Controlling seaweed biology, physiology and metabolic traits in production for commercially relevant bioactives in glycobiology

Advances in Botanical Research

Volumn 71, Issue , 2014, Pages 221-252

  Winberg, Pia C ^a,b   Fitton, Helen J ^c   Stringer, Damien ^c   Karpiniec, Sam S ^c   Gardiner, Vicki Anne ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

^b Venus Shell Systems Pty Ltd   (Australia)

^c Marinova Pty Ltd   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biopolymers; Biorefinery; Crowd molecules; Cultivation; Health; Macroalgae; Phycopolymers; Seaweed metabolites; Species specific; Sulfated polysaccharides

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901438119     PISSN: 00652296     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-408062-1.00008-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (124)

1. Abe S., Hiramatsu K., Ichikawa O., Kawamoto H., Kasagi T., Miki Y., et al. Safety evaluation of excessive ingestion of mozuku fucoidan in human. Journal of Food Science 2013, 78(4):T648-T651.
2. Ale M.T., Mikkelsen J.D., Meyer A.S. Important determinants for fucoidan bioactivity: a critical review of structure-function relations and extraction methods for fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweeds. Marine Drugs 2011, 9:2106-2130.
3. Alexander A. The companion to tasmanian history 2006, Hobart, Center for Aboriginal Studies, Univeristy of Tasmania. http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history.
4. Allen V.G., Pond K.R., Saker K.E., Fontenot J.P., Bagley C.P., Ivy R.L., et al. Tasco: Influence of a brown seaweed on antioxidants in forages and livestock-a review. Journal of Animal Science 2001, 79:E21-E31.
5. Alper J. Saving lives with sugar. Science 2001, 291(5512):2339.
6. Alper J. Searching for medicine's sweet spot. Science 2001, 291(5512):2338-2343.
7. Alves A., Sousa R., Reis R. A practical perspective on ulvan extracted from green algae. Journal of Applied Phycology 2012, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9875-4.
8. Aquaron R., Delange F., Marchal P., Lognone V., Ninane L. Bioavailability of seaweed iodine in human beings. Cell Molecular Biology 2002, 48(6):563-569.
9. Araya N. Fucoidan therapy decreases the proviral load in patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type-1-associated neurological disease. Antiviral Therapy 2011, 16(1):89-98.
10. Arlov O. Heparin analogs created by sulfation of alginates using a chemoenzymatic strategy 2012, Norwegian Univeristy of Science and Technology.
11. Bixler H., Porse H. A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. Journal of Applied Phycology 2011, 23(3):321-335.
12. Bobin-Dubigeon C., Lahaye M., Guillon F., Barry J.-L., Gallant D.J. Factors limiting the biodegrdataion of Ulva sp. cell-wall polysaccharides. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture 1997, 75:341-351.
13. Briand, X., Cluzet S., Dumas B., Esquerre-Tugaye M.-T., Salamagne S. (2010). Ulvans as activators of plant defense and resistance reactions against biotic or abiotic stresses. U. S. Patent. U.S., TIMAC Agro International. USA 7820176 B2.
14. Carmona R., Vergara J., Lahaye M., Niell F.X. Light quality affects morphology and polysaccharide yield and composition of Gelidium sesquipedale (Rhodophyceae). Journal of Applied Phycology 1998, 10(3):323-332.
15. Chan C.-X., Ho C.-L., Phang S.-M. Trends in seaweed research. Trends in Plant Science 2006, 11(4):165-166.
16. Chang C.-F. Carbohydrates-comprehensive studies on glycobiology and glycotechnology 2012, INTECH.
17. Chen, L. C. M., Craigie J. S., McCandless, E. L. McLachlan, J. L. Neish, A. C. Shacklock, P. F. Walter, J. A. (1975). Algal polysaccharide production. U. S. Patent. U.S., Canadian Patents and Development Ltd. Ontario, Canada. US Patent 3879890: 6. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3879890.pdf.
18. Chen W.Z., Li Y.M., Yu M.H. Astragalus polysaccharides: an effective treatment for diabetes prevention in mice. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes 2008, 116(8):468-474.
19. Chen J.H., Liu J. Characterization of the structure of antithrombin-binding heparan sulfate generated by heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase 5. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-general Subjects 2005, 1725(2):190-200.
20. Chengkui Z. Phycological research in the development of the Chinese seaweed industry. Hydrobiologia 1984, 116-117(1):7-18.
21. Chizhov A.O., Dell A., Morris H.R., Haslam S.M., McDowell R.A., Shashkov A.S., et al. A study of fucoidan from the brown seaweed Chorda filum. Carbohydrate Research 1999, 320(1-2):108-119.
22. Chopin T., Hanisak M.D., Koehn F.E., Mollion J., Moreau S. Studies on carrageenans and effects of seawater phosphorus concentration on carrageenan content and growth of Agardhiella subulata (C. Agardh) Kraft and Wynne (Rhodophyceae, Solieriaceae)*. Journal of Applied Phycology 1990, 2:3-16.
23. Cock J.M., Sterck L., Rouze P., Scornet D., Allen A.E., Amoutzias G., et al. The Ectocarpus genome and the independent evolution of multicellularity in brown algae. Nature 2010, 465(7298):617-621.
24. Collén J., Porcel B., Carré W., Ball S.G., Chaparro C., Tonon T., et al. Genome structure and metabolic features in the red seaweed Chondrus crispus shed light on evolution of the Archaeplastida. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2013.
25. Cooper R., Dragar C., Elliot K., Fitton J.H., Godwin J., Thompson K. GFS, a preparation of Tasmanian Undaria pinnatifida is associated with healing and inhibition of reactivation of Herpes. BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine 2002, 2. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/1472/1411.
26. Craigie J.S. Seaweed extract stimuli in plant science and agriculture. Journal of Applied Phycology 2010, 23(3):371-393.
27. Dillehay TD., Ramirex C, Pino M, Collins M.B, Rossen J, Pino-Navarro J.D Food, medicine, and the peopling of South America. Science 2008, 320(784):784-786.
28. Elisabeth Mann Borgese Seafarm: The story of aquaculture 1980, Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, New York, ISBN 0-8109-1604-5.
29. State of the world fisheries & aquaculture 2010, FAO, UN Fisheries and Agricultural Organisation, Rome.
30. FIGIS global production statistics 1950-2011 2011, FAO, from. http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/en.
31. Fazekas T., Eickhoff P., Pruckner N., Vollnhofer G., Fischmeister G., Diakos C., et al. Lessons learned from a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study with a iota-carrageenan nasal spray as medical device in children with acute symptoms of common cold. BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:147.
32. Fitton J.H. Therapies from fucoidan; multifunctional marine polymers. Marine Drugs 2011, 9(10):1731-1760.
33. Foffi G., Pastore A., Piazza F., Temussi P.A. Macromolecular crowding: chemistry and physics meet biology (Ascona, Switzerland, June 10-14, 2012). Physical Biology 2013, 10(4):040301.
34. Francavilla M., Franchi M., Monteleone M., Caroppo C. The red seaweed gracilaria gracilis as a multi products source. Marine Drugs 2013, (11):3754-3776.
35. Fujimura T., Tsukahara K., Moriwaki S., Kitahara T., Sano T., Takema Y. Treatment of human skin with an extract of Fucus vesiculosus changes its thickness and mechanical properties. Journal of Cosmetic Science 2002, 53(1):1-9.
36. 3 and placebo. Journal of Bone Mineral Metabolism 2000, 18(4):212-215.
37. Fujita T., Ohue T., Fujii Y., Miyauchi A., Takagi Y. Heated oyster shell-seaweed calcium (AAA Ca) on osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue International 1996, 58(4):226-230.
38. Godfray H.C.J., Beddington J.R., Crute I.R., Haddad L., Lawrence D., Muir J.F., et al. Food security: the Challenge of feeding 9billion people. Science 2010, 327(327):812-818.
39. Gomez I., Huovinen P. Morphofunctionality of carbon metabolism in seaweeds. Seaweed biology 2012, 219. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg. C. Wiencke, K. Bischof (Eds.).
40. Gordon-Mills E.M., McCandless E.L. Carrageenans in the cell walls of Chondrus crispus Stack. (Rhodophyceae, Gigartinales). I. Localization with fluorescent antibody. Phycologia 1975, 14(4):275-281.
41. Hafting J.T., Critchley A., Cornish M.L., Hubley S.A., Archibald A.F. On-land cultivation of functional seaweed products for human usage. Journal of Applied Phycology 2011, 24(3):385-392.
42. Hallak L.K., Collins P.L., Knudson W., Peeples M.E. Iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans on target cells are required for efficient respiratory syncytial virus infection. Virology 2000, 271(2):264-275.
43. Halling C., Wikström S., Lilliesköld-Sjöö G., Mörk E., Lundsør E., Zuccarello G. Introduction of Asian strains and low genetic variation in farmed seaweeds: indications for new management practices. Journal of Applied Phycology 2012, 1-7.
44. Hanbo F., Xuan M., Bin C., Chunlan X. Influence of gelling properties on protein imprinted agarose gel membrane. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2014, 131(11). 10.1002/app.40323.
45. Harris C., Matsuda K., Sattelle D.B. Dr. Kathleen Drew-Baker, "Mother of the Sea", a Manchester scientist celebrated each year for half a century in Japan. Bioessays 2013, 35(9):838-839.
46. Hehemann J.-H., Correc G., Barbeyron T., Helbert W., Czjzek M., Michel G. Transfer of carbohydrate-active enzymes from marine bacteria to Japanese gut microbiota. Nature 2010, 464:908-912.
47. Henderson J. The roman book of gardening 2004, Routledge, London, New York.
48. Hidari K.I.P.J., Abe T., Suzuki T. Carbohydrate-related inhibitors of dengue virus entry. Viruses 2013, 5:605-618.
49. Hill D.R., Rho H.K., Kessler S.P., Amin R., Homer C.R., McDinal C., et al. Human milk hyaluronan enhances innate defense of the intestinal epithelium. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2013, 288:29090-29104.
50. Holdt S.L., Kraan S. Bioactive compound in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. Journal of Applied Phycology 2011, 23(3):543-597.
51. Holtkamp A., Kelly S., Ulber R., Lang S. Fucoidans and fucoidanases-focus on techniques for molecular structure elucidation and modification of marine polysaccharides. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2009, 82(1):1-11.
52. Hurtado A., Montaño M., Martinez-Goss M. Commercial production of carrageenophytes in the Philippines: ensuring long-term sustainability for the industry. Journal of Applied Phycology 2013, 25(3):733-742.
53. Ikeguchi M. Fucoidan reduces the toxicities of chemotherapy for patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer. Oncol Letters 2011, 2(2):319-322.
54. Irhimeh M.R., Fitton J.H., Lowenthal R.M. Fucoidan ingestion increases the expression of CXCR4 on human CD34+ cells. Experimental Hematology 2007, 35(6):989-994.
55. Irhimeh M.R., Fitton J.H., Lowenthal R.M. Pilot clinical study to evaluate the anticoagulant activity of fucoidan. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis 2009, 20(7):607-610.
56. Jaulneau V., Lafitte C., Jacquet C., Fournier S., Salamagne S., Briand X., et al. Ulvan, a sulfated polysaccharide from green algae, activates plant immunity through the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010, 2010(525291):PMC2860583.
57. 2 flux. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 2012, 44(1):133-140.
58. Jiao G., Yu G., Zhang J., Ewart H.S. Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae. Marine Drugs 2011, 9:196-223.
59. Johnson N. Seaweed and its synthetic analogues in obstetrics and gynaecology 450BC-1990AD. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1990, 83:387-389.
60. Juffrie M., Damayanti W., Djumhana A., Ahmad H. The efficacy of fucoidan on gastric ulcer. Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 2006, 11(2):908-913.
61. Khan W., Rayirath U.P., Subramanian S., Jithesh M.N., Rayorath P., Hodges D.M., et al. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 2009, 28(4):386-399.
62. Khan W., Zhai R., Souleimanov A., Critchley A.T., Smith D.L., Prithiviraj B. Commercial extract of Ascophyllum nodosum improves root colonization of alfalfa by its bacterial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2012, 43(18):2425-2436.
63. Kim W., Koo Y.-K., Jung M.-K., Moon H., Kim S., Synytsya A., et al. Anticoagulating activities of low-molecular weight fuco-oligosaccharides prepared by enzymatic digestion of fucoidan from the sporophyll of Korean Undaria pinnatifida. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2010, 33(1):125-131.
64. Kirkendale L., Saunders G., Winberg P.C. A molecular survey of Ulva (Chlorophyta) in temperate Australia reveals enhanced levels of cosmopolitanism. Journal of Phycology 2013, 49(1):69-81.
65. Kraan S. Algal polysaccharides, novel applications and outlook. Carbohydrates-comprehensive studies on glycobiology and glycotechnology 2012, INTECH. C.-F. Chang (Ed.).
66. Krotkiewski M., Aurell M., Holm G., Grimby G., Szczepanik J. Effects of a sodium-potassium ion-exchanging seaweed preparation in mild hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1991, 4(6):483-488.
67. Kumari P., Kumar M., Reddy C.R.K., Jha B. Algal lipids, fatty acids and sterols. Functional ingredients from algae for foods and nutraceuticals 2013, 87-134. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. H. Dominguez (Ed.).
68. Ladodo K.S., Rybakova E.P., Stefanova I.L., Mokshantseva I.V., Timoshenko N.V. Clinical evaluation of the usage of iodine-containing food products in the diet of children. (Russain) Vopr Pitan 2002, 71(5):10-13.
69. Lahaye M. NMR spectroscopic characterisation of oligosaccharides from two Ulva rigida ulvan samples (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) degraded by a lyase. Carbohydrate Research 1998, 314(1-2):1-12.
70. Leiro J.M., Castro R., Arranz J.A., Lamas J. Immunomodulating activities of acidic sulfated polysaccharides obtained from the seaweed Ulva rigida C. Agardh. International Immunopharmacology 2007, 7(7):879-888.
71. Liu W., Wu K., Mao W., Wu Y., Ouyang J. Astragalus polysaccharide improves insulin sensitivity in KKAy mice: regulation of PKB/GLUT4 signaling in skeletal muscle. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2010, 127(1):32-37.
72. Lluisma A.O., Ragan M.A. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the marine red alga Gracilaria gracilis. Journal of Applied Phycology 1997, 9:287-293.
73. Seaweed ecology and physiology 2000, Cambridge Univeristy Press, New York. C. Lobban, P.J. Harrison (Eds.).
74. Lorbeer A.J., Tham R., Zhang W. Potential products from the highly diverse and endemic macroalgae of Southern Australia and pathways for their sustainable production. Journal of Applied Phycology 2013, 1-16.
75. Miranda L.N., Hutchison K., Grossman A., Brawley S.H. Diversity and abundance of the bacterial community of the red macroalga porphyra umbilicalis: did bacterial farmers produce macroalgae?. PLoS ONE 2013, 8(3):e58269.
76. Miyai K., Tokushige T., Kondo M. Suppression of thyroid function during ingestion of seaweed "Kombu" (Laminaria japonica) in normal Japanese adults. Endocrine Journal 2008, 55(6):1103-1108.
77. Mori N., Nakasone K., Tomimori K., Ishikawa C. Beneficial effects of fucoidan in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2012, 18(18):2225-2230.
78. The effect of cultivation conditions on the yield and quality of carageenans in Chondrus crispus. Introduction to applied phycology 1990, SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands. C.M. Moseley (Ed.).
79. Myers S.P. A combined phase I and II open-label study on the immunomodulatory effects of seaweed extract nutrient complex. Biologics: Targets & Therapy 2011, (5):45-60.
80. Myers S.P., O'Connor J., Fitton J.H., Brooks L., Rolfe M., Connellan P., et al. A combined phase I and II open label study on the effects of a seaweed extract nutrient complex on osteoarthritis. Biologics: Targets & Therapy 2010, 4:33-44.
81. Navarro D.A., Flores M.L., Stortz C.A. Microwave-assisted desulfation of sulfated polysaccharides. Carbohydrate Polymers 2007, 69(4):742-747.
82. Ohgitani S., Fujii Y., Fujita T. Effects of calcium supplementation using AAA Ca or milk on nocturnal bone resorption in young women. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1997, 34(9):743-747.
83. O'Sullivan L., Murphy B., Mc Loughlin P., Duggan P., Lawlor P.G., Hughes H., et al. Prebiotics from marine macroalgae for human and animal health applications. Marine Drugs 2010, 8:2038-2064.
84. Paradis M.-E., Couture P., Lamarche B. A randomised crossover placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus) on postchallenge plasma glucose and insulin levels in men and women. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism 2011, 36(6):913-919.
85. Paradossi G., Cavalieri F., Chiessi E. A Conformational study on the algal polysaccharide ulvan†. Macromolecules 2002, 35(16):6404-6411.
86. Paradossi G., Cavalieri F., Pizzoferrato L., Liquori A.M. A physico-chemical study on the polysaccharide ulvan from hot water extraction of the macroalga Ulva. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 1999, 25(4):309-315.
87. Park S.B., Chun K.R., Kim J.K., Suk K., Jung Y.M., Lee W.H. The differential effect of high and low molecular weight fucoidans on the severity of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Phytotherapy Research 2010, 24:1384-1391.
88. Paulert R., Ebbinghaus D., Urlass C., Moerschbacher B.M. Priming of the oxidative burst in rice and wheat cell cultures by ulvan, a polysaccharide from green macroalgae, and enhanced resistance against powdery mildew in wheat and barley plants. Plant Pathology 2010, 59(4):634-642.
89. Pomin V.H. An overview about the structure-function relationship of marine homopolysaccharides with regular chemical structures. Biopolymers 2009, 91(8):601-609.
90. Qi H., Zhang Q., Zhao T., Chen R., Zhang H., Niu X., et al. Antioxidant activity of different sulfate content derivatives of polysaccharide extracted from Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) in vitro. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2005, 37(4):195-199.
91. Qi H., Zhao T., Zhao T., Chen R., Zhang H., Niu X., et al. Antioxidant activity of different molecular weight sulfated polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa Kjellm (Chlorophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology 2005, 17:527-534.
92. Reddy C.R.K., Jha B., Fujita Y., Ohno M. Seaweed micro-propagation techniques and their potential: an overview. Journal of Applied Phycology 2008, 20:609-617.
93. Redouan E., Emmanuel P., Christine B., Bernard C., Josiane C., Cédric D. Development of new ulvan-like polymer by regioselective oxidation of gellan exopolysaccharide using TEMPO reagent. Carbohydrate Polymers 2010, 80(2):485-490.
94. Redouan E., Emmanuel P., Michelle P., Bernard C., Josiane C., Cedric D. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of ulvan-like polymer obtained by regioselective oxidation of gellan exopolysaccharide. Food Chemistry 2010, 127:967-983.
95. Rindi F., Soler-Vila A., Guiry M.D. Taxonomy of marine macroalgae used as sources of bioactive compounds. Marine bioactive compounds 2012, 1-51. Springer, New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London. M. Hayes (Ed.).
96. Robic A., Sassi J.-F., Dion P., Lerat Y., Lahaye M. Seasonal variability of physicochemical and propertiesof ulvan in two Ulva species (Chlorophyta) from the Brittany Coast. Journal of Phycology 2009, 45:962-973.
97. Robic A., Sassi J.F., Sassi J.F., Lahaye M. Impact of stabilization treatments of the green seaweed Ulva rotundata (Chlorophyta) on the extraction yield, the physico-chemical and rheological properties of ulvan. Carbohydrate Polymers 2008, 74(3):344-352.
98. Robinson N.A., Winberg P., Kirkendale L. Genetic improvement of macroalgae: Status to date and needs for the future. Journal of Applied Phycology 2012, 25:703-716.
99. Rudd P.M., Elliott T., Cresswell P., Wilson I.A., Dwek R.A. Glycosylation and the immune system. Science 2001, 291(5512):2370-2376.
100. Rupérez P., Ahrazem O., Leal J.A. Potential antioxidant capacity of sulfated polysaccharides from the edible marine brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002, 50(4):840-845.
101. Ruxton C.H.S., Jenkins G. A novel topical ingredient derived from seaweed significantly reduces symptoms of acne vulgaris: a general literature review. Journal of Cosmetic Science 2013, 64(3):219-226.
102. Sassi J.F., Nyvall-Collen P., Helbert W., Marfaing H., Lerat Y., Yvergnaux F. Design and upscaling of an enzymatic process for producing bioactive oligosaccharides from ulvan, a polysaccharide extracted from green seaweeds. 4th congress of the international society for applied phycology 2011, M.A. Borowitzka (Ed.).
103. Sears P., Wong C.-H. Toward automated synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. Science 2001, 291(5512):2344-2350.
104. Shanmugam M., Mody K.H. Heparinoid-active sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae as potential blood anticoagulant agents. Current Science 2000, 79(12):1672-1683.
105. Silva T.H., Alves A., Popa E.G., Reys L.L., Gomes M.E., Sousa R.A., et al. Marine algae sulfated polysaccharides for tissue engineering and drug delivery approaches. Biomatter 2012, 2(4):278-289.
106. Silva P.C., Basson P.W., Moe R.L. Catalogue of the marine benthic algae of the Indian Ocean 1996, University of Califormia Press, Berkeley.
107. Singh R.S., Thakur S.R., Bansal P. Algal lectins as promising biomoleculaes for biomedical research. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 2013, 1-12. early online.
108. Skibola C.F. The effect of Fucus vesiculosus, an edible brown seaweed, upon menstrual cycle length and hormonal status in three pre-menopausal women: a case report. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2004, 4(10).
109. Skriptsova A., Shevchenko N., Zvyagintseva T., Imbs T. Monthly changes in the content and monosaccharide composition of fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology 2010, 22(1):79-86.
110. Smidsrød O., Grasdalen H. Polyelectrolytes from seaweeds. Hydrobiologia 1984, 116-117(1):19-28.
111. Subramanian S., Sangha J., Gray B., Singh R., Hiltz D., Critchley A., et al. Extracts of the marine brown macroalga, Ascophyllum nodosum, induce jasmonic acid dependent systemic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana; against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. European Journal of Plant Pathology 2011, 1-12.
112. Sutherland J.E., Lindstrom S.C., Nelson W.A., Brodie J., Lynch M.D.J., Hwang M.S., et al. A new look at an ancient order: generic revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 2011, 47:1131-1151.
113. Teas J., Irhimeh M.R., Druker S., Hurley T.G., Hebert J.R., Savarese T.M., et al. Serum IGF-1 concentrations change with soy and seaweed supplements in healthy postmenopausal American women. Nutrition and Cancer 2011, 63(5):743-748.
114. Traka M.H., Mithen R.F. Plant science and human nutrition: challenges in assessing health-promoting properties of phytochemicals. Plant Cell 2011, 23(7):2483-2497.
115. Tseng C.K. Agar: a valuable seaweed product. Scientific Monthly 1944, 58:24-32.
116. Usov A.I., Zelinsky N.D. Chemical strutrues of algal polysaccharides. Funcitonal Ingredients from Algae for Food and Nutraceuticals. H. Dominguez 2013, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge.
117. Venugopal V. Marine polysaccharides: Food applications 2011, CRC Press, Florida.
118. Villanueva R.D., Montaño N.E., Romero J.B., Aliganga A.K.A., Enriquez E.P. Seasonal variations in the yield, gelling properties, and chemical composition of agars from Gracilaria eucheumoides and Gelidiella acerosa (Rhodophyta) from the Philippines. Botanica Marina 2005, 42:175.
119. Volpe R., Sawin C. The History and iconography relating to the thyroid gland. Oxford textbook of endocrinology and diabetes 2011, Oxford University Press, London. J.A.H. Wass, P.M. Stewart (Eds.).
120. Wally O.D., Critchley A., Hiltz D., Craigie J., Han X., Zaharia L.I., et al. Regulation of phytohormone biosynthesis and accumulation in Arabidopsis following treatment with commercial extract from the marine macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 2012, 1-16.
121. Wijesekara I., Pangestuti R., Kim S.-K. Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae. Carbohydrate Polymers 2011, 84(1):14-21.
122. Witvrouw M., De Clerck E. Sulfated polysaccharides extracted from sea algae as potential antiviral drugs. General Pharmacology 1997, 4:497-511.
123. Yung P.Y., Burke C., Lewis M., Kjelleberg S., Thomas T. Novel antibacterial proteins from the microbial communities associated with the sponge Cymbastela concentrica and the Green alga Ulva australis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2011, 77(4):1512-1515.
124. Zhao X., Li B., Xue C., Sun L. Effect of molecular weight on the antioxidant property of low molecular weight alginate from Laminaria japonica. Journal of Applied Phycology 2011, 24:295-300.