Proteins and Pigments

Seaweed in Health and Disease Prevention

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 275-318

  Dumay, J ^a   Morancais M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES   (France)

Author keywords

Amino acid; Extraction; Pigment; Protein; Seaweed

Indexed keywords

EID: 84969651377     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-802772-1.00009-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (180)

1. Agrawal, S.B., 1992. Effects of supplemental U.V.-B radiation on photosynthetic pigment, protein and glutathione contents in green algae. Environ. Exp. Bot. 32, 137-143.
2. Amano, H., Noda, H., 1990. Proteins of protoplasts from red alga Porphyra yezoensis. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 56, 1859-1864.
3. Apt, K.E., Collier, J.L., Grossman, A.R., 1995. Evolution of the phycobiliproteins. J. Mol. Biol. 248, 79-96.
4. Augier, H., Santimone, M., 1978. Contribution à l'étude de la composition en azote total, en protéines et en acides aminés protéiniques des différentes parties du thalle de Laminaria digitata (Huds.) Lamour. dans le cadre de son exploitation industrielle et agricole. Bull. Soc. Phyc. Fr. 19-28.
5. Ayala, G.A., Kamat, S., Beckman, E.J., Russell, A.J., 1992. Protein extraction and activity in reverse micelles of a nonionic detergent. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 39, 806-814.
6. Baghel, R., Kumari, P., Reddy, C.R.K., Jha, B., 2014. Growth, pigments, and biochemical composition of marine red alga Gracilaria crassa. J. Appl. Phycol. 26, 2143-2150.
7. Bald, D., Kruip, J., Rögner, M., 1996. Supramolecular architecture of cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes: how is the phycobilisome connected with the photosystems? Photosynth. Res. 49, 103-118.
8. Barbarino, E., Lourenço, S., 2005. An evaluation of methods for extraction and quantification of protein from marine macro-and microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 17, 447-460.
9. Barufi, J.B., Figueroa, F.L., Plastino, E.M., 2015. Effects of light quality on reproduction, growth and pigment content of Gracilaria birdiae (Rhodophyta: Gracilariales). Sci. Mar. 79, 15-24.
10. Bedoux, G., Hardouin, K., Burlot, A.S., Bourgougnon, N., 2014. Bioactive components from seaweeds: cosmetic applications and future development. In: Bourgougnon, N. (Ed.), Advances in Botanical Research. Academic Press, pp. 345-378 (Chapter 12).
11. Beer, S., Eshel, A., 1985. Determining phycoerythrin and phycocyanin concentrations in aqueous crude extracts of red algae. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 36, 785-793.
12. Bennett, A., Borogad, L., 1973. Complementary chromatic adaptation in a filamentous blue-green alga. J. Cell Biol. 58, 419-435.
13. Benvegnu, T., Plusquellec, D., Lemiègre, L., 2008. Surfactants from renewable sources: synthesis and applications. In: Gandini, M.N.B. (Ed.), Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 153-178 (Chapter 7).
14. Bermejo, R., Acien, F.G., Ibanez, M.J., Fernandez, J.M., Molina, E., Alvarez-Pez, J.M., 2003. Preparative purification of B-phycoerythrin from the microalga Porphyridium cruentum by expanded-bed adsorption chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 790, 317-325.
15. Bermejo, R., Ruiz, E., Acien, F.G., 2007. Recovery of B-phycoerythrin using expanded bed adsorption chromatography: scale-up of the process. Enzym. Microb. Technol. 40, 927-933.
16. Bernardeau-Esteller, J., Ruiz, J.M., Tomas, F., Sandoval-Gil, J.M., Marín-Guirao, L., 2015. Photoacclimation of Caulerpa cylindracea: light as a limiting factor in the invasion of native Mediterranean seagrass meadows. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 465, 130-141.
17. Betancor, S., Domínguez, B., Tuya, F., Figueroa, F.L., Haroun, R., 2015. Photosynthetic performance and photoprotection of Cystoseira humilis (Phaeophyceae) and Digenea simplex (Rhodophyceae) in an intertidal rock pool. Aquat. Bot. 121, 16-25.
18. Betancor, S., Tuya, F., Gil-Díaz, T., Figueroa, F.L., Haroun, R., 2014. Effects of a submarine eruption on the performance of two brown seaweeds. J. Sea Res. 87, 68-78.
19. Bianchi, T.S., Kautsky, L., Argyrou, M., 1997. Dominant chlorophylls and carotenoids in macroalgae of the Baltic sea (Baltic proper): their use as potential biomarkers. Sarsia 82, 55-62.
20. Bogorad, L., 1975. Phycobiliproteins and complementary chromatic adaptation. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 26, 369-401.
21. Brown, S.B., Holroyd, A., Vernon, D.I., 1984. Biosynthesis of phycobiliproteins. Incorporation of biliverdin into phycocyanin of the red alga Cyanidium caldarium. J. Biochem. 219, 905-909.
22. Bryant, D.A., 1982. Phycoerythrocyanin and phycoerythrin: properties and occurrence in cyanobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 128, 835-844.
23. Carnicas, E., Jiménez, C., Niell, F.X., 1999. Effects of changes of irradiance on the pigment composition of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui Zhang et Xia. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 50, 149-158.
24. Castro-Puyana, M., Herrero, M., Mendiola, J.A., Ibáñez, E., 2013. Subcritical water extraction of bioactive components from algae. In: Domínguez, H. (Ed.), Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 534-560 (Chapter 16).
25. Chuner, C., Chunxia, L., Shuxian, W., Qing, W., Ziye, G., Peimin, H., 2012. Large scale preparation of phycobiliproteins from Porphyra yezoensis using co-precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Nat. Sci. 4, 536-543.
26. Cian, R.E., Martínez-Augustin, O., Drago, S.R., 2012. Bioactive properties of peptides obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis from protein byproducts of Porphyra columbina. Food Res. Int. 49, 364-372.
27. Conde, E., Balboa, E.M., Parada, M., Falqué, E., 2013. Algal proteins, peptides and amino acids. In: Domínguez, H. (Ed.), Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 135-180 (Chapter 4).
28. D'Agnolo, E., Rizzo, R., Paoletti, S., Murano, E., 1994. R-phycoerythrin from the red alga Gracilaria longa. Phytochemistry 35, 693-696.
29. Dawczynski, C., Schubert, R., Jahreis, G., 2007. Amino acids, fatty acids, and dietary fibre in edible seaweed products. Food Chem. 103, 891-899.
30. Dawes, C.J., Orduna-Rojas, J., Robledo, D., 1999. Response of the tropical red seaweed Gracilaria cornea to temperature, salinity and irradiance. J. Appl. Phycol. 10, 419-425.
31. Denis, C., Massé, A., Fleurence, J., Jaouen, P., 2009. Concentration and pre-purification with ultrafiltration of a R-phycoerythrin solution extracted from macro-algae Grateloupia turuturu: process definition and up-scaling. Sep. Purif. Technol. 69, 37-42.
32. Denis, C., Morançais, M., Li, M., Deniaud, E., Gaudin, P., Wielgosz-Collin, G., Barnathan, G., Jaouen, P., Fleurence, J., 2010. Study of the chemical composition of edible red macroalgae Grateloupia turuturu from Brittany (France). Food Chem. 119, 913-917.
33. Domínguez-González, R., Moreda-Piñeiro, A., Bermejo-Barrera, A., Bermejo-Barrera, P., 2005. Application of ultrasound-assisted acid leaching procedures for major and trace elements determination in edible seaweed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Talanta 66, 937-942.
34. Ducret, A., Müller, S.A., Goldie, K.N., Hefti, A., Sidler, W.A., Zuber, H., Engel, A., 1998. Reconstitution, characterisation and mass analysis of the pentacylindrical allophycocyanin core complex from the cyanobacterium Anabaena s. PCC 7120. J. Mol. Biol. 278, 369-388.
35. Dumay, J., Clément, N., Morançais, M., Fleurence, J., 2013. Optimization of hydrolysis conditions of Palmaria palmata to enhance R-phycoerythrin extraction. Bioresour. Technol. 131, 21-27.
36. Dumay, J., Morançais, M., Munier, M., Le Guillard, C., Fleurence, J., 2014. phycoerythrins: valuable proteinic pigments in red seaweeds. In: Bourgougnon, N. (Ed.), Advances in Botanical Research. Academic Press, pp. 321-343 (Chapter 11).
37. Faïd, F., Contamine, F., Wilhelm, A.M., Delmas, H., 1998. Comparison of ultrasound effects in different reactors at 20 kHz. Ultrason. Sonochem. 5, 119-124.
38. FAO, 2015. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department-Online Query Panel.
39. Fleurence, J., 2004. Seaweed proteins. In: Yada, R.Y. (Ed.), Proteins in Food Processing. CRC press, pp. 197-211.
40. Fleurence, J., 1999. The enzymatic degradation of algal cell walls: a useful approach for improving protein accessibility? J. Appl. Phycol. 11, 313-314.
41. Fleurence, J., Guyader, O., 1995. Contribution of electrophoresis of red seaweeds (Gracilaria sp.) used as food ingredients. Sci. Aliments 15, 43-48.
42. Fleurence, J., Chenard, E., Luçcon, M., 1999. Determination of the nutritional value of proteins obtained from Ulva armoricana. J. Appl. Phycol. 11, 231-239.
43. Fleurence, J., Le Coeur, C., Mabeau, S., Maurice, M., Landrein, A., 1995a. Comparison of different extractive procedures for proteins from the edible seaweeds Ulva rigida and Ulva rotundata. J. Appl. Phycol. 7, 577-582.
44. Fleurence, J., Massiani, L., Guyader, O., Mabeau, S., 1995b. Use of enzymatic cell wall degradation for improvement of protein extraction from Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria verrucosa and Palmaria palmata. J. Appl. Phycol. 7, 393-397.
45. Francavilla, M., Franchi, M., Monteleone, M., Caroppo, C., 2013. The red seaweed Gracilaria gracilis as a multi products source. Mar. Drugs 11, 3754-3776.
46. Francavilla, M., Manara, P., Kamaterou, P., Monteleone, M., Zabaniotou, A., 2015. Cascade approach of red macroalgae Gracilaria gracilis sustainable valorization by extraction of phycobiliproteins and pyrolysis of residue. Bioresour. Technol. 184, 305-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.147.
47. Fujiwara-Arasaki, T., Mino, N., Kuroda, M., 1984. The protein value in human nutrition of edible marine algae in Japan. Hydrobiologia 116-117, 513-516.
48. Galland-Irmouli, A.V., Fleurence, J., Lamghari, R., Luçon, M., Rouxel, C., Barbaroux, O., Bronowicki, J.P., Villaume, C., Guéant, J.-L., 1999. Nutritional value of proteins from edible seaweed Palmaria palmata (Dulse). J. Nutr. Biochem. 10, 353-359.
49. Galland-Irmouli, A.V., Pons, L., Luçon, M., Villaume, C., Mrabet, N.T., Guéant, J.-L., Fleurence, J., 2000. One-step purification of R-phycoerythrin from the red macroalga Palmaria palmata using preparative polyacylamide gel electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. B 739, 117-123.
50. Gantt, E., 1980. Structure and function of phycobilisomes: light harvesting pigment complexes in red and blue-green algae. In: Bourne, G.H., Danielli, J.F., Jeon, K.W. (Eds.), International Review of Cytology. Academic Press, pp. 45-80.
51. Gantt, E., Conti, S.F., 1966. Granules associated with the choloroplast lamellae of Porphyridium cruentum. J. Cell Biol. 29, 423-434.
52. Gantt, E., Cunningham Jr., F., 2001. Algal pigments. In: Encyclopedia of Life of Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1-5.
53. Gantt, E., Lipschultz, C.A., 1974. Phycobilisomes of Porphyridium cruentum. Pigment analysis. Biochemistry (Mosc.) 13, 2960-2966.
54. García-Bueno, N., Decottignies, P., Turpin, V., Dumay, J., Paillard, C., Stiger-Pouvreau, V., Kervarec, N., Pouchus, Y.-F., Marín-Atucha, A.A., Fleurence, J., 2014. Seasonal antibacterial activity of two red seaweeds, Palmaria palmata and Grateloupia turuturu, on European abalone pathogen Vibrio harveyi. Aquat. Living Resour. 27, 83-89.
55. García-Sánchez, M., Korbee, N., Pérez-Ruzafa, I.M., Marcos, C., Figueroa, F.L., Pérez-Ruzafa, Á., 2014. Living in a coastal lagoon environment: photosynthetic and biochemical mechanisms of key marine macroalgae. Mar. Environ. Res. 101, 8-21.
56. Getachew, P., Hannan, M.A., Nam, B.-H., Cho, J.-Y., Hong, Y.-K., 2014. Induced changes in the proteomic profile of the phaeophyte Saccharina japonica upon colonization by the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. J. Appl. Phycol. 26, 657-664.
57. Giddings, T.H., Wasmann, C., Staehelin, L.A., 1983. Structure of the thylakoids and envelope membranes of the cyanelles of Cyanophora paradoxa. Plant Physiol. 71, 409-419.
58. Glazer, A., 1994. Phycobiliproteins-a family of valuable, widely used fluorophores. J. Appl. Phycol. 6, 105-112.
59. Glazer, A.N., 1989. Light guides. Directional energy transfer in a photosynthetic antenna. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 1-4.
60. Glazer, A.N., 1988. Phycobiliproteins. In: Lester Packer, A.N.G. (Ed.), Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press, pp. 291-303 (Chapter 31).
61. Glazer, A.N., 1985. Light harvesting by phycobilisomes. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 14, 47-77.
62. Glazer, A.N., 1984. Phycobilisome a macromolecular complex optimized for light energy transfer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA-Rev. Bioenerg. 768, 29-51.
63. Glazer, A.N., Hixson, C.S., 1977. Subunit structure and chromophore composition of rhodophytan phycoerythrins. Porphyridium cruentum B-phycoerythrin and b-phycoerythrin. J. Biol. Chem. 252, 32-42.
64. Glazer, A.N., Apell, G.S., Hixson, C.S., Bryant, D.A., Rimon, S., Brown, D.M., 1976. Biliproteins of cyanobacteria and Rhodophyta: homologous family of photosynthetic accessory pigments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 428-431.
65. Gressler, V., Fujii, M.T., Martins, A.P., Colepicolo, P., Mancini-Filho, J., Pinto, E., 2011. Biochemical composition of two red seaweed species grown on the Brazilian coast. J. Sci. Food Agric. 91, 1687-1692.
66. Grobe, C.W., Murphy, T.M., 1998. Solar ultraviolet-B radiation effects on growth and pigment composition of the intertidal alga Ulva expansa (Setch.) S. & G. (Chlorophyta). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 225, 39-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00210-4.
67. Hahn, T., Lang, S., Ulber, R., Muffler, K., 2012. Novel procedures for the extraction of fucoidan from brown algae. Process. Biochem. 47, 1691-1698.
68. Hardouin, K., Bedoux, G., Burlot, A.-S., Nyvall-Collén, P., Bourgougnon, N., 2014a. Enzymatic recovery of metabolites from seaweeds: potential applications. In: Bourgougnon, N. (Ed.), Advances in Botanical Research. Academic Press, pp. 279-320 (Chapter 10).
69. Hardouin, K., Burlot, A.-S., Umami, A., Tanniou, A., Stiger-Pouvreau, V., Widowati, I., Bedoux, G., Bourgougnon, N., 2014b. Biochemical and antiviral activities of enzymatic hydrolysates from different invasive French seaweeds. J. Appl. Phycol. 26, 1029-1042.
70. Harnedy, P., FitzGerald, R., 2013. Invitro assessment of the cardioprotective, anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential of Palmaria palmata protein hydrolysates. J. Appl. Phycol. 25, 1793-1803.
71. Haryatfrehni, R., Dewi, S.C., Meilianda, A., Rahmawati, S., Sari, I.Z.R., 2015. Preliminary study the potency of macroalgae in Yogyakarta: extraction and analysis of algal pigments from common Gunungkidul seaweeds. In: 2nd Humboldt Koll. Conjunction Int. Conf. Nat. Sci. 2014 HK-ICONS 2014, vol. 14, pp. 373-380.
72. Hegazi, M.M., Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Almela, L., Candela, M.-E., 1998. Separation and identification of chlorophylls and carotenoids from Caulerpa prolifera, Jania rubens and Padina pavonica by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 829, 153-159.
73. Hilditch, C.M., Balding, P., Jenkins, R., Smith, A.J., Rogers, L.J., 1991. R-Phycoerythrin from the macroalga Corallina officinalis (Rhodophyceae) and application of a derived phycofluor probe for detecting sugar-binding sites on cell membranes. J. Appl. Phycol. 3, 345-354.
74. Holdt, S., Kraan, S., 2011. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. J. Appl. Phycol. 23, 543-597.
75. Hong, D.D., Hien, H.M., Son, P.N., 2007. Effect of irradiation on the protein profile, protein content, and quality of agar from Gracilaria asiatica Zhang et Xia (Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 19, 809-815.
76. Houdon, A.-C., Gueudet, A., 2014. Evaluation du gisement potentiel de ressources algales pour l'énergie et la chimie en France à l'horizon 2030. ADEME.
77. Hupel, M., Lecointre, C., Meudec, A., Poupart, N., Gall, E.A., 2011. Comparison of photoprotective responses to UV radiation in the brown seaweed Pelvetia canaliculata and the marine angiosperm Salicornia ramosissima. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 401, 36-47.
78. Indrawati, R., Sukowijoyo, H., Indriatmoko, Wijayanti, R.D.E., Limantara, L., 2015. Encapsulation of brown seaweed pigment by freeze drying: characterization and its stability during storage. In: 2nd Humboldt Koll. Conjunction Int. Conf. Nat. Sci. 2014 HK-ICONS 2014, vol. 14, pp. 353-360.
79. Indriatmoko, H., Limantara, L., Brotosudarmo, T.H.P., 2015. Composition of photosynthetic pigments in a red alga Kappaphycus alvarezi cultivated in different depths. In: 2nd Humboldt Koll. Conjunction Int. Conf. Nat. Sci. 2014 HK-ICONS 2014, vol. 14, pp. 193-201.
80. Jansson, S., Pichersky, E., Bassi, R., Green, B., Ikeuchi, M., Melis, A., Simpson, D., Spangfort, M., Staehelin, L.A., Thornber, J.P., 1992. A nomenclature for the genes encoding the chlorophylla/b-binding proteins of higher plants. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 10, 242-253.
81. Jeffrey, S.W., 1972. Preparation and some properties of crystalline chlorophylls c1 and c2 from marine algae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 279, 15-33.
82. Jeffrey, S.W., Humphrey, G.F., 1975. New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytopancton. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz 191-194.
83. Jeffrey, S.W., Mantoura, R.F.C., Bjornland, T., 1997. Data for the identification of 47 key phytoplankton pigments. In: Jeffrey, S.W., Mantoura, R.F.C., Wright, S.W. (Eds.), Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography.
84. Jones, D.B., 1931. Factor for Converting Percentages of Nitrogen in Foods and Feeds into Percentages of Proteins. USDA Circ, pp. 1-22.
85. Jung, K.A., Lim, S.-R., Kim, Y., Park, J.M., 2013. Potentials of macroalgae as feedstocks for biorefinery. Biorefineries 135, 182-190.
86. Kadam, S.U., Tiwari, B.K., O'Donnell, C.P., 2015a. Effect of ultrasound pre-treatment on the drying kinetics of brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. Ultrason. Sonochem. 23, 302-307.
87. Kadam, S.U., Tiwari, B.K., Smyth, T.J., O'Donnell, C.P., 2015b. Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive components from brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum using response surface methodology. Ultrason. Sonochem. 23, 308-316.
88. Kadam, S.U., Tiwari, B.K., O'Donnell, C.P., 2013. Application of novel extraction technologies for bioactives from marine algae. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61, 4667-4675.
89. Kaixian, Q., Franklin, M., Borowitzka, M.A., 1993. The study for isolation and purification of R-phycoerythrin from a red alga. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 43, 133-139.
90. Kawakubo, A., Makino, H., Ohnishi, J., Hirohara, H., Hori, K., 1997. The marine red alga Eucheuma serra J. Agardh, a high yielding source of two isolectins. J. Appl. Phycol. 9, 331-338.
91. Kawsar, S., Fujii, Y., Matsumoto, R., Yasumitsu, H., Ozeki, Y., 2011. Protein R-phycoerythrin from marine red alga Amphiroa anceps: extraction, purification and characterization. Phytol. Balc. 17, 347-354.
92. Ke, B., 2001. Photosynthesis Photobiochemistry and Photobiophysics, Advances in Photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
93. Khairy, H.M., El-Sheikh, M.A., 2015. Antioxidant activity and mineral composition of three Mediterranean common seaweeds from Abu-Qir Bay, Egypt. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 22 (5), 623-630.
94. Kraan, S., 2013. Pigments and minor compounds in algae. In: Domínguez, H. (Ed.), Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 205-251 (Chapter 6).
95. Kumar, N., Kumar, R.N., Bora, A., Kaur Amb, M., Chakraborthy, S., 2009. An evaluation of the pigment composition of eighteen marine macroalgae collected from Okha coast Gulf of Kutch, India. Our Nat. 7, 48-55.
96. Kumar, P., Ramakritinan, C.M., Kumaraguru, A.K., 2010. Solvent extraction and spectrophotometric determination of pigments of some algal species from the shore of Puthumadam, Southeast coast of India. Int. J. Oceans Oceanogr. 4, 29-34.
97. Kumar, S., Sahoo, D., Levine, I., 2015. Assessment of nutritional value in a brown seaweed Sargassum wightii and their seasonal variations. Algal Res. 9, 117-125.
98. Kursar, T.A., Vander, M.J., Alberte, R.S., 1983. Light-harvesting system of the red alga Gracilaria tikvahiae. I Biochemical analysis of pigment mutations. Plant Physiol. 73, 353-360.
99. Lahaye, M., Vigouroux, J., 1992. Liquefaction of dulse (Palmaria palmata (L.) Kuntze) by a commercial enzyme preparation and a purified endo-b-1,4-d-xylanase. J. Appl. Phycol. 4, 329-337.
100. Lee, S.-H., Kang, M.-C., Jeon, B.-T., Jeon, Y.-J., 2013. Potential use of ultrasound in antioxidant extraction from Ecklonia cava. Algae 371-378.
101. Liu, L.-N., Chen, X.-L., Zhang, X.-Y., Zhang, Y.-Z., Zhou, B.-C., 2005. One-step chromatography method for efficient separation and purification of R-phycoerythrin from Polysiphonia urceolata. J. Biotechnol. 116, 91-100.
102. Lourenço, S.O., Barbarino, E., De-Paula, J.C., Pereira, L.O.da S., Marquez, U.M.L., 2002. Amino acid composition, protein content and calculation of nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for 19 tropical seaweeds. Phycol. Res. 50, 233-241.
103. MacColl, R., 1998. Cyanobacterial phycobilisomes. J. Struct. Biol. 124, 311-334.
104. Marinho-Soriano, E., Fonseca, P.C., Carneiro, M.A.A., Moreira, W.S.C., 2006. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of two tropical seaweeds. Bioresour. Technol. 97, 2402-2406.
105. Marsham, S., Scott, G.W., Tobin, M.L., 2007. Comparison of nutritive chemistry of a range of temperate seaweeds. Food Chem. 100, 1331-1336.
106. McHugh, D.J., 2003. A Guide to the Seaweed Industry. FAO. Technical Paper ed.
107. Meireles, M.A.A., 2013. 17-Supercritical CO2 extraction of bioactive components from algae. In: Domínguez, H. (Ed.), Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 561-584.
108. Mendes, L., Vale, L.S., Martins, A., Yokoya, N., Marinho-Soriano, E., Colepicolo, P., 2012. Influence of temperature, light and nutrients on the growth rates of the macroalga Gracilaria domingensis in synthetic seawater using experimental design. J. Appl. Phycol. 24, 1419-1426.
109. Mensi, F., Ksouri, J., Hammami, W., Romdhane, M.S., 2009. L'algue rouge Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss de la lagune de Bizerte (Tunisie septentrionale): essai de culture en mode suspendu et composition biochimique. Bull. Inst. Natn. Tech. Mer Salammbo 36, 125-137.
110. Michalak, I., Chojnacka, K., 2015. Algae as production systems of bioactive compounds. Eng. Life Sci. 15, 160-176.
111. Michalak, I., Chojnacka, K., 2014. Algal extracts: technology and advances. Eng. Life Sci. 14, 581-591.
112. Mišurcová, L., Buňka, F., Vávra Ambrožová, J., Machů, L., Samek, D., Kráčmar, S., 2014. Amino acid composition of algal products and its contribution to RDI. Food Chem. 151, 120-125.
113. Morais, S., 2013. Ultrasonic-and microwave-assisted extraction and modification of algal components. In: Domínguez, H. (Ed.), Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 585-605 (Chapter 18).
114. Morgan, K.C., Wright, J.L.C., Simpson, F.J., 1980. Review of chemical constituents of the red alga Palmaria palmata (Dulse). Econ. Bot. 34, 27-50.
115. Munier, M., Dumay, J., Morançais, M., Jaouen, P., Fleurence, J., 2013. Variation in the biochemical composition of the edible seaweed Grateloupia turuturu Yamada harvested from two sampling sites on the Brittany coast (France): the influence of storage method on the extraction of the seaweed pigment R-phycoerythrin. J. Chem. 2013.
116. Munier, M., Morançais, M., Dumay, J., Jaouen, P., Fleurence, J., 2015. One-step purification of R-phycoerythrin from the red edible seaweed Grateloupia turuturu. J. Chromatogr. B 2013 sous presse.
117. Nakamura, H., Kobayashi, J., Hirata, Y., 1982. Separation of mycosporine-like amino acids in marine organisms using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 250, 113-118.
118. Niu, J.-F., Wang, G.-C., Tseng, C.-K., 2006. Method for large-scale isolation and purification of R-phycoerythrin from red alga Polysiphonia urceolata Grev. Protein Expr. Purif. 49, 23-31.
119. Niu, J.-F., Xu, M., Wang, G., Zhang, K., Peng, G., 2013. Comprehensive extraction of agar and R-phycoerythrin from Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). Indian J. Geo Mar. Sci. 42, 21-28.
120. Norziah, M.H., Ching, C.Y., 2000. Nutritional composition of edible seaweed Gracilaria changgi. Food Chem. 68, 69-76.
121. Ortiz, J., Romero, N., Robert, P., Araya, J., Lopez-Hernández, J., Bozzo, C., Navarrete, E., Osorio, A., Rios, A., 2006. Dietary fiber, amino acid, fatty acid and tocopherol contents of the edible seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Durvillaea antarctica. Food Chem. 99, 98-104.
122. Oyieke, H.A., Kokwaro, J.O., 1993. Seasonality of some species of Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Kenya. J. Appl. Phycol. 5, 123-124.
123. Patarra, R., Paiva, L., Neto, A., Lima, E., Baptista, J., 2011. Nutritional value of selected macroalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 23, 205-208.
124. Paul, N., Neveux, N., Magnusson, M., De Nys, R., 2014. Comparative production and nutritional value of sea grapes-the tropical green seaweeds Caulerpa lentillifera and C. racemosa. J. Appl. Phycol. 26, 1833-1844.
125. Peckol, P., Ramus, J., 1988. Abundances and physiological properties of deep-water seaweeds from Carolina outer continental shelf. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 115, 25-39.
126. Peinado, I., Girón, J., Koutsidis, G., Ames, J.M., 2014. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation of five different species of brown edible seaweeds. Food Res. Int. 66, 36-44.
127. Peña-Farfal, C., Moreda-Piñeiro, A., Bermejo-Barrera, A., Bermejo-Barrera, P., Pinochet-Cancino, H., Gregori-Henríquez, I.de., 2005. Speeding up enzymatic hydrolysis procedures for the multi-element determination in edible seaweed. Anal. Chim. Acta 548, 183-191.
128. Peña-Rodríguez, A., Mawhinney, T.P., Ricque-Marie, D., Cruz-Suárez, L.E., 2011. Chemical composition of cultivated seaweed Ulva clathrata (Roth) C. Agardh. Food Chem. 129, 491-498.
129. Pereira, L.C.C., da Silva, N.I.S., da Costa, R.M., Asp, N.E., da Costa, K.G., Vila-Concejo, A., 2012. Seasonal changes in oceanographic processes at an equatorial macrotidal beach in northern Brazil. Cont. Shelf Res. 43, 95-106.
130. Pérez-López, P., Balboa, E.M., González-García, S., Domínguez, H., Feijoo, G., Moreira, M.T., 2014. Comparative environmental assessment of valorization strategies of the invasive macroalgae Sargassum muticum. Bioresour. Technol. 161, 137-148.
131. Pina, A.L., Costa, A.R., Lage-Yusty, M.A., López-Hernández, J., 2014. An evaluation of edible red seaweed (Chondrus crispus) components and their modification during the cooking process. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 56, 175-180.
132. Punín Crespo, M.O., Cam, D., Gagni, S., Lombardi, N., Lage Yusty, M.A., 2006. Extraction of hydrocarbons from seaweed samples using sonication and microwave-assisted extraction: a comparative study. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 44, 615-618.
133. Puri, M., Sharma, D., Barrow, C.J., 2012. Enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactives from plants. Trends Biotechnol. 30, 37-44.
134. Rajauria, G., Abu-Ghannam, N., 2013. Isolation and partial characterization of bioactive fucoxanthin from Himanthalia elongata brown seaweed: a TLC-based approach. Int. J. Anal. Chem. 1-6.
135. Rani, G., 2007. Changes in protein profile and amino acids in Cladophora vagabunda (Chlorophyceae) in response to salinity stress. J. Appl. Phycol. 19, 803-807.
136. Renaud, S., Luong-Van, J., 2006. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of tropical Australian marine macroalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 18, 381-387.
137. Ritchie, R.J., 2008. Universal chlorophyll equations for estimating chlorophylls a, b, c and d and total chlorophylls in natural assemblages of photosynthetic organisms using aetone, methanol, or ethanol solvents. Photosynthetica 46, 115-126.
138. Rodrigues, D., Freitas, A.C., Pereira, L., Rocha-Santos, T.A.P., Vasconcelos, M.W., Roriz, M., Rodríguez-Alcalá, L.M., Gomes, A.M.P., Duarte, A.C., 2015a. Chemical composition of red, brown and green macroalgae from Buarcos bay in Central West Coast of Portugal. Food Chem. 183, 197-207.
139. Rodrigues, D., Sousa, S., Silva, A., Amorim, M., Pereira, L., Rocha-Santos, T.A.P., Gomes, A.M.P., Duarte, A.C., Freitas, A.C., 2015b. Impact of enzyme-and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods on biological properties of red, brown, and green seaweeds from the central west coast of Portugal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63, 3177-3188.
140. Rodriguez-Jasso, R.M., Mussatto, S.I., Pastrana, L., Aguilar, C.N., Teixeira, J.A., 2011. Microwave-assisted extraction of sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidan) from brown seaweed. Carbohydr. Polym. 86, 1137-1144.
141. Rodríguez-Montesinos, Y.E., Arvizu-Higuera, D.L., Hernández-Carmona, G., 2008. Seasonal variation on size and chemical constituents of Sargassum sinicola Setchell et Gardner from Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Phycol. Res. 56, 33-38.
142. Rosen, G., Langdon, C.J., Evans, F., 2000. The nutritional value of Palmaria mollis cultured under different light intensities and water exchange rates for juvenile red abalone Haliotis rufescens. Aquaculture 185, 121-136.
143. Rossano, R., Ungano, N., D'Ambrosio, A., Liuzzi, G.M., Riccio, P., 2003. Extracting and purifying R-phycoreythrin from Mediterranean red algae Corallina elongata Ellis & Solander. J. Biotechnol. 101, 289-293.
144. Rouxel, C., Bonnabeze, E., Daniel, A., Jérôme, M., Etienne, M., Fleurence, J., 2001. Identification by SDS PAGE of green seaweeds (Ulva and Enteromorpha) used in the food industry. J. Appl. Phycol. 13, 215-218.
145. Rowan, K.S., 1989. Photoynthetic Pigments of Algae. Cambridge University Press ed.
146. Sakthivel, R., Pandima Devi, K., 2015. Evaluation of physicochemical properties, proximate and nutritional composition of Gracilaria edulis collected from Palk Bay. Food Chem. 174, 68-74.
147. Sampath-Wiley, P., Neefus, C., 2007. An improved method for estimating R-phycoerythrin and R-phycocyanin contents from crude aqueous extracts of Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 19, 123-129.
148. Sampath-Wiley, P., Neefus, C.D., Jahnke, L.S., 2008. Seasonal effects of sun exposure and emersion on intertidal seaweed physiology: fluctuations in antioxidant contents, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic efficiency in the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing (Rhodophyta, Bangiales). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 361, 83-91.
149. Scheer, H., 2003. The pigments. In: Ligh-Harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis. Green and Parsons, pp. 29-81.
150. Schmidt, É.C., dos Santos, R., Horta, P.A., Maraschin, M., Bouzon, Z.L., 2010. Effects of UVB radiation on the agarophyte Gracilaria domingensis (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales): changes in cell organization, growth and photosynthetic performance. Micron 41, 919-930.
151. Schmidt, É.C., Pereira, B., dos Santos, R.W., Gouveia, C., Costa, G.B., Faria, G.S.M., Scherner, F., Horta, P.A., de Paula Martins, R., Latini, A., Ramlov, F., Maraschin, M., Bouzon, Z.L., 2012. Responses of the macroalgae Hypnea musciformis after invitro exposure to UV-B. Aquat. Bot. 100, 8-17.
152. Selber, K., Collén, A., Hyytiä, T., Penttilä, M., Tjerneld, F., Kula, M.-R., 2001. Parameters influencing protein extraction for whole broths in detergent based aqueous two-phase systems. Bioseparation 10, 229-236.
153. Senthilkumar, N., Suresh, V., Thangam, R., Kurinjimalar, C., Kavitha, G., Murugan, P., Kannan, S., Rengasamy, R., 2013. Isolation and characterization of macromolecular protein R-phycoerythrin from Portieria hornemannii. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 55, 150-160.
154. Shuuluka, D., Bolton, J., Anderson, R., 2013. Protein content, amino acid composition and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors of Ulva rigida and Ulva capensis from natural populations and Ulva lactuca from an aquaculture system, in South Africa. J. Appl. Phycol. 25, 677-685.
155. Siegelman, H.W., Kycia, J.H., 1978. In: Hellebust, J., Craigie, J.S. (Eds.), Algal Biliproteins. Cambridge Univ Pres, Cambridge, pp. 71-79.
156. Smith, D.G., Young, E.G., 1955. The combined amino acids in several species of marine algae. J. Biol. Chem. 217, 845-854.
157. Sun, L., Wang, S., Gong, X., Chen, L., 2004. A rod-linker-contained R-phycoerythrin complex from the intact phycobilisome of the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 76, 1-11.
158. Sun, L., Wang, S., Gong, X., Zhao, M., Fu, X., Wang, L., 2009. Isolation, purification and characteristics of R-phycoerythrin from a marine macroalga Heterosiphonia japonica. Protein Expr. Purif. 64, 146-154.
159. Syad, A.N., Shunmugiah, K.P., Kasi, P.D., 2013. Seaweeds as nutritional supplements: analysis of nutritional profile, physicochemical properties and proximate composition of G. acerosa and S. wightii. Biomed. Prev. Nutr. 3, 139-144.
160. Taboada, C., Millan, R., Miguez, I., 2013. Evaluation of marine algae Undaria pinnatifida and Porphyra purpurea as a food supplement: composition, nutritional value and effect of intake on intestinal, hepatic and renal enzyme activities in rats. J. Sci. Food Agric. 93, 1863-1868.
161. Takaichi, S., 2011. Carotenoids in algae: distributions, biosyntheses and functions. Mar. Drugs 9, 1101-1118.
162. Tandeau de Marsac, N., Cohen-bazire, G., 1977. Molecular composition of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74, 1635-1639.
163. Torres, P., Chow, F., 2015. Growth and photosynthetic pigments of Gracilariopsis tenuifrons (Rhodophyta, Gracilariaceae) under high light invitro cuture. J. Appl. Phycol. 27, 11243-11251.
164. Valente, L.M.P., Gouveia, A., Rema, P., Matos, J., Gomes, E.F., Pinto, I.S., 2006. Evaluation of three seaweeds Gracilaria bursa-pastoris, Ulva rigida and Gracilaria cornea as dietary ingredients in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Seaweed Based Integr. Maric. 252, 85-91.
165. Van der Spiegel, M., Noordam, M.Y., van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., 2013. Safety of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative aspects for their application in food and feed production. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 12, 662-678.
166. Varela-Álvarez, E., Stengel, D.B., Guiry, M.D., 2007. Seasonal growth and phenotypic variation in Porphyra linearis (Rhodophyta) populations on the west coast of Ireland. J. Phycol. 43, 90-100.
167. Viera, M.P., Gómez Pinchetti, J.L., Courtois de Vicose, G., Bilbao, A., Suárez, S., Haroun, R.J., Izquierdo, M.S., 2005. Suitability of three red macroalgae as a feed for the abalone Haliotis tuberculata coccinea Reeve. In: Fish Nutr. Feed. Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Nutr. Feed. Fish Organ. Dep. Fish. Thail. Held Phuket Isl. Thail. 2-7 May 2004 Int. Symp. Nutr. Feed. Fish, vol. 248, pp. 75-82.
168. Wang, G., 2002. Isolation and purification of phycoerythrin from red alga Gracilaria verrucosa by expanded-bed-adsorption and ion-exchange chromatography. Chromatographia 56, 509-513.
169. Wang, G., Zhou, B., Zeng, C., 1998. Isolation, properties and spatial site analysis of γ subunits of B-phycoerythrin and R-phycoerythrin. Sci. China C Life Sci. 41, 9-17.
170. Wellburn, A., 1994. The spectral determination of chlorophylls a and b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. J. Plant Physiol. 144, 307-313.
171. WHO, FAO, UNU, 2007. Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation.
172. Wijesinghe, W.A.J.P., Jeon, Y.J., 2013. Enzymatic extraction of bioactives from algae. In: Domínguez, H. (Ed.), Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 517-533 (Chapter 15).
173. Wijesinghe, W.A.J.P., Jeon, Y.-J., 2012. Enzyme-assistant extraction (EAE) of bioactive components: a useful approach for recovery of industrially important metabolites from seaweeds: a review. Fitoterapia 83, 6-12.
174. Winberg, P.C., Fitton, H.J., Stringer, D., Karpiniec, S.S., Gardiner, V.-A., 2014. Controlling seaweed biology, physiology and metabolic traits in production for commercially relevant bioactives in glycobiology. In: Bourgougnon, N. (Ed.), Advances in Botanical Research. Academic Press, pp. 221-252 (Chapter 8).
175. Wong, K., Cheung, P.C., 2001. Nutritional evaluation of some subtropical red and green seaweeds. Part II. Invitro protein digestibility and amino acid profiles of protein concentrates. Food Chem. 72, 11-17.
176. Yoshiki, M., Tsuge, K., Tsuruta, Y., Yoshimura, T., Koganemaru, K., Sumi, T., Matsui, T., Matsumoto, K., 2009. Production of new antioxidant compound from mycosporine-like amino acid, porphyra-334 by heat treatment. Food Chem. 113, 1127-1132.
177. Yotsukura, N., Nagai, K., Tanaka, T., Kimura, H., Morimoto, K., 2012. Temperature stress-induced changes in the proteomic profiles of Ecklonia cava (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae). J. Appl. Phycol. 24, 163-171.
178. Zhang, Y.-M., Chen, F., 1999. A simple method for efficient separation and purification of c-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from Spirulina platensis. Biotechnol. Tech. 13, 601-603.
179. Zhao, M., Sun, L., Sun, S., Gong, X., Fu, X., Chen, M., 2015. Phycoerythrins in phycobilisomes from the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 73, 58-64.
180. Zhou, A.Y., Robertson, J., Hamid, N., Ma, Q., Lu, J., 2015. Changes in total nitrogen and amino acid composition of New Zealand Undaria pinnatifida with growth, location and plant parts. In: ISPMF 2015 Int. Symp. Phytochem. Med. Food Shanghai China June 26th-29th 2015, vol. 186, pp. 319-325.