Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold

Journal of Clinical Microbiology

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 539-542

  Mäkelä, Mika J ^a   Puhakka, Tuomo ^a   Ruuskanen, Olli ^a   Leinonen, Maija ^b   Saikku, Pekka ^b   Kimpimäki, Marko ^b   Blomqvist, Soile ^b   Hyypiä, Timo ^a,c   Arstila, Pertti ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

^b NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; COMMON COLD; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; INFLUENZA VIRUS A; INFLUENZA VIRUS B; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; VIRUS CHARACTERIZATION; VIRUS ISOLATION;

ADENOVIRIDAE; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CHLAMYDIA; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; CORONAVIRUS; ENTEROVIRUS; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; INFLUENZA VIRUS; INFLUENZAVIRUS A; INFLUENZAVIRUS B; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; NEGIBACTERIA; POSIBACTERIA; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; RHINOVIRUS; RNA VIRUSES; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; SYNCYTIAL VIRUS;

EID: 2642614524     PISSN: 00951137     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.2.539-542.1998     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Al-Nakib, W., and D. A. J. Tyrrell. 1988. Picornaviridae: Rhinoviruses - common cold viruses, p. 723-742. In E. H. Lennette, P. Halonen, and F. A. Murphy (ed.), Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. Principle and practice. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.
2. Arason, V. A., K. G. Kristinsson, J. A. Sigurdsson, G. Stefansdottir, S. Molstad, and S. Gudmundsson. 1996. Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study. Br. Med. J. 313:387-391.
3. Arola, A., J. Santti, P. Halonen, O. Ruuskanen, and T. Hyypiä. 1996. Identification of enteroviruses in clinical specimens by competitive PCR followed by genetic typing using sequence analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:313-318.
4. Arruda, E., A. Pitkäranta, T. J. Witek, Jr., C. A. Doyle, and F. G. Hayden. 1997. Frequency and natural history of rhinovirus infections in adults during autumn. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:2864-2868.
5. Arstila P. P., and P. E. Halonen. 1988. Direct antigen detection, p. 60-75. In E. H. Lennette, P. Halonen, and F. A. Murphy (ed.), Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. Principle and practice. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.
6. Burman, L. A., M. Leinonen, and B. Trollfors. 1994. Use of serology to diagnose pneumonia caused by nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. J. Infect. Dis. 170:220-222.
7. Ekman, M. R., M. Leinonen, H. Syrjala, E. Linnanmaki, P. Kujala, and P. Saikku. 1993. Evaluation of serological methods in the diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia during an epidemic in Finland. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 12:756-760.
8. Englund, J. A., P. A. Piedra, A. Jewell, K. Patel, B. B. Baxter, and E. Whimbey. 1996. Rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infections in immunocompromised adults. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:1649-1653.
9. Gwaltney, J. M., Jr., C. D. Phillips, R. D. Miller, and D. K. Riker. 1994. Computed tomographic study of the common cold. N. Engl. J. Med. 330: 25-30.
10. Halonen, P., E. Rocha, J. Hierholzer, B. Holloway, T. Hyypia, P. Hurskainen, and M. Pallansch. 1995. Detection of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses in clinical specimens by PCR and liquid-phase hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:648-653.
11. Herzog, C., R. Berger, M. Fernex, K. Friesecke, L. Havas, M. Just, and U. C. Dubach. 1986. Intranasal interferon (rIFN-alpha A, Ro 22-8181) for contact prophylaxis against common cold: a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled field study. Antivir. Res. 6:171-176.
12. Hietala, J., M. Uhari, and H. Tuokko. 1988. Antigen detection in the diagnosis of viral infections. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 20:545-599.
13. Hovi, T., H. Kainulainen, B. Ziola, and A. Salmi. 1979. OC43 strain-related coronavirus antibodies in different age groups. J. Med. Virol. 3:313-320.
14. Huovinen, P., R. Lahtonen, T. Ziegler, O. Meurman, K. Hakkarainen, A. Miettinen, P. Arstila, J. Eskola, and P. Saikku. 1989. Pharyngitis in adults: the presence and coexistence of viruses and bacterial organisms. Ann. Intern. Med. 110:612-616.
15. Hyypia, T., P. Auvinen, and M. Maaronen. 1989. Polymerase chain reaction for human picornaviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 70:3261-3268.
16. Hyypiä, T., T. Puhakka, O. Ruuskanen, M. J. Mäkelä, A. Arola, and P. Arstila. Unpublished data.
17. Jackson, G. G., and R. L. Muldoon. 1973. Viruses causing common respiratory infections in man. J. Infect. Dis. 127:328-355.
18. Jalonen, E., J. C. Paton, M. Koskela, Y. Kerttula, and M. Leinonen. 1989. Measurement of antibody responses to pneumolysin - a promising method for the presumptive aetiological diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. J. Infect. 19:127-134.
19. Kaiser, L., D. Lew, B. Hirschel, R. Auckenthaler, A. Morabia, A. Heald, P. Benedict, F. Terrier, W. Wunderli, L. Matter, D. Germann, J. Voegeli, and H. Stalder. 1996. Effects of antibiotic treatment in the subset of common-cold patients who have bacteria in nasopharyngeal secretions. Lancet 347: 1507-1510.
20. Koskinen, P., T. Vuorinen, and O. Meurman. 1987. Influenza A and B virus IgG and IgM serology by enzyme immunoassays. Epidemiol. Infect. 99:55-64.
21. Lehtomaki, K. 1988. Rapid etiological diagnosis of pneumonia in young men. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl. 54:1-56.
22. Mainous, A. G., III, W. J. Hueston, and J. R. Clak. 1996. Antibiotics and upper respiratory infection: do some folks think there is a cure for the common cold? J. Fam. Pract. 42:357-361.
23. Monto, A. S. 1994. Studies of the community and family: acute respiratory illness and infection. Epidemiol. Rev. 16:351-373.
24. Monto, A. S., E. R. Bryan, and S. Ohmit. 1987. Rhinovirus infections in Tecumseh, Michigan: frequency of illness and number of serotypes. J. Infect. Dis. 156:43-49.
25. Mossad, S. B., M. L. Macknin, S. V. Medendorp, and P. Mason. 1996. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann. Intern. Med. 125:81-88.
26. Popow Kraupp, T., G. Kern, C. Binder, W. Tuma, M. Kundi, and C. Kunz. 1986. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal secretions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect immunofluorescence, and virus isolation: a comparative study. J. Med. Virol. 19:123-134.
27. Putto, A., O. Ruuskanen, and O. Meurman. 1986. Fever in respiratory virus infections. Am. J. Dis. Child. 140:1159-1163.
28. Ruuskanen, O., H. Nohynek, T. Ziegler, R. Capeding, H. Rikalainen, P. Huovinen, and M. Leinonen. 1992. Pneumonia in childhood: etiology and response to antimicrobial therapy. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 11: 217-223.
29. Saikku, P., P. Ruutu, M. Leinonen, J. Panelius, T. E. Tupasi, and J. T. Grayston. 1988. Acute lower-respiratory-tract infection associated with chlamydial TWAR antibody in Filipino children. J. Infect. Dis. 158:1095-1097.
30. van Buchem, F. L., J. A. Knottnerus, V. J. J. Schrijnemaekers, and F. M. Peeters. 1997. Primary-care-based randomised placebo-controlled trial of antibiotic treatment in acute maxillary sinusitis. Lancet 349:683-687.