824794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving outcomes in patients with adrenal insufficiency: A review of current and future treatments
    • Johannsson G, Skrtic S, Lennernäs H, Quinkler M, Stewart PM. Improving outcomes in patients with adrenal insufficiency: a review of current and future treatments. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014; 30:1833-1847.
    • (2014) Curr Med Res Opin , vol.30 , pp. 1833-1847
    • Johannsson, G.1    Skrtic, S.2    Lennernäs, H.3    Quinkler, M.4    Stewart, P.M.5
  • 116
    • 84888204095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remission rate after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing's disease, the role of cortisol, ACTH assessment and immediate reoperation: A large single center experience
    • Hameed N, Yedinak CG, Brzana J, et al. Remission rate after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing's disease, the role of cortisol, ACTH assessment and immediate reoperation: a large single center experience. Pituitary. 2013;16:452-458.
    • (2013) Pituitary , vol.16 , pp. 452-458
    • Hameed, N.1    Yedinak, C.G.2    Brzana, J.3
  • 117
    • 84941183823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery rate of adrenal function after surgery in patients with acromegaly is higher than in those with non-functioning pituitary tumors: A large single center study
    • Yedinak C, Hameed N, Gassner M, Brzana J, McCartney S, Fleseriu M. Recovery rate of adrenal function after surgery in patients with acromegaly is higher than in those with non-functioning pituitary tumors: a large single center study. Pituitary. 2015;18:701-709
    • (2015) Pituitary , vol.18 , pp. 701-709
    • Yedinak, C.1    Hameed, N.2    Gassner, M.3    Brzana, J.4    McCartney, S.5    Fleseriu, M.6
  • 118
    • 84862224297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current practice of glucocorticoid replacement therapy and patient-perceived health outcomes in adrenal insufficiency-a worldwide patient survey
    • Forss M, Batcheller G, Skrtic S, Johannsson G. Current practice of glucocorticoid replacement therapy and patient-perceived health outcomes in adrenal insufficiency-a worldwide patient survey. BMC Endocr Disord. 2012;12:8.
    • (2012) BMC Endocr Disord , Issue.12 , pp. 8
    • Forss, M.1    Batcheller, G.2    Skrtic, S.3    Johannsson, G.4
  • 119
    • 0142069797 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacology of the anti-inflammatory steroids
    • Liddle GW. Clinical pharmacology of the anti-inflammatory steroids. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1961;2:615-635.
    • (1961) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.2 , pp. 615-635
    • Liddle, G.W.1
  • 120
    • 69949126005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultradian hormone stimulation induces glucocorticoid receptor-mediated pulses of gene transcription
    • Stavreva DA, Wiench M, John S, et al. Ultradian hormone stimulation induces glucocorticoid receptor-mediated pulses of gene transcription. Nat Cell Biol. 2009;11:1093-1102.
    • (2009) Nat Cell Biol , vol.11 , pp. 1093-1102
    • Stavreva, D.A.1    Wiench, M.2    John, S.3
  • 121
    • 0037380380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated QSPR-pharmacodynamic model of genomic effects of several corticosteroids
    • Mager DE, Pyszczynski NA, Jusko WJ. Integrated QSPR-pharmacodynamic model of genomic effects of several corticosteroids. J Pharm Sci. 2003;92:881-889.
    • (2003) J Pharm Sci , vol.92 , pp. 881-889
    • Mager, D.E.1    Pyszczynski, N.A.2    Jusko, W.J.3
  • 123
    • 84867561400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of standard glucocorticoid replacement therapies on subjective well-being: A randomized, double-blind, crossover study in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency
    • Benson S, Neumann P, Unger N, et al. Effects of standard glucocorticoid replacement therapies on subjective well-being: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;167:679-685.
    • (2012) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.167 , pp. 679-685
    • Benson, S.1    Neumann, P.2    Unger, N.3
  • 124
    • 84910119089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between glucocorticoid replacement and quality of life in 2737 hypopituitary patients
    • Ragnarsson O, Mattsson AF, Monson JP, et al. The relationship between glucocorticoid replacement and quality of life in 2737 hypopituitary patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171:571-579.
    • (2014) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.171 , pp. 571-579
    • Ragnarsson, O.1    Mattsson, A.F.2    Monson, J.P.3
  • 125
    • 67650752161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving glucocorticoid replacement therapy using a novel modified-release hydrocortisone tablet: A pharmacokinetic study
    • Johannsson G, Bergthorsdottir R, Nilsson AG, Lennernas H, Hedner T, Skrtic S. Improving glucocorticoid replacement therapy using a novel modified-release hydrocortisone tablet: a pharmacokinetic study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161:119-130.
    • (2009) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.161 , pp. 119-130
    • Johannsson, G.1    Bergthorsdottir, R.2    Nilsson, A.G.3    Lennernas, H.4    Hedner, T.5    Skrtic, S.6
  • 126
    • 84856451930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved cortisol exposure-time profile and outcome in patients with adrenal insufficiency: A prospective randomized trial of a novel hydrocortisone dual-release formulation
    • Johannsson G, Nilsson AG, Bergthorsdottir R, et al. Improved cortisol exposure-time profile and outcome in patients with adrenal insufficiency: a prospective randomized trial of a novel hydrocortisone dual-release formulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:473-481.
    • (2012) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.97 , pp. 473-481
    • Johannsson, G.1    Nilsson, A.G.2    Bergthorsdottir, R.3
  • 127
    • 84902135582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Adrenal Insufficiency Registry (EU-AIR): A comparative observational study of glucocorticoid replacement therapy
    • Ekman B, Fitts D, Marelli C, Murray RD, Quinkler M, Zelissen PM. European Adrenal Insufficiency Registry (EU-AIR): a comparative observational study of glucocorticoid replacement therapy. BMC Endocr Disord. 2014;14:40.
    • (2014) BMC Endocr Disord , vol.14 , pp. 40
    • Ekman, B.1    Fitts, D.2    Marelli, C.3    Murray, R.D.4    Quinkler, M.5    Zelissen, P.M.6
  • 128
    • 84907654839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Androgen therapy in women: A reappraisal: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
    • Wierman ME, Arlt W, Basson R, et al. Androgen therapy in women: a reappraisal: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:3489-3510.
    • (2014) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.99 , pp. 3489-3510
    • Wierman, M.E.1    Arlt, W.2    Basson, R.3
  • 129
    • 0036737156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyrotropin suppression by thyroid hormone replacement is correlated with thyroxine level normalization in central hypothyroidism
    • Shimon I, Cohen O, Lubetsky A, Olchovsky D. Thyrotropin suppression by thyroid hormone replacement is correlated with thyroxine level normalization in central hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 2002;12:823-827.
    • (2002) Thyroid , vol.12 , pp. 823-827
    • Shimon, I.1    Cohen, O.2    Lubetsky, A.3    Olchovsky, D.4
  • 130
    • 84877156278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic consequences of thyroxine replacement in adult hypopituitary patients
    • Filipsson Nyström H, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Kourides I, et al. The metabolic consequences of thyroxine replacement in adult hypopituitary patients. Pituitary. 2012;15:495-504.
    • (2012) Pituitary , vol.15 , pp. 495-504
    • Filipsson Nyström, H.1    Feldt-Rasmussen, U.2    Kourides, I.3
  • 131
    • 84883716340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central hypothyroidism and its replacement have a significant influence on cardiovascular risk factors in adult hypopituitary patients
    • Klose M, Marina D, Hartoft-Nielsen ML, et al. Central hypothyroidism and its replacement have a significant influence on cardiovascular risk factors in adult hypopituitary patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:3802-3810.
    • (2013) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.98 , pp. 3802-3810
    • Klose, M.1    Marina, D.2    Hartoft-Nielsen, M.L.3
  • 132
    • 0000182526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in adequate levothyroxine replacement therapy in patients with different causes of hypothyroidism
    • Gordon MB, Gordon MS. Variations in adequate levothyroxine replacement therapy in patients with different causes of hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 1999;5:233-238.
    • (1999) Endocr Pract , vol.5 , pp. 233-238
    • Gordon, M.B.1    Gordon, M.S.2
  • 133
    • 84902590141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between l-thyroxine treatment, GH deficiency, and radiological vertebral fractures in patients with adult-onset hypopituitarism
    • Mazziotti G, Mormando M, Cristiano A, et al. Association between l-thyroxine treatment, GH deficiency, and radiological vertebral fractures in patients with adult-onset hypopituitarism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170:893-899.
    • (2014) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.170 , pp. 893-899
    • Mazziotti, G.1    Mormando, M.2    Cristiano, A.3
  • 135
    • 0030852561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men
    • Behre HM, Kliesch S, Leifke E, Link TM, Nieschlag E. Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2386-2390.
    • (1997) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.82 , pp. 2386-2390
    • Behre, H.M.1    Kliesch, S.2    Leifke, E.3    Link, T.M.4    Nieschlag, E.5
  • 136
    • 17744390362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men
    • Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Berlin JA, et al. Effects of testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 85:2670-2677.
    • (2000) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.85 , pp. 2670-2677
    • Snyder, P.J.1    Peachey, H.2    Berlin, J.A.3
  • 137
    • 2442543161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term testosterone gel (AndroGel) treatment maintains beneficial effects on sexual function and mood, lean and fat mass, and bone mineral density in hypogonadal men
    • Wang C, Cunningham G, Dobs A, et al. Long-term testosterone gel (AndroGel) treatment maintains beneficial effects on sexual function and mood, lean and fat mass, and bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2085-2098.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 2085-2098
    • Wang, C.1    Cunningham, G.2    Dobs, A.3
  • 138
    • 25444504798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of testosterone replacement on trabecular architecture in hypogonadal men
    • Benito M, Vasilic B, Wehrli FW, et al. Effect of testosterone replacement on trabecular architecture in hypogonadal men. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:1785-1791.
    • (2005) J Bone Miner Res , vol.20 , pp. 1785-1791
    • Benito, M.1    Vasilic, B.2    Wehrli, F.W.3
  • 139
    • 50249184720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Vivo MicroMRI-based Finite Element and Morphological Analyses of Tibial Trabecular Bone in Eugonadal and Hypogonadal Men before and after Testosterone Treatment
    • Zhang XH, Liu XS, Vasilic B, et al. In vivo microMRI-based finite element and morphological analyses of tibial trabecular bone in eugonadal and hypogonadal men before and after testosterone treatment. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23:1426-1434.
    • (2008) J Bone Miner Res , vol.23 , pp. 1426-1434
    • Zhang, X.H.1    Liu, X.S.2    Vasilic, B.3
  • 140
    • 0020512208 scopus 로고
    • The nature of androgen action on male sexuality: A combined laboratory-self-report study on hypogonadal men
    • Kwan M, Greenleaf WJ, Mann J, Crapo L, Davidson JM. The nature of androgen action on male sexuality: a combined laboratory-self-report study on hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;57:557-562.
    • (1983) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.57 , pp. 557-562
    • Kwan, M.1    Greenleaf, W.J.2    Mann, J.3    Crapo, L.4    Davidson, J.M.5
  • 141
    • 0026680328 scopus 로고
    • A long-term, prospective study of the physiologic and behavioral effects of hormone replacement in untreated hypogonadal men
    • Burris AS, Banks SM, Carter CS, Davidson JM, Sherins RJ. A long-term, prospective study of the physiologic and behavioral effects of hormone replacement in untreated hypogonadal men. J Androl. 1992;13:297-304.
    • (1992) J Androl , vol.13 , pp. 297-304
    • Burris, A.S.1    Banks, S.M.2    Carter, C.S.3    Davidson, J.M.4    Sherins, R.J.5
  • 142
    • 0037236825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel testosterone gel formulation normalizes androgen levels in hypogonadal men, with improvements in body composition and sexual function
    • McNicholas TA, Dean JD, Mulder H, Carnegie C, Jones NA. A novel testosterone gel formulation normalizes androgen levels in hypogonadal men, with improvements in body composition and sexual function. BJU Int. 2003;91:69-74.
    • (2003) BJU Int , vol.91 , pp. 69-74
    • McNicholas, T.A.1    Dean, J.D.2    Mulder, H.3    Carnegie, C.4    Jones, N.A.5
  • 143
    • 7044228136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restorative increases in serum testosterone levels are significantly correlated to improvements in sexual functioning
    • Seftel AD, Mack RJ, Secrest AR, Smith TM. Restorative increases in serum testosterone levels are significantly correlated to improvements in sexual functioning. J Androl. 2004;25:963-972.
    • (2004) J Androl , vol.25 , pp. 963-972
    • Seftel, A.D.1    Mack, R.J.2    Secrest, A.R.3    Smith, T.M.4
  • 144
    • 33845917336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone use inmen with sexual dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials
    • Boloña ER, UragaMV,HaddadRM,et al. Testosterone use inmen with sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82: 20-28.
    • (2007) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.82 , pp. 20-28
    • Boloña, E.R.1    Uraga, M.V.2    Haddad, R.M.3
  • 145
    • 84873060080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IPASS: A study on the tolerability and effectiveness of injectable testosterone undecanoate for the treatment of male hypogonadism in a worldwide sample of 1,438 men
    • Zitzmann M, Mattern A, Hanisch J, Gooren L, Jones H, Maggi M. IPASS: a study on the tolerability and effectiveness of injectable testosterone undecanoate for the treatment of male hypogonadism in a worldwide sample of 1,438 men. J Sex Med. 2013;10:579-588
    • (2013) J Sex Med , vol.10 , pp. 579-588
    • Zitzmann, M.1    Mattern, A.2    Hanisch, J.3    Gooren, L.4    Jones, H.5    Maggi, M.6
  • 146
    • 84959036202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of testosterone treatment in older men
    • Snyder PJ, Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, et al. Effects of testosterone treatment in older men. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:611-624.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.374 , pp. 611-624
    • Snyder, P.J.1    Bhasin, S.2    Cunningham, G.R.3
  • 147
    • 84856888490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of testosterone supplementation on depression symptoms in hypogonadal men from the Testim Registry in the US (TRiUS
    • KheraM,BhattacharyaRK,Blick G, Kushner H, Nguyen D, Miner MM. The effect of testosterone supplementation on depression symptoms in hypogonadal men from the Testim Registry in the US (TRiUS). Aging Male. 2012;15:14-21.
    • (2012) Aging Male , vol.15 , pp. 14-21
    • Kherambhattacharyarkblick, G.1    Kushner, H.2    Nguyen, D.3    Miner, M.M.4
  • 148
  • 149
    • 0029819286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis in hypogonadal men-a clinical research center study
    • Brodsky IG, Balagopal P, Nair KS. Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis in hypogonadal men-a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:3469-3475.
    • (1996) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , Issue.81 , pp. 3469-3475
    • Brodsky, I.G.1    Balagopal, P.2    Nair, K.S.3
  • 150
    • 0031034361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men
    • Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, et al. Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:407-413.
    • (1997) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.82 , pp. 407-413
    • Bhasin, S.1    Storer, T.W.2    Berman, N.3
  • 151
    • 84941671156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum testosterone (T) level variability in T gel-treated older hypogonadal men: Treatment monitoring implications
    • Swerdloff RS, Pak Y, Wang C, et al. Serum testosterone (T) level variability in T gel-treated older hypogonadal men: treatment monitoring implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100: 3280-3287.
    • (2015) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.100 , pp. 3280-3287
    • Swerdloff, R.S.1    Pak, Y.2    Wang, C.3
  • 152
    • 16644402955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes
    • Maclennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S, Moore V. Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;Cd002978.
    • (2004) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , pp. Cd002978
    • Maclennan, A.H.1    Broadbent, J.L.2    Lester, S.3    Moore, V.4
  • 153
    • 0031716329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metaanalysis of estrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women: Second report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee
    • Cardozo L, Bachmann G, McClish D, Fonda D, Birgerson L. Metaanalysis of estrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women: second report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92: 722-727.
    • (1998) Obstet Gynecol , vol.92 , pp. 722-727
    • Cardozo, L.1    Bachmann, G.2    McClish, D.3    Fonda, D.4    Birgerson, L.5
  • 154
    • 4944237267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of the effects of estrogens for symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder
    • Cardozo L, Lose G, McClish D, Versi E. A systematic review of the effects of estrogens for symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83:892-897.
    • (2004) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , vol.83 , pp. 892-897
    • Cardozo, L.1    Lose, G.2    McClish, D.3    Versi, E.4
  • 155
    • 0029081972 scopus 로고
    • Risks of perimenopausal fractures-a prospective population-based study
    • Tuppurainen M, Kröger H, Honkanen R, et al. Risks of perimenopausal fractures-a prospective population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1995;74:624-628.
    • (1995) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , vol.74 , pp. 624-628
    • Tuppurainen, M.1    Kröger, H.2    Honkanen, R.3
  • 157
  • 158
    • 0019159483 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of spinal osteoporosis in oophorectomised women
    • Lindsay R, Hart DM, Forrest C, Baird C. Prevention of spinal osteoporosis in oophorectomised women. Lancet. 1980;2:1151-1154.
    • (1980) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1151-1154
    • Lindsay, R.1    Hart, D.M.2    Forrest, C.3    Baird, C.4
  • 159
    • 13444249245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for incident vertebral fractures in men and women: The Rotterdam Study
    • van der Klift M, de Laet CE, McCloskey EV, et al. Risk factors for incident vertebral fractures in men and women: the Rotterdam Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1172-1180.
    • (2004) J Bone Miner Res , vol.19 , pp. 1172-1180
    • Van Der Klift, M.1    De Laet, C.E.2    McCloskey, E.V.3
  • 160
    • 84928706199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fracture risk in adult patients treated with growth hormone replacement therapy for growth hormone deficiency: A prospective observational cohort study
    • MoD, Fleseriu M, Qi R, et al. Fracture risk in adult patients treated with growth hormone replacement therapy for growth hormone deficiency: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:331-338.
    • (2015) Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol , vol.3 , pp. 331-338
    • MoD Fleseriu, M.1    Qi, R.2
  • 161
    • 77954120803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid replacement therapy and vertebral fractures in hypopituitary adult males with GH deficiency
    • Mazziotti G, Porcelli T, Bianchi A, et al. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy and vertebral fractures in hypopituitary adult males with GH deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163:15-20.
    • (2010) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.163 , pp. 15-20
    • Mazziotti, G.1    Porcelli, T.2    Bianchi, A.3
  • 162
    • 84956876614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
    • Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, et al. Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:3975-4011.
    • (2015) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.100 , pp. 3975-4011
    • Stuenkel, C.A.1    Davis, S.R.2    Gompel, A.3
  • 163
    • 18044381937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone use for menopausal symptoms and risk of breast cancer. A Danish cohort study
    • Ewertz M, Mellemkjaer L, Poulsen AH, et al. Hormone use for menopausal symptoms and risk of breast cancer. A Danish cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:1293-1297.
    • (2005) Br J Cancer , vol.92 , pp. 1293-1297
    • Ewertz, M.1    Mellemkjaer, L.2    Poulsen, A.H.3
  • 164
    • 34247849299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of premature menopause
    • Pitkin J, Rees MC, Gray S, et al. Management of premature menopause. Menopause Int. 2007;13:44-45.
    • (2007) Menopause Int , vol.13 , pp. 44-45
    • Pitkin, J.1    Rees, M.C.2    Gray, S.3
  • 165
    • 79959949594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone replacement therapy and women with premature menopause-a cancer survivorship issue
    • King J, Wynne CH, Assersohn L, Jones A. Hormone replacement therapy and women with premature menopause-a cancer survivorship issue. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47:1623-1632.
    • (2011) Eur J Cancer , vol.47 , pp. 1623-1632
    • King, J.1    Wynne, C.H.2    Assersohn, L.3    Jones, A.4
  • 166
    • 84893727249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone should be used only for approved indications
    • Clemmons DR, Molitch M, Hoffman AR, et al. Growth hormone should be used only for approved indications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:409-411.
    • (2014) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.99 , pp. 409-411
    • Clemmons, D.R.1    Molitch, M.2    Hoffman, A.R.3
  • 167
    • 84878491971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Idiopathic adult growth hormone deficiency
    • Melmed S. Idiopathic adult growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:2187-2197.
    • (2013) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.98 , pp. 2187-2197
    • Melmed, S.1
  • 168
    • 0029922124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The individual responsiveness to growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-deficient adults is dependent on the level of GH-binding protein, body mass index, age, and gender
    • Johannsson G, Bjarnason R, Bramnert M, et al. The individual responsiveness to growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-deficient adults is dependent on the level of GH-binding protein, body mass index, age, and gender. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81: 1575-1581.
    • (1996) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.81 , pp. 1575-1581
    • Johannsson, G.1    Bjarnason, R.2    Bramnert, M.3
  • 169
    • 45149098675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone decreases visceral fat and improves cardiovascular risk markers in women with hypopituitarism: A randomized, placebo-controlled study
    • Beauregard C, Utz AL, Schaub AE, et al. Growth hormone decreases visceral fat and improves cardiovascular risk markers in women with hypopituitarism: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2063-2071.
    • (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.93 , pp. 2063-2071
    • Beauregard, C.1    Utz, A.L.2    Schaub, A.E.3
  • 170
    • 2442505516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adult-onset gh deficiency: Effects on body composition in men and women in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
    • Hoffman AR, Kuntze JE, Baptista J, et al. Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adult-onset gh deficiency: effects on body composition in men and women in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2048-2056.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 2048-2056
    • Hoffman, A.R.1    Kuntze, J.E.2    Baptista, J.3
  • 172
    • 55849111459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of growth hormone replacement on exercise capacity in patients with GH deficiency: A metaanalysis
    • Widdowson WM, Gibney J. The effect of growth hormone replacement on exercise capacity in patients with GH deficiency: a metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4413-4417.
    • (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.93 , pp. 4413-4417
    • Widdowson, W.M.1    Gibney, J.2
  • 173
    • 2442526224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of growth hormone (GH) treatment on cardiovascular risk factors in GH-deficient adults: A metaanalysis of blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials
    • Maison P, Griffin S, Nicoue-Beglah M, Haddad N, Balkau B, Chanson P. Impact of growth hormone (GH) treatment on cardiovascular risk factors in GH-deficient adults: a metaanalysis of blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2192-2199.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 2192-2199
    • Maison, P.1    Griffin, S.2    Nicoue-Beglah, M.3    Haddad, N.4    Balkau, B.5    Chanson, P.6
  • 175
    • 0035723728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of gender on the short and long-term effects of growth hormone replacement on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in hypopituitary adults: A 5-year study
    • DrakeWM,Rodríguez-Arnao J, Weaver JU, et al. The influence of gender on the short and long-term effects of growth hormone replacement on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in hypopituitary adults: a 5-year study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001; 54:525-532.
    • (2001) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.54 , pp. 525-532
    • Drakewmrodríguez-Arnao, J.1    Weaver, J.U.2
  • 176
    • 34147153476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten-year GH replacement increases bone mineral density in hypopituitary patients with adult onset GH deficiency
    • Götherström G, Bengtsson BA, Bosaeus I, Johannsson G, Svensson J. Ten-year GH replacement increases bone mineral density in hypopituitary patients with adult onset GH deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156:55-64.
    • (2007) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.156 , pp. 55-64
    • Götherström, G.1    Bengtsson, B.A.2    Bosaeus, I.3    Johannsson, G.4    Svensson, J.5
  • 177
    • 84930607776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of primary cancers and intracranial tumour recurrences in GH-treated and untreated adult hypopituitary patients: Analyses from the Hypopituitary Control and Complications Study
    • Child CJ, Conroy D, Zimmermann AG, Woodmansee WW, Erfurth EM, Robison LL. Incidence of primary cancers and intracranial tumour recurrences in GH-treated and untreated adult hypopituitary patients: analyses from the Hypopituitary Control and Complications Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172: 779-790.
    • (2015) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.172 , pp. 779-790
    • Child, C.J.1    Conroy, D.2    Zimmermann, A.G.3    Woodmansee, W.W.4    Erfurth, E.M.5    Robison, L.L.6
  • 179
    • 84923659030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal plasma sodium concentrations in patients treated with desmopressin for cranial diabetes insipidus: Results of a long-term retrospective study
    • Behan LA, Sherlock M, Moyles P, et al. Abnormal plasma sodium concentrations in patients treated with desmopressin for cranial diabetes insipidus: results of a long-term retrospective study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172:243-250.
    • (2015) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.172 , pp. 243-250
    • Behan, L.A.1    Sherlock, M.2    Moyles, P.3
  • 180
    • 80755153660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Desmopressin duration of antidiuretic action in patients with central diabetes insipidus
    • Juul KV, Bichet DG, Nørgaard JP. Desmopressin duration of antidiuretic action in patients with central diabetes insipidus. Endocrine. 2011;40:67-74.
    • (2011) Endocrine , vol.40 , pp. 67-74
    • Juul, K.V.1    Bichet, D.G.2    Nørgaard, J.P.3
  • 181
    • 84893186628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moderate hyponatremia is associated with increased risk of mortality: Evidence from a metaanalysis
    • Corona G, Giuliani C, Parenti G, et al. Moderate hyponatremia is associated with increased risk of mortality: evidence from a metaanalysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e80451.
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8 , pp. e80451
    • Corona, G.1    Giuliani, C.2    Parenti, G.3
  • 182
    • 84884930371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet in patients with central diabetes insipidus: Results of a multicenter open-label dose-titration study
    • Arima H, Oiso Y, Juul KV, Nørgaard JP. Efficacy and safety of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet in patients with central diabetes insipidus: results of a multicenter open-label dose-titration study. Endocr J. 2013;60:1085-1094.
    • (2013) Endocr J , vol.60 , pp. 1085-1094
    • Arima, H.1    Oiso, Y.2    Juul, K.V.3    Nørgaard, J.P.4
  • 185
    • 0035687741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle
    • Stewart PM, Toogood AA, Tomlinson JW. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle. Horm Res. 2001;56(suppl 1):1-6.
    • (2001) Horm Res , vol.56 , pp. 1-6
    • Stewart, P.M.1    Toogood, A.A.2    Tomlinson, J.W.3
  • 186
    • 0031890042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on cortisol-cortisone interconversion in hypopituitary adults: Evidence for growth hormone modulation of extrarenal 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
    • Gelding SV, Taylor NF, Wood PJ, et al. The effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on cortisol-cortisone interconversion in hypopituitary adults: evidence for growth hormone modulation of extrarenal 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998;48:153-162.
    • (1998) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.48 , pp. 153-162
    • Gelding, S.V.1    Taylor, N.F.2    Wood, P.J.3
  • 187
    • 70450163077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GHrlts: Interactions with other pituitary hormone deficiencies and replacement therapies
    • Filipsson H, Johannsson G.GHreplacement in adults: interactions with other pituitary hormone deficiencies and replacement therapies. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161(suppl 1):S85-S95.
    • (2009) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.161 , pp. S85-S95
    • Filipsson, H.1    Johannsson, G.2
  • 188
    • 84876745133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids and the regulation of growth hormone secretion
    • Mazziotti G, Giustina A. Glucocorticoids and the regulation of growth hormone secretion. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9:265-276
    • (2013) Nat Rev Endocrinol , vol.9 , pp. 265-276
    • Mazziotti, G.1    Giustina, A.2
  • 189
    • 8744262949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) replacement on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in adult GH-deficient patients
    • Giavoli C, Libé R, Corbetta S, et al. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) replacement on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in adult GH-deficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:5397-5401.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , Issue.89 , pp. 5397-5401
    • Giavoli C, L.1
  • 190
    • 71749102435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs that suppress TSH or cause central hypothyroidism
    • Haugen BR. Drugs that suppress TSH or cause central hypothyroidism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;23:793-800
    • (2009) Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.23 , pp. 793-800
    • Haugen, B.R.1
  • 191
    • 36048982140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, open-label, crossover study comparing the effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy on serum androgens, thyroid hormones, and adrenal hormones in naturally menopausal women
    • Shifren JL, Desindes S, McIlwain M, Doros G, Mazer NA. A randomized, open-label, crossover study comparing the effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy on serum androgens, thyroid hormones, and adrenal hormones in naturally menopausal women. Menopause. 2007;14:985-994.
    • (2007) Menopause , Issue.14 , pp. 985-994
    • Shifren, J.L.1    Desindes, S.2    McIlwain, M.3    Doros, G.4    Mazer, N.A.5
  • 192
    • 34247895527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of the route of oestrogen administration on serum levels of cortisol-binding globulin and total cortisol
    • Qureshi AC, Bahri A, Breen LA, et al. The influence of the route of oestrogen administration on serum levels of cortisol-binding globulin and total cortisol. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;66: 632-635.
    • (2007) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.66 , pp. 632-635
    • Qureshi, A.C.1    Bahri, A.2    Breen, L.A.3
  • 193
    • 0028090633 scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone administration stimulates energy ex-penditure and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses circadian thyrotrophin levels: Studies in GH-deficient adults
    • Jørgensen JO, Møller J, Laursen T, Orskov H, Christiansen JS, Weeke J. Growth hormone administration stimulates energy ex-penditure and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses circadian thyrotrophin levels: studies in GH-deficient adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994;41:609-614.
    • (1994) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.41 , pp. 609-614
    • Jørgensen, J.O.1    Møller, J.2    Laursen, T.3    Orskov, H.4    Christiansen, J.S.5    Weeke, J.6
  • 194
    • 0036095944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant human GH replacement therapy and thyroid function in a large group of adult GH-deficient patients: When does L-T 4) therapy become mandatory?
    • Porretti S, Giavoli C, Ronchi C, et al. Recombinant human GH replacement therapy and thyroid function in a large group of adult GH-deficient patients: when does L-T(4) therapy become mandatory? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2042-2045.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , Issue.87 , pp. 2042-2045
    • Porretti, S.1    Giavoli, C.2    Ronchi, C.3
  • 195
    • 33845631286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unmasking of central hypothyroidism following growth hormone replacement in adult hypopituitary patients
    • Agha A, Walker D, Perry L, et al. Unmasking of central hypothyroidism following growth hormone replacement in adult hypopituitary patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;66:72-77.
    • (2007) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.66 , pp. 72-77
    • Agha, A.1    Walker, D.2    Perry, L.3
  • 196
    • 57449083988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on thyroid function in adults with growth hormone deficiency
    • Losa M, Scavini M, Gatti E, et al. Long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on thyroid function in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Thyroid. 2008;18:1249-1254.
    • (2008) Thyroid , vol.18 , pp. 1249-1254
    • Losa, M.1    Scavini, M.2    Gatti, E.3
  • 197
    • 33751090323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of thyroxine replacement on serum IGF-I IGFBP-3 and the acid-labile subunit in patients with hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism
    • Schmid C, Zwimpfer C, Brändle M, Krayenbühl PA, Zapf J, Wiesli P. Effect of thyroxine replacement on serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and the acid-labile subunit in patients with hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;65:706-711.
    • (2006) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.65 , pp. 706-711
    • Schmid, C.1    Zwimpfer, C.2    Brändle, M.3    Krayenbühl, P.A.4    Zapf, J.5    Wiesli, P.6
  • 198
    • 80053181984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum
    • Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E, et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid. 2011;21:1081-1125.
    • (2011) Thyroid , vol.21 , pp. 1081-1125
    • Stagnaro-Green, A.1    Abalovich, M.2    Alexander, E.3
  • 199
    • 23044478411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the metabolic effects of raloxifene and oral estrogen in postmenopausal and growth hormone-deficient women
    • Gibney J, Johannsson G, Leung KC, Ho KK. Comparison of the metabolic effects of raloxifene and oral estrogen in postmenopausal and growth hormone-deficient women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3897-3903.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 3897-3903
    • Gibney, J.1    Johannsson, G.2    Leung, K.C.3    Ho, K.K.4
  • 201
    • 4644290488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone and estrogen: A clinician's approach
    • Cook DM. Growth hormone and estrogen: a clinician's approach. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2004;17(suppl 4):1273-1276.
    • (2004) J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab , vol.17 , pp. 1273-1276
    • Cook, D.M.1
  • 203
    • 84898491093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of glucocorticoid replacement on bone mineral density in patients with hypopituitarism before and after 2 years of growth hormone replacement therapy
    • Ragnar Agnarsson H, Johannsson G, Ragnarsson O. The impact of glucocorticoid replacement on bone mineral density in patients with hypopituitarism before and after 2 years of growth hormone replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:1479-1485.
    • (2014) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.99 , pp. 1479-1485
    • Ragnar Agnarsson, H.1    Johannsson, G.2    Ragnarsson, O.3
  • 204
    • 0042326304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of different glucocorticoid replacement schedules on bone turnover and insulin sensitivity in patients with adrenal insufficiency
    • Suliman AM, Freaney R, Smith TP, McBrinn Y, Murray B, McKenna TJ. The impact of different glucocorticoid replacement schedules on bone turnover and insulin sensitivity in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003; 59:380-387.
    • (2003) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.59 , pp. 380-387
    • Suliman, A.M.1    Freaney, R.2    Smith, T.P.3    McBrinn, Y.4    Murray, B.5    McKenna, T.J.6
  • 205
    • 84890481463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-dose hydrocortisone replacement therapy is associated with improved bone remodelling balance in hypopituitary male patients
    • Behan LA, Kelleher G, Hannon MJ, et al. Low-dose hydrocortisone replacement therapy is associated with improved bone remodelling balance in hypopituitary male patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170:141-150.
    • (2014) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.170 , pp. 141-150
    • Behan, L.A.1    Kelleher, G.2    Hannon, M.J.3
  • 206
    • 36549001222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular disease
    • Walker BR. Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157:545-559.
    • (2007) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.157 , pp. 545-559
    • Walker, B.R.1
  • 207
    • 0036129774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of low-dose oral hydrocortisone replacement versus short-term reproduction of physiological serum cortisol concentrations on insulin action in adult-onset hypopituitarism
    • McConnell EM, Bell PM, Ennis C, et al. Effects of low-dose oral hydrocortisone replacement versus short-term reproduction of physiological serum cortisol concentrations on insulin action in adult-onset hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;56: 195-201.
    • (2002) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.56 , pp. 195-201
    • McConnell, E.M.1    Bell, P.M.2    Ennis, C.3
  • 208
    • 84902334834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effect of increasing glucocorticoid replacement dose on cardiovascular risk and insulin sensitivity in patients with adrenocorticotrophin deficiency
    • Petersons CJ, Mangelsdorf BL, Thompson CH, Burt MG. Acute effect of increasing glucocorticoid replacement dose on cardiovascular risk and insulin sensitivity in patients with adrenocorticotrophin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99: 2269-2276.
    • (2014) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.99 , pp. 2269-2276
    • Petersons, C.J.1    Mangelsdorf, B.L.2    Thompson, C.H.3    Burt, M.G.4
  • 209
  • 210
    • 84978959066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-dose hydrocortisone replacement is associated with improved arterial stiffness index and blood pressure dynamics in severely adrenocorticotrophindeficient hypopituitary male patients
    • Behan LA, Carmody D, Rogers B, et al. Low-dose hydrocortisone replacement is associated with improved arterial stiffness index and blood pressure dynamics in severely adrenocorticotrophindeficient hypopituitary male patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;174: 791-799.
    • (2016) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.174 , pp. 791-799
    • Behan, L.A.1    Carmody, D.2    Rogers, B.3
  • 211
    • 47249148811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correction of cortisol overreplacement ameliorates morbidities in patients with hypopituitarism: A pilot study
    • Danilowicz K, Bruno OD, Manavela M, Gomez RM, Barkan A. Correction of cortisol overreplacement ameliorates morbidities in patients with hypopituitarism: a pilot study. Pituitary. 2008;11: 279-285.
    • (2008) Pituitary , vol.11 , pp. 279-285
    • Danilowicz, K.1    Bruno, O.D.2    Manavela, M.3    Gomez, R.M.4    Barkan, A.5
  • 212
    • 0028826577 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular function and glucocorticoid replacement in patients with hypopituitarism
    • Dunne FP, Elliot P, Gammage MD, et al. Cardiovascular function and glucocorticoid replacement in patients with hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995;43:623-629.
    • (1995) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.43 , pp. 623-629
    • Dunne, F.P.1    Elliot, P.2    Gammage, M.D.3
  • 213
    • 2942740932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conventional glucocorticoid replacement overtreats adult hypopituitary patients with partial ACTH deficiency
    • Agha A, Liew A, Finucane F, et al. Conventional glucocorticoid replacement overtreats adult hypopituitary patients with partial ACTH deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004;60:688-693.
    • (2004) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.60 , pp. 688-693
    • Agha, A.1    Liew, A.2    Finucane, F.3
  • 214
    • 84862001869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid replacement therapy and fibrinolysis in patients with hypopituitarism
    • Peacey SR, Wright D, Aye M, Moisey R. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy and fibrinolysis in patients with hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;77:94-98.
    • (2012) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.77 , pp. 94-98
    • Peacey, S.R.1    Wright, D.2    Aye, M.3    Moisey, R.4
  • 215
    • 84907212917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid antibody status, subclinical hypothyroidism, and the risk of coronary heart disease: An individual participant data analysis
    • Collet TH, Bauer DC, Cappola AR, et al. Thyroid antibody status, subclinical hypothyroidism, and the risk of coronary heart disease: an individual participant data analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:3353-3362.
    • (2014) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.99 , pp. 3353-3362
    • Collet, T.H.1    Bauer, D.C.2    Cappola, A.R.3
  • 216
    • 84869058634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid function and the risk of coronary heart disease: 12-year follow-up of the HUNT study in Norway
    • Asvold BO, Bjøro T, Platou C, Vatten LJ. Thyroid function and the risk of coronary heart disease: 12-year follow-up of the HUNT study in Norway. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;77:911-917.
    • (2012) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.77 , pp. 911-917
    • Asvold, B.O.1    Bjøro, T.2    Platou, C.3    Vatten, L.J.4
  • 217
    • 84865116104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with increased risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in adults
    • Tseng FY, Lin WY, Lin CC, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with increased risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:730-737.
    • (2012) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.60 , pp. 730-737
    • Tseng, F.Y.1    Lin, W.Y.2    Lin, C.C.3
  • 218
    • 84904035081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subclinical and overt thyroid dysfunction and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: A large population study
    • Selmer C, Olesen JB, Hansen ML, et al. Subclinical and overt thyroid dysfunction and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: a large population study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99:2372-2382.
    • (2014) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.99 , pp. 2372-2382
    • Selmer, C.1    Olesen, J.B.2    Hansen, M.L.3
  • 219
    • 84861665780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality
    • Collet TH, Gussekloo J, Bauer DC, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:799-809.
    • (2012) Arch Intern Med , vol.172 , pp. 799-809
    • Collet, T.H.1    Gussekloo, J.2    Bauer, D.C.3
  • 221
    • 0037125379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial
    • Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321-333.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 321-333
    • Rossouw, J.E.1    Anderson, G.L.2    Prentice, R.L.3
  • 222
    • 0034819462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular testosterone esters and plasma lipids in hypogonadal men: A meta-analysis
    • Whitsel EA, Boyko EJ, Matsumoto AM, Anawalt BD, Siscovick DS. Intramuscular testosterone esters and plasma lipids in hypogonadal men: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2001;111:261-269.
    • (2001) Am J Med , vol.111 , pp. 261-269
    • Whitsel, E.A.1    Boyko, E.J.2    Matsumoto, A.M.3    Anawalt, B.D.4    Siscovick, D.S.5
  • 223
    • 84939154059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Cushing's syndrome: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
    • Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. Treatment of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:2807-2831.
    • (2015) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.100 , pp. 2807-2831
    • Nieman, L.K.1    Biller, B.M.2    Findling, J.W.3
  • 224
    • 84869077860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas are associated with a higher prevalence of central hypothyroidism compared to other microadenoma types
    • Mathioudakis N, Thapa S, Wand GS, Salvatori R. ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas are associated with a higher prevalence of central hypothyroidism compared to other microadenoma types. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;77:871-876.
    • (2012) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf , vol.77 , pp. 871-876
    • Mathioudakis, N.1    Thapa, S.2    Wand, G.S.3    Salvatori, R.4
  • 225
    • 33947722381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significant GH deficiency after long-term cure by surgery in adult patients with Cushing's disease
    • Pecori Giraldi F, Andrioli M, De Marinis L, et al. Significant GH deficiency after long-term cure by surgery in adult patients with Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156:233-239.
    • (2007) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.156 , pp. 233-239
    • Pecori Giraldi, F.1    Andrioli, M.2    De Marinis, L.3
  • 226
    • 79951685894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
    • Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:273-288.
    • (2011) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.96 , pp. 273-288
    • Melmed, S.1    Casanueva, F.F.2    Hoffman, A.R.3
  • 227
    • 1942537052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of cabergoline treatment in men with prolactinoma: Effects of a 24-month treatment on prolactin levels, tumor mass, recovery of pituitary function, and semen analysis
    • Colao A, Vitale G, Cappabianca P, et al. Outcome of cabergoline treatment in men with prolactinoma: effects of a 24-month treatment on prolactin levels, tumor mass, recovery of pituitary function, and semen analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1704-1711.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 1704-1711
    • Colao, A.1    Vitale, G.2    Cappabianca, P.3
  • 229
    • 0021722487 scopus 로고
    • Bromocriptine treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas may restore pituitary function
    • Warfield A, Finkel DM, Schatz NJ, Savino PJ, Snyder PJ. Bromocriptine treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas may restore pituitary function. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:783-785.
    • (1984) Ann Intern Med , Issue.101 , pp. 783-785
    • Warfield, A.1    Finkel, D.M.2    Schatz, N.J.3    Savino, P.J.4    Snyder, P.J.5
  • 231
    • 84907197812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical predictors of GH deficiency in surgically cured acromegalic patients
    • Ku CR, Hong JW, Kim EH, Kim SH, Lee EJ. Clinical predictors of GH deficiency in surgically cured acromegalic patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171:379-387.
    • (2014) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.171 , pp. 379-387
    • Ku, C.R.1    Hong, J.W.2    Kim, E.H.3    Kim, S.H.4    Lee, E.J.5
  • 232
    • 84902312421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term growth hormone replacement in adults with growth hormone deficiency following cure of acromegaly: A KIMS analysis
    • Tritos NA, Johannsson G, Korbonits M, et al. Effects of long-term growth hormone replacement in adults with growth hormone deficiency following cure of acromegaly: a KIMS analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:2018-2029.
    • (2014) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.99 , pp. 2018-2029
    • Tritos, N.A.1    Johannsson, G.2    Korbonits, M.3
  • 233
    • 76149125135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone deficiency after treatment of acromegaly: A randomized, placebo-controlled study of growth hormone replacement
    • Miller KK, Wexler T, Fazeli P, et al. Growth hormone deficiency after treatment of acromegaly: a randomized, placebo-controlled study of growth hormone replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:567-577.
    • (2010) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.95 , pp. 567-577
    • Miller, K.K.1    Wexler, T.2    Fazeli, P.3
  • 234
    • 84868609968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GH replacement improves quality of life and metabolic parameters in cured acromegalic patients with growth hormone deficiency
    • Giavoli C, Profka E, Verrua E, et al. GH replacement improves quality of life and metabolic parameters in cured acromegalic patients with growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:3983-3988.
    • (2012) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.97 , pp. 3983-3988
    • Giavoli, C.1    Profka, E.2    Verrua, E.3
  • 235
    • 0029071973 scopus 로고
    • Relative sparing of anterior pituitary function in patients with growth hormone-secreting macroadenomas: Comparison with nonfunctioning macroadenomas
    • Greenman Y, Tordjman K, Kisch E, Razon N, Ouaknine G, Stern N. Relative sparing of anterior pituitary function in patients with growth hormone-secreting macroadenomas: comparison with nonfunctioning macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80:1577-1583.
    • (1995) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.80 , pp. 1577-1583
    • Greenman, Y.1    Tordjman, K.2    Kisch, E.3    Razon, N.4    Ouaknine, G.5    Stern, N.6
  • 236
    • 77951663820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery of pituitary function in the late-postoperative phase after pituitary surgery: Results of dynamic testing in patients with pituitary disease by insulin tolerance test 3 and 12 months after surgery
    • Berg C, Meinel T, Lahner H, Mann K, Petersenn S. Recovery of pituitary function in the late-postoperative phase after pituitary surgery: results of dynamic testing in patients with pituitary disease by insulin tolerance test 3 and 12 months after surgery. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;162:853-859.
    • (2010) Eur J Endocrinol , Issue.162 , pp. 853-859
    • Berg, C.1    Meinel, T.2    Lahner, H.3    Mann, K.4    Petersenn, S.5
  • 237
    • 84925273081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is peri-operative steroid replacement therapy necessary for the pituitary adenomas treated with surgery? A systematic review and meta analysis
    • Tohti M, Li J, Zhou Y,HuY, Yu Z,MaC. Is peri-operative steroid replacement therapy necessary for the pituitary adenomas treated with surgery? A systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0119621.
    • (2015) PLoS One , vol.10 , pp. e0119621
    • Tohti, M.1    Li, J.2    Zhou, Y.3    Hu, Y.4    Yu, Z.5    Ma, C.6
  • 238
    • 70350516767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of morning serum cortisol level after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenoma to predict the need for longterm glucocorticoid supplementation
    • Marko NF, Gonugunta VA, Hamrahian AH, Usmani A, Mayberg MR, Weil RJ. Use of morning serum cortisol level after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenoma to predict the need for longterm glucocorticoid supplementation. J Neurosurg. 2009;111: 540-544.
    • (2009) J Neurosurg , vol.111 , pp. 540-544
    • Marko, N.F.1    Gonugunta, V.A.2    Hamrahian, A.H.3    Usmani, A.4    Mayberg, M.R.5    Weil, R.J.6
  • 239
    • 84979823983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morning serum cortisol level after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma predicts hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function despite intraoperative dexamethasone use
    • Manuylova E, Calvi LM, Vates GE, Hastings C, Shafiq I. Morning serum cortisol level after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma predicts hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function despite intraoperative dexamethasone use. Endocr Pract. 2015;21:897-902.
    • (2015) Endocr Pract , vol.21 , pp. 897-902
    • Manuylova, E.1    Calvi, L.M.2    Vates, G.E.3    Hastings, C.4    Shafiq, I.5
  • 240
    • 85021860363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of a glucocorticoid sparing strategy in the management of patients following transsphenoidal surgery [published online April 28, 2016)]
    • Jia X, Pendharkar AV, Loftus P, et al. Utility of a glucocorticoid sparing strategy in the management of patients following transsphenoidal surgery [published online April 28, 2016)]. Endocr Pract. doi:10.4158/EP161256.OR.
    • Endocr Pract
    • Jia, X.1    Pendharkar, A.V.2    Loftus, P.3
  • 243
    • 84867127947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypopituitarism and central diabetes insipidus: Perioperative diagnosis and management
    • Devin JK. Hypopituitarism and central diabetes insipidus: perioperative diagnosis and management. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2012; 23:679-689.
    • (2012) Neurosurg Clin N Am , vol.23 , pp. 679-689
    • Devin, J.K.1
  • 244
    • 77950685107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significance of postoperative fluid diuresis in patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery for growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas
    • Zada G, Sivakumar W, Fishback D, Singer PA, Weiss MH. Significance of postoperative fluid diuresis in patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery for growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg. 2010;112:744-749.
    • (2010) J Neurosurg , vol.112 , pp. 744-749
    • Zada, G.1    Sivakumar, W.2    Fishback, D.3    Singer, P.A.4    Weiss, M.H.5
  • 245
    • 0242576255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrocortisone dose and postoperative diabetes insipidus in patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: A prospective randomized controlled study
    • Rajaratnam S, Seshadri MS, Chandy MJ, Rajshekhar V. Hydrocortisone dose and postoperative diabetes insipidus in patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: a prospective randomized controlled study. Br J Neurosurg. 2003;17:437-442.
    • (2003) Br J Neurosurg , vol.17 , pp. 437-442
    • Rajaratnam, S.1    Seshadri, M.S.2    Chandy, M.J.3    Rajshekhar, V.4
  • 246
    • 0023179123 scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid inhibition of neurohypophysial vasopressin secretion
    • Raff H. Glucocorticoid inhibition of neurohypophysial vasopressin secretion. Am J Physiol. 1987;252:R635-R644.
    • (1987) Am J Physiol , vol.252 , pp. R635-R644
    • Raff, H.1
  • 247
    • 0025129094 scopus 로고
    • Cortisol inhibition of vasopressin and ACTH responses to arterial hypotension in conscious dogs
    • Raff H, Skelton MM, Cowley AW Jr. Cortisol inhibition of vasopressin and ACTH responses to arterial hypotension in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol. 1990;258:R64-R69.
    • (1990) Am J Physiol , vol.258 , pp. R64-R69
    • Raff, H.1    Skelton, M.M.2    Cowley, A.W.3
  • 248
    • 0025375316 scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids and control of glomerular filtration rate
    • Baylis C, Handa RK, Sorkin M. Glucocorticoids and control of glomerular filtration rate. Semin Nephrol. 1990;10:320-329.
    • (1990) Semin Nephrol , vol.10 , pp. 320-329
    • Baylis, C.1    Handa, R.K.2    Sorkin, M.3
  • 251
    • 0031041997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind study of perioperative steroid requirements in secondary adrenal insufficiency
    • Glowniak JV, Loriaux DL. A double-blind study of perioperative steroid requirements in secondary adrenal insufficiency. Surgery. 1997;121:123-129.
    • (1997) Surgery , vol.121 , pp. 123-129
    • Glowniak, J.V.1    Loriaux, D.L.2
  • 252
    • 26444524456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: Challenges in disease detection and treatment
    • Lindsay JR, Nieman LK. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment. Endocr Rev. 2005;26:775-799.
    • (2005) Endocr Rev , vol.26 , pp. 775-799
    • Lindsay, J.R.1    Nieman, L.K.2
  • 253
    • 84891835546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal diseases during pregnancy: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management strategies
    • Kamoun M, Mnif MF, Charfi N, et al. Adrenal diseases during pregnancy: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management strategies. Am J Med Sci. 2014;347:64-73.
    • (2014) Am J Med Sci , vol.347 , pp. 64-73
    • Kamoun, M.1    Mnif, M.F.2    Charfi, N.3
  • 254
    • 33749569177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of adrenal reserve in pregnancy: Defining the normal response to the adrenocorticotropin stimulation test
    • Suri D, Moran J, Hibbard JU, Kasza K, Weiss RE. Assessment of adrenal reserve in pregnancy: defining the normal response to the adrenocorticotropin stimulation test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3866-3872.
    • (2006) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.91 , pp. 3866-3872
    • Suri, D.1    Moran, J.2    Hibbard, J.U.3    Kasza, K.4    Weiss, R.E.5
  • 255
    • 34147152092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and management of diabetes insipidus during pregnancy
    • Durr JA, Lindheimer MD. Diagnosis and management of diabetes insipidus during pregnancy. Endocr Pract. 1996;2:353-361.
    • (1996) Endocr Pract , vol.2 , pp. 353-361
    • Durr, J.A.1    Lindheimer, M.D.2
  • 256
    • 38449118263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vasopressin and disorders of water balance: The physiology and pathophysiology of vasopressin
    • Ball SG. Vasopressin and disorders of water balance: the physiology and pathophysiology of vasopressin. Ann Clin Biochem. 2007; 44:417-431.
    • (2007) Ann Clin Biochem , vol.44 , pp. 417-431
    • Ball, S.G.1
  • 257
    • 0028797738 scopus 로고
    • Diabetes insipidus and use of desmopressin (Minirin) during pregnancy
    • Källén BA, Carlsson SS, Bengtsson BK. Diabetes insipidus and use of desmopressin (Minirin) during pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol. 1995;132:144-146.
    • (1995) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.132 , pp. 144-146
    • Källén, B.A.1    Carlsson, S.S.2    Bengtsson, B.K.3
  • 258
    • 84946471719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pregnancy outcomes in women with growth hormone deficiency
    • Vila G, Akerblad AC, Mattsson AF, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with growth hormone deficiency. Fertil Steril. 2015;104: 1210-1217.e1.
    • (2015) Fertil Steril , vol.104 , pp. 1210-1217
    • Vila, G.1    Akerblad, A.C.2    Mattsson, A.F.3
  • 260
    • 0025127065 scopus 로고
    • Improvement of pituitary function after surgical decompression for pituitary tumor apoplexy
    • Arafah BM, Harrington JF, Madhoun ZT, Selman WR. Improvement of pituitary function after surgical decompression for pituitary tumor apoplexy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71:323-328.
    • (1990) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.71 , pp. 323-328
    • Arafah, B.M.1    Harrington, J.F.2    Madhoun, Z.T.3    Selman, W.R.4
  • 261
    • 0019249499 scopus 로고
    • Endocrine function after spontaneous infarction of the human pituitary: Report, review, and reappraisal
    • Veldhuis JD,HammondJM. Endocrine function after spontaneous infarction of the human pituitary: report, review, and reappraisal. Endocr Rev. 1980;1:100-107.
    • (1980) Endocr Rev , Issue.1 , pp. 100-107
    • Veldhuis, J.D.1    Hammond, J.M.2
  • 262
    • 84929504440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of endocrine disease: Pituitary tumour apoplexy
    • Capatina C, Inder W, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Management of endocrine disease: pituitary tumour apoplexy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172:R179-R190.
    • (2015) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.172 , pp. R179-R190
    • Capatina, C.1    Inder, W.2    Karavitaki, N.3    Wass, J.A.4
  • 263
  • 264
    • 41149107479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pituitary tumor apoplexy: A review
    • Laws ER. Pituitary tumor apoplexy: a review. J Intensive Care Med. 2008;23:146-147.
    • (2008) J Intensive Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 146-147
    • Laws, E.R.1
  • 268
    • 4644310949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pituitary tumor apoplexy: Characteristics, treatment, and outcomes
    • Verrees M, Arafah BM, Selman WR. Pituitary tumor apoplexy: characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Neurosurg Focus. 2004; 16:E6.
    • (2004) Neurosurg Focus , vol.16 , pp. E6
    • Verrees, M.1    Arafah, B.M.2    Selman, W.R.3
  • 270
    • 33644664299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pituitary apoplexy: A review of clinical presentation, management and outcome in 45 cases
    • Sibal L, Ball SG, Connolly V, et al. Pituitary apoplexy: a review of clinical presentation, management and outcome in 45 cases. Pituitary. 2004;7:157-163.
    • (2004) Pituitary , vol.7 , pp. 157-163
    • Sibal, L.1    Ball, S.G.2    Connolly, V.3
  • 272
    • 0030435332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexamethasone metabolism by human liver in vitro. Metabolite identification and inhibition of 6-hydroxylation
    • Gentile DM, Tomlinson ES, Maggs JL, Park BK, Back DJ. Dexamethasone metabolism by human liver in vitro. Metabolite identification and inhibition of 6-hydroxylation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996;277:105-112.
    • (1996) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.277 , pp. 105-112
    • Gentile, D.M.1    Tomlinson, E.S.2    Maggs, J.L.3    Park, B.K.4    Back, D.J.5
  • 273
    • 0023635107 scopus 로고
    • Prednisolone and methylprednisolone kinetics in children receiving anticonvulsant therapy
    • Bartoszek M, Brenner AM, Szefler SJ. Prednisolone and methylprednisolone kinetics in children receiving anticonvulsant therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1987;42:424-432.
    • (1987) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.42 , pp. 424-432
    • Bartoszek, M.1    Brenner, A.M.2    Szefler, S.J.3
  • 274
    • 0008244742 scopus 로고
    • Phenobarbital-induced increase in 6-hydroxycortisol -xcretion: Clue to its significance in human urine
    • Burstein S, Klaiber EL. Phenobarbital-induced increase in 6-hydroxycortisol -xcretion: clue to its significance in human urine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1965;25:293-296.
    • (1965) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.25 , pp. 293-296
    • Burstein, S.1    Klaiber, E.L.2
  • 275
  • 276
    • 0342608283 scopus 로고
    • Effect of diphenylhydantoin on cortisol metabolism in man
    • Werk EE Jr, Macgee J, Sholiton LJ. Effect of diphenylhydantoin on cortisol metabolism in man. J Clin Invest. 1964;43:1824-1835.
    • (1964) J Clin Invest , vol.43 , pp. 1824-1835
    • Werk, E.E.1    Macgee, J.2    Sholiton, L.J.3
  • 278
    • 0029914550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal serum free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients treated with phenytoin or carbamazepine.A paradox resolved
    • Surks MI, DeFesi CR. Normal serum free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients treated with phenytoin or carbamazepine.A paradox resolved. JAMA. 1996;275:1495-1498.
    • (1996) JAMA , Issue.275 , pp. 1495-1498
    • Surks, M.I.1    DeFesi, C.R.2
  • 279
    • 33748692764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone replacement therapy in women with epilepsy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Harden CL, Herzog AG, Nikolov BG, et al. Hormone replacement therapy in women with epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Epilepsia. 2006;47:1447-1451.
    • (2006) Epilepsia , vol.47 , pp. 1447-1451
    • Harden, C.L.1    Herzog, A.G.2    Nikolov, B.G.3
  • 280
    • 77953025932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMAS position statement: Managing the menopause in women with epilepsy
    • Erel CT, Brincat M, Gambacciani M, et al. EMAS position statement: managing the menopause in women with epilepsy. Maturitas. 2010;66:327-328.
    • (2010) Maturitas , vol.66 , pp. 327-328
    • Erel, C.T.1    Brincat, M.2    Gambacciani, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.