Update on Human Rhinovirus and Coronavirus Infections

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 555-571

  Greenberg, Stephen B ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

human coronavirus; human rhinovirus; polymerase chain reaction

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; BRONCHIOLITIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; CORONAVIRIDAE; CORONAVIRUS INFECTION; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN RHINOVIRUS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; LUNG FIBROSIS; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RHINOSINUSITIS; RHINOVIRUS INFECTION; VIROLOGY; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS; COMMON COLD; CORONAVIRINAE; MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS; PICORNAVIRUS INFECTION; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; RHINOVIRUS; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME;

COMMON COLD; CORONAVIRUS; CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; RHINOVIRUS; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME;

EID: 84982728025     PISSN: 10693424     EISSN: 10989048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584797     Document Type: Article

References (271)

1. Greenberg S. B. Update on rhinovirus and coronavirus infections. Semin Respir Crit Care Med: 2011; 32 4 433 446
2. Greenberg S. B. Human rhinovirus infections. In: Singh S., ed. Human Respiratory Viral Infections. Boca Raton CRC Press: 2014; 353 376
3. Cecere T. E., Todd S. M., Richmond O. B. Human coronavirus respiratory infections. In: Singh S., ed. Human Respiratory Viral Infections. Boca Raton CRC Press: 2014; 547 558
4. Jacobs S. E., Lamson D. M., St George K., Walsh T. J. Human rhinoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev: 2013; 26 1 135 162
5. Kennedy J. L., Turner R. B., Braciale T., Heymann P. W., Borish L. Pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection. Curr Opin Virol: 2012; 2 3 287 293
6. Greenberg S. B., Allen M., Wilson J., Atmar R. L. Respiratory viral infections in adults with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2000; 162 1 167 173
7. El-Sahly H. M., Atmar R. L., Glezen W. P., Greenberg S. B. Spectrum of clinical illness in hospitalized patients with common cold virus infections. Clin Infect Dis: 2000; 31 1 96 100
8. Wedzicha J. A. Role of viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc: 2004; 1 2 115 120
9. Johnston S. L., Pattemore P. K., Sanderson G., et al. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children. BMJ: 1995; 310 6989 1225 1229
10. Hiatt P. W., Grace S. C., Kozinetz C. A., et al. Effects of viral lower respiratory tract infection on lung function in infants with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics: 1999; 103 3 619 626
11. Chonmaitree T., Howie V. M., Truant A. L. Presence of respiratory viruses in middle ear fluids and nasal wash specimens from children with acute otitis media. Pediatrics: 1986; 77 5 698 702
12. Pitkäranta A., Virolainen A., Jero J., Arruda E., Hayden F. G. Detection of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus infections in acute otitis media by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Pediatrics: 1998; 102 2, Pt 1 291 295
13. Wolfromm A., Porcher R., Legoff J., et al. Viral respiratory infections diagnosed by multiplex PCR after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: long-term incidence and outcome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant: 2014; 20 8 1238 1241
14. Brebion A., Mirand A., Regagnon C., et al. Evaluation of real-time RT-PCR Rhino&EV/Cc r-gene(®) (bioMérieux) kit versions 1 and 2 for rhinovirus detection. J Clin Virol: 2015; 62 110 113
15. Grijalva C. G., Griffin M. R., Edwards K. M., et al. Concordance between RT-PCR-based detection of respiratory viruses from nasal swabs collected for viral testing and nasopharyngeal swabs collected for bacterial testing. J Clin Virol: 2014; 60 3 309 312
16. To K. F., Lo A. WI. SARS-CoV infections in humans. In: Singh S., ed. Human Respiratory Viral Infections. Boca Raton CRC Press: 2014; 559 581
17. Chan J. F., Lau S. K., To K. K., Cheng V. C., Woo P. C., Yuen K. Y. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease. Clin Microbiol Rev: 2015; 28 2 465 522
18. Lee W. M., Kiesner C., Pappas T., et al. A diverse group of previously unrecognized human rhinoviruses are common causes of respiratory illnesses in infants. PLoS ONE: 2007; 2 10 e966
19. Kuroda M., Niwa S., Sekizuka T., et al. Molecular evolution of the VP1, VP2, and VP3 genes in human rhinovirus species C. Sci Rep: 2015; 5 8185
20. Palmenberg A. C., Spiro D., Kuzmickas R., et al. Sequencing and analyses of all known human rhinovirus genomes reveal structure and evolution. Science: 2009; 324 5923 55 59
21. Tapparel C., Junier T., Gerlach D., et al. New respiratory enterovirus and recombinant rhinoviruses among circulating picornaviruses. Emerg Infect Dis: 2009; 15 5 719 726
22. Blomqvist S., Savolainen C., Råman L., Roivainen M., Hovi T. Human rhinovirus 87 and enterovirus 68 represent a unique serotype with rhinovirus and enterovirus features. J Clin Microbiol: 2002; 40 11 4218 4223
23. Hasegawa S., Hirano R., Okamoto-Nakagawa R., Ichiyama T., Shirabe K. Enterovirus 68 infection in children with asthma attacks: virus-induced asthma in Japanese children. Allergy: 2011; 66 12 1618 1620
24. Jacques J., Moret H., Minette D., et al. Epidemiological, molecular, and clinical features of enterovirus respiratory infections in French children between 1999 and 2005. J Clin Microbiol: 2008; 46 1 206 213
25. Piralla A., Lilleri D., Sarasini A., et al. Human rhinovirus and human respiratory enterovirus (EV68 and EV104) infections in hospitalized patients in Italy, 2008-2009. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis: 2012; 73 2 162 167
26. Rahamat-Langendoen J., Riezebos-Brilman A., Borger R., et al. Upsurge of human enterovirus 68 infections in patients with severe respiratory tract infections. J Clin Virol: 2011; 52 2 103 106
27. Kim J. H., Kwon H. J., Jang Y. J. Effects of rhinovirus infection on the expression and function of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and epithelial sodium channel in human nasal mucosa. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol: 2012; 108 3 182 187
28. Jayaraman A., Jackson D. J., Message S. D., et al. IL-15 complexes induce NK- and T-cell responses independent of type I IFN signaling during rhinovirus infection. Mucosal Immunol: 2014; 7 5 1151 1164
29. Zaheer R. S., Wiehler S., Hudy M. H., et al. Human rhinovirus-induced ISG15 selectively modulates epithelial antiviral immunity. Mucosal Immunol: 2014; 7 5 1127 1138
30. Cakebread J. A., Haitchi H. M., Xu Y., Holgate S. T., Roberts G., Davies D. E. Rhinovirus-16 induced release of IP-10 and IL-8 is augmented by Th2 cytokines in a pediatric bronchial epithelial cell model. PLoS ONE: 2014; 9 4 e94010
31. Nakagome K., Bochkov Y. A., Ashraf S., et al. Effects of rhinovirus species on viral replication and cytokine production. J Allergy Clin Immunol: 2014; 134 2 332 341
32. Gulraiz F., Bellinghausen C., Dentener M. A., et al. Efficacy of IFN-λ1 to protect human airway epithelial cells against human rhinovirus 1B infection. PLoS ONE: 2014; 9 4 e95134
33. Miller E. K., Hernandez J. Z., Wimmenauer V., et al. A mechanistic role for type III IFN-λ1 in asthma exacerbations mediated by human rhinoviruses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2012; 185 5 508 516
34. Cakebread J. A., Xu Y., Grainge C., et al. Exogenous IFN-β has antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties in primary bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic subjects exposed to rhinovirus. J Allergy Clin Immunol: 2011; 127 5 1148 1154.e9
35. Hong J. Y., Bentley J. K., Chung Y., et al. Neonatal rhinovirus induces mucous metaplasia and airways hyperresponsiveness through IL-25 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol: 2014; 134 2 429 439
36. Arruda E., Pitkäranta A., Witek T. J. Jr, Doyle C. A., Hayden F. G. Frequency and natural history of rhinovirus infections in adults during autumn. J Clin Microbiol: 1997; 35 11 2864 2868
37. Mäkelä M. J., Puhakka T., Ruuskanen O., et al. Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold. J Clin Microbiol: 1998; 36 2 539 542
38. McErlean P., Shackelton L. A., Andrews E., et al. Distinguishing molecular features and clinical characteristics of a putative new rhinovirus species, human rhinovirus C (HRV C). PLoS ONE: 2008; 3 4 e1847
39. Miller E. K., Khuri-Bulos N., Williams J. V., et al. Human rhinovirus C associated with wheezing in hospitalised children in the Middle East. J Clin Virol: 2009; 46 1 85 89
40. Renwick N., Schweiger B., Kapoor V., et al. A recently identified rhinovirus genotype is associated with severe respiratory-tract infection in children in Germany. J Infect Dis: 2007; 196 12 1754 1760
41. Savolainen-Kopra C., Blomqvist S., Kilpi T., Roivainen M., Hovi T. Novel species of human rhinoviruses in acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2009; 28 1 59 61
42. Urquhart G. E., Grist N. R. Virological studies of sudden, unexplained infant deaths in Glasgow 1967-70. J Clin Pathol: 1972; 25 5 443 446
43. Canducci F., Debiaggi M., Ceresola E. R., et al. Infection and coinfection of human rhinovirus C in stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Dev Immunol: 2013; 2013 236081
44. Khetsuriani N., Lu X., Teague W. G., Kazerouni N., Anderson L. J., Erdman D. D. Novel human rhinoviruses and exacerbation of asthma in children. Emerg Infect Dis: 2008; 14 11 1793 1796
45. Kneider M., Bergström T., Gustafsson C., et al. Sequence analysis of human rhinovirus aspirated from the nasopharynx of patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Mult Scler: 2009; 15 4 437 442
46. Miller E. K., Edwards K. M., Weinberg G. A., et al. New Vaccine Surveillance Network. A novel group of rhinoviruses is associated with asthma hospitalizations. J Allergy Clin Immunol: 2009; 123 1 98 104.e1
47. Alper C. M., Winther B., Mandel E. M., Hendley J. O., Doyle W. J. Rate of concurrent otitis media in upper respiratory tract infections with specific viruses. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 2009; 135 1 17 21
48. Xatzipsalti M., Kyrana S., Tsolia M., et al. Rhinovirus viremia in children with respiratory infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2005; 172 8 1037 1040
49. Tapparel C., L'Huillier A. G., Rougemont A. L., Beghetti M., Barazzone-Argiroffo C., Kaiser L. Pneumonia and pericarditis in a child with HRV-C infection: a case report. J Clin Virol: 2009; 45 2 157 160
50. Jartti T., Lehtinen P., Vuorinen T., Koskenvuo M., Ruuskanen O. Persistence of rhinovirus and enterovirus RNA after acute respiratory illness in children. J Med Virol: 2004; 72 4 695 699
51. Winther B., Hayden F. G., Hendley J. O. Picornavirus infections in children diagnosed by RT-PCR during longitudinal surveillance with weekly sampling: Association with symptomatic illness and effect of season. J Med Virol: 2006; 78 5 644 650
52. Dick E. C., Blumer C. R., Evans A. S. Epidemiology of infections with rhinovirus types 43 and 55 in a group of university of Wisconsin student families. Am J Epidemiol: 1967; 86 2 386 400
53. Piralla A., Rovida F., Campanini G., et al. Clinical severity and molecular typing of human rhinovirus C strains during a fall outbreak affecting hospitalized patients. J Clin Virol: 2009; 45 4 311 317
54. Savolainen C., Mulders M. N., Hovi T. Phylogenetic analysis of rhinovirus isolates collected during successive epidemic seasons. Virus Res: 2002; 85 1 41 46
55. Linder J. E., Kraft D. C., Mohamed Y., et al. Human rhinovirus C: Age, season, and lower respiratory illness over the past 3 decades. J Allergy Clin Immunol: 2013; 131 1 69 77.e1, 6
56. Mackay I. M., Lambert S. B., Faux C. E., et al. Community-wide, contemporaneous circulation of a broad spectrum of human rhinoviruses in healthy Australian preschool-aged children during a 12-month period. J Infect Dis: 2013; 207 9 1433 1441
57. Meerhoff T. J., Houben M. L., Coenjaerts F. E., et al. Detection of multiple respiratory pathogens during primary respiratory infection: nasal swab versus nasopharyngeal aspirate using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis: 2010; 29 4 365 371
58. Babady N. E., Mead P., Stiles J., et al. Comparison of the Luminex xTAG RVP Fast assay and the Idaho Technology FilmArray RP assay for detection of respiratory viruses in pediatric patients at a cancer hospital. J Clin Microbiol: 2012; 50 7 2282 2288
59. Hammond S. P., Gagne L. S., Stock S. R., et al. Respiratory virus detection in immunocompromised patients with FilmArray respiratory panel compared to conventional methods. J Clin Microbiol: 2012; 50 10 3216 3221
60. Rand K. H., Rampersaud H., Houck H. J. Comparison of two multiplex methods for detection of respiratory viruses: FilmArray RP and xTAG RVP. J Clin Microbiol: 2011; 49 7 2449 2453
61. Loeffelholz M. J., Pong D. L., Pyles R. B., et al. Comparison of the FilmArray Respiratory Panel and Prodesse real-time PCR assays for detection of respiratory pathogens. J Clin Microbiol: 2011; 49 12 4083 4088
62. Gwaltney J. M. Jr, Hendley J. O., Patrie J. T. Symptom severity patterns in experimental common colds and their usefulness in timing onset of illness in natural colds. Clin Infect Dis: 2003; 36 6 714 723
63. Harris J. M. II, Gwaltney J. M. Jr. Incubation periods of experimental rhinovirus infection and illness. Clin Infect Dis: 1996; 23 6 1287 1290
64. Drews A. L., Atmar R. L., Glezen W. P., Baxter B. D., Piedra P. A., Greenberg S. B. Dual respiratory virus infections. Clin Infect Dis: 1997; 25 6 1421 1429
65. Rehder K. J., Wilson E. A., Zimmerman K. O., Cunningham C. K., Turner D. A. Detection of multiple respiratory viruses associated with mortality and severity of illness in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med: 2015; 16 7 e201 e206
66. Damasio G. A., Pereira L. A., Moreira S. D., Duarte dos Santos C. N., Dalla-Costa L. M., Raboni S. M. Does virus-bacteria coinfection increase the clinical severity of acute respiratory infection? J Med Virol: 2015; 87 9 1456 1461
67. Wong-Chew R. M., Espinoza M. A., Taboada B., et al. Prevalence of respiratory virus in symptomatic children in private physician office settings in five communities of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. BMC Res Notes: 2015; 8 261
68. Wei L., Liu W., Zhang X. A., et al. Detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in hospitalized children with acute respiratory illnesses, Chongqing, 2009-2013. Medicine (Baltimore): 2015; 94 16 e742
69. Morikawa S., Hiroi S., Kase T. Detection of respiratory viruses in gargle specimens of healthy children. J Clin Virol: 2015; 64 59 63
70. Gilca R., Amini R., Douville-Fradet M., et al. Other respiratory viruses are important contributors to adult respiratory hospitalizations and mortality even during peak weeks of the influenza season. Open Forum Infect Dis: 2014; 1 2 ofu086
71. Asner S. A., Rose W., Petrich A., Richardson S., Tran D. J. Is virus coinfection a predictor of severity in children with viral respiratory infections? Clin Microbiol Infect: 2015; 21 3 264.e1 264.e6
72. Hombrouck A., Sabbe M., Van Casteren V., et al. Viral aetiology of influenza-like illness in Belgium during the influenza A(H1N1)2009 pandemic. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis: 2012; 31 6 999 1007
73. Schnepf N., Resche-Rigon M., Chaillon A., et al. High burden of non-influenza viruses in influenza-like illness in the early weeks of H1N1v epidemic in France. PLoS ONE: 2011; 6 8 e23514
74. Memish Z. A., Assiri A. M., Alshehri M., Hussain R., Alomar I. The prevalance of respiratory viruses among healthcare workers serving pilgrims in Makkah during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. Travel Med Infect Dis: 2012; 10 1 18 24
75. Pascalis H., Temmam S., Turpin M., et al. Intense co-circulation of non-influenza respiratory viruses during the first wave of pandemic influenza pH1N1/2009: a cohort study in Reunion Island. PLoS ONE: 2012; 7 9 e44755
76. Chang M. L., Jordan-Villegas A., Evans A., et al. Respiratory viruses identified in an urban children's hospital emergency department during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. Pediatr Emerg Care: 2012; 28 10 990 997
77. Thiberville S. D., Ninove L., Vu Hai V., et al. The viral etiology of an influenza-like illness during the 2009 pandemic. J Med Virol: 2012; 84 7 1071 1079
78. Yang Y., Wang Z., Ren L., et al. Influenza A/H1N1 2009 pandemic and respiratory virus infections, Beijing, 2009-2010. PLoS ONE: 2012; 7 9 e45807
79. Nisii C., Meschi S., Selleri M., et al. Frequency of detection of upper respiratory tract viruses in patients tested for pandemic H1N1/09 viral infection. J Clin Microbiol: 2010; 48 9 3383 3385
80. Kraft C. S., Jacob J. T., Sears M. H., Burd E. M., Caliendo A. M., Lyon G. M. Severity of human rhinovirus infection in immunocompromised adults is similar to that of 2009 H1N1 influenza. J Clin Microbiol: 2012; 50 3 1061 1063
81. Delangue J., Roca Sanchez Y., Piorkowski G., et al. Viral aetiology influenza like illnesses in Santa Cruz, Bolivia (2010-2012). Virol J: 2014; 11 35 45
82. Dia N., Richard V., Kiori D., et al. Respiratory viruses associated with patients older than 50 years presenting with ILI in Senegal, 2009 to 2011. BMC Infect Dis: 2014; 14 189 194
83. Ju X., Fang Q., Zhang J., Xu A., Liang L., Ke C. Viral etiology of influenza-like illnesses in Huizhou, China, from 2011 to 2013. Arch Virol: 2014; 159 8 2003 2010
84. Marcone D. N., Culasso A., Carballal G., Campos R., Echavarría M. Genetic diversity and clinical impact of human rhinoviruses in hospitalized and outpatient children with acute respiratory infection, Argentina. J Clin Virol: 2014; 61 4 558 564
85. Pariani E., Martinelli M., Canuti M., et al. Influenza and other respiratory viruses involved in severe acute respiratory disease in northern Italy during the pandemic and postpandemic period (2009-2011). Biomed Res Int: 2014; 2014 241298
86. Zimmerman R. K., Rinaldo C. R., Nowalk M. P., et al. Influenza and other respiratory virus infections in outpatients with medically attended acute respiratory infection during the 2011-12 influenza season. Influenza Other Respi Viruses: 2014; 8 4 397 405
87. Atmar R. L., Guy E., Guntupalli K. K., et al. Respiratory tract viral infections in inner-city asthmatic adults. Arch Intern Med: 1998; 158 22 2453 2459
88. Nicholson K. G., Kent J., Ireland D. C. Respiratory viruses and exacerbations of asthma in adults. BMJ: 1993; 307 6910 982 986
89. Xiang Z., Gonzalez R., Xie Z., et al. Human rhinovirus group C infection in children with lower respiratory tract infection. Emerg Infect Dis: 2008; 14 10 1665 1667
90. Grünberg K., Timmers M. C., de Klerk E. P., Dick E. C., Sterk P. J. Experimental rhinovirus 16 infection causes variable airway obstruction in subjects with atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 1999; 160 4 1375 1380
91. Papadopoulos N. G., Bates P. J., Bardin P. G., et al. Rhinoviruses infect the lower airways. J Infect Dis: 2000; 181 6 1875 1884
92. Gern J. E., Galagan D. M., Jarjour N. N., Dick E. C., Busse W. W. Detection of rhinovirus RNA in lower airway cells during experimentally induced infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 1997; 155 3 1159 1161
93. Zhu Z., Tang W., Gwaltney J. M. Jr, Wu Y., Elias J. A. Rhinovirus stimulation of interleukin-8 in vivo and in vitro: role of NF-kappaB. Am J Physiol: 1997; 273 4, Pt 1 L814 L824
94. Gern J. E., Vrtis R., Grindle K. A., Swenson C., Busse W. W. Relationship of upper and lower airway cytokines to outcome of experimental rhinovirus infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2000; 162 6 2226 2231
95. Zhu Z., Tang W., Ray A., et al. Rhinovirus stimulation of interleukin-6 in vivo and in vitro. Evidence for nuclear factor kappa B-dependent transcriptional activation. J Clin Invest: 1996; 97 2 421 430
96. Wark P. A., Johnston S. L., Bucchieri F., et al. Asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells have a deficient innate immune response to infection with rhinovirus. J Exp Med: 2005; 201 6 937 947
97. Forbes R. L., Gibson P. G., Murphy V. E., Wark P. A. Impaired type I and III interferon response to rhinovirus infection during pregnancy and asthma. Thorax: 2012; 67 3 209 214
98. Contoli M., Message S. D., Laza-Stanca V., et al. Role of deficient type III interferon-lambda production in asthma exacerbations. Nat Med: 2006; 12 9 1023 1026
99. Durrani S. R., Montville D. J., Pratt A. S., et al. Innate immune responses to rhinovirus are reduced by the high-affinity IgE receptor in allergic asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol: 2012; 130 2 489 495
100. Heymann P. W., Kennedy J. L. Rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations during childhood: the importance of understanding the atopic status of the host. J Allergy Clin Immunol: 2012; 130 6 1315 1316
101. Beigelman A., Bacharier L. B. The role of early life viral bronchiolitis in the inception of asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol: 2013; 13 2 211 216
102. Piotrowska Z., Vázquez M., Shapiro E. D., et al. Rhinoviruses are a major cause of wheezing and hospitalization in children less than 2 years of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2009; 28 1 25 29
103. Chung J. Y., Han T. H., Kim S. W., Kim C. K., Hwang E. S. Detection of viruses identified recently in children with acute wheezing. J Med Virol: 2007; 79 8 1238 1243
104. Jackson D. J., Gangnon R. E., Evans M. D., et al. Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2008; 178 7 667 672
105. Lemanske R. F. Jr, Jackson D. J., Gangnon R. E., et al. Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol: 2005; 116 3 571 577
106. Kim W. K., Gern J. E. Updates in the relationship between human rhinovirus and asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res: 2012; 4 3 116 121
107. Jackson D. J., Evans M. D., Gangnon R. E., et al. Evidence for a causal relationship between allergic sensitization and rhinovirus wheezing in early life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2012; 185 3 281 285
108. CallŚkan M., Bochkov Y. A., Kreiner-Moller E., et al. Rhinovirus wheezing illness and genetic risk of childhood-onset asthma. N Engl J Med: 2013; 368 15 1398 1407
109. Seemungal T., Harper-Owen R., Bhowmik A., et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2001; 164 9 1618 1623
110. Rohde G., Wiethege A., Borg I., et al. Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: a case-control study. Thorax: 2003; 58 1 37 42
111. Ko F. W., Ip M., Chan P. K., et al. Viral etiology of acute exacerbations of COPD in Hong Kong. Chest: 2007; 132 3 900 908
112. Perotin J. M., Dury S., Renois F., et al. Detection of multiple viral and bacterial infections in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot prospective study. J Med Virol: 2013; 85 5 866 873
113. Kherad O., Kaiser L., Bridevaux P. O., et al. Upper-respiratory viral infection, biomarkers, and COPD exacerbations. Chest: 2010; 138 4 896 904
114. Sajjan U. S., Jia Y., Newcomb D. C., et al. H. influenzae potentiates airway epithelial cell responses to rhinovirus by increasing ICAM-1 and TLR3 expression. FASEB J: 2006; 20 12 2121 2123
115. Heikkinen T., Chonmaitree T. Importance of respiratory viruses in acute otitis media. Clin Microbiol Rev: 2003; 16 2 230 241
116. Bulut Y., Güven M., Otlu B., et al. Acute otitis media and respiratory viruses. Eur J Pediatr: 2007; 166 3 223 228
117. McBride T. P., Doyle W. J., Hayden F. G., Gwaltney J. M. Jr. Alterations of the eustachian tube, middle ear, and nose in rhinovirus infection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1989; 115 9 1054 1059
118. Chantzi F. M., Papadopoulos N. G., Bairamis T., et al. Human rhinoviruses in otitis media with effusion. Pediatr Allergy Immunol: 2006; 17 7 514 518
119. Madhi S. A., Govender N., Dayal K., et al. Bacterial and respiratory viral interactions in the etiology of acute otitis media in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected South African children. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2015; 34 7 753 760
120. Gwaltney J. M. Jr, Phillips C. D., Miller R. D., Riker D. K. Computed tomographic study of the common cold. N Engl J Med: 1994; 330 1 25 30
121. Elkhatieb A., Hipskind G., Woerner D., Hayden F. G. Middle ear abnormalities during natural rhinovirus colds in adults. J Infect Dis: 1993; 168 3 618 621
122. Pitkäranta A., Roivainen M., Blomgren K., et al. Presence of viral and bacterial pathogens in the nasopharynx of otitis-prone children. A prospective study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol: 2006; 70 4 647 654
123. Pitkäranta A., Arruda E., Malmberg H., Hayden F. G. Detection of rhinovirus in sinus brushings of patients with acute community-acquired sinusitis by reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol: 1997; 35 7 1791 1793
124. Gwaltney J. M. Jr, Hendley J. O., Phillips C. D., Bass C. R., Mygind N., Winther B. Nose blowing propels nasal fluid into the paranasal sinuses. Clin Infect Dis: 2000; 30 2 387 391
125. Falsey A. R., Walsh E. E., Hayden F. G. Rhinovirus and coronavirus infection-associated hospitalizations among older adults. J Infect Dis: 2002; 185 9 1338 1341
126. Franz A., Adams O., Willems R., et al. Correlation of viral load of respiratory pathogens and co-infections with disease severity in children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection. J Clin Virol: 2010; 48 4 239 245
127. Marcos M. A., Esperatti M., Torres A. Viral pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis: 2009; 22 2 143 147
128. Nascimento-Carvalho C. M., Ribeiro C. T., Cardoso M. R., et al. The role of respiratory viral infections among children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in a developing country. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2008; 27 10 939 941
129. Choi S. H., Hong S. B., Ko G. B., et al. Viral infection in patients with severe pneumonia requiring intensive care unit admission. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2012; 186 4 325 332
130. Launes C., de-Sevilla M. F., Selva L., Garcia-Garcia J. J., Pallares R., Muñoz-Almagro C. Viral coinfection in children less than five years old with invasive pneumococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2012; 31 6 650 653
131. García-García M. L., Calvo C., Pozo F., Villadangos P. A., Pérez-Breña P., Casas I. Spectrum of respiratory viruses in children with community-acquired pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2012; 31 8 808 813
132. Miller E. K., Bugna J., Libster R., et al. Human rhinoviruses in severe respiratory disease in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics: 2012; 129 1 e60 e67
133. Esposito S., Daleno C., Tagliabue C., et al. Impact of rhinoviruses on pediatric community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis: 2012; 31 7 1637 1645
134. Homaira N., Luby S. P., Petri W. A., et al. Incidence of respiratory virus-associated pneumonia in urban poor young children of Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2009-2011. PLoS ONE: 2012; 7 2 e32056
135. Guerrier G., Goyet S., Chheng E. T., et al. Acute viral lower respiratory tract infections in Cambodian children: clinical and epidemiologic characteristics. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2013; 32 1 e8 e13
136. Cho H. J., Shim S. Y., Son D. W., Sun Y. H., Tchah H., Jeon I. S. Respiratory viruses in neonates hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections. Pediatr Int: 2013; 55 1 49 53
137. Suzuki A., Lupisan S., Furuse Y., et al. Respiratory viruses from hospitalized children with severe pneumonia in the Philippines. BMC Infect Dis: 2012; 12 267
138. Uršič T., Jevšnik M., Zigon N., et al. Human bocavirus and other respiratory viral infections in a 2-year cohort of hospitalized children. J Med Virol: 2012; 84 1 99 108
139. Pretorius M. A., Madhi S. A., Cohen C., et al. Respiratory viral coinfections identified by a 10-plex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay in patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness-South Africa, 2009-2010. J Infect Dis: 2012; 206 01 S159 S165
140. Lu G., Li J., Xie Z., et al. Human metapneumovirus associated with community-acquired pneumonia in children in Beijing, China. J Med Virol: 2013; 85 1 138 143
141. Chidlow G. R., Laing I. A., Harnett G. B., et al. Respiratory viral pathogens associated with lower respiratory tract disease among young children in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. J Clin Virol: 2012; 54 3 235 239
142. Ghani A. S., Morrow B. M., Hardie D. R., Argent A. C. An investigation into the prevalence and outcome of patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit with viral respiratory tract infections in Cape Town, South Africa. Pediatr Crit Care Med: 2012; 13 5 e275 e281
143. Chen Y. W., Huang Y. C., Ho T. H., Huang C. G., Tsao K. C., Lin T. Y. Viral etiology of bronchiolitis among pediatric inpatients in northern Taiwan with emphasis on newly identified respiratory viruses. J Microbiol Immunol Infect: 2014; 47 2 116 121
144. Antunes H., Rodrigues H., Silva N., et al. Etiology of bronchiolitis in a hospitalized pediatric population: prospective multicenter study. J Clin Virol: 2010; 48 2 134 136
145. Mansbach J. M., Piedra P. A., Teach S. J., et al. MARC-30 Investigators. Prospective multicenter study of viral etiology and hospital length of stay in children with severe bronchiolitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med: 2012; 166 8 700 706
146. Zeng S. Z., Xiao N. G., Xie Z. P., et al. Prevalence of human rhinovirus in children admitted to hospital with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Changsha, China. J Med Virol: 2014; 86 11 1983 1989
147. Ouédraogo S., Traoré B., Nene Bi Z. A., et al. Viral etiology of respiratory tract infections in children at the pediatric hospital in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). PLoS ONE: 2014; 9 10 e110435
148. Gooskens J., van der Ploeg V., Sukhai R. N., Vossen A. C., Claas E. C., Kroes A. C. Clinical evaluation of viral acute respiratory tract infections in children presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary referral hospital in the Netherlands. BMC Pediatr: 2014; 14 297 305
149. Qu J. X., Gu L., Pu Z. H., et al. Beijing Network for Adult Community-Acquired Pneumonia (BNACAP). Viral etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among adolescents and adults with mild or moderate severity and its relation to age and severity. BMC Infect Dis: 2015; 15 89 96
150. Seo Y. B., Song J. Y., Choi M. J., et al. Etiology and clinical outcomes of acute respiratory virus infection in hospitalized adults. Infect Chemother: 2014; 46 2 67 76
151. Walker E., Ison M. G. Respiratory viral infections among hospitalized adults: experience of a single tertiary healthcare hospital. Influenza Other Respi Viruses: 2014; 8 3 282 292
152. Drieghe S., Ryckaert I., Beuselinck K., Lagrou K., Padalko E. Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in bronchoalveolar lavage samples in a tertiary hospital. J Clin Virol: 2014; 59 3 208 211
153. Fica A., Dabanch J., Andrade W., et al. Clinical relevance of rhinovirus infections among adult hospitalized patients. Braz J Infect Dis: 2015; 19 2 118 124
154. Zhan Y., Yang Z., Chen R., Wang Y., Guan W., Zhao S. Respiratory virus is a real pathogen in immunocompetent community-acquired pneumonia: comparing to influenza like illness and volunteer controls. BMC Pulm Med: 2014; 14 144 152
155. Jain S., Self W. H., Wunderink R. G., et al. CDC EPIC Study Team. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults. N Engl J Med: 2015; 373 5 415 427
156. Shah A., Connelly M., Whitaker P., et al. Pathogenicity of individual rhinovirus species during exacerbations of cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J: 2015; 45 6 1748 1751
157. Collinson J., Nicholson K. G., Cancio E., et al. Effects of upper respiratory tract infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax: 1996; 51 11 1115 1122
158. Smyth A. R., Smyth R. L., Tong C. Y., Hart C. A., Heaf D. P. Effect of respiratory virus infections including rhinovirus on clinical status in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child: 1995; 73 2 117 120
159. Goffard A., Lambert V., Salleron J., et al. Virus and cystic fibrosis: rhinoviruses are associated with exacerbations in adult patients. J Clin Virol: 2014; 60 2 147 153
160. Ramirez I. A., Caverly L. J., Kalikin L. M., et al. Differential responses to rhinovirus- and influenza-associated pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc: 2014; 11 4 554 561 (Erratun: Caverly, Lindsay L [corrected to Caverly, Lindsay J])
161. Garbino J., Gerbase M. W., Wunderli W., et al. Respiratory viruses and severe lower respiratory tract complications in hospitalized patients. Chest: 2004; 125 3 1033 1039
162. Ison M. G., Hayden F. G., Kaiser L., Corey L., Boeckh M. Rhinovirus infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis: 2003; 36 9 1139 1143
163. Hassan I. A., Chopra R., Swindell R., Mutton K. J. Respiratory viral infections after bone marrow/peripheral stem-cell transplantation: the Christie hospital experience. Bone Marrow Transplant: 2003; 32 1 73 77
164. Ljungman P., Ward K. N., Crooks B. N., et al. Respiratory virus infections after stem cell transplantation: a prospective study from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant: 2001; 28 5 479 484
165. Ghosh S., Champlin R., Couch R., et al. Rhinovirus infections in myelosuppressed adult blood and marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis: 1999; 29 3 528 532
166. Milano F., Campbell A. P., Guthrie K. A., et al. Human rhinovirus and coronavirus detection among allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. Blood: 2010; 115 10 2088 2094
167. Ohrmalm L., Wong M., Aust C., et al. Viral findings in adult hematological patients with neutropenia. PLoS ONE: 2012; 7 5 e36543
168. Torres J. P., Labraña Y., Ibañez C., et al. Frequency and clinical outcome of respiratory viral infections and mixed viral-bacterial infections in children with cancer, fever and neutropenia. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2012; 31 9 889 893
169. Seo S., Renaud C., Kuypers J. M., et al. Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after hematopoietic cell transplantation: evidence of occult infectious etiologies. Blood: 2015; 125 24 3789 3797
170. Campbell A. P., Guthrie K. A., Englund J. A., et al. Clinical outcomes associated with respiratory virus detection before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Clin Infect Dis: 2015; 61 2 192 202
171. Longtin J., Winter A. L., Heng D., et al. Severe human rhinovirus outbreak associated with fatalities in a long-term care facility in Ontario, Canada. J Am Geriatr Soc: 2010; 58 10 2036 2038
172. Valenti W. M., Clarke T. A., Hall C. B., Menegus M. A., Shapiro D. L. Concurrent outbreaks of rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in an intensive care nursery: epidemiology and associated risk factors. J Pediatr: 1982; 100 5 722 726
173. Reid A. B., Anderson T. L., Cooley L., Williamson J., Mcgregor A. R. An outbreak of human rhinovirus species C infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2011; 30 12 1096 1095
174. van Piggelen R. O., van Loon A. M., Krediet T. G., Verboon-Maciolek M. A. Human rhinovirus causes severe infection in preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2010; 29 4 364 365
175. Longtin J., Marchand-Austin A., Winter A. L., et al. Rhinovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities, Ontario, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis: 2010; 16 9 1463 1465
176. Wald T. G., Shult P., Krause P., Miller B. A., Drinka P., Gravenstein S. A rhinovirus outbreak among residents of a long-term care facility. Ann Intern Med: 1995; 123 8 588 593
177. Schoop R., Klein P., Suter A., Johnston S. L. Echinacea in the prevention of induced rhinovirus colds: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther: 2006; 28 2 174 183
178. Louie J. K., Yagi S., Nelson F. A., et al. Rhinovirus outbreak in a long term care facility for elderly persons associated with unusually high mortality. Clin Infect Dis: 2005; 41 2 262 265
179. Hicks L. A., Shepard C. W., Britz P. H., et al. Two outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in nursing homes associated with rhinovirus. J Am Geriatr Soc: 2006; 54 2 284 289
180. Siegel J. D., Rhinehart E., Jackson M., Chiarello L.; Health Care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings. Am J Infect Control: 2007; 35 10 02 S65 S164
181. Singh M. Heated, humidified air for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: 2004; 2 CD001728
182. Rotbart H. A. Antiviral therapy for enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. Antivir Chem Chemother: 2000; 11 4 261 271
183. Hayden F. G., Herrington D. T., Coats T. L., et al. Pleconaril Respiratory Infection Study Group. Efficacy and safety of oral pleconaril for treatment of colds due to picornaviruses in adults: results of 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis: 2003; 36 12 1523 1532
184. Koenighofer M., Lion T., Bodenteich A., et al. Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials. Multidiscip Respir Med: 2014; 9 1 57
185. Sperber S. J., Shah L. P., Gilbert R. D., Ritchey T. W., Monto A. S. Echinacea purpurea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Clin Infect Dis: 2004; 38 10 1367 1371
186. Turner R. B. Ineffectiveness of intranasal zinc gluconate for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Clin Infect Dis: 2001; 33 11 1865 1870
187. Kurugöl Z., Akilli M., Bayram N., Koturoglu G. The prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness of zinc sulphate on common cold in children. Acta Paediatr: 2006; 95 10 1175 1181
188. Yamaya M., Nishimura H., Hatachi Y., et al. Levofloxacin inhibits rhinovirus infection in primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2012; 56 8 4052 4061
189. Min J. Y., Jang Y. J. Macrolide therapy in respiratory viral infections. Mediators Inflamm: 2012; 2012 649570
190. Jartti T., Nieminen R., Vuorinen T., et al. Short- and long-term efficacy of prednisolone for first acute rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. J Allergy Clin Immunol: 2015; 135 3 691 8.e9
191. Turner R. B., Hendley J. O. Virucidal hand treatments for prevention of rhinovirus infection. J Antimicrob Chemother: 2005; 56 5 805 807
192. Savolainen-Kopra C., Korpela T., Simonen-Tikka M. L., et al. Single treatment with ethanol hand rub is ineffective against human rhinovirus-hand washing with soap and water removes the virus efficiently. J Med Virol: 2012; 84 3 543 547
193. Luby S. P., Lu X., Cromeans T., Sharker M. A., Kadir M. A., Erdman D. D. Hand contamination with human rhinovirus in Bangladesh. J Med Virol: 2014; 86 12 2177 2180
194. Blanco J. CG, Core S., Pletneva L. M., March T. H., Boukhvalova M. S., Kajon A. E. Prophylactic antibody treatment and intramuscular immunization reduce infectious human rhinovirus 16 load in the lower respiratory tract of challenged cotton rats. Trials Vaccinol: 2014; 3 52 60
195. Glanville N., Johnston S. L. Challenges in developing a cross-serotype rhinovirus vaccine. Curr Opin Virol: 2015; 11 83 88
196. McLean G. R. Developing a vaccine for human rhinoviruses. J Vaccines Immun: 2014; 2 3 16 20
197. McLean G. R., Walton R. P., Shetty S., et al. Rhinovirus infections and immunisation induce cross-serotype reactive antibodies to VP1. Antiviral Res: 2012; 95 3 193 201
198. Yeager C. L., Ashmun R. A., Williams R. K., et al. Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E. Nature: 1992; 357 6377 420 422
199. Reguera J., Mudgal G., Santiago C., Casasnovas J. M. A structural view of coronavirus-receptor interactions. Virus Res: 2014; 194 3 15
200. Li F. Receptor recognition mechanisms of coronaviruses: a decade of structural studies. J Virol: 2015; 89 4 1954 1964
201. Hofmann H., Pyrc K., van der Hoek L., Geier M., Berkhout B., Pöhlmann S. Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2005; 102 22 7988 7993
202. Williams R. K., Jiang G. S., Holmes K. V. Receptor for mouse hepatitis virus is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen family of glycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 1991; 88 13 5533 5536
203. Huang X., Dong W., Milewska A., et al. HCoV-HKU1 spike protein uses O -acetylated sialic acid as an attachment receptor determinant and employs HE protein as a receptor-destroying enzyme. J Virol: 2015; 89 14 7202 7213
204. Gralinski L. E., Baric R. S. Molecular pathology of emerging coronavirus infections. J Pathol: 2015; 235 2 185 195
205. Schäfer A., Baric R. S., Ferris M. T. Systems approaches to Coronavirus pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol: 2014; 6 61 69
206. Coleman C. M., Liu Y. V., Mu H., et al. Purified coronavirus spike protein nanoparticles induce coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vaccine: 2014; 32 26 3169 3174
207. Tang X. C., Agnihothram S. S., Jiao Y., et al. Identification of human neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV and their role in virus adaptive evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2014; 111 19 E2018 E2026
208. van den Brand J. M., Smits S. L., Haagmans B. L. Pathogenesis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Pathol: 2015; 235 2 175 184
209. Totura A. L., Baric R. S. SARS coronavirus pathogenesis: host innate immune responses and viral antagonism of interferon. Curr Opin Virol: 2012; 2 3 264 275
210. Schmidt O. W., Kenny G. E. Immunogenicity and antigenicity of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43. Infect Immun: 1981; 32 3 1000 1006
211. McIntosh K., Dees J. H., Becker W. B., Kapikian A. Z., Chanock R. M. Recovery in tracheal organ cultures of novel viruses from patients with respiratory disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 1967; 57 4 933 940
212. McIntosh K., Ellis E. F., Hoffman L. S., Lybass T. G., Eller J. J., Fulginiti V. A. Association of viral and bacterial respiratory infection with exacerbations of wheezing in young asthmatic children. Chest: 1973; 63 (Suppl): 43S
213. Falsey A. R., McCann R. M., Hall W. J., et al. The common cold in frail older persons: impact of rhinovirus and coronavirus in a senior daycare center. J Am Geriatr Soc: 1997; 45 6 706 711
214. Dijkman R., Jebbink M. F., El Idrissi N. B., et al. Human coronavirus NL63 and 229E seroconversion in children. J Clin Microbiol: 2008; 46 7 2368 2373
215. Drosten C., Günther S., Preiser W., et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med: 2003; 348 20 1967 1976
216. Vabret A., Mourez T., Dina J., et al. Human coronavirus NL63, France. Emerg Infect Dis: 2005; 11 8 1225 1229
217. Arden K. E., Nissen M. D., Sloots T. P., Mackay I. M. New human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63, associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease in Australia. J Med Virol: 2005; 75 3 455 462
218. van der Hoek L., Pyrc K., Jebbink M. F., et al. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med: 2004; 10 4 368 373
219. Esper F., Weibel C., Ferguson D., Landry M. L., Kahn J. S. Coronavirus HKU1 infection in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis: 2006; 12 5 775 779
220. Esper F., Weibel C., Ferguson D., Landry M. L., Kahn J. S. Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. J Infect Dis: 2005; 191 4 492 498
221. Talbot H. K., Shepherd B. E., Crowe J. E. Jr., et al. The pediatric burden of human coronaviruses evaluated for twenty years. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2009; 28 8 682 687
222. Vijgen L., Keyaerts E., Lemey P., et al. Circulation of genetically distinct contemporary human coronavirus OC43 strains. Virology: 2005; 337 1 85 92
223. Cheng V. C., Lau S. K., Woo P. C., Yuen K. Y. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin Microbiol Rev: 2007; 20 4 660 694
224. Memish Z. A., Cotten M., Meyer B., et al. Human infection with MERS coronavirus after exposure to infected camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis: 2014; 20 6 1012 1015
225. Saad M., Omrani A. S., Baig K., et al. Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis: 2014; 29 301 306
226. Assiri A., McGeer A., Perl T. M., et al. KSA MERS-CoV Investigation Team. Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. N Engl J Med: 2013; 369 5 407 416
227. Memish Z. A., Cotten M., Watson S. J., et al. Community case clusters of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study. Int J Infect Dis: 2014; 23 63 68
228. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC announces second imported case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in the United States [press release]. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0512-US-MERS.html. Published May 12,: 2014
229. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC telebriefing: updates on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) investigation in the United States. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/t0517-mers.html. Published May 17, 2014. Updated May 19, 2014
230. Atmar R., Greenberg S. B. Respiratory viral infections. In: Jerome K., ed. Lennette's Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections, 4th ed. New York Informa Healthcare: 2010; 246 271
231. Vabret A., Mouthon F., Mourez T., Gouarin S., Petitjean J., Freymuth F. Direct diagnosis of human respiratory coronaviruses 229E and OC43 by the polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods: 2001; 97 1-2 59 66
232. Cao Z., Liu L., Du L., et al. Potent and persistent antibody responses against the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein in recovered patients. Virol J: 2010; 7 299
233. Adachi D., Johnson G., Draker R., et al. Comprehensive detection and identification of human coronaviruses, including the SARS-associated coronavirus, with a single RT-PCR assay. J Virol Methods: 2004; 122 1 29 36
234. Walsh E. E., Shin J. H., Falsey A. R. Clinical impact of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 infection in diverse adult populations. J Infect Dis: 2013; 208 10 1634 1642
235. Reusken C., Mou H., Godeke G. J., et al. Specific serology for emerging human coronaviruses by protein microarray. Euro Surveill: 2013; 18 14 20441
236. Che X. Y., Qiu L. W., Pan Y. X., et al. Sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassay for detection of nucleocapsid antigen in sera from patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Clin Microbiol: 2004; 42 6 2629 2635
237. Zhao G., Du L., Ma C., et al. A safe and convenient pseudovirus-based inhibition assay to detect neutralizing antibodies and screen for viral entry inhibitors against the novel human coronavirus MERS-CoV. Virol J: 2013; 10 266
238. Azhar E. I., El-Kafrawy S. A., Farraj S. A., et al. Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus. N Engl J Med: 2014; 370 26 2499 2505
239. Gerna G., Campanini G., Rovida F., et al. Genetic variability of human coronavirus OC43-, 229E-, and NL63-like strains and their association with lower respiratory tract infections of hospitalized infants and immunocompromised patients. J Med Virol: 2006; 78 7 938 949
240. Gerna G., Percivalle E., Sarasini A., et al. Human respiratory coronavirus HKU1 versus other coronavirus infections in Italian hospitalised patients. J Clin Virol: 2007; 38 3 244 250
241. Ebihara T., Endo R., Ma X., Ishiguro N., Kikuta H. Detection of human coronavirus NL63 in young children with bronchiolitis. J Med Virol: 2005; 75 3 463 465
242. Vabret A., Dina J., Gouarin S., et al. Human (non-severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus infections in hospitalised children in France. J Paediatr Child Health: 2008; 44 4 176 181
243. Wu P. S., Chang L. Y., Berkhout B., et al. Clinical manifestations of human coronavirus NL63 infection in children in Taiwan. Eur J Pediatr: 2008; 167 1 75 80
244. Peiris J. S., Yuen K. Y., Osterhaus A. D., Stöhr K. The severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med: 2003; 349 25 2431 2441
245. Ksiazek T. G., Erdman D., Goldsmith C. S., et al. SARS Working Group A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med: 2003; 348 20 1953 1966
246. Milne-Price S., Miazgowicz K. L., Munster V. J. The emergence of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Pathog Dis: 2014; 71 2 121 136
247. Ajlan A. M., Ahyad R. A., Jamjoom L. G., Alharthy A., Madani T. A. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: chest CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol: 2014; 203 4 782 787
248. Gogna A., Tay K. H., Tan B. S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: 11 years later-a radiology perspective. AJR Am J Roentgenol: 2014; 203 4 746 748
249. Cunha C. B., Opal S. M. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): a new zoonotic viral pneumonia. Virulence: 2014; 5 6 650 654
250. Wong S. S., Yuen K. Y. The management of coronavirus infections with particular reference to SARS. J Antimicrob Chemother: 2008; 62 3 437 441
251. Frausto S. D., Lee E., Tang H. Cyclophilins as modulators of viral replication. Viruses: 2013; 5 7 1684 1701
252. Falzarano D., de Wit E., Martellaro C., Callison J., Munster V. J., Feldmann H. Inhibition of novel β coronavirus replication by a combination of interferon-α2b and ribavirin. Sci Rep: 2013; 3 1686
253. Khalid M., Al Rabiah F., Khan B., Al Mobeireek A., Butt T. S., Al Mutairy E. Ribavirin and interferon-α2b as primary and preventive treatment for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a preliminary report of two cases. Antivir Ther: 2015; 20 1 87 91
254. de Wilde A. H., Jochmans D., Posthuma C. C., et al. Screening of an FDA-approved compound library identifies four small-molecule inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in cell culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2014; 58 8 4875 4884
255. Kindrachuk J., Ork B., Hart B. J., et al. Antiviral potential of ERK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling modulation for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection as identified by temporal kinome analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2015; 59 2 1088 1099
256. Chu C. M., Cheng V. C., Hung I. F., et al. HKU/UCH SARS Study Group. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax: 2004; 59 3 252 256
257. Vincent M. J., Bergeron E., Benjannet S., et al. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virol J: 2005; 2 69
258. Al-Tawfiq J. A., Memish Z. A. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: epidemiology and disease control measures. Infect Drug Resist: 2014; 7 281 287
259. Graham R. L., Donaldson E. F., Baric R. S. A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol: 2013; 11 12 836 848
260. Maltezou H. C., Tsiodras S. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: implications for health care facilities. Am J Infect Control: 2014; 42 12 1261 1265
261. Mou H., Raj V. S., van Kuppeveld F. J., Rottier P. J., Haagmans B. L., Bosch B. J. The receptor binding domain of the new Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus maps to a 231-residue region in the spike protein that efficiently elicits neutralizing antibodies. J Virol: 2013; 87 16 9379 9383
262. Channappanavar R., Zhao J., Perlman S. T cell-mediated immune response to respiratory coronaviruses. Immunol Res: 2014; 59 1-3 118 128
263. Ma C., Wang L., Tao X., et al. Searching for an ideal vaccine candidate among different MERS coronavirus receptor-binding fragments-the importance of immunofocusing in subunit vaccine design. Vaccine: 2014; 32 46 6170 6176
264. Ying T., Du L., Ju T. W., et al. Exceptionally potent neutralization of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by human monoclonal antibodies. J Virol: 2014; 88 14 7796 7805
265. Ma C., Li Y., Wang L., et al. Intranasal vaccination with recombinant receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV spike protein induces much stronger local mucosal immune responses than subcutaneous immunization: Implication for designing novel mucosal MERS vaccines. Vaccine: 2014; 32 18 2100 2108
266. Zhang N., Tang J., Lu L., Jiang S., Du L. Receptor-binding domain-based subunit vaccines against MERS-CoV. Virus Res: 2015; 202 151 159
267. Ohnuma K., Haagmans B. L., Hatano R., et al. Inhibition of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection by anti-CD26 monoclonal antibody. J Virol: 2013; 87 24 13892 13899
268. Mair-Jenkins J., Saavedra-Campos M., Baillie J. K., et al. Convalescent Plasma Study Group The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. J Infect Dis: 2015; 211 1 80 90
269. Cheng V. C., Chan J. F., To K. K., Yuen K. Y. Clinical management and infection control of SARS: lessons learned. Antiviral Res: 2013; 100 2 407 419
270. Agnihothram S., Gopal R., Yount B. L. Jr., et al. Evaluation of serologic and antigenic relationships between middle eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other coronaviruses to develop vaccine platforms for the rapid response to emerging coronaviruses. J Infect Dis: 2014; 209 7 995 1006
271. Sampathkumar P. Middle East respiratory syndrome: what clinicians need to know. Mayo Clin Proc: 2014; 89 8 1153 1158