Stress-Related Immune Markers in Depression: Implications for Treatment

International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 1-19

  Hughes, Martina M ^a   Connor, Thomas J ^a   Harkin, Andrew ^a  

^a TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Depression; Immune; Inflammation; Stress

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; KYNURENINE; NEUROTROPHIN; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; CYTOKINE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MICROGLIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRESS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY;

EID: 84979895374     PISSN: 14611457     EISSN: 14695111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw001     Document Type: Review

References (224)

1. Anisman H (2009) Cascading effects of stressors and inflammatory immune system activation: implications for major depressive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 34:4-20.
2. Anisman H (2011) Inflaming depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 36:291-295.
3. Barefoot JC, Brummett BH, Helms NJ, Mark DB, Siegler IC, Williams RB (2000) Depressive symptoms and survival of patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med 62:790-795.
4. Barnes PJ (2010) Mechanisms and resistance in glucocorticoid control of inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 120:76-85.
5. Barrientos RM, Sprunger DB, Campeau S, Higgins EA, Watkins LR, Rudy JW, Maier SF (2003) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA downregulation produced by social isolation is blocked by intrahippocampal interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Neuroscience 121:847-853.
6. Bawa-Khalfe T, Altememi GF, Mandyam CD, Schwarz LA, Eikenburg DC, Standifer KM (2007) The presence of beta2-adrenoceptors sensitizes alpha2A-adrenoceptors to desensitization after chronic epinephrine treatment. BMC Pharmacol 7:16.
7. Bell J (2004) Predicting disease using genomics. Nature 429:453-456.
8. Benmansour S, Cecchi M, Morilak DA, Gerhardt GA, Javors MA, Gould GG, Frazer A (1999) Effects of chronic antidepressant treatments on serotonin transporter function, density, and mRNA level. J Neurosci 19:10494-10501.
9. Bettelli E, Dastrange M, Oukka M (2005) Foxp3 interacts with nuclear factor of activated T cells and NF-kappa B to repress cytokine gene expression and effector functions of T helper cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:5138-5143.
10. Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, Weiner HL, Kuchroo VK (2006) Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature 441:235-238.
11. Beumer W, Gibney SM, Drexhage RC, Pont-Lezica L, Doorduin J, Klein HC, Steiner J, Connor TJ, Harkin A, Versnel MA, Drexhage HA (2012) The immune theory of psychiatric diseases: a key role for activated microglia and circulating monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 92:959-975.
12. Beurel E, Harrington LE, Jope RS (2013) Inflammatory T helper 17 cells promote depression-like behavior in mice. Biol Psychiatry 73:622-630.
13. Beutler B, Cerami A (1989) The biology of cachectin/TNF-a primary mediator of the host response. Annu Rev Immunol 7:625-655.
14. Binder EB (2009) The role of FKBP5, a co-chaperone of the glucocorticoid receptor in the pathogenesis and therapy of affective and anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34:S186-195.
15. Boldrini M, Underwood MD, Hen R, Rosoklija GB, Dwork AJ, John Mann J, Arango V (2009) Antidepressants increase neural progenitor cells in the human hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:2376-2389.
16. Bonaccorso S, Puzella A, Marino V, Pasquini M, Biondi M, Artini M, Almerighi C, Levrero M, Egyed B, Bosmans E, Meltzer HY, Maes M (2001) Immunotherapy with interferon-alpha in patients affected by chronic hepatitis C induces an intercorrelated stimulation of the cytokine network and an increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms. Psychiatry Res 105:45-55.
17. Borish LC, Steinke JW (2003) Cytokines and chemokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:S460-475.
18. Bowe WP, Logan AC (2011) Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gutbrain-skin axis - back to the future? Gut Pathog 3:1-4749-3-1.
19. Bruce TO (2008) Comorbid depression in rheumatoid arthritis: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Curr Psychiatry Rep 10:258-264.
20. Capuron L, Fornwalt FB, Knight BT, Harvey PD, Ninan PT, Miller AH (2009) Does cytokine-induced depression differ from idiopathic major depression in medically healthy individuals? J Affect Disord 119:181-185.
21. Capuron L, Miller AH (2004) Cytokines and psychopathology: lessons from interferon-alpha. Biol Psychiatry 56:819-824.
22. Capuron L, Ravaud A, Dantzer R (2000) Early depressive symptoms in cancer patients receiving interleukin 2 and/or interferon alfa-2b therapy. J Clin Oncol 18:2143-2151.
23. Capuron L, Ravaud A, Gualde N, Bosmans E, Dantzer R, Maes M, Neveu PJ (2001) Association between immune activation and early depressive symptoms in cancer patients treated with interleukin-2-based therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 26:797-808.
24. Capuron L, Ravaud A, Neveu PJ, Miller AH, Maes M, Dantzer R (2002) Association between decreased serum tryptophan concentrations and depressive symptoms in cancer patients undergoing cytokine therapy. Mol Psychiatry 7:468-473.
25. Carlin JM, Borden EC, Sondel PM, Byrne GI (1989) Interferoninduced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in human mononuclear phagocytes. J Leukoc Biol 45:29-34.
26. Carroll BJ, Curtis GC, Davies BM, Mendels J, Sugerman AA (1976a) Urinary free cortisol excretion in depression. Psychol Med 6:43-50.
27. Carroll BJ, Curtis GC, Mendels J (1976b) Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma free cortisol concentrations in depression. Psychol Med 6:235-244.
28. Carroll BJ, Feinberg M, Greden JF, Tarika J, Albala AA, Haskett RF, James NM, Kronfol Z, Lohr N, Steiner M, De VignE JP, Young E (1981) A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Standardization, validation, and clinical utility. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:15-22.
29. Caruso C, Candore G, Cigna D, Colucci AT, Modica MA (1993) Biological significance of soluble IL-2 receptor. Mediators Inflamm 2:3-21.
30. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, Mcclay J, Mill J, Martin J, Braithwaite A (2003) Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science Signaling 301:386.
31. Cattaneo A, Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Zanardini R, Milanesi E, Placentino A, Gennarelli M (2010) Reduced peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels are normalized by antidepressant treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13:103-108.
32. Cattaneo A, Macchi F, Plazzotta G, Veronica B, Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Riva MA, Pariante CM (2015) Inflammation and neuronal plasticity: a link between childhood trauma and depression pathogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 9:40.
33. Celik C, Erdem M, Cayci T, Ozdemir B, Ozgur Akgul E, Kurt YG, Yaman H, Isintas M, Ozgen F, Ozsahin A (2010) The association between serum levels of neopterin and number of depressive episodes of major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 34:372-375.
34. Chapman DP, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Anda RF (2004) Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. J Affect Disord 82:217-225.
35. Cheng G, Yu A, Malek TR (2011) T-cell tolerance and the multifunctional role of IL-2R signaling in T-regulatory cells. Immunol Rev 241:63-76.
36. Chikanza IC (2002) Mechanisms of corticosteroid resistance in rheumatoid arthritis: a putative role for the corticosteroid receptor beta isoform. Ann N Y Acad Sci 966:39-48.
37. Cizza G, Marques AH, Eskandari F, Christie IC, Torvik S, Silverman MN, Phillips TM, Sternberg EM, POWER Study Group (2008) Elevated neuroimmune biomarkers in sweat patches and plasma of premenopausal women with major depressive disorder in remission: the POWER study. Biol Psychiatry, 64:907-911.
38. Coelho MM, Souza GE, Pela IR (1992) Endotoxin-induced fever is modulated by endogenous glucocorticoids in rats. Am J Physiol 263:R423-427.
39. Commins SP, Borish L, Steinke JW (2010) Immunologic messenger molecules: cytokines, interferons, and chemokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:S53-72.
40. Connor TJ, Leonard BE (1998) Depression, stress and immunological activation: the role of cytokines in depressive disorders. Life Sci 62:583-606.
41. Cope AP, Liblau RS, Yang XD, Congia M, Laudanna C, Schreiber RD, Probert L, Kollias G, McDevitt HO (1997) Chronic tumor necrosis factor alters T cell responses by attenuating T cell receptor signaling. J Exp Med 185:1573-1584.
42. Cope AP, Londei M, Chu NR, Cohen SB, Elliott MJ, Brennan FM, Maini RN, Feldmann M (1994) Chronic exposure to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in vitro impairs the activation of T cells through the T cell receptor/CD3 complex; reversal in vivo by anti-TNF antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 94:749-760.
43. Dahl J, Ormstad H, Aass HC, Malt UF, Bendz LT, Sandvik L, Brundin L, Andreassen OA (2014) The plasma levels of various cytokines are increased during ongoing depression and are reduced to normal levels after recovery. Psychoneuroendocrinology 45:77-86.
44. Dahl J, Andreassen OA, Verkerk R, Malt UF, Sandvik L, Brundin L, Ormstad H (2015) Ongoing episode of major depressive disorder is not associated with elevated plasma levels of kynurenine pathway markers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 56:12-22.
45. Dantzer R (2006) Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression. Neurol Clin 24:441-460.
46. Dantzer R, O'Connor JC, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW (2008) From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:46-56.
47. Dean O, Giorlando F, Berk M (2011) N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry: current therapeutic evidence and potential mechanisms of action. J Psychiatry Neurosci 36:78-86.
48. Dinarello CA (1988) Biology of interleukin 1. FASEB J 2:108-115.
49. Dinel AL, Joffre C, Trifilieff P, Aubert A, Foury A, Le Ruyet P, Laye S (2014) Inflammation early in life is a vulnerability factor for emotional behavior at adolescence and for lipopolysaccharide-induced spatial memory and neurogenesis alteration at adulthood. J Neuroinflammation 11:155-014-0155-x. Diniz BS, Teixeira AL, Talib LL, Mendonca VA, Gattaz WF, Forlenza OV (2010) Increased soluble TNF receptor 2 in antidepressantfree patients with late-life depression. J Psychiatr Res 44:917-920.
50. Doorduin J, de Vries EF, Dierckx RA, Klein HC (2008) PET imaging of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor: monitoring disease progression and therapy response in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Pharm Des 14:3297-3315.
51. Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctot KL (2010) A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 67:446-457.
52. Drexhage RC, Hoogenboezem TA, Cohen D, Versnel MA, Nolen WA, Van Beveren NJ, Drexhage HA (2011a) An activated set point of T-cell and monocyte inflammatory networks in recent-onset schizophrenia patients involves both pro- and anti-inflammatory forces. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14:746-755.
53. Drexhage RC, Hoogenboezem TH, Versnel MA, Berghout A, Nolen WA, Drexhage HA (2011b) The activation of monocyte and T cell networks in patients with bipolar disorder. Brain Behav Immun 25:1206-1213.
54. Dunn AJ (1992) Endotoxin-induced activation of cerebral catecholamine and serotonin metabolism: comparison with interleukin-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261:964-969.
55. Edgar VA, Cremaschi GA, Sterin-Borda L, Genaro AM (2002) Altered expression of autonomic neurotransmitter receptors and proliferative responses in lymphocytes from a chronic mild stress model of depression: effects of fluoxetine. Brain Behav Immun 16:333-350.
56. Edgar VA, Silberman DM, Cremaschi GA, Zieher LM, Genaro AM (2003) Altered lymphocyte catecholamine reactivity in mice subjected to chronic mild stress. Biochem Pharmacol 65:15-23.
57. Elenjov IJ, Chrousos GP (2002) Stress hormones, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 966:290-303.
58. Elenkov IJ, Papanicolaou DA, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP (1996) Modulatory effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines on human interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 production: clinical implications. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 108:374-381.
59. Ekdahl CT, Claasen JH, Bonde S, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O (2003) Inflammation is detrimental for neurogenesis in adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:13632-13637.
60. Fallarino F, Grohmann U, You S, McGrath BC, Cavener DR, Vacca C, Orabona C, Bianchi R, Belladonna ML, Volpi C, Santamaria P, Fioretti MC, Puccetti P (2006) The combined effects of tryptophan starvation and tryptophan catabolites down-regulate T cell receptor zeta-chain and induce a regulatory phenotype in naive T cells. J Immunol 176:6752-6761.
61. Faries D, Herrera J, Rayamajhi J, DeBrota D, Demitrack M, Potter WZ (2000) The responsiveness of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. J Psychiatr Res 34:3-10.
62. Feinstein A (2011) Multiple sclerosis and depression. Mult Scler 17:1276-1281.
63. Frodl T, Carballedo A, Hughes MM, Saleh K, Fagan A, Skokauskas N, McLoughlin DM, Meaney J, O'Keane V, Connor TJ (2012) Reduced expression of glucocorticoid-inducible genes GILZ and SGK-1: high IL-6 levels are associated with reduced hippocampal volumes in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2:e88.
64. Frodl T, O'Keane V (2013) How does the brain deal with cumulative stress? A review with focus on developmental stress, HPA axis function and hippocampal structure in humans. Neurobiol Dis 52:24-37.
65. Fujigaki H, Saito K, Fujigaki S, Takemura M, Sudo K, Ishiguro H, Seishima M (2006) The signal transducer and activator of transcription 1alpha and interferon regulatory factor 1 are not essential for the induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by lipopolysaccharide: involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways, and synergistic effect of several proinflammatory cytokines. J Biochem 139:655-662.
66. Gabbay V, Klein RG, Katz Y, Mendoza S, Guttman LE, Alonso CM, Babb JS, Hirsch GS, Liebes L (2010) The possible role of the kynurenine pathway in adolescent depression with melancholic features. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 51:935-943.
67. Gadek-Michalska A, Tadeusz J, Rachwalska P, Bugajski J (2013) Cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide in the regulation of stress-response systems. Pharmacol Rep 65:1655-1662.
68. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2005) Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat Rev Immunol 5:243-251.
69. Gillis S, Mizel SB (1981) T-Cell lymphoma model for the analysis of interleukin 1-mediated T-cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:1133-1137.
70. Gold PW, Chrousos GP (2002) Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high vs low CRH/NE states. Mol Psychiatry 7:254-275.
71. Goleva E, Kisich KO, Leung DY (2002) A role for STAT5 in the pathogenesis of IL-2-induced glucocorticoid resistance. J Immunol 169:5934-5940.
72. Goshen I, Kreisel T, Ben-Menachem-Zidon O, Licht T, Weidenfeld J, Ben-Hur T, Yirmiya R (2008) Brain interleukin-1 mediates chronic stress-induced depression in mice via adrenocortical activation and hippocampal neurogenesis suppression. Mol Psychiatry 13:717-728.
73. Grippo AJ, Sullivan NR, Damjanoska KJ, Crane JW, Carrasco GA, Shi J, Chen Z, Garcia F, Muma NA, Van de Kar LD (2005) Chronic mild stress induces behavioral and physiological changes, and may alter serotonin 1A receptor function, in male and cycling female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 179:769-780.
74. Haapakoski R, Mathieu J, Ebmeier KP, Alenius H, Kivimäki M (2015) Cumulative meta-analysis of interleukins 6 and 1β, tumour necrosis factor α and C-reactive protein in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun 49:206-215.
75. Hammen C, Henry R, Daley SE (2000) Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity. J Consult Clin Psychol 68:782-787.
76. Hamilton M (1960) A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 23:56-62.
77. Hannestad J, DellaGioia N, Bloch M (2011) The effect of antidepressant medication treatment on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:2452-2459.
78. Haroon E, Raison CL, Miller AH (2012) Psychoneuroimmunology meets neuropsychopharmacology: translational implications of the impact of inflammation on behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:137-162.
79. Hart BL (1988) Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 12:123-137.
80. Heim C, Binder EB (2012) Current research trends in early life stress and depression: review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetics. Exp Neurol 233:102-111.
81. Heim C, Newport DJ, Mletzko T, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB (2008) The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33:693-710.
82. Hepgul N, Cattaneo A, Zunszain PA, Pariante CM (2013) Depression pathogenesis and treatment: what can we learn from blood mRNA expression?. BMC Med 11:28-7015-11-28.
83. Hestad KA, Tonseth S, Stoen CD, Ueland T, Aukrust P (2003) Raised plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with depression: normalization during electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 19:183-188.
84. Himmerich H, Milenovic S, Fulda S, Plumakers B, Sheldrick AJ, Michel TM, Kircher T, Rink L (2010) Regulatory T cells increased while IL-1beta decreased during antidepressant therapy. J Psychiatr Res 44:1052-1057.
85. Hoebe K, Janssen E, Beutler B (2004) The interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Immunol 5:971-974.
86. Hoffmann JA, Kafatos FC, Janeway CA, Ezekowitz RA (1999) Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. Science 284:1313-1318.
87. Holsboer F (2000) The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 23:477-501.
88. Hopkins SJ, Rothwell NJ (1995) Cytokines and the nervous system. I: Expression and recognition. Trends Neurosci 18: 83-88.
89. Horn F, Henze C, Heidrich K (2000) Interleukin-6 signal transduction and lymphocyte function. Immunobiology 202:151-167.
90. Hughes MM, Carballedo A, McLoughlin DM, Amico F, Harkin A, Frodl T, Connor TJ (2012) Tryptophan depletion in depressed patients occurs independent of kynurenine pathway activation. Brain Behav Immun 26:979-987.
91. Irwin MR, Miller AH (2007) Depressive disorders and immunity: 20 years of progress and discovery. Brain Behav Immun 21:374-383.
92. Ising M, Horstmann S, Kloiber S, Lucae S, Binder EB, Kern N, Kunzel HE, Pfennig A, Uhr M, Holsboer F (2007) Combined dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone test predicts treatment response in major depression - a potential biomarker? Biol Psychiatry 62:47-54.
93. Ising M, Depping AM, Siebertz A, Lucae S, Unschuld PG, Kloiber S, Horstmann S, Uhr M, Muller-Myhsok B, Holsboer F (2008) Polymorphisms in the FKBP5 gene region modulate recovery from psychosocial stress in healthy controls. Eur J Neurosci 28:389-398.
94. Itoh CE, Kizaki T, Hitomi Y, Hanawa T, Kamiya S, Ookawara T, Suzuki K, Izawa T, Saitoh D, Haga S, Ohno H. (2004) Downregulation of beta2-adrenergic receptor expression by exercise training increases IL-12 production by macrophages following LPS stimulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 322:979-984.
95. Johnson JD, Campisi J, Sharkey CM, Kennedy SL, Nickerson M, Greenwood BN, Fleshner M (2005) Catecholamines mediate stress-induced increases in peripheral and central inflammatory cytokines. Neuroscience 135:1295-1307.
96. Kannan S, Heller MM, Lee ES, Koo JY (2013) The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and other cytokines in depression: what dermatologists should know. J Dermatolog Treat 24:148-152.
97. Karege F, Perret G, Bondolfi G, Schwald M, Bertschy G, Aubry JM (2002) Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in major depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 109:143-148.
98. Karege F, Vaudan G, Schwald M, Perroud N, La Harpe R (2005) Neurotrophin levels in postmortem brains of suicide victims and the effects of antemortem diagnosis and psychotropic drugs. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 136:29-37.
99. Kaye J, Gillis S, Mizel SB, Shevach EM, Malek TR, Dinarello CA, Lachman LB, Janeway CA Jr (1984) Growth of a cloned helper T cell line induced by a monoclonal antibody specific for the antigen receptor: interleukin 1 is required for the expression of receptors for interleukin 2. J Immunol 133:1339-1345.
100. Kempermann G, Krebs J, Fabel K (2008) The contribution of failing adult hippocampal neurogenesis to psychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 21:290-295.
101. Kenis G, Maes M (2002) Effects of antidepressants on the production of cytokines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 5:401-412.
102. Khan D, Fernando P, Cicvaric A, Berger A, Pollak A, Monje FJ, Pollak DD (2014) Long-term effects of maternal immune activation on depression-like behavior in the mouse. Transl Psychiatry 4:e363.
103. Kim YK, Na KS, Shin KH, Jung HY, Choi SH, Kim JB (2007) Cytokine imbalance in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31:1044-1053.
104. Kohman RA, Rhodes JS (2013) Neurogenesis, inflammation and behavior. Brain Behav Immun 27:22-32.
105. Konsman JP, Parnet P, Dantzer R (2002) Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: mechanisms and implications. Trends Neurosci 25:154-159.
106. Koo JW, Duman RS (2008) IL-1beta is an essential mediator of the antineurogenic and anhedonic effects of stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:751-756.
107. Kreisel T, Frank MG, Licht T, Reshef R, Ben-Menachem-Zidon O, Baratta MV, Maier SF, Yirmiya R (2014) Dynamic microglial alterations underlie stress-induced depressive-like behavior and suppressed neurogenesis. Mol Psychiatry 19:699-709.
108. Kristensson K (2011) Microbes' roadmap to neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 12:345-357.
109. Kronfol Z, Silva J Jr, Greden J, Dembinski S, Gardner R, Carroll B (1983) Impaired lymphocyte function in depressive illness. Life Sci 33:241-247.
110. Kubera M, Lin AH, Kenis G, Bosmans E, van Bockstaele D, Maes M (2001) Anti-Inflammatory effects of antidepressants through suppression of the interferon-gamma/interleukin-10 production ratio. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21:199-206.
111. Lanquillon S, Krieg JC, Bening-Abu-Shach U, Vedder H (2000) Cytokine production and treatment response in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:370-379.
112. Lee LF, Lih CJ, Huang CJ, Cao T, Cohen SN, McDevitt HO (2008) Genomic expression profiling of TNF-alpha-treated BDC2.5 diabetogenic CD4+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:10107-10112.
113. Lee TW, Yu YW, Chen MC, Chen TJ (2011) Cortical mechanisms of the symptomatology in major depressive disorder: a resting EEG study. J Affect Disord 131:243-250.
114. Lenczowski MJ, Bluthe RM, Roth J, Rees GS, Rushforth DA, van Dam AM, Tilders FJ, Dantzer R, Rothwell NJ, Luheshi GN (1999) Central administration of rat IL-6 induces HPA activation and fever but not sickness behavior in rats. Am J Physiol 276:R652-658.
115. Le-Niculescu H, McFarland MJ, Mamidipalli S, Ogden CA, Kuczenski R, Kurian SM, Salomon DR, Tsuang MT, Nurnberger JI Jr, Niculescu AB (2007) Convergent Functional Genomics of bipolar disorder: from animal model pharmacogenomics to human genetics and biomarkers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:897-903.
116. Levkovitz Y, Mendlovich S, Riwkes S, Braw Y, Levkovitch-Verbin H, Gal G, Fennig S, Treves I, Kron S (2010) A double-blind, randomized study of minocycline for the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 71:138-149.
117. Li Y, Xiao B, Qiu W, Yang L, Hu B, Tian X, Yang H (2010) Altered expression of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells and its 5-HT(1a) receptor in patients with major depression disorder. J Affect Disord 124:68-75.
118. Liew CC, Ma J, Tang HC, Zheng R, Dempsey AA (2006) The peripheral blood transcriptome dynamically reflects system wide biology: a potential diagnostic tool. J Lab Clin Med 147:126-132.
119. Liu Y, Ho RC, Mak A (2012) Interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R) are elevated in patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Affect Disord 139:230-239.
120. Lopresti AL, Maker GL, Hood SD, Drummond PD (2014) A review of peripheral biomarkers in major depression: the potential of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 48:102-111.
121. Maes M (1995) Evidence for an immune response in major depression: a review and hypothesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 19:11-38.
122. Maes M (2011) Depression is an inflammatory disease, but cellmediated immune activation is the key component of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35:664-675.
123. Maes M, Bosmans E, Meltzer HY, Scharpe S, Suy E (1993a) Interleukin-1 beta: a putative mediator of HPA axis hyperactivity in major depression? Am J Psychiatry 150:1189-1193.
124. Maes M, Kubera M, Leunis JC (2008) The gut-brain barrier in major depression: intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 29:117-124.
125. Maes M, Leonard BE, Myint AM, Kubera M, Verkerk R (2011) The new '5-HT' hypothesis of depression: cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35:702-721.
126. Maes M, Meltzer HY, Bosmans E, Bergmans R, Vandoolaeghe E, Ranjan R, Desnyder R (1995a) Increased plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-2 and transferrin receptor in major depression. J Affect Disord 34:301-309.
127. Maes M, Rief W (2012) Diagnostic classifications in depression and somatization should include biomarkers, such as disorders in the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway. Psychiatry Res 196:243-249.
128. Maes M, Scharpe S, Meltzer HY, Bosmans E, Suy E, Calabrese J, Cosyns P (1993b) Relationships between interleukin-6 activity, acute phase proteins, and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in severe depression. Psychiatry Res 49:11-27.
129. Maes M, Smith R, Scharpe S (1995b) The monocyte-T-lymphocyte hypothesis of major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20:111-116.
130. Maric NP, Adzic M (2013) Pharmacological modulation of HPA axis in depression - new avenues for potential therapeutic benefits. Psychiatr Danub 25: 299-305.
131. Mazure CM, Bruce ML, Maciejewski PK, Jacobs SC (2000) Adverse life events and cognitive-personality characteristics in the prediction of major depression and antidepressant response. Am J Psychiatry 157:896-903.
132. Mcguinness B, Harkin A (2015) Rodent models of stress-induced depression: the link between stress and immune system related changes. In: Immunology and psychiatry; from basic research to therapeutic interventions (Muller N, Myint A-M, Schwarz MJ, eds), pp33-62. Switzerland: Springer. Medzhitov R (2008) Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 454:428-435.
133. Medzhitov R (2001) Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 1:135-145.
134. Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr (1997) Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response. Curr Opin Immunol 9:4-9.
135. Miller AH (2010) Depression and immunity: a role for T cells? Brain Behav Immun 24:1-8.
136. Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL (2009) Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 65:732-741.
137. Moffett JR, Namboodiri MA (2003) Tryptophan and the immune response. Immunol Cell Biol 81:247-265.
138. Mondelli V, Cattaneo A, Belvederi Murri M, Di Forti M, Handley R, Hepgul N, Miorelli A, Navari S, Papadopoulos AS, Aitchison KJ, Morgan C, Murray RM, Dazzan P, Pariante CM (2011) Stress and inflammation reduce brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in first-episode psychosis: a pathway to smaller hippocampal volume. J Clin Psychiatry 72:1677-1684.
139. Mossner R, Mikova O, Koutsilieri E, Saoud M, Ehlis AC, Muller N, Fallgatter AJ, Riederer P (2007) Consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Biological Markers: biological markers in depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 8:141-174.
140. Muller N, Schwarz MJ, Dehning S, Douhe A, Cerovecki A, Goldstein-Muller B, Spellmann I, Hetzel G, Maino K, Kleindienst N, Moller HJ, Arolt V, Riedel M (2006) The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib has therapeutic effects in major depression: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, add-on pilot study to reboxetine. Mol Psychiatry 11:680-684.
141. Muller N (2010) COX-2 inhibitors as antidepressants and antipsychotics: clinical evidence. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 11:31-42.
142. Musselman DL, Lawson DH, Gumnick JF, Manatunga AK, Penna S, Goodkin RS, Greiner K, Nemeroff CB, Miller AH (2001) Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alfa. N Engl J Med 344:961-966.
143. Myint AM, Leonard BE, Steinbusch HW, Kim YK (2005) Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokine alterations in major depression. J Affect Disord 88:167-173.
144. Myint AM, Kim YK, Verkerk R, Scharpe S, Steinbusch H, Leonard B (2007) Kynurenine pathway in major depression: evidence of impaired neuroprotection. J Affect Disord 98:143-151.
145. Myint AM, Bondy B, Baghai TC, Eser D, Nothdurfter C, Schule C, Zill P, Muller N, Rupprecht R, Schwarz MJ (2013) Tryptophan metabolism and immunogenetics in major depression: a role for interferon-gamma gene. Brain Behav Immun 31:128-133.
146. Nemeroff CB (2004) Neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma. J Clin Psychiatry 65:18-28.
147. Nemeroff CB, Widerlov E, Bissette G, Walleus H, Karlsson I, Eklund K, Kilts CD, Loosen PT, Vale W (1984) Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 226:1342-1344.
148. Nie H. , RZheng Y, LiGuoT.B., HeD., FangL., LiuX., XiaoL., ChenX., WanB., ChinY.E., ZhangJ.Z. (2013) Phosphorylation of FOXP3 controls regulatory T cell function and is inhibited by TNFalpha in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med 19:322328.
149. O'Brien SM, Scott LV, Dinan TG (2006) Antidepressant therapy and C-reactive protein levels. Br J Psychiatry 188:449-452.
150. O'Connor JC, Lawson MA, Andre C, Briley EM, Szegedi SS, Lestage J, Castanon N, Herkenham M, Dantzer R, Kelley KW (2009a) Induction of IDO by bacille Calmette-Guerin is responsible for development of murine depressive-like behavior. J Immunol 182:3202-3212.
151. O'Connor JC, Lawson MA, Andre C., Moreau M, Lestage J, Castanon N, Kelley KW Dantzer R. (2009b) Lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior is mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activation in mice. Mol Psychiatry 14: 511-522.
152. O'Mahony SM, Marchesi JR, Scully P, Codling C, Ceolho AM, Quigley EM, Cryan JF, Dinan TG (2009) Early life stress alters behavior, immunity, and microbiota in rats: implications for irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illnesses. Biol Psychiatry 65:263-267
153. Pace TW, Miller AH (2009) Cytokines and glucocorticoid receptor signaling. Relevance to major depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1179:86-105.
154. Palazzolo DL, Quadri SK (1992) Interleukin-1 inhibits serotonin release from the hypothalamus in vitro. Life Sci 51:1797-1802.
155. Pariante CM, Lightman SL (2008) The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci 31:464-468.
156. Pariante CM, Miller AH (2001) Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 49:391-404.
157. Pariante CM, Pearce BD, Pisell TL, Sanchez CI, Po C, Su C, Miller AH (1999) The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1alpha, reduces glucocorticoid receptor translocation and function. Endocrinology 140:4359-4366.
158. Parker KJ, Schatzberg AF, Lyons DM (2003) Neuroendocrine aspects of hypercortisolism in major depression. Horm Behav 43:60-66.
159. Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ (2005) The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun 19:493-499.
160. Pavon L, Sandoval-Lopez G, Eugenia Hernandez M, Loria F, Estrada I, Perez M, Moreno J, Avila U, Leff P, Anton B, Heinze G (2006) Th2 cytokine response in Major Depressive Disorder patients before treatment. J Neuroimmunol 172:156-165.
161. Pfeffer K (2003) Biological functions of tumor necrosis factor cytokines and their receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 14:185-191.
162. Platzer C, Docke W, Volk H, Prosch S (2000) Catecholamines trigger IL-10 release in acute systemic stress reaction by direct stimulation of its promoter/enhancer activity in monocytic cells. J Neuroimmunol 105:31-38.
163. Popmihajlov Z, Smith KA (2008) Negative feedback regulation of T cells via interleukin-2 and FOXP3 reciprocity. PLoS One 3:e1581.
164. Raison CL, Dantzer R, Kelley KW, Lawson MA, Woolwine BJ, Vogt G, Spivey JR, Saito K, Miller AH (2010) CSF concentrations of brain tryptophan and kynurenines during immune stimulation with IFN-alpha: relationship to CNS immune responses and depression. Mol Psychiatry 15:393-403.
165. Raison CL, Demetrashvili M, Capuron L, Miller AH (2005) Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of interferon-alpha: recognition and management. CNS Drugs 19:105-123.
166. Raison CL, Miller AH (2003) When not enough is too much: the role of insufficient glucocorticoid signaling in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. Am J Psychiatry 160:1554-1565.
167. Raison CL, Rutherford RE, Woolwine BJ, Shuo C, Schettler P, Drake DF, Haroon E, Miller AH (2013) A randomized controlled trial of the tumor necrosis factor antagonist infliximab for treatment-resistant depression: the role of baseline inflammatory biomarkers. JAMA Psychiatry 70:31-41.
168. Rajagopalan S, Brook R, Rubenfire M, Pitt E, Young E, Pitt B (2001) Abnormal brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in young adults with major depression. Am J Cardiol 88:196-8, A7.
169. Rapaport MH, Nierenberg AA, Schettler PJ, Kinkead B, Cardoos A, Walker R, Mischoulon D (2015) Inflammation as a predictive biomarker for response to omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: a proof-of-concept study. Mol Psychiatry 21:71-79.
170. Reichenberg A, Yirmiya R, Schuld A, Kraus T, Haack M, Morag A, Pollmacher T (2001) Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:445-452.
171. Reiner SL (2007) Development in motion: helper T cells at work. Cell 129:33-36.
172. Romagnani S (2000) T-cell subsets (Th1 versus Th2). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 85:9-18; quiz 18, 21.
173. Ronaldson A, Gazali AM, Zalli A, Kaiser F, Thompson SJ, Henderson B, Steptoe A, Carvalho L (2015) Increased percentages of regulatory T cells are associated with inflammatory and neuroendocrine responses to acute psychological stress and poorer health status in older men and women. Psychopharmacology (Berl). Epub ahead of print.
174. Russo S, Kema IP, Bosker F, Haavik J, Korf J (2009) Tryptophan as an evolutionarily conserved signal to brain serotonin: molecular evidence and psychiatric implications. World J Biol Psychiatry 10:258-268.
175. Savitz J, Drevets WC, Smith CM, Victor TA, Wurfel BE, Bellgowan PS, Bodurka J, Teague TK, Dantzer R (2015a) Putative neuroprotective and neurotoxic kynurenine pathway metabolites are associated with hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in subjects with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:463-471.
176. Savitz J, Drevets WC, Wurfel BE, Ford BN, Bellgowan PS, Victor TA, Bodurka J, Teague TK, Dantzer R (2015b) Reduction of kynurenic acid to quinolinic acid ratio in both the depressed and remitted phases of major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun 46:55-59.
177. Schaaf MJ, de Jong J, de Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil E (1998) Downregulation of BDNF mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus by corticosterone. Brain Res 813:112-120.
178. Schaefer M, Engelbrecht MA, Gut O, Fiebich BL, Bauer J, Schmidt F, Grunze H, Lieb K (2002) Interferon alpha (IFNalpha) and psychiatric syndromes: a review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26:731-746.
179. Schewitz LP, Lee RW, Dayan CM, Dick AD (2009) Glucocorticoids and the emerging importance of T cell subsets in steroid refractory diseases. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 31:1-22.
180. Schleifer SJ, Keller SE, Meyerson AT, Raskin MJ, Davis KL, Stein M (1984) Lymphocyte function in major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:484-486.
181. Schmidt HD, Shelton RC, Duman RS (2011) Functional biomarkers of depression: diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:2375-2394.
182. Seidel A, Arolt V, Hunstiger M, Rink L, Behnisch A, Kirchner H (1995) Cytokine production and serum proteins in depression. Scand J Immunol 41:534-538.
183. Seretti A, Cusin C, Lattuada E, Di Bella D, Catalano M, Smeraldi E (1999) Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is not associated with depressive symptomatology in mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 4:280-283.
184. Setiawan E, Wilson AA, Mizrahi R, Rusjan PM, Miler L, Rajkowska G, Suridjan I, Kennedy JL, Rekkas PV, Houle S, Meyer JH (2015) Role of translocator protein density, a marker of neuroinflammation, in the brain during major depressive episodes. JAMA Psychiatry 72:268-275.
185. Shafer AB (2006) Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung. J Clin Psychol 62:123-146.
186. Shanks N, Windle RJ, Perks PA, Harbuz MS, Jessop DS, Ingram CD, Lightman SL (2000) Early-life exposure to endotoxin alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and predisposition to inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:5645-5650.
187. Simon NM, McNamara K, Chow CW, Maser RS, Papakostas GI, Pollack MH, Nierenberg AA, Fava M, Wong KK (2008) A detailed examination of cytokine abnormalities in Major Depressive Disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18:230-233.
188. Slusarczyk J, Trojan E, Glombik K, Budziszewska B, Kubera M, Lason W, Popiolek-Barczyk K, Mika J, Wedzony K, Basta-Kaim A (2015) Prenatal stress is a vulnerability factor for altered morphology and biological activity of microglia cells. Front Cell Neurosci 9:82.
189. Smith RS (1991) The macrophage theory of depression. Med Hypotheses 35:298-306.
190. Smoak KA, Cidlowski JA (2004) Mechanisms of glucocorticoid receptor signaling during inflammation. Mech Ageing Dev 125:697-706.
191. Sommer IE, de Witte L, Begemann M, Kahn RS (2012) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in schizophrenia: ready for practice or a good start? A meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 73:414-419.
192. Song C, Merali Z, Anisman H (1999) Variations of nucleus accumbens dopamine and serotonin following systemic interleukin-1, interleukin-2 or interleukin-6 treatment. Neuroscience 88:823-836.
193. Sousa AR, Lane SJ, Cidlowski JA, Staynov DZ, Lee TH (2000) Glucocorticoid resistance in asthma is associated with elevated in vivo expression of the glucocorticoid receptor beta-isoform. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105:943-950.
194. Spulber S, Oprica M, Bartfai T, Winblad B, Schultzberg M (2008) Blunted neurogenesis and gliosis due to transgenic overexpression of human soluble IL-1ra in the mouse. Eur J Neurosci 27:549-558.
195. Stepanichev M, Dygalo NN, Grigoryan G, Shishkina GT, Gulyaeva N (2014) Rodent models of depression: neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory biomarkers. Biomed Res Int 2014:932757.
196. Suarez EC, Krishnan RR, Lewis JG (2003) The relation of severity of depressive symptoms to monocyte-associated proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in apparently healthy men. Psychosom Med 65:362-368.
197. Suberville S, Bellocq A, Fouqueray B, Philippe C, Lantz O, Perez J, Baud L (1996) Regulation of interleukin-10 production by beta-adrenergic agonists. Eur J Immunol 26:2601-2605.
198. Sullivan PF, Fan C, Perou CM (2006) Evaluating the comparability of gene expression in blood and brain. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141B:261-268.
199. Sunde RA (2010) mRNA transcripts as molecular biomarkers in medicine and nutrition. J Nutr Biochem 21:665-670.
200. Sutcigil L, Oktenli C, Musabak U, Bozkurt A, Cansever A, Uzun O, Sanisoglu SY, Yesilova Z, Ozmenler N, Ozsahin A, Sengul A (2007) Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in major depression: effect of sertraline therapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2007:76396.
201. Szelenyi J (2001) Cytokines and the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull 54:329-338.
202. Tapia-Arancibia L, Rage F, Givalois L, Arancibia S (2004) Physiology of BDNF: focus on hypothalamic function. Front Neuroendocrinol 25:77-107.
203. Tesmer LA, Lundy SK, Sarkar S, Fox DA (2008) Th17 cells in human disease. Immunol Rev 223:87-113.
204. Thornton AM, Shevach EM (1998) CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells suppress polyclonal T cell activation in vitro by inhibiting interleukin 2 production. J Exp Med 188:287-296.
205. Tsao CW, Lin YS, Chen CC, Bai CH, Wu SR (2006) Cytokines and serotonin transporter in patients with major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30:899-905.
206. Tsao CW, Lin YS, Cheng JT, Lin CF, Wu HT, Wu SR, Tsai WH (2008) Interferon-alpha-induced serotonin uptake in Jurkat T cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and transcriptional regulation of the serotonin transporter. J Psychopharmacol 22:753-760.
207. Tsuang MT, Nossova N, Yager T, Tsuang MM, Guo SC, Shyu KG, Glatt SJ, Liew CC (2005) Assessing the validity of blood-based gene expression profiles for the classification of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 133B:1-5.
208. van Berckel BN, Bossong MG, Boellaard R, Kloet R, Schuitemaker A, Caspers E, Luurtsema G, Windhorst AD, Cahn W, Lammertsma AA, Kahn RS (2008) Microglia activation in recentonset schizophrenia: a quantitative (R)-[11C]PK11195 positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry 64:820-822.
209. van Zuiden M, Heijnen CJ, van de Schoot R, Amarouchi K, Maas M, Vermetten E, Geuze E, Kavelaars A (2011) Cytokine production by leukocytes of military personnel with depressive symptoms after deployment to a combat-zone: a prospective, longitudinal study. PLoS One 6:e29142.
210. Veru F, Dancause K, Laplante DP, King S, Luheshi G (2015) Prenatal maternal stress predicts reductions in CD4+ lymphocytes, increases in innate-derived cytokines, and a Th2 shift in adolescents: Project Ice Storm. Physiol Behav 144:137-145.
211. von Bardeleben U, Holsboer F (1991) Effect of age on the cortisol response to human corticotropin-releasing hormone in depressed patients pretreated with dexamethasone. Biol Psychiatry 29:1042-1050.
212. Wang X, Wu H, Miller AH (2004) Interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha) induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibits glucocorticoid receptor function. Mol Psychiatry 9:65-75.
213. Webster JC, Oakley RH, Jewell CM, Cidlowski JA (2001) Proinflammatory cytokines regulate human glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and lead to the accumulation of the dominant negative beta isoform: a mechanism for the generation of glucocorticoid resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:6865-6870.
214. Wichers MC, Kenis G, Koek GH, Robaeys G, Nicolson NA, Maes M (2007) Interferon-alpha-induced depressive symptoms are related to changes in the cytokine network but not to cortisol. J Psychosom Res 62:207-214.
215. Williams AC, Richardson PH (1993) What does the BDI measure in chronic pain? Pain 55:259-266.
216. Wilson NJ, Boniface K, Chan JR, McKenzie BS, Blumenschein WM, Mattson JD, Basham B, Smith K, Chen T, Morel F, Lecron JC, Kastelein RA, Cua DJ, McClanahan TK, Bowman EP, de Waal Malefyt R (2007) Development, cytokine profile and function of human interleukin 17-producing helper T cells. Nat Immunol 8:950-957.
217. Yu YW, Tsai SJ, Chen TJ, Lin CH, Hong CJ (2002) Association study of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism and symptomatology and antidepressant response in major depressive disorders. Mol Psychiatry 7:1115-1119.
218. Zhou X, Bailey-Bucktrout S, Jeker LT, Bluestone JA (2009) Plasticity of CD4(+) FoxP3(+) T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 21:281-285.
219. Zhu CB, Blakely RD, Hewlett WA (2006) The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha activate serotonin transporters. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2121-2131.
220. Zhu CB, Lindler KM, Owens AW, Daws LC, Blakely RD, Hewlett WA (2010) Interleukin-1 receptor activation by systemic lipopolysaccharide induces behavioral despair linked to MAPK regulation of CNS serotonin transporters. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:2510-2520.
221. Zhu J, Yamane H, Paul WE (2010) Differentiation of effector CD4 T cell populations (&z.ast;). Annu Rev Immunol 28:445-489.
222. Zimmermann P, Bruckl T, Nocon A, Pfister H, Binder EB, Uhr M, Lieb R, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Holsboer F, Ising M (2011) Interaction of FKBP5 gene variants and adverse life events in predicting depression onset: results from a 10-year prospective community study. Am J Psychiatry 168:1107-1116.
223. Zorrilla EP, Luborsky L, McKay JR, Rosenthal R, Houldin A, Tax A, McCorkle R, Seligman DA, Schmidt K (2001) The relationship of depression and stressors to immunological assays: a metaanalytic review. Brain Behav Immun 15:199-226.
224. Zunszain PA, Anacker C, Cattaneo A, Choudhury S, Musaelyan K, Myint AM, Thuret S, Price J, Pariante CM (2012) Interleukin-1beta: a new regulator of the kynurenine pathway affecting human hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:939-949.