Anemia and iron deficiency in gastrointestinal and liver conditions

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 22, Issue 35, 2016, Pages 7908-7925

  Stein, Jürgen ^a   Connor, Susan ^b   Virgin, Garth ^c   Ong, David Eng Hui ^d   Pereyra, Lisandro ^e  

^a Crohn Colitis Center Rhein Main   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^c Vifor (International) Inc   (Switzerland)

^d NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^e HOSPITAL ALEMÁN   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Bariatric surgery; Celiac disease; Chronic hepatitis; Gastritis; Gastrointestinal bleeding; Gastrointestinal neoplasm; Infection; Iron deficiency anemia; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIANEMIC AGENT; BOCEPREVIR; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DACLATASVIR; FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE; FERRIC GLUCONATE; IMATINIB; IRON; IRON DEXTRAN; IRON SACCHARATE; LEDIPASVIR; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PEGINTERFERON; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; RIBAVIRIN; SIMEPREVIR; SOFOSBUVIR; TELAPREVIR;

ACUTE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING; ANGIODYSPLASIA; ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; AUTOIMMUNE ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; BARIATRIC SURGERY; CELIAC DISEASE; CHRONIC HEPATITIS C; COLORECTAL CANCER; DIVERTICULOSIS; ENTERIC FEEDING; ERYTHROCYTE CONCENTRATE; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; ESOPHAGITIS; GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY; GLUTEN FREE DIET; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HIATUS HERNIA; HUMAN; INTESTINAL FAILURE; INTESTINE PARASITE; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; LIVER DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; OCCULT BLOOD; PARASITOSIS; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PORTAL HYPERTENSIVE GASTROPATHY; PROCTOCOLECTOMY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STOMACH ANTRUM VASCULAR ECTASIA; STOMACH DISEASE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION; UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING; ANEMIA; CHEMISTRY; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; COMPLICATION; FECES; GASTRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL TUMOR; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE;

ANEMIA; ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; BARIATRIC SURGERY; CELIAC DISEASE; FECES; GASTRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HEPATITIS, CHRONIC; HERNIA, HIATAL; HUMANS; IRON; LIVER DISEASES; NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE;

EID: 84991059636     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7908     Document Type: Review

References (197)

1. Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS, Scott BB. Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. Gut 2011; 60: 1309-1316 [PMID: 21561874 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.228874]
2. Luman W, Ng KL. Audit of investigations in patients with iron deficiency anaemia. Singapore Med J 2003; 44: 504-510 [PMID: 15024453]
3. Marignani M, Angeletti S, Filippi L, Danieli R, Schillaci O. Occult and obscure bleeding, iron deficiency anemia and other gastrointestinal stories (Review). Int J Mol Med 2005; 15: 129-135 [PMID: 15583839]
4. Bayraktar UD, Bayraktar S. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia associated with gastrointestinal tract diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 2720-2725 [PMID: 20533591 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i22.2720]
5. Zhu A, Kaneshiro M, Kaunitz JD. Evaluation and treatment of iron deficiency anemia: a gastroenterological perspective. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 548-559 [PMID: 20108038 DOI: 10.1007/ s10620-009-1108-6]
6. Stein J, Hartmann F, Dignass AU. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in patients with IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 7: 599-610 [PMID: 20924367 DOI: 10.1038/ nrgastro.2010.151]
7. Gasche C, Berstad A, Befrits R, Beglinger C, Dignass A, Erichsen K, Gomollon F, Hjortswang H, Koutroubakis I, Kulnigg S, Oldenburg B, Rampton D, Schroeder O, Stein J, Travis S, Van Assche G. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13: 1545-1553 [PMID: 17985376 DOI: 10.1002/ ibd.20285]
8. Dignass AU, Gasche C, Bettenworth D, Birgegård G, Danese S, Gisbert JP, Gomollon F, Iqbal T, Katsanos K, Koutroubakis I, Magro F, Savoye G, Stein J, Vavricka S. European consensus on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anaemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 211-222 [PMID: 25518052 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jju009]
9. Bager P, Dahlerup JF. Randomised clinical trial: oral vs. intravenous iron after upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage-A placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39: 176-187 [PMID: 24251969 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12556]
10. Fernández-Bañares F, Monzón H, Forné M. A short review of malabsorption and anemia. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 4644-4652 [PMID: 19787827 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4644]
11. Gomollón F, Gisbert JP. Anemia and inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 4659-4665 [PMID: 19787829 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4659]
12. Niv E, Elis A, Zissin R, Naftali T, Novis B, Lishner M. Iron deficiency anemia in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms-A prospective study. Fam Pract 2005; 22: 58-61 [PMID: 15644385 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmh705]
13. Patterson RN, Johnston SD. Iron deficiency anaemia: are the British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines being adhered to? Postgrad Med J 2003; 79: 226-228 [PMID: 12743344]
14. Busti F, Campostrini N, Martinelli N, Girelli D. Iron deficiency in the elderly population, revisited in the hepcidin era. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5: 83 [PMID: 24795637 DOI: 10.3389/ fphar.2014.00083]
15. Dharmarajan TS, Bullecer MLF, Pitchumoni CS. Anemia of gastrointestinal origin in the elderly. Pract Gastroenterol 2015; 26: 22-36
16. Ferguson A, Brydon WG, Brian H, Williams A, Mackie MJ. Use of whole gut perfusion to investigate gastrointestinal blood loss in patients with iron deficiency anaemia. Gut 1996; 38: 120-124 [PMID: 8566838]
17. Stein J, Dignass AU. Anaemia in the Elderly IBD Patient. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2015; 13: 308-318 [PMID: 26164616 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-015-0062-y]
18. Geisel T, Martin J, Schulze B, Schaefer R, Bach M, Virgin G, Stein J. An etiologic profile of anemia in 405 geriatric patients. Anemia 2014; 2014: 932486 [PMID: 24707396 DOI: 10.1155/2014/932486]
19. Gomollón F, Gisbert JP, García-Erce JA. Intravenous iron in digestive diseases: a clinical (re)view. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2010; 1: 67-75 [PMID: 23251730 DOI: 10.1177/2040622310373675]
20. Koch TA, Myers J, Goodnough LT. Intravenous Iron Therapy in Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia: Dosing Considerations. Anemia 2015; 2015: 763576 [PMID: 26257955 DOI: 10.1155/2015/763576]
21. Camaschella C. Iron-deficiency anemia. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1832-1843 [PMID: 25946282 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1401038]
22. Lopez A, Cacoub P, Macdougall IC, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Iron deficiency anaemia. Lancet 2016; 387: 907-916 [PMID: 26314490 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60865-0]
23. Cameron AJ. Incidence of iron deficiency anemia in patients with large diaphragmatic hernia. A controlled study. Mayo Clin Proc 1976; 51: 767-769 [PMID: 1086935]
24. Cameron AJ, Higgins JA. Linear gastric erosion. A lesion associated with large diaphragmatic hernia and chronic blood loss anemia. Gastroenterology 1986; 91: 338-342 [PMID: 3487479]
25. Carrott PW, Markar SR, Hong J, Kuppusamy MK, Koehler RP, Low DE. Iron-deficiency anemia is a common presenting issue with giant paraesophageal hernia and resolves following repair. J Gastrointest Surg 2013; 17: 858-862 [PMID: 23515913 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-013-2184-7]
26. Panzuto F, Di Giulio E, Capurso G, Baccini F, D'Ambra G, Delle Fave G, Annibale B. Large hiatal hernia in patients with iron deficiency anaemia: a prospective study on prevalence and treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 663-670 [PMID: 15023168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01894.x]
27. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Relationship of iron-deficiency anemia with esophagitis and hiatal hernia: hospital findings from a prospective, population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 322-326 [PMID: 11232670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03513.x]
28. Crooks CJ, West J, Card TR. Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage and deprivation: a nationwide cohort study of health inequality in hospital admissions. Gut 2012; 61: 514-520 [PMID: 21757448 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.120501.134539]
29. Gralnek IM, Barkun AN, Bardou M. Management of acute bleeding from a peptic ulcer. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 928-937 [PMID: 18753649 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0706113]
30. Jairath V, Kahan BC, Logan RF, Hearnshaw SA, Travis SP, Murphy MF, Palmer KR. Mortality from acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the United kingdom: does it display a "weekend effect"? Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 1621-1628 [PMID: 21606977 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.172]
31. Barkun AN, Bardou M, Kuipers EJ, Sung J, Hunt RH, Martel M, Sinclair P. International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 101-113 [PMID: 20083829 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00009]
32. British Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy Committee. Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: guidelines. Gut 2002; 51 Suppl 4: iv1-iv6 [PMID: 12208839]
33. Bager P, Dahlerup JF. Lack of follow-up of anaemia after discharge from an upper gastrointestinal bleeding centre. Dan Med J 2013; 60: A4583 [PMID: 23484606]
34. Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, Northfield TC. Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gut 1996; 38: 316-321 [PMID: 8675081]
35. Jairath V, Kahan BC, Gray A, Doré CJ, Mora A, James MW, Stanley AJ, Everett SM, Bailey AA, Dallal H, Greenaway J, Le Jeune I, Darwent M, Church N, Reckless I, Hodge R, Dyer C, Meredith S, Llewelyn C, Palmer KR, Logan RF, Travis SP, Walsh TS, Murphy MF. Restrictive versus liberal blood transfusion for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (TRIGGER): a pragmatic, open-label, cluster randomised feasibility trial. Lancet 2015; 386: 137-144 [PMID: 25956718 DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(14)61999-1]
36. Villanueva C. Gastrointestinal bleeding: Blood transfusion for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 12: 432-434 [PMID: 26170218 DOI: 10.1038/ nrgastro.2015.116]
37. Fortun PJ, Hawkey CJ. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the small intestine. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2007; 23: 134-141 [PMID: 17268241 DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e328020045a]
38. Hernández-Díaz S, Rodríguez LA. Association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding/perforation: an overview of epidemiologic studies published in the 1990s. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2093-2099 [PMID: 10904451]
39. Laine L, Smith R, Min K, Chen C, Dubois RW. Systematic review: the lower gastrointestinal adverse effects of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 751-767 [PMID: 16918879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03043.x]
40. Graham DY, Opekun AR, Willingham FF, Qureshi WA. Visible small-intestinal mucosal injury in chronic NSAID users. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 55-59 [PMID: 15645405]
41. Maiden L, Thjodleifsson B, Theodors A, Gonzalez J, Bjarnason I. A quantitative analysis of NSAID-induced small bowel pathology by capsule enteroscopy. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 1172-1178 [PMID: 15887101]
42. Moore RA, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Faecal blood loss with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclo-oxygenase-2 selective inhibitors: systematic review of randomized trials using autologous chromium-labelled erythrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10: R7 [PMID: 18201374 DOI: 10.1186/ar2355]
43. Lanas A, García-Rodríguez LA, Arroyo MT, Gomollón F, Feu F, González-Pérez A, Zapata E, Bástida G, Rodrigo L, Santolaria S, Güell M, de Argila CM, Quintero E, Borda F, Piqué JM. Risk of upper gastrointestinal ulcer bleeding associated with selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, traditional non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin and combinations. Gut 2006; 55: 1731-1738 [PMID: 16687434 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2005.080754]
44. Mamdani M, Rochon PA, Juurlink DN, Kopp A, Anderson GM, Naglie G, Austin PC, Laupacis A. Observational study of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in elderly patients given selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. BMJ 2002; 325: 624 [PMID: 12242172]
45. Toyoda H, Tanabe N, Toyoda M, Toyoda N, Takei Y. Effect of the misoprostol-rebamipide combination on iron deficiency anemia in patients under long-term cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor treatment for small bowel ulcers. Clin J Gastroenterol 2012; 5: 155-157 [PMID: 26182160 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-012-0286-5]
46. Goldstein JL, Eisen GM, Lewis B, Gralnek IM, Zlotnick S, Fort JG. Video capsule endoscopy to prospectively assess small bowel injury with celecoxib, naproxen plus omeprazole, and placebo. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 133-141 [PMID: 15704047]
47. Selinger CP, Ang YS. Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE): an update on clinical presentation, pathophysiology and treatment. Digestion 2008; 77: 131-137 [PMID: 18391491 DOI: 10.1159/000124339]
48. Nguyen H, Le C, Nguyen H. Gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach)-an enigmatic and often-overlooked cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly. Perm J 2009; 13: 46-49 [PMID: 20740102]
49. Johnson J, Derk CT. Gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis. Int J Rheumatol 2011; 2011: 305238 [PMID: 22121374 DOI: 10.1155/2011/305238]
50. Schouten JN, Verheij J, Seijo S. Idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10: 67 [PMID: 26025214 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0288-8]
51. Patwardhan VR, Cardenas A. Review article: the management of portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric antral vascular ectasia in cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40: 354-362 [PMID: 24889902 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12824]
52. Ripoll C, Garcia-Tsao G. Management of gastropathy and gastric vascular ectasia in portal hypertension. Clin Liver Dis 2010; 14: 281-295 [PMID: 20682235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2010.03.013]
53. Ripoll C, Garcia-Tsao G. The management of portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric antral vascular ectasia. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43: 345-351 [PMID: 21095166 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.10.006]
54. RIDER JA, KLOTZ AP, KIRSNER JB. Gastritis with venocapillary ectasia as a source of massive gastric hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1953; 24: 118-123 [PMID: 13052170]
55. Ghrénassia E, Avouac J, Khanna D, Derk CT, Distler O, Suliman YA, Airo P, Carreira PE, Foti R, Granel B, Berezne A, Cabane J, Ingegnoli F, Rosato E, Caramaschi P, Hesselstrand R, Walker UA, Alegre-Sancho JJ, Zarrouk V, Agard C, Riccieri V, Schiopu E, Gladue H, Steen VD, Allanore Y. Prevalence, correlates and outcomes of gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis: a EUSTAR case-control study. J Rheumatol 2014; 41: 99-105 [PMID: 24293584 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.130386]
56. Dulai GS, Jensen DM, Kovacs TO, Gralnek IM, Jutabha R. Endoscopic treatment outcomes in watermelon stomach patients with and without portal hypertension. Endoscopy 2004; 36: 68-72 [PMID: 14722858 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-814112]
57. Hershko C, Camaschella C. How I treat unexplained refractory iron deficiency anemia. Blood 2014; 123: 326-333 [PMID: 24215034 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-10-512624]
58. Dickey W, Kenny BD, McMillan SA, Porter KG, McConnell JB. Gastric as well as duodenal biopsies may be useful in the investigation of iron deficiency anaemia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32: 469-472 [PMID: 9175209]
59. Neumann WL, Coss E, Rugge M, Genta RM. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis-pathogenesis, pathology and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10: 529-541 [PMID: 23774773 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.101]
60. Betesh AL, Santa Ana CA, Cole JA, Fordtran JS. Is achlorhydria a cause of iron deficiency anemia? Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102: 9-19 [PMID: 25994564 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.097394]
61. Hershko C, Ronson A, Souroujon M, Maschler I, Heyd J, Patz J. Variable hematologic presentation of autoimmune gastritis: agerelated progression from iron deficiency to cobalamin depletion. Blood 2006; 107: 1673-1679 [PMID: 16239424 DOI: 10.1182/ blood-2005-09-3534]
62. Hershko C, Ronson A. Iron deficiency, Helicobacter infection and gastritis. Acta Haematol 2009; 122: 97-102 [PMID: 19907146 DOI: 10.1159/000243793]
63. Franceschi F, Zuccalà G, Roccarina D, Gasbarrini A. Clinical effects of Helicobacter pylori outside the stomach. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 11: 234-242 [PMID: 24345888 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.243]
64. Muhsen K, Cohen D. Helicobacter pylori infection and iron stores: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2008; 13: 323-340 [PMID: 19250507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00617. x]
65. Yuan W, Li Yumin D, Yang L. Iron deficiency anemia in Helicobacter pylori infection: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 665-676 [PMID: 20201716 DOI: 10.3109/00365521003663670]
66. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, Atherton J, Axon AT, Bazzoli F, Gensini GF, Gisbert JP, Graham DY, Rokkas T, El-Omar EM, Kuipers EJ. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection--The Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012; 61: 646-664 [PMID: 22491499 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302084]
67. Asaka M, Kato M, Takahashi S, Fukuda Y, Sugiyama T, Ota H, Uemura N, Murakami K, Satoh K, Sugano K. Guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection in Japan: 2009 revised edition. Helicobacter 2010; 15: 1-20 [PMID: 20302585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00738.x]
68. Fischbach W, Malfertheiner P, Hoffmann JC, Bolten W, Bornschein J, Götze O, Höhne W, Kist M, Koletzko S, Labenz J, Layer P, Miehlke S, Morgner A, Peitz U, Preiss J, Prinz C, Rosien U, Schmidt W, Schwarzer A, Suerbaum S, Timmer A, Treiber G, Vieth M. S3-guideline "helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal ulcer disease" of the German society for digestive and metabolic diseases (DGVS) in cooperation with the German society for hygiene and microbiology, society for pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition e. V., German society for rheumatology, AWMFregistration-no. 021 / 001. Z Gastroenterol 2009; 47: 1230-1263 [PMID: 19960402 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109855]
69. Fock KM, Talley N, Moayyedi P, Hunt R, Azuma T, Sugano K, Xiao SD, Lam SK, Goh KL, Chiba T, Uemura N, Kim JG, Kim N, Ang TL, Mahachai V, Mitchell H, Rani AA, Liou JM, Vilaichone RK, Sollano J. Asia-Pacific consensus guidelines on gastric cancer prevention. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 351-365 [PMID: 18318820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05314.x]
70. Emiralioglu N, Yenicesu I, Sari S, Egritas O, Poyraz A, Pasaoglu OT, Celik B, Dalgic B. An insight into the relationships between prohepcidin, iron deficiency anemia, and interleukin-6 values in pediatric Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Eur J Pediatr 2015; 174: 903-910 [PMID: 25567795 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2482-4]
71. Sato Y, Yoneyama O, Azumaya M, Takeuchi M, Sasaki SY, Yokoyama J, Shioji K, Kawauchi Y, Hashimoto S, Nishigaki Y, Kobayashi M, Sugimura K, Honma T, Narisawa R, Aoyagi Y. The relationship between iron deficiency in patients with Helicobacter pylori-infected nodular gastritis and the serum prohepcidin level. Helicobacter 2015; 20: 11-18 [PMID: 25256783 DOI: 10.1111/ hel.12170]
72. Azab SF, Esh AM. Serum hepcidin levels in Helicobacter pyloriinfected children with iron-deficiency anemia: a case-control study. Ann Hematol 2013; 92: 1477-1483 [PMID: 23760782 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1813-2]
73. Yokota S, Konno M, Mino E, Sato K, Takahashi M, Fujii N. Enhanced Fe ion-uptake activity in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with iron-deficiency anemia. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: e31-e33 [PMID: 18197760 DOI: 10.1086/526784]
74. Noto JM, Gaddy JA, Lee JY, Piazuelo MB, Friedman DB, Colvin DC, Romero-Gallo J, Suarez G, Loh J, Slaughter JC, Tan S, Morgan DR, Wilson KT, Bravo LE, Correa P, Cover TL, Amieva MR, Peek RM. Iron deficiency accelerates Helicobacter pyloriinduced carcinogenesis in rodents and humans. J Clin Invest 2013; 123: 479-492 [PMID: 23257361 DOI: 10.1172/JCI64373]
75. Noto JM, Lee JY, Gaddy JA, Cover TL, Amieva MR, Peek RM. Regulation of Helicobacter pylori Virulence Within the Context of Iron Deficiency. J Infect Dis 2015; 211: 1790-1794 [PMID: 25505301 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu805]
76. Yamaoka Y. Mechanisms of disease: Helicobacter pylori virulence factors. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 7: 629-641 [PMID: 20938460 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.154]
77. Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40: 582-609 [PMID: 25078533 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12872]
78. Aills L, Blankenship J, Buffington C, Furtado M, Parrott J. ASMBS Allied Health Nutritional Guidelines for the Surgical Weight Loss Patient. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008; 4: S73-108 [PMID: 18490202 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2008.03.002]
79. Love AL, Billett HH. Obesity, bariatric surgery, and iron deficiency: true, true, true and related. Am J Hematol 2008; 83: 403-409 [PMID: 18061940 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21106]
80. Broeke R, Bravenboer B, Smulders FJ. Iron deficiency before and after bariatric surgery: the need for iron supplementation. Neth J Med 2013; 71: 412-417 [PMID: 24127501]
81. Obinwanne KM, Fredrickson KA, Mathiason MA, Kallies KJ, Farnen JP, Kothari SN. Incidence, treatment, and outcomes of iron deficiency after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a 10-year analysis. J Am Coll Surg 2014; 218: 246-252 [PMID: 24315892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.10.023]
82. Alexandrou A, Armeni E, Kouskouni E, Tsoka E, Diamantis T, Lambrinoudaki I. Cross-sectional long-term micronutrient deficiencies after sleeve gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a pilot study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2014; 10: 262-268 [PMID: 24182446 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.07.014]
83. Apovian CM, Cummings S, Anderson W, Borud L, Boyer K, Day K, Hatchigian E, Hodges B, Patti ME, Pettus M, Perna F, Rooks D, Saltzman E, Skoropowski J, Tantillo MB, Thomason P. Best practice updates for multidisciplinary care in weight loss surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17: 871-879 [PMID: 19396065 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.580]
84. Malone M, Barish C, He A, Bregman D. Comparative review of the safety and efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose versus standard medical care for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in bariatric and gastric surgery patients. Obes Surg 2013; 23: 1413-1420 [PMID: 23553506 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-0939-6]
85. Godfrey JD, Brantner TL, Brinjikji W, Christensen KN, Brogan DL, Van Dyke CT, Lahr BD, Larson JJ, Rubio-Tapia A, Melton LJ, Zinsmeister AR, Kyle RA, Murray JA. Morbidity and mortality among older individuals with undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 763-769 [PMID: 20685275 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.05.041]
86. Çekin AH, Çekin Y, Sezer C. Celiac disease prevalence in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Turk J Gastroenterol 2012; 23: 490-495 [PMID: 23161292]
87. Unsworth DJ, Lock FJ, Harvey RF. Iron-deficiency anaemia in premenopausal women. Lancet 1999; 353: 1100 [PMID: 10199377]
88. Volta U, Caio G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R. The changing clinical profile of celiac disease: a 15-year experience (1998-2012) in an Italian referral center. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14: 194 [PMID: 25404189 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-014-0194-x]
89. Wierdsma NJ, Bokhorst-Schueren MA, Berkenpas M, Mulder CJ, van Bodegraven AA. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are highly prevalent in newly diagnosed celiac disease patients. Nutrients 2013; 5: 3975-3992 [PMID: 24084055 DOI: 10.3390/nu5103975]
90. Corazza GR, Valentini RA, Andreani ML, D'Anchino M, Leva MT, Ginaldi L, De Feudis L, Quaglino D, Gasbarrini G. Subclinical coeliac disease is a frequent cause of iron-deficiency anaemia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30: 153-156 [PMID: 7732338]
91. Howard MR, Turnbull AJ, Morley P, Hollier P, Webb R, Clarke A. A prospective study of the prevalence of undiagnosed coeliac disease in laboratory defined iron and folate deficiency. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 754-757 [PMID: 12354801]
92. Hershko C, Patz J. Ironing out the mechanism of anemia in celiac disease. Haematologica 2008; 93: 1761-1765 [PMID: 19050064 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2008.000828]
93. Fine KD. The prevalence of occult gastrointestinal bleeding in celiac sprue. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1163-1167 [PMID: 8602182 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199605023341804]
94. Martin J, Geisel T, Maresch C, Krieger K, Stein J. Inadequate nutrient intake in patients with celiac disease: results from a German dietary survey. Digestion 2013; 87: 240-246 [PMID: 23751356 DOI: 10.1159/000348850]
95. Harper JW, Holleran SF, Ramakrishnan R, Bhagat G, Green PH. Anemia in celiac disease is multifactorial in etiology. Am J Hematol 2007; 82: 996-1000 [PMID: 17636474 DOI: 10.1002/ ajh.20996]
96. Maslovsky I. Intravenous iron in a primary-care clinic. Am J Hematol 2005; 78: 261-264 [PMID: 15795917 DOI: 10.1002/ ajh.20271]
97. Annibale B, Severi C, Chistolini A, Antonelli G, Lahner E, Marcheggiano A, Iannoni C, Monarca B, Delle FG. Efficacy of gluten-free diet alone on recovery from iron deficiency anemia in adult celiac patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 132-137 [PMID: 11197242]
98. Vici G, Belli L, Biondi M, Polzonetti V. Gluten free diet and nutrient deficiencies: A review. Clin Nutr 2016; Epub ahead of print [PMID: 27211234 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.05.002]
99. Pironi L, Arends J, Baxter J, Bozzetti F, Peláez RB, Cuerda C, Forbes A, Gabe S, Gillanders L, Holst M, Jeppesen PB, Joly F, Kelly D, Klek S, Irtun O, Olde Damink SW, Panisic M, Rasmussen HH, Staun M, Szczepanek K, Van Gossum A, Wanten G, Schneider SM, Shaffer J. ESPEN endorsed recommendations. Definition and classification of intestinal failure in adults. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 171-180 [PMID: 25311444 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.08.017]
100. Kelly DA. Intestinal failure-associated liver disease: what do we know today? Gastroenterology 2006; 130: S70-S77 [PMID: 16473076 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.066]
101. Ubesie AC, Kocoshis SA, Mezoff AG, Henderson CJ, Helmrath MA, Cole CR. Multiple micronutrient deficiencies among patients with intestinal failure during and after transition to enteral nutrition. J Pediatr 2013; 163: 1692-1696 [PMID: 23978355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.07.015]
102. Yang CF, Duro D, Zurakowski D, Lee M, Jaksic T, Duggan C. High prevalence of multiple micronutrient deficiencies in children with intestinal failure: a longitudinal study. J Pediatr 2011; 159: 39-44.e1 [PMID: 21324480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.12.049]
103. Khaodhiar L, Keane-Ellison M, Tawa NE, Thibault A, Burke PA, Bistrian BR. Iron deficiency anemia in patients receiving home total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26: 114-119 [PMID: 11871735]
104. Hwa YL, Rashtak S, Kelly DG, Murray JA. Iron Deficiency in Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition Therapy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 40: 869-876 [PMID: 25972429 DOI: 10.1177/0148607 115587329]
105. Allwood MC, Martin H, Greenwood M, Maunder M. Precipitation of trace elements in parenteral nutrition mixtures. Clin Nutr 1998; 17: 223-226 [PMID: 10205342]
106. Robinson CA, Sawyer JE. Y-site compatibility of medications with parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2009; 14: 48-56 [PMID: 23055891 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-14.1.48]
107. Beale AL, Penney MD, Allison MC. The prevalence of iron deficiency among patients presenting with colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2005; 7: 398-402 [PMID: 15932566 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1463-1318.2005.00789.x]
108. Ho CH, Yu YB, Wu PH. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and its clinical implications in patients with colorectal carcinoma. J Chin Med Assoc 2008; 71: 119-122 [PMID: 18364262 DOI: 10.1016/S1726-4901(08)70002-9]
109. Edna TH, Karlsen V, Jullumstrø E, Lydersen S. Prevalence of anaemia at diagnosis of colorectal cancer: assessment of associated risk factors. Hepatogastroenterology 2012; 59: 713-716 [PMID: 22469713 DOI: 10.5754/hge11479]
110. Khanbhai M, Shah M, Cantanhede G, Ilyas S, Richards T. The problem of anaemia in patients with colorectal cancer. ISRN Hematol 2014; 2014: 547914 [PMID: 24696785 DOI: 10.1155/2014/547914]
111. Ludwig H, Müldür E, Endler G, Hübl W. Prevalence of iron deficiency across different tumors and its association with poor performance status, disease status and anemia. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 1886-1892 [PMID: 23567147 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt118]
112. Del Giudice ME, Vella ET, Hey A, Simunovic M, Harris W, Levitt C. Systematic review of clinical features of suspected colorectal cancer in primary care. Can Fam Physician 2014; 60: e405-e415 [PMID: 25122831]
113. Wilkins T, Baird C, Pearson AN, Schade RR. Diverticular bleeding. Am Fam Physician 2009; 80: 977-983 [PMID: 19873964]
114. Cappell MS. The pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of colon cancer and adenomatous polyps. Med Clin North Am 2005; 89: 1-42, vii [PMID: 15527807 DOI: 10.1016/ j.mcna.2004.08.011]
115. Judson I, Demetri G. Advances in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Ann Oncol 2007; 18 Suppl 10: x20-x24 [PMID: 17761719 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm410]
116. Miettinen M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: review on morphology, molecular pathology, prognosis, and differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130: 1466-1478 [PMID: 17090188 DOI: 10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130]
117. Kaemmer DA, Otto J, Lassay L, Steinau G, Klink C, Junge K, Klinge U, Schumpelick V. The Gist of literature on pediatric GIST: review of clinical presentation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009; 31: 108-112 [PMID: 19194193 DOI: 10.1097/ MPH.0b013e3181923cd8]
118. Duffaud F, Even C, Ray-Coquard I, Bompas E, Khoa-Huynh T, Salas S, Cassier P, Dufresne A, Bonvalot S, Ducimetiere F, Le Cesne A, Blay JY. Recombinant erythropoietin for the anaemia of patients with advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST) receiving imatinib: an active agent only in non progressive patients. Clin Sarcoma Res 2012; 2: 11 [PMID: 22950685 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-11]
119. Sodergren SC, White A, Efficace F, Sprangers M, Fitzsimmons D, Bottomley A, Johnson CD. Systematic review of the side effects associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors used in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours on behalf of the EORTC Quality of Life Group. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 91: 35-46 [PMID: 24495942 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.01.002]
120. Vannella L, Lahner E, Osborn J, Annibale B. Systematic review: gastric cancer incidence in pernicious anaemia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 375-382 [PMID: 23216458 DOI: 10.1111/ apt.12177]
121. Nakatani M, Fujiwara Y, Nagami Y, Sugimori S, Kameda N, Machida H, Okazaki H, Yamagami H, Tanigawa T, Watanabe K, Watanabe T, Tominaga K, Noda E, Maeda K, Ohsawa M, Wakasa K, Hirakawa K, Arakawa T. The usefulness of double-balloon enteroscopy in gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the small bowel with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Intern Med 2012; 51: 2675-2682 [PMID: 23037455]
122. Rosenberg PS, Alter BP, Ebell W. Cancer risks in Fanconi anemia: findings from the German Fanconi Anemia Registry. Haematologica 2008; 93: 511-517 [PMID: 18322251 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.12234]
123. Ioannou GN, Rockey DC, Bryson CL, Weiss NS. Iron deficiency and gastrointestinal malignancy: a population-based cohort study. Am J Med 2002; 113: 276-280 [PMID: 12361812]
124. Schmoll HJ, Van Cutsem E, Stein A, Valentini V, Glimelius B, Haustermans K, Nordlinger B, van Velde CJ, Balmana J, Regula J, Nagtegaal ID, Beets-Tan RG, Arnold D, Ciardiello F, Hoff P, Kerr D, Köhne CH, Labianca R, Price T, Scheithauer W, Sobrero A, Tabernero J, Aderka D, Barroso S, Bodoky G, Douillard JY, El Ghazaly H, Gallardo J, Garin A, Glynne-Jones R, Jordan K, Meshcheryakov A, Papamichail D, Pfeiffer P, Souglakos I, Turhal S, Cervantes A. ESMO Consensus Guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. a personalized approach to clinical decision making. Ann Oncol 2012; 23: 2479-2516 [PMID: 23012255 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds236]
125. Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. Guidelines for the Management of Colorectal Cancer. [last accessed 15 Feb 2015]. Available from: URL: http://www.acpgbi. org.uk/resources/guidelines/guidelines-for-The-management-ofcolorectal-cancer
126. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Diagnosis and management of colorectal cancer. Available from: URL: http:// www.sign.ac.uk
127. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Inc. NCCN Practice Guidelines in Oncology; Cancer and Chemotherapy-Induced Anemia-v.2.2015. Available from: URL: http://www.nccn.org/ professionals/physician-gls/PDF/anemia.pdf
128. Edwards TJ, Noble EJ, Durran A, Mellor N, Hosie KB. Randomized clinical trial of preoperative intravenous iron sucrose to reduce blood transfusion in anaemic patients after colorectal cancer surgery. Br J Surg 2009; 96: 1122-1128 [PMID: 19731228]
129. Muñoz M, Gómez-Ramírez S, Martín-Montañez E, Auerbach M. Perioperative anemia management in colorectal cancer patients: a pragmatic approach. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 1972-1985 [PMID: 24587673 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.1972]
130. Amato A, Pescatori M. Perioperative blood transfusions for the recurrence of colorectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (1): CD005033 [PMID: 16437512 DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD005033.pub2]
131. Houbiers JG, van Velde CJ, van Watering LM, Hermans J, Schreuder S, Bijnen AB, Pahlplatz P, Schattenkerk ME, Wobbes T, de Vries JE, Klementschitsch P, van Maas AH, Brand A. Transfusion of red cells is associated with increased incidence of bacterial infection after colorectal surgery: a prospective study. Transfusion 1997; 37: 126-134 [PMID: 9051085]
132. Schiergens TS, Rentsch M, Kasparek MS, Frenes K, Jauch KW, Thasler WE. Impact of perioperative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion on recurrence and overall survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases. Dis Colon Rectum 2015; 58: 74-82 [PMID: 25489697 DOI: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000233]
133. Shander A, Hofmann A, Ozawa S, Theusinger OM, Gombotz H, Spahn DR. Activity-based costs of blood transfusions in surgical patients at four hospitals. Transfusion 2010; 50: 753-765 [PMID: 20003061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02518.x]
134. Keeler BD, Simpson JA, Ng S, Tselepis C, Iqbal T, Brookes MJ, Acheson AG. The feasibility and clinical efficacy of intravenous iron administration for preoperative anaemia in patients with colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2014; 16: 794-800 [PMID: 24916374 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12683]
135. Borstlap WA, Buskens CJ, Tytgat KM, Tuynman JB, Consten EC, Tolboom RC, Heuff G, van Geloven AA, van Wagensveld BA, C A Wientjes CA, Gerhards MF, de Castro SM, Jansen J, van der AW, van der Zaag E, Omloo JM, van Westreenen HL, Winter DC, Kennelly RP, Dijkgraaf MG, Tanis PJ, Bemelman WA. Multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing ferric(III)carbo xymaltose infusion with oral iron supplementation in the treatment of preoperative anaemia in colorectal cancer patients. BMC Surg 2015; 15: 78 [PMID: 26123286 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-015-0065-6]
136. Ranganathan P, Pramesh CS. Letter 1: Randomized clinical trial of preoperative intravenous iron sucrose to reduce blood transfusion in anaemic patients after colorectal cancer surgery (Br J Surg 2009; 96: 1122-1128). Br J Surg 2010; 97: 297-298; author reply 299 [PMID: 20069595 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6980]
137. Leal-Noval SR, Muñoz M, Asuero M, Contreras E, García-Erce JA, Llau JV, Moral V, Páramo JA, Quintana M. Spanish Consensus Statement on alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion: the 2013 update of the "Seville Document". Blood Transfus 2013; 11: 585-610 [PMID: 23867181 DOI: 10.2450/2013.0029-13]
138. Hallet J, Hanif A, Callum J, Pronina I, Wallace D, Yohanathan L, McLeod R, Coburn N. The impact of perioperative iron on the use of red blood cell transfusions in gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transfus Med Rev 2014; 28: 205-211 [PMID: 24997001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2014.05.004]
139. Azzam N, Aljebreen AM, Alharbi O, Almadi MA. Prevalence and clinical features of colonic diverticulosis in a Middle Eastern population. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 5: 391-397 [PMID: 23951394 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v5.i8.391]
140. World Gastroenterology Organisation. World Gastroenterology Organisation Practice Guidelines: Diverticular Disease. Available from: URL: http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/diverticulardisease. html
141. Baxter NN. Emergency management of diverticulitis. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2004; 17: 177-182 [PMID: 20011273 DOI: 10.1055/ s-2004-832699]
142. Al-Onaizi I, Al-Awadi F, Al-Dawood AL. Iron deficiency anaemia: an unusual complication of Meckel's diverticulum. Med Princ Pract 2002; 11: 214-217 [PMID: 12424418]
143. Sagar J, Kumar V, Shah DK. Meckel's diverticulum: a systematic review. J R Soc Med 2006; 99: 501-505 [PMID: 17021300 DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.99.10.501]
144. Kubo A, Kagaya T, Nakagawa H. Studies on complications of diverticular disease of the colon. Jpn J Med 1985; 24: 39-43 [PMID: 3873561]
145. Starke RD, Ferraro F, Paschalaki KE, Dryden NH, McKinnon TA, Sutton RE, Payne EM, Haskard DO, Hughes AD, Cutler DF, Laffan MA, Randi AM. Endothelial von Willebrand factor regulates angiogenesis. Blood 2011; 117: 1071-1080 [PMID: 21048155 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-264507]
146. Holleran G, Hall B, Hussey M, McNamara D. Small bowel angiodysplasia and novel disease associations: a cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 433-438 [PMID: 23356721 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.763178]
147. Massyn MW, Khan SA. Heyde syndrome: a common diagnosis in older patients with severe aortic stenosis. Age Ageing 2009; 38: 267-70; discussion 251 [PMID: 19276092 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/ afp019]
148. Aktas S, Kiyak M, Ozdil K, Kurtca I, Kibar S, Ahbab S, Karadeniz Y, Saler T. Gastrointestinal Tract Hemorrhage due to Angiodysplasia in Hutchinson Gilfort Progeria Syndrome. J Med Cases 2013; 4: 576-578
149. Johnson-Wimbley TD, Graham DY. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in the 21st century. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2011; 4: 177-184 [PMID: 21694802 DOI: 10.1177/1 756283X11398736]
150. Crompton DW, Nesheim MC. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Annu Rev Nutr 2002; 22: 35-59 [PMID: 12055337]
151. Hesham MS, Edariah AB, Norhayati M. Intestinal parasitic infections and micronutrient deficiency: a review. Med J Malaysia 2004; 59: 284-293 [PMID: 15559182]
152. Kassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS, Shackelford KA, Steiner C, Heuton KR, Gonzalez-Medina D, Barber R, Huynh C, Dicker D, Templin T, Wolock TM, Ozgoren AA, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abubakar I, Achoki T, Adelekan A, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Akena D, Alasfoor D, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Al Kahbouri MJ, Alla F, Allen PJ, AlMazroa MA, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlov J, Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asad MM, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Basu A, Basu S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bernabe E, Beyene TJ, Bhutta Z, Bin AA, Blore JD, Basara BB, Bose D, Breitborde N, Cardenas R, Castaneda-Orjuela CA, Castro RE, Catala-Lopez F, Cavlin A, Chang JC, Che X, Christophi CA, Chugh SS, Cirillo M, Colquhoun SM, Cooper LT, Cooper C, da CL, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davis A, Dayama A, Degenhardt L, De LD, Pozo-Cruz B, Deribe K, Dessalegn M, deVeber GA, Dharmaratne SD, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Dorrington RE, Driscoll TR, Ermakov SP, Esteghamati A, Faraon EJ, Farzadfar F, Felicio MM, Fereshtehnejad SM, de Lima GM, Forouzanfar MH, Franca EB, Gaffikin L, Gambashidze K, Gankpe FG, Garcia AC, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Giroud M, Glaser EL, Goginashvili K, Gona P, Gonzalez-Castell D, Goto A, Gouda HN, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Pi IB, Hoek HW, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Husseini A, Idrisov BT, Innos K, Inoue M, Jacobsen KH, Jahangir E, Jee SH, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kabagambe EK, Kan H, Karam NE, Karch A, Karema CK, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazanjan K, Kazi DS, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khang YH, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kulkarni C, Kulkarni VS, Kumar GA, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Kwan G, Lai T, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lansingh VC, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leigh J, Leinsalu M, Leung R, Li X, Li Y, Li Y, Liang J, Liang X, Lim SS, Lin HH, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, London SJ, Lotufo PA, Ma J, Ma S, Machado VM, Mainoo NK, Majdan M, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Marzan MB, Mason-Jones AJ, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, de la Cruz MJ, Hernandez JC, Moore AR, Moradi-Lakeh M, Mori R, Mueller UO, Mukaigawara M, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Nand D, Nangia V, Nash D, Nejjari C, Nelson RG, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ng M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nisar MI, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Olusanya BO, Omer SB, Opio JN, Orisakwe OE, Pandian JD, Papachristou C, Park JH, Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Poenaru D, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope D, Pourmalek F, Qato D, Quistberg DA, Rafay A, Rahimi K. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014; 384: 980-1004 [PMID: 24797575 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60696-6]
153. M'Koma AE, Wise PE, Schwartz DA, Muldoon RL, Herline AJ. Prevalence and outcome of anemia after restorative proctocolectomy: a clinical literature review. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 726-739 [PMID: 19404082 DOI: 10.1007/ DCR.0b013e31819ed571]
154. Coull DB, Tait RC, Anderson JH, McKee RF, Finlay IG. Vitamin B12 deficiency following restorative proctocolectomy. Colorectal Dis 2007; 9: 562-566 [PMID: 17509054]
155. Gonzalez-Casas R, Jones EA, Moreno-Otero R. Spectrum of anemia associated with chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 4653-4658 [PMID: 19787828 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4653]
156. Hézode C. Management of anaemia and other treatment complications. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45 Suppl 5: S337-S342 [PMID: 24091113 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.07.010]
157. Ogawa E, Furusyo N, Nakamuta M, Kajiwara E, Nomura H, Dohmen K, Takahashi K, Satoh T, Azuma K, Kawano A, Tanabe Y, Kotoh K, Shimoda S, Hayashi J. Clinical milestones for the prediction of severe anemia by chronic hepatitis C patients receiving telaprevir-based triple therapy. J Hepatol 2013; 59: 667-674 [PMID: 23707372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.017]
158. Zeuzem S, DeMasi R, Baldini A, Coate B, Luo D, Mrus J, Witek J. Risk factors predictive of anemia development during telaprevir plus peginterferon/ribavirin therapy in treatment-experienced patients. J Hepatol 2014; 60: 1112-1117 [PMID: 24486089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.013]
159. Bacon BR, Gordon SC, Lawitz E, Marcellin P, Vierling JM, Zeuzem S, Poordad F, Goodman ZD, Sings HL, Boparai N, Burroughs M, Brass CA, Albrecht JK, Esteban R. Boceprevir for previously treated chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1207-1217 [PMID: 21449784]
160. Jacobson IM, McHutchison JG, Dusheiko G, Di Bisceglie AM, Reddy KR, Bzowej NH, Marcellin P, Muir AJ, Ferenci P, Flisiak R, George J, Rizzetto M, Shouval D, Sola R, Terg RA, Yoshida EM, Adda N, Bengtsson L, Sankoh AJ, Kieffer TL, George S, Kauffman RS, Zeuzem S. Telaprevir for previously untreated chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 2405-2416 [PMID: 21696307]
161. McHutchison JG, Manns MP, Muir AJ, Terrault NA, Jacobson IM, Afdhal NH, Heathcote EJ, Zeuzem S, Reesink HW, Garg J, Bsharat M, George S, Kauffman RS, Adda N, Di Bisceglie AM. Telaprevir for previously treated chronic HCV infection. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1292-1303 [PMID: 20375406]
162. Sulkowski MS, Poordad F, Manns MP, Bronowicki JP, Rajender Reddy K, Harrison SA, Afdhal NH, Sings HL, Pedicone LD, Koury KJ, Sniukiene V, Burroughs MH, Albrecht JK, Brass CA, Jacobson IM. Anemia during treatment with peginterferon Alfa-2b/ribavirin and boceprevir: Analysis from the serine protease inhibitor therapy 2 (SPRINT-2) trial. Hepatology 2013; 57: 974-984 [PMID: 23081753]
163. Zeuzem S, Andreone P, Pol S, Lawitz E, Diago M, Roberts S, Focaccia R, Younossi Z, Foster GR, Horban A, Ferenci P, Nevens F, Müllhaupt B, Pockros P, Terg R, Shouval D, van Hoek B, Weiland O, Van Heeswijk R, De Meyer S, Luo D, Boogaerts G, Polo R, Picchio G, Beumont M. Telaprevir for retreatment of HCV infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 2417-2428 [PMID: 21696308]
164. Mac Nicholas R, Norris S. Review article: optimizing SVR and management of the haematological side effects of peginterferon/ ribavirin antiviral therapy for HCV-The role of epoetin, G-CSF and novel agents. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31: 929-937 [PMID: 20175767]
165. Poordad F, Lawitz E, Reddy KR, Afdhal NH, Hézode C, Zeuzem S, Lee SS, Calleja JL, Brown RS, Craxi A, Wedemeyer H, Nyberg L, Nelson DR, Rossaro L, Balart L, Morgan TR, Bacon BR, Flamm SL, Kowdley KV, Deng W, Koury KJ, Pedicone LD, Dutko FJ, Burroughs MH, Alves K, Wahl J, Brass CA, Albrecht JK, Sulkowski MS. Effects of ribavirin dose reduction vs erythropoietin for boceprevir-related anemia in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection-A randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2013; 145: 1035-1044.e5 [PMID: 23924660]
166. Romero-Gómez M, Berenguer M, Molina E, Calleja JL. Management of anemia induced by triple therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C: challenges, opportunities and recommendations. J Hepatol 2013; 59: 1323-1330 [PMID: 23867320]
167. Clark PJ, Aghemo A, Degasperi E, Galmozzi E, Urban TJ, Vock DM, Patel K, Thompson AJ, Rumi MG, D'Ambrosio R, Muir AJ, Colombo M. Inosine triphosphatase deficiency helps predict anaemia, anaemia management and response in chronic hepatitis C therapy. J Viral Hepat 2013; 20: 858-866 [PMID: 24304455 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12113]
168. Jacobson IM, Kowdley KV, Kwo PY. Anemia management in the era of triple combination therapy for chronic HCV. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2012; 8: 1-16 [PMID: 23293572]
169. Maan R, van der Meer AJ, Brouwer WP, Plompen EP, Sonneveld MJ, Roomer R, van der Eijk AA, Groothuismink ZM, Hansen BE, Veldt BJ, Janssen HL, Boonstra A, de Knegt RJ. ITPA Polymorphisms Are Associated with Hematological Side Effects during Antiviral Therapy for Chronic HCV Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0139317 [PMID: 26441325]
170. Suwanthawornkul T, Anothaisintawee T, Sobhonslidsuk A, Thakkinstian A, Teerawattananon Y. Efficacy of Second Generation Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents for Treatment Naïve Hepatitis C Genotype 1: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0145953 [PMID: 26720298]
171. Siddique A, Nelson JE, Aouizerat B, Yeh MM, Kowdley KV. Iron deficiency in patients with nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, female gender, and low serum hepcidin. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12: 1170-1178 [PMID: 24269922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.11.017]
172. Ruivard M, Lainé F, Ganz T, Olbina G, Westerman M, Nemeth E, Rambeau M, Mazur A, Gerbaud L, Tournilhac V, Abergel A, Philippe P, Deugnier Y, Coudray C. Iron absorption in dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome is decreased and correlates with increased plasma hepcidin. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 1219-1225 [PMID: 19398238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.01.029]
173. Moya D, Baker SS, Liu W, Garrick M, Kozielski R, Baker RD, Zhu L. Novel pathway for iron deficiency in pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 549-556 [PMID: 25000850]
174. Brownlie T, Utermohlen V, Hinton PS, Haas JD. Tissue iron deficiency without anemia impairs adaptation in endurance capacity after aerobic training in previously untrained women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 437-443 [PMID: 14985219]
175. Favrat B, Balck K, Breymann C, Hedenus M, Keller T, Mezzacasa A, Gasche C. Evaluation of a single dose of ferric carboxymaltose in fatigued, iron-deficient women-PREFER a randomized, placebo-controlled study. PLoS One 2014; 9: e94217 [PMID: 24751822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094217]
176. Krayenbuehl PA, Battegay E, Breymann C, Furrer J, Schulthess G. Intravenous iron for the treatment of fatigue in nonanemic, premenopausal women with low serum ferritin concentration. Blood 2011; 118: 3222-3227 [PMID: 21705493 DOI: 10.1182/ blood-2011-04-346304]
177. Murray-Kolb LE, Beard JL. Iron treatment normalizes cognitive functioning in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 778-787 [PMID: 17344500]
178. Jankowska EA, Von HS, Anker SD, Macdougall IC, Ponikowski P. Iron deficiency and heart failure: diagnostic dilemmas and therapeutic perspectives. Eur Heart J 2012; 34: 816-829
179. Evstatiev R, Gasche C. Iron sensing and signalling. Gut 2012; 61: 933-952 [PMID: 22016365 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.214312]
180. Fillet G, Beguin Y, Baldelli L. Model of reticuloendothelial iron metabolism in humans: abnormal behavior in idiopathic hemochromatosis and in inflammation. Blood 1989; 74: 844-851 [PMID: 2502204]
181. Wish JB. Assessing iron status: beyond serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1 Suppl 1: S4-S8 [PMID: 17699374 DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01490506]
182. Stein J, Bager P, Befrits R, Gasche C, Gudehus M, Lerebours E, Magro F, Mearin F, Mitchell D, Oldenburg B, Danese S. Anaemia management in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: routine practice across nine European countries. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25: 1456-1463 [PMID: 24100539 DOI: 10.1097/ MEG.0b013e328365ca7f]
183. Geisser P, Burckhardt S. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of iron preparations. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3: 12-33 [PMID: 24310424 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3010012]
184. Goodnough LT, Maniatis A, Earnshaw P, Benoni G, Beris P, Bisbe E, Fergusson DA, Gombotz H, Habler O, Monk TG, Ozier Y, Slappendel R, Szpalski M. Detection, evaluation, and management of preoperative anaemia in the elective orthopaedic surgical patient: NATA guidelines. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106: 13-22 [PMID: 21148637 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq361]
185. Jumaa AK. Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) anemia work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2012; 2 Suppl: 279-335
186. McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Böhm M, Dickstein K, Falk V, Filippatos G, Fonseca C, Gomez-Sanchez MA, Jaarsma T, Køber L, Lip GY, Maggioni AP, Parkhomenko A, Pieske BM, Popescu BA, Rønnevik PK, Rutten FH, Schwitter J, Seferovic P, Stepinska J, Trindade PT, Voors AA, Zannad F, Zeiher A. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 1787-1847 [PMID: 22611136 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs104]
187. Qunibi WY. The efficacy and safety of current intravenous iron preparations for the management of iron-deficiency anaemia: a review. Arzneimittelforschung 2010; 60: 399-412 [PMID: 20648931]
188. Chertow GM, Mason PD, Vaage-Nilsen O, Ahlmén J. Update on adverse drug events associated with parenteral iron. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 378-382 [PMID: 16286429 DOI: 10.1093/ ndt/gfi253]
189. Yessayan L, Sandhu A, Besarab A, Yessayan A, Frinak S, Zasuwa G, Yee J. Intravenous iron dextran as a component of anemia management in chronic kidney disease: a report of safety and efficacy. Int J Nephrol 2013; 2013: 703038 [PMID: 23573422 DOI: 10.1155/2013/703038]
190. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Assessment report for: Iron containing intravenous (IV) medicinal products. Available from: URL: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/ Referrals-document/IV-iron-31/WC500150771.pdf
191. Kulnigg S, Stoinov S, Simanenkov V, Dudar LV, Karnafel W, Garcia LC, Sambuelli AM, D'Haens G, Gasche C. A novel intravenous iron formulation for treatment of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: the ferric carboxymaltose (FERINJECT) randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 1182-1192 [PMID: 18371137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01744.x]
192. Evstatiev R, Marteau P, Iqbal T, Khalif IL, Stein J, Bokemeyer B, Chopey IV, Gutzwiller FS, Riopel L, Gasche C. FERGIcor, a randomized controlled trial on ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 846-853.e1-2 [PMID: 21699794 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.005]
193. Murphy GJ, Reeves BC, Rogers CA, Rizvi SI, Culliford L, Angelini GD. Increased mortality, postoperative morbidity, and cost after red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery. Circulation 2007; 116: 2544-2552 [PMID: 17998460 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.698977]
194. Spahn DR, Moch H, Hofmann A, Isbister JP. Patient blood management: the pragmatic solution for the problems with blood transfusions. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 951-953 [PMID: 19034088 DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818e3d75]
195. Taylor RW, O'Brien J, Trottier SJ, Manganaro L, Cytron M, Lesko MF, Arnzen K, Cappadoro C, Fu M, Plisco MS, Sadaka FG, Veremakis C. Red blood cell transfusions and nosocomial infections in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 2302-238; quiz 2309 [PMID: 16849995 DOI: 10.1097/01. CCM.0000234034.51040.7F]
196. Ruz M, Carrasco F, Rojas P, Codoceo J, Inostroza J, Rebolledo A, Basfi-fer K, Csendes A, Papapietro K, Pizarro F, Olivares M, Sian L, Westcott JL, Hambidge KM, Krebs NF. Iron absorption and iron status are reduced after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 527-532 [PMID: 19625680 DOI: 10.3945/ ajcn.2009.27699]
197. Laursen SB. Treatment and prognosis in peptic ulcer bleeding. Dan Med J 2014; 61: B4797 [PMID: 24495895]