Algal proteins, peptides and amino acids

Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 135-180

  Conde, E ^a   Balboa, E M ^a   Parada, M ^a   Falque E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIGO   (Spain)

Author keywords

Amino acids; Biological properties; Peptides; Protein; Variability

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902615226     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9780857098689.1.135     Document Type: Chapter

References (200)

1. Aguilera-Morales M., Casas-Valdez M., Carrillo-Domínguez S., González-Acosta B., Pérez-Gil F. Chemical composition and microbiological assays of marine algae Enteromorpha spp. as a potential food source. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2005, 18:79-88.
2. Amico V., Oriente G., Piattelli M., Tringali C., Fattorusso E., Magno S., Mayol L., Santacroce C., Sica D. Amino acids, sugars and sterols of some Mediterranean brown algae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1976, 4:143-146.
3. Aoac Official methods of analysis (Official methods 992.15 and 976.05). Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem 2000, Arlington, Virginia, USA. 17th edition.
4. Applegate R.D., Gray P.B. Nutritional value of seaweed to ruminants. Rangifer 1995, 15(1):15-18.
5. Arasaki S., Arasaki T. Low Calorie, High Nutrition Vegetables from the Sea to Help You Look and Feel Better 1983, 196. Japan Publications, Tokyo.
6. Augier H., Santimone M. Composition en azote total, en protéines et en acides aminés protéiques de fertilisant foliaire «Goémar», à base d'algues marines. Bot. Mar. 1978, XXI:337-341.
7. Baardseth E. Synopsis of biological data on knobbed wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 1970, 38:1-38.
8. Babadzhanov A.S., Abdusamatova N., Yusupova F.M., Faizullaeva N., Mezhlumyan L.G., Malikova M.K. Chemical composition of Spirulina platensis cultivated in Uzbekistan. Chem. Nat. Compd. 2004, 40(3):276-279.
9. Barbarino E., Lourenço S.O. An evaluation of methods for extraction and quantification of protein from marine macro- and microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 2005, 17:447-460.
10. Bartual A., Lubián L.M., Gálvez J.A., Niell F.X. Effect of irradiance on growth, photosynthesis, pigment content and nutrient consumption in dense cultures of Rhodomonas salina (Wislouch) (Cryptophyceae). Cienc. Mar. 2002, 28(4):381-392.
11. Becker E.W. Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnol. Adv. 2007, 25:207-210.
12. Benjama O., Masniyom P. Nutritional composition and physicochemical properties of two green seaweeds (Ulva pertusa and U. intestinalis) from the Pattani Bay in Southern Thailand Songklanakarin. J. Sci. Technol. 2011, 33(5):575-583.
13. Benjama O., Masniyom P. Biochemical composition and physicochemical properties of two red seaweeds (Gracilaria fisheri and G. tenuistipitata) from the Pattani Bay in Southern Thailand. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 2012, 34(2):223-230.
14. Bhakuni D.S., Rawat D.S. Bioactive Marine Natural Products 2005, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, ISBN 1-4020-3484-9 (e-book) Springer.
15. Bhushan R., Brückner H. Use of Marfey's reagent and analogs for chiral amino acid analysis: Assessment and applications to natural products and biological systems. J. Chromatogr. B 2011, 879:3148-3161.
16. Bitencourt F.D.S., Figueiredo J.G., Mota M.R., Bezerra C.C., Silvestre P.P., Vale M.R., Nascimento K.S., et al. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a mucin binding agglutinin isolated from the red marine alga Hypnea cervicornis. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol. 2008, 377:139-148.
17. Bold H.C., Wynne M.J. Introduction to the Algae: Structure and reproduction 1985, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
18. Boobathy S., Soundarapandian P., Prithivraj M., Gunasundari V. Biochemical characterization of protein isolated from seaweed, Gracilaria edulis. Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci. 2010, 2:35-37.
19. Bradford M.M. A rapid sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 1976, 72:248-254.
20. Brown M.R. The amino-acid and sugar composition of 16 species of microalgae used in mariculutre. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1991, 145:79-99.
21. Brown R.E., Jarvis K.L., Hyland K.J. Protein measurement using bicinchoninic acid: Elimination of interfering substances. Anal. Biochem. 1989, 180:136-139.
22. Brown M.R., Jeffrey S.W. Biochemical composition of microalgae from the green algal classes Chlorophyceae and Prasinophyceae. 1. Aminoacids, sugars and pigments. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1992, 161:91-113.
23. Brown M.R., Jeffrey S.W., Volkman J.K., Dunstan G.A. Nutritional properties of microalgae for mariculture. Aquaculture 1997, 151(1-4):315-331.
24. Burtin P. Nutritional value of seaweeds. Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 2:498-503.
25. Cardozo K.H.M., Guaratini T., Barros M.P., Falcão V.R., Tonon A.P., Lopes N.P. Metabolites from algae with economical impact. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmcol. 2007, 146:60-78.
26. Castro-González M.I., Romo F.P.G., Pérez-Estrella S., Carrillo-Domínguez S. Composición química del alga verde Ulva lactuca. Cienc. Mar. 1996, 22(2):205-213.
27. Cha S.H., Ahn G.N., Heo S.J., Kim K.N., Lee K.W., Song C.B., Cho S.K., Jeon Y.J. Screening of extracts from marine green and brown algae in Jeju for potential marine angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 2006, 35:307-314.
28. Cha S.H., Lee K.W., Jeon Y.J. Screening of extracts from red algae in Jeju for potentials marine angiotensin - I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Algae 2006, 21(3):343-348.
29. Chan K., Ting Y.F., Chiu Y.M., Wong P.K. The comparison of sewage effluent and sludge extract in cultivating Ulva lactuca Linn. Chemosphere 1979, 8(4):205-216.
30. Chen F., Wang S., Guo W., Hu M. Determination of amino acids in Sargassum fusiforme by high performance capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2005, 66:755-761.
31. Chen S., Chen Y., Mo W. Study on marine medicine. (II). Analysis of protein and amino acids of Sargassum fusiforme. Zhejiang Gongye Daxue Xuebao 1998, 26(1):45-48.
32. Chronakis I.S. Biosolar proteins from aquatic algae. Novel Macromolecules in Food Systems 2000, 39-75. Elsevier, Amsterdam. G. Doxastakis, V. Kiosseoglou (Eds.).
33. Clarke A.P., Jandik P., Rocklin R.D., Liu Y., Avdalovic N. An integrated amperometry waveform for the direct, sensitive detection of amino acids and amino sugars following anion-exchange chromatography. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71(14):2774-2781.
34. D'souza F.M., Kelly G.J. Effects of a diet of a nitrogen-limited alga (Tetraselmis suecica) on growth, survival and biochemical composition of tiger prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus) larvae. Aquaculture 2000, 181:311-329.
35. Davis A.K., Hillebrand M., Palenik B. A stress-induced protein associated with the girdle band region of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyta). J. Phycol. 2005, 41:577-589.
36. Dawczynski C., Schubert R., Jahreis G. Amino acids, fatty acids, and dietary fibre in edible seaweed products. Food Chem. 2007, 103:891-899.
37. De Clercq E. Current lead natural products for the chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Med. Res. Rev. 2000, 20(5):323-349.
38. De La Coba F., Aguilera J., Figueroa F.L., De Gálvez M.V., Herrera E. Antioxidant activity of mycosporine-like amino acids isolated from three red macroalgae and one marine lichen. J. Appl. Phycol. 2009, 21:161-169.
39. De Oliveira M.A.C.L., Monteiro M.P.C., Robbs P.G., Leite S.G.F. Growth and chemical composition of Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis biomass at different temperatures. Aquacult. Int. 1999, 7(4):261-275.
40. De Oliveira S.R.M., Nascimento A.E., Lima M.E.P., Leite Y.F.M.M., Benevides N.M.B. Purification and characterisation of a lectin from the red marine alga Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G. Gmel.) Santel. & Hommers. Revista Brasil. Bot. 2002, 25:397-403.
41. Denis C., Masse A., Fleurence J., Jaouen P. Concentration and pre-purification with ultrafiltration of a R-phycoerythrin solution extracted from macroalgae Grateloupia turuturu: process definition and up-scaling. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2009, 69:37-42.
42. Dere S., Dalkiran N., Karacaoglu D., Yildiz G., Dere E. The determination of total protein, total soluble carbohydrate and pigment contents of some macroalgae collected from Gemlik-Karacaali (Bursa) and Erdek-Ormanli (Balikesir) in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Oceanologia 2003, 45(3):453-471.
43. Derrien A., Coiffard L.J.M., Coiffard C., De Roeck-Holtzhauer Y. Free amino acid analysis of five microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 1998, 10:131-134.
44. Dittami S.M., Gravot A., Goulitquer S., Rousvoal S., Peters A.F., Bouchereau A., Boyen C., Tonon T. Towards deciphering dynamic changes and evolutionary mechanisms involved in the adaptation to low salinities in Ectocarpus (brown algae). Plant J. 2012, 71:366-377.
45. Dittami S.M., Gravot A., Renault D., Goulitquer S., Eggert A., Bouchereau A., Boyen C., Tonon T. Integrative analysis of metabolite and transcript abundance during the short-term response to saline and oxidative stress in the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. Plant Cell Environ 2011, 34:629-642.
46. Domínguez S.C., Valdez M.C., Ramos F.R., Pérez-Gil F., Rodríguez I.S. Algas marinas de Baja California Sur, México: Valor nutrimental. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 2002, 52(4):400-405.
47. Dummermuth A.L., Karsten U., Fisch K.M., König G.M., Wiencke C. Responses of marine macroalgae to hydrogen-peroxide stress. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2003, 289:103-121.
48. Dunlap W.C., Yamamoto Y. Small-molecule antioxidants in marine organisms: antioxidant activity of mycosporine-glycine. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 1995, 112:105-114.
49. Fábregas J., Maseda A., Domínguez A., Ferreira M., Otero A. Changes in the cell composition of the marine microalga, Nannochloropsis gaditana, during a light:dark cycle. Biotechnol. Lett. 2002, 24:1699-1703.
50. Ferreira E.O., Salvador M.J., Pral E.M.F., Alfieri S.C., Ito I.Y., Dias D.A. A new heptasubstituted (E)-aurone glucoside and other aromatic compounds of Gomphrena agrestis with biological activity. Z Naturforsch (Section C-J Biosci) 2004, 59:499-505.
51. Fitzgerald C.N., Gallagher E., Tasdemir D., Hayes M. Heart health peptides from macroalgae and their potential use in functional foods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59:6829-6836.
52. Fleurence J. Seaweed proteins: biochemical, nutritional aspects and potential uses. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 1999, 10:25-28.
53. Fleurence J. The enzymatic degradation of algal cell walls: a useful approach for improving protein accessibility?. J. Appl. Phycol. 1999, 11:313-314.
54. Fleurence J. Seaweed proteins. Proteins in Food Processing 2004, 197-213. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UK. R.Y. Yada (Ed.).
55. Fleurence J., Le Coeur C., Mabeau S., Maurice M., Landrein A. Comparison of different extractive procedures for proteins from the edible seaweeds Ulva rigida and Ulva rotundata. J. Appl. Phycol. 1995, 7:577-582.
56. Fleurence J., Morançais M., Dumay J., Decottignies P., Turpin V., Munier M., García-Bueno N., Jaouen P. What are the prospects for using seaweed in human nutrition and for marine animals raised through aquaculture?. Trends Food Sci.Technol. 2012, 27:57-61.
57. Fontaine J., Bech-Andersen S., Butikofer U., De Froidmont-Gortz I. Determination of tryptophan in feed by HPLC-development of an optimal hydrolysis and extraction procedure by the EU commission DG XII in three international collaborative studies. Agrobiol. Res. 1998, 51:97-108.
58. Fowden L. A comparison of the compositions of some algal proteins. Ann. Bot. 1954, 18:257-266.
59. Fu X., Sun L., Yang G., Lu W., Zhao M., Gong X. The subunits analysis of R-phycoerythrin from marine red algae by isoelectric focusing. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2011, 10:7640-7649.
60. Fujiwara-Arasaki T., Mino N., Kuroda M. The protein value in human nutrition of edible marine algae in Japan. Hydrobiologia 1984, 116(117):513-516.
61. Galland-Irmouli A.V., Fleurence J., Lamghari R., Laçon M., Rouxel C., Barbaroux O., Bronowichi J.P., Villaume C., Guéant J.L. Nutritional value of proteins from edible seaweed Palmaria palmate (Dulse). J. Nutr. Biochem. 1999, 10:353-359.
62. Galland-Irmouli A.V., Pons L., Lucon M., Villaume C., Mrabet N.T., Gueant J.L., Fleurence J. One-step purification of R-phycoerythrin from the red macroalga Palmaria palmata using preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. B: Biomed. Sci. Appl. 2000, 739:117-123.
63. Gao J., Caballero-George C., Wang B., Rao K.V., Shilabin A.G., Hamann M.T. 5-OHKF and NorKA, Depsipeptides from a hawaiian collection of bryopsis pennata: Binding properties for NorKA to the human neuropeptide Y Y 1 receptor. J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72:2172-2176.
64. Gómez I., Weykman G., Wiencke C. Photosynthetic metabolism and major organic compounds in the marine brown alga Desmarestia menziesii from King George Island (Antarctica). Aquat. Bot. 1998, 60:105-118.
65. Gómez-Ordóñez E., Jiménez-Escrig A., Rupérez P. Dietary fibre and physicochemical properties of several edible seaweeds from the northwestern Spanish coast. Food Res. Int. 2010, 43:2289-2294.
66. Gordillo F.J.L., Aguilera J., Jiménez C. The response of nutrient assimilation and biochemical composition of Arctic seaweeds to a nutrient input in summer. J. Exp. Bot. 2006, 57(11):2661-2671.
67. 2 level in the nitrophilic seaweed Ulva rigida C. Agardh (Chlorophyta). Planta 2001, 213(1):64-70.
68. Gressler V., Fujii M.T., Martins A.P., Colepicolo P., Mancini-Filho J., Pinto E. Biochemical composition of two red seaweed species grown on the Brazilian coast. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 2011, 91(9):1687-1692.
69. Gressler V., Yokoya N.S., Fujii M.T., Colepicolo P., Filho J.M., Torres R.P., Pinto E. Lipid, fatty acid, protein, amino acid and ash contents in four Brazilian red algae species. Food Chem. 2010, 120:585-590.
70. Guideline Of The European Communities Guideline 98/64/EC of the Commission of September 3rd, 1998 for the specification of common analysis methods for the regulation of amino acids, raw greases and Olaquindox in feedstuffs and for the change of the guideline 71/393/EEC: L257/14-L257/23 1998.
71. Guil-Guerrero J.L., Navarro-Juárez R., López-Martínez J.C., Campra-Madrid P., Rebolloso-Fuentes M.M. Functional properties of the biomass of three microalgal species. J. Food. Eng. 2004, 65:511-517.
72. Haeder D.P., Lebert M., Flores-Moya A., Jiménez C., Mercado J., Salles S., Aguilera J., Figueroa F.L. Effects of solar radiation on the photosynthetic activity of the red alga Corallina elongate Ellis et Soland. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 1997, 37(3):196-202.
73. Hamann M.T., Otto C.S., Scheuer P.J., Dunbar D.C. Kahalalides: Bioactive peptides from a marine mollusk Elysia rufescens and its algal diet Bryopsis sp. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61:6594-6600.
74. Hamann M.T., Scheuer P.J. Kahalalide F: A bioactive depsipeptide from the sacoglossan mollusk Elysia rufescens and the green alga Bryopsis sp. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115(13):5825-5826.
75. Han J.W., Yoon K.S., Klochkova T.A., Hwang M.S., Kim G.H. Purification and characterization of a lectin, BPL-3, from the marine green alga Bryopsis plumosa. J. Appl. Phycol. 2011, 23:745-753.
76. Harnedy P.A., Fitzgerald R.J. Bioactive proteins, peptides, and amino acids from macroalgae. J. Phycol. 2011, 47:218-232.
77. Hasan M.R., Chakrabarti R. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture: a review. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 2009, 1:1-16. No. 531. Rome, FAO.
78. Haug A., Jensen A. Seasonal variations on the chemical composition of Alaria esculenta, Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria hyperborean and Laminaria digitata from Northern Norway. Reports of the Norwegian Institute of Seaweed Research 1954, No. 4.
79. Herrero C., Cid A., Fábregas J., Abalde J. Yields in biomass and chemical constituents of four commercially important marine microalgae with different culture media. Aquacult. Eng. 1991, 10:99-110.
80. Herrero M., Ibáñez E., Fanali S., Cifuentes A. Quantitation of chiral amino acids from microalgae by MECK and LIF detection. Electrophoresis 2007, 28:2701-2709.
81. Herrero M., Ibáñez E., Señoráns F.J., Cifuentes A. Accelerated solvent extracts from Spirulina platensis microalga: Determination of their antioxidant activity and analysis by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 1047:195-203.
82. Horgen F.D., De Los Santos D.B., Goetz G., Sakamoto B., Yukiko K., Nagai H., Scheuer P.J. A new depsipeptide from the sacoglossan mollusk Elysia ornata and the green alga Bryopsis species. J. Nat. Prod. 2000, 63:152-154.
83. Hori K., Ikegami S., Miyazawa K., Ito K. Mitogenic and antineoplastic isoagglutinins from the red alga Solieria robusta. Phytochem. 1988, 27:2063-2067.
84. Hori K., Miyazawa K., Fusetani N., Hashimoto K., Ito K. Hypnins, low-molecular weight peptidic agglutinins isolated from a marine red alga, Hypnea japonica. BBA-Protein Struct. M 1986, 873(2):228-236.
85. Huskens D., Schols D. Algal lectins as potential HIV microbicide candidates?. Mar. Drugs 2012, 10:1476-1497.
86. Imbs T.I., Chaykina E.L., Dega L.A., Vashchenko A.P., Anisimov M.M. Comparative study of the chemical composition of ethanol extracts from brown algae and their effects on seedling growth and productivity of Soya Glycine max (L.) MERR. Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem. 2011, 37(7):871-876.
87. Ito K., Hori K. Seaweed: chemical composition and potential food uses. Food Rev. Int. 1989, 5:101-144.
88. Ito K., Ishikawa K., Tsuchiya Y. Studies on the depressive factors in Heterochordaria abietina affecting the blood cholesterol level in rats. III. Quantitative determination of iodoamino acids in marine algae and their effects of depressing the blood cholesterol level in rats. J. Agric. Res. 1976, 27(1):53-61.
89. Jadeja R.N., Tewari A. Effect of soda ash industry effluent on protein content of two green seaweeds. J. Hazard Mater. 2008, 151(2-3):559-561.
90. Je J.Y., Park P.J., Kim E.K., Park J.S., Yoon H.D., Kim K.R., Ahn C.B. Antioxidant activity of enzymatic extracts from the brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2009, 42:874-878.
91. Jeeja P.K., Joseph I., Raj R.P. Nutritional composition of rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis Muller) cultured using selected natural diets. Indian J. Fish 2011, 58(2):59-65.
92. Kaehler S., Kennish R. Summer and winter comparisons in the nutritional value of marine macroalgae. Hong Kong Bot. Mar. 1996, 39:11-17.
93. Kakinuma M., Coury D.A., Kuno Y., Itoh S., Kozawa Y., Inagaki E., Yoshiura Y., Amano H. Physiological and biochemical responses to thermal and salinity stresses in a sterile mutant of Ulva pertusa (Ulvales, Chlorophyta). Mar. Biol. 2006, 149(1):97-106.
94. Karsten U., Wieneke C. Factors controlling the formation of UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids in the marine red alga Palmaria palmata from Spitsbergen (Norway). J. Plant Physiol. 1999, 155:407-415.
95. Karsten U., Sawall T., Wiencke C. A survey of the distribution of UV-absorbing substances in tropical macroalgae. Phycol. Res. 1998, 46:271-279.
96. Kataoaka H., Ohnishi N. Occurrence of taurine in plants. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1986, 50:1887-1888.
97. Kawsar S.M.A., Fujii Y., Matsumoto R., Yasumitsu H., Ozeki Y. Protein R-phycoerythrin from marine red alga Amphiroa anceps: extraction, purification and characterization. Phytol. Balcanica. 2011, 17:347-354.
98. Kessler R.J., Fanestil D.D. Interference by lipids in the determination of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Anal. Biochem. 1986, 159:138-142.
99. Kojima T., Koike A., Yamamoto S., Kanemitsu T., Miwa M., Kamei H., Kondo T., Iwata T. Eisenin (L-pyroGlu-L-Gln-L-Ala), a new biological response modifier. Journal of immunotherapy with emphasis on tumor immunology. Off. J. Soc. Biolog. Therapy 1993, 13:36-42.
100. Kolb N., Vallorani L., Milanovic N., Stocchi V. Evaluation of marine algae Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) and Kombu (Laminaria digitata japonica) as food supplements. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2004, 42(11):57-61.
101. Korbee N., Figueroa F.L., Aguilera J. Effect of light quality on the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, proteins and mycosporine-like amino acids in the red alga Porphyra leucosticta (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biology 2005, 80:71-78.
102. Korbee-Peinado N., Abdala-Díaz R.T., Figueroa F.L., Helbling E.W. Ammonium and UV radiation stimulate the accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids in Porphyra columbina (Rhodophyta) from Patagonia, Argentina. J. Phycol. 2004, 40:248-259.
103. Kosovel V., Talarico L. Seasonal variations of photosynthetic pigments in Gracilaria verrucosa (Huds.) Papenfuss (Florideophyceae, Gigartinales). Boll. Soc. Adri. Sci. 1979, 63:5-15.
104. Kräbs G., Bischof K., Hanelt D., Karsten U., Wiencke C. Wavelength-dependent induction of UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids in the red alga Chondrus crispus under natural solar radiation. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2002, 268:69-82.
105. Laurens L.M.L., Dempster T.A., Jones H.D.T., Wolfrum E.J., Van Wychen S., Mcallister J.S.P., Rencenberger M., Parchert K.J., Gloe L.M. Algal biomass constituent analysis: method uncertainties and investigation of the underlying measuring chemistries. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84:1879-1887.
106. Leite Y.F., Silva L.M., Amorim R.C., Freire E.A., De Melo Jorge D.M., Grangeiro T.B., Benevides N.M. Purification of a lectin from the marine red alga Gracilaria ornate and its effect on the development of the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Biochim. Biophys Acta 2005, 1724:137-145.
107. Levy J.L., Stauber J.L., Jolley D.F. Sensitivity of marine microalgae to copper: The effect of biotic factors on copper adsorption and toxicity. Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 387(1-3):141-154.
108. Liu X., Wang C.Y., Shao C.L., Wei Y.X., Wang B.G., Sun L.L., Zheng C.J., Guan H.S. Chemical constituents from Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Agardh. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2009, 37:127-129.
109. López-Figueroa F. Diurnal variation in pigment content in Porphyra laciniata and Chrodrus crispus and its relation to the diurnal changes of underwater light quality and quantity. Mar. Ecol. 1992, 13(4):285-305.
110. Lourenço S.O., Barbarino E., De-Paula J.C., Pereira L.O.D.S., Lanfer Marquez U.M. Amino acid composition, protein content and calculation of nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for 19 tropical seaweeds. Phycol. Res. 2002, 50(3):233-241.
111. Lourenço S.O., Barbarino E., Lavi P.L., Lanfer Marquez U.M., Aidar E. Distribution of intracellular nitrogen in marine microalgae. Calculation of new nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors. Eur. J. Phycol. 2004, 39:17-32.
112. Lowry O.H., Rosebrough N.J., Farr A.L., Randall R.J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 1951, 193:265-275.
113. Lyubimova T., Righetti P.G. On the kinetics of photopolymerization: a theoretical study. Electrophoresis 1993, 14:191-201.
114. Mabeau S., Fleurence J. Seaweed in food products: biochemical and nutritional aspects. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 1993, 4:103-107.
115. Mabeau S., Kloareg B., Joseleau J.P. Fractionation and analysis of fucans from brown algae. Phytochem. 1990, 29:2441-2445.
116. Maciel J.S., Chaves L.S., Souza B.W.S., Teixeira D.I.A., Freitas A.L.P., Feitosa J.P.A., et al. Structural characterization of cold extracted fraction of soluble sulfated polysaccharide from red seaweed Gracilaria birdiae. Carbohyd. Polym. 2008, 71:559-565.
117. Manivannan K., Thirumaran G., Karthikai Devi G., Anantharaman P., Balasubramanian T. Proximate composition of different group of seaweeds from Vedalai coastal waters (Gulf of Mannar): Southeast coast of India. Middle East J. Sci. Res. 2009, 4(2):72-77.
118. Marinho-Soriano E., Fonseca P.C., Carneiro M.A.A., Moreira W.S.C. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of two tropical seaweeds. Biores. Technol. 2006, 97:2402-2406.
119. Marsham S., Scott G.W., Tobin M.L. Comparison of nutritive chemistry of a range of temperate seaweeds. Food Chem. 2007, 100:1331-1336.
120. Martin-Jézéquel V., Poulet S.A., Harris R.P., Moal J., Samain J.F. Interspecific and intraspecific composition and variations of free amino acids in marine phytoplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1988, 44:303-313.
121. Matanjun P., Mohamed S., Mustapha N., Muhammad K. Nutrient content of tropical edible seaweeds, Eucheuma cottonii, Caulerpa lentillifera and Sargassum polycystum. J. Appl. Phycol. 2009, 21:75-80.
122. Matos Moura A., Bezerra Neto E., Koening M.L., Eskinzai Leça E. Chemical composition of three microalgae species for possible use in mariculture. Braz Arch. Biol. Techn. 2007, 50(3):461-467.
123. Meijer E.A., Wijffels R.H. Development of a fast, reproducible and effective method for the extraction and quantification of proteins of micro-algae. Biotechnol. Tech. 1998, 12(5):353-358.
124. Mercer J.P., Mai K.S., Donlon J. Comparative studies on the nutrition of two species of abalone, Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus and Haliotis discus hannai Ino I. Effects of algal diets on growth and biochemical composition. Invertebr. Repr. Dev. 1993, 23:75-88.
125. Michelangeli V.P., Pawape G., Sinha A., Ongugu K., Linge D., Sengupta S.H., Tait B., Colman P.G. Clinical features and pathogenesis of thyrotoxicosis in adult Melanesians in Papua New Guinea. Clin. Endocrinol. 2000, 52(3):261-266.
126. Mori T., O'keefe B.R., Sowder R.C.Ii, Bringans S., Gardella R., Berg S., Cochran P., et al. Isolation and characterization of griffithsin, a novel HIV inactivating protein, from the red alga Griffithsia sp. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:9345-9353.
127. Morrissey J., Kraan S., Guiry M.D. A Guide to Commercially Important Seaweeds on the Irish Coast 2001, 67. Bord Iascaigh Mhara / Irish Sea Fisheries Board, Dublin, Ireland.
128. Morton R.E., Evans T.A. Modification of the bicinchoninic acid protein assay to eliminate lipid interference in determining lipoprotein protein content. Anal. Biochem. 1992, 204:332-334.
129. Munda I.M. Differences in amino acid composition of estuarine and marine fucoids. Aquat. Bot. 1977, 3:273-280.
130. Murakami K., Yamaguchi Y., Noda K., Fujii T., Shinohara N., Ushirokawa T., Sugaka-Katayama Y., Katayama M. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of a marine brown alga, Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh. J. Food. Compos. Anal. 2011, 24:231-236.
131. Murata M., Nakazoe J. Production and use of marine algae in Japan. Jpn. Agr. Res. Q 2001, 35:281-290.
132. N'diaye I., Guella G., Mancini I., Pietra F. Almazole D, a new type of antibacterial 2,5-disubstituted oxazolic dipeptide from a red alga of the coast of Senegal. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37:3049-3050.
133. Nakamura H., Moriya M. Purification and partial characterization of a lectin-like protein from the sea algae Laminaria diabolica that induces fertilization envelope formation in sea urchin eggs. Zool. Sci. 1999, 16:247-253.
134. Nakamura H., Kobayashi J., Hirata Y. Separation of mycosporine-like amino acids in marine organisms using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 1982, 250:113-118.
135. Natrah F.M.I., Yusoff F.M., Shariff M., Abas F., Mariana N.S. Screening of Malaysian indigenous microalgae for antioxidant properties and nutritional value. J. Appl. Phycol. 2007, 19:711-718.
136. Negreanu-Pîrjol B., Negreanu-Pîrjol T., Paraschiv G., Bratu M., Sîrbu R., Roncea F., Meghea A. Physical-chemical characterization of some green and red macrophyte algae from the Romanian Black Sea littoral. Scientific Study and Research: Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, Food Industry 2011, 12(2):173-184.
137. Nguyen R.T., Harvey H.R. A rapid micro-scale method for the extraction and analysis of protein in marine samples. Mar. Chem. 1994, 45:1-14.
138. Nisizawa K., Noda H., Kikuchi R., Watanabe T. The main seaweed foods in Japan. Hydrobiologia 1987, 151-152:5-29.
139. Nogales J., Concannon M., Hall M. Factors affecting the microbial digestion of an industrial seaweed-based residue. J. Appl. Phycol. 2012, 24:565-574.
140. Nomura K., Nakamura H., Suzuki N. False fertilization in sea urchin eggs induced by diabolin, a 120K kelp protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 272(3):691-693.
141. Obluchinskaya E.D. Comparative chemical composition of the Barents sea brown algae. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 2008, 44(3):305-309.
142. Oliveira E.C., Qi Y.B., Amancio C.E. Fifty years of changes in the seaweed flora of a polluted bay in southeast Brazil 2000, 905-908.
143. Pawlik-Skowronska B., Pirszel J., Brown M.T. Concentrations of phytochelatins and glutathione found in natural assemblages of seaweeds depend on species and metal concentrations of the habitat. Aquat. Toxicol. 2007, 83(3):190-199.
144. Pires-Penteado J.C., Rigobello-Masini M., Wanderlei L.C., Machini M.M.T., Masini J.C. Fluorimetric determination of intra- and extracellular free amino acids in the microalgae Tetraselmis gracilis (Prasinophyceae) using monolithic column in reversed phase mode. J. Sep. Sci. 2009, 32(15-16):2827-2834.
145. Pise N.M., Sabale A.B. Biochemical composition of seaweeds along central west coast of India. Phcog. 2010, 2(7):148-150.
146. Praseptiangga D., Hirayama M., Hori K. Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of a novel lectin from the green alga, Codium barbatum. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2012, 76:805-811.
147. Qin Y. Alginate fibres: an overview of the production processes and applications in wound management. Polym. Int. 2008, 57:171-180.
148. Quevedo C.O., Morales S.P.V., Acosta A.C. Crecimiento de Scenedesmus sp en diferentes medios de cultivo para la producción de proteína microalgal. Vitae 2008, 15(1):25-31.
149. Rajasulochana P., Krishnamoorthy P. Evaluation of amino acids in Kappaphycus Sp. to assess its applicability as nutrient. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci. 2012, 3(3):1179-1185.
150. Rashida Q. Amino acid composition of some common seaweeds. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 1991, 4(1):49-54.
151. Rebolloso-Fuentes F.F., Navarro-Pérez A., García-Camacho F., Ramos-Mira J.J., Guil-Guerrero J.L. Biomass nutrient profiles of the microalga Nannochloropsis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49:2966-2972.
152. Renaud S.M., Luong-Van J.T. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of tropical Australian marine macroalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 2006, 18:381-387.
153. Renaud S.M., Thinh L.V., Parry D.L. The gross chemical composition and fatty acid composition of 18 species of tropical Australian microalgae for possible use in mariculture. Aquaculture 1999, 170(2):147-159.
154. Richmond A.E. Microalgaculture. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 1986, 4(4):369-438.
155. Rigobello-Masini M., Penteado J.C.P., Liria C.W., Miranda M.T.M., Masini J.C. Implementing stepwise solvent elution in sequential injection chromatography for fluorimetric determination of intracelular free amino acids in the microalgae Tetraselmis gracilis. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 628:123-132.
156. Romero García J.M., Acién Fernández F.G., Fernández Sevilla J.M. Development of a process for the production of L-amino acid concentrates from microalgae by enzymatic hydrolysis. Biores. Technol. 2012, 112:164-170.
157. Rossano R., Ungaro N., D'ambrosio A., Liuzzi G.M., Riccio P. Extracting and purifying R-phycoerythrin from the Mediterranean red algae Corallina elongate Ellis & Solander. J. Biotechnol. 2003, 101:289-293.
158. Rouxel C., Bonnabeze E., Daniel A., Jérôme M., Etienne M., Fleurence J. Identification by SDS-PAGE of green seaweeds (Ulva and Enteromorpha) used in the food industry. J. Appl. Phycol. 2001, 13:215-218.
159. Rouxel C., Daniel A., Jérôme M., Etienne M., Fleurence J. Species identification by SDS-PAGE of red algae used as seafood or a food ingredient. Food Chem. 2001, 74:349-353.
160. Rupérez P., Saura-Calixto F. Dietary fibre and physicochemical properties of edible Spanish seaweeds. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2001, 212:349-354.
161. Ryhänen E.L., Pihlanto-Leppälä A., Pahkala E. A new type of ripened, low-fat cheese with bioactive properties. Int. Dairy J. 2001, 11:441-447.
162. Sabatini S.E., Juárez A.B., Eppis M.R., Bianchi L., Luquet C.M., Ríos De Molina M.C. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in two green microalgae exposed to copper. Ecotox. Environ. Safe 2009, 72:1200-1206.
163. Samarakoon K., Jeon Y.J. Bio-functionalities of proteins derived from marine algae. A review. Food Res. Int. 2012, 48:948-960.
164. Sánchez-Machado D.I., López-Cervantes J., López-Hernández J., Paseiro-Losada P., Simal-Lozano J. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of amino acids in edible seaweeds after derivatization with phenyl isothiocyanate. Chromatographia 2003, 58(3/4):159-163.
165. Sánchez-Machado D.I., López-Cervantes J., López-Hernández J., Paseiro-Losada P. Fatty acids, total lipid, protein and ash contents of processed edible seaweeds. Food Chem. 2004, 85:439-444.
166. Sato Y., Hirayama M., Morimoto K., Yamamoto N., Okuyama S., Hori K. High mannose-binding lectin with preference for the cluster of α1-2-mannose from the green alga Boodlea coacta is a potent entry inhibitor of HIV-1 and influenza viruses. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286:19446-19458.
167. Sato M., Hosokawa T., Yamaguchi T., Nakano T., Muramoto K., Kahara T., Funayama K., Kobayashi A., Nakano T. Angiotensin I-Converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) and their antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50:6245-6252.
168. Servaites J.C., Faeth J.L., Sidhu S.S. A dye binding method for measurement of total protein in microalgae. Anal. Chem. 2012, 421:75-80.
169. Sigee D.C. Freshwater Microbiology: Biodiversity and Dynamic Interactions of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment 2005, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
170. Sinha R.P., Klisch M., Gröniger A., Häder D.P. Mycosporine-like amino acids in the marine red alga Gracilaria cornea -effects of UV and heat. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2000, 43:33-43.
171. Slocombe S.P., Ross M., Thomas N., Mcneill S., Stanley M.S. A rapid and general method for measurement of protein in micro-algal biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 129:51-57.
172. Smith J.T. Developments in amino acid analysis using capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1997, 18(12-13):2377-2392.
173. Smith P.K., Krohn R.I., Hermanson G.T., Mallia A.K., Gartner F.H., Provenzano M.D., Fujimoto E.K., Goeke N.M., Olson B.J., Klenk D.C. Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Anal. Biochem. 1985, 150:76-85.
174. Suetsuna K., Nakano T. Identification of an antihypertensive peptide from peptic digest of wakame (Undaria pinnatifida). J. Nutr. Biochem. 2000, 11:450-454.
175. Suetsuna K., Maekawa K., Chen J.R. Antihypertensive effects of Undaria pinnatifida (wakame) peptide on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2004, 15:267-272.
176. Sugahara T., Ohama Y., Fukuda A., Hayashi M., Kawakubo A., Kato K. The cytotoxic effect of Eucheuma serra agglutinin (ESA) on cancer cells and its application to molecular probe for drug delivery system using lipid vesicles. Cytotechnol. 2001, 36:93-99.
177. Renaud S.M., Thinh L.V., Lambrinidis G., Parry D.L. Effect of temperature on growth, chemical composition and fatty acid composition of tropical Australian microalgae grown in batch cultures. Aquaculture 2002, 211:195-214.
178. Pereira R., Yarish C. Mass production of marine macroalgae. Encyclopedia of Ecology 2008, 2236-2247. Academic Press, Oxford, editors in chief. J. Sven Erik, F. Brian (Eds.).
179. Smit A.J. Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A review. J. Appl. Phycol. 2004, 16:245-252.
180. Sukenik A., Wahnon R. Biochemical quality of marine unicellular algae with special emphasis on lipid composition Isochrysis galbana. Aquaculture 1991, 97:61-72.
181. Tabarsa M., Rezaei M., Ramezanpour Z., Waaland J.R. Chemical compositions of the marine algae Gracilaria salicornia (Rhodophyta) and Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) as a potential food source. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2012, 92(12):2500-2506.
182. Tabarsa M., Rezaei M., Ramezanpour Z., Waaland J.R., Reza Rabiei R. Fatty acids, amino acids, mineral contents, and proximate composition of some brown seaweeds. J. Phycol. 2012, 48:285-292.
183. Takabe, N. Industrial method for separating protein eisenin from edible seaweed (Eisenia bicyclis). Japanese Patent 59020224 (A) - 1984-02-01.
184. Thompson P. The response of growth and biochemical composition to variations in daylenght, temperature, and irradiance in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae). J. Phycol. 1999, 35:1215-1223.
185. Tokusoglu Ö., Ünal M.K. Biomass nutrient profiles of three microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrysis galbana. J. Food Sci. 2003, 68(4):1144-1148.
186. Tomaselli L., Giovannetti L., Sacchi A., Bochi F. Effects of temperature on growth and biochemical composition in Spirulina platensis strain M2. Algal Biotechnology 1988, 303-314. Elsevier Applied Science, London. T. Stadler, J. Mellion, M.C. Verdus, Y. Karamanos, H. Morvan, D. Christiaen (Eds.).
187. Tsuruki T., Kishi K., Takahashi M., Tanaka M., Matsukawa T., Yoshikawa M. Soymetide, an immunostimulating peptide derived from soybean β-conglycinin, is an fMLP agonist. FEBS Lett. 2003, 540(1-3):206-210.
188. Utting S.D. Influence of nitrogen availability on the biochemical composition of three unicellular marine algae of commercial importance. Aquacult. Eng. 1985, 4:175-190.
189. Vanderlei E.S.O., Patoilo K.K.N.R., Lima N.A., Lima A.P.S., Rodrigues J.A.G., Silva L.M.C.M., LIMA M.E.P., et al. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of lectin from the marine green alga, Caulerpa cupressoides. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2010, 10:1113-1118.
190. Viera M.P., Gómez Pinchetti J.L., Courtois De Vicose G., Bilbao A., Suárez S., Haroun R.J., Izquierdo M.S. Suitability of three red macroalgae as a feed for the abalone Haliotis tuberculata coccinea Reeve. Aquaculture 2005, 248:75-82.
191. Volkman J.K., Brown M.R., Dunstan G.A., Jeffrey S.W. The biochemical composition of marine microalgae from the class Eustigmatophyceae. J. Phycol. 1993, 29:69-78.
192. Wahidulla S., D́Souza L., Kamat S.Y. Dipeptides from the red alga Acantophora spicifera. Phytochem. 1991, 30:3323-3325.
193. Wang S., Zhong F.D., Zhang Y.J., Wu Z.J., Lin Q.Y., Xie L.H. Molecular characterization of new lectins from the green algae Ulva pertusa. Acta Biochem. Biophys. Sin. 2003, 36:111-117.
194. Wehrmeyer W. Phycobilisomes: structure and function. Experimental Phycology: Cell Walls and Surfaces, Reproduction, Phycosynthesis 1990, 158-172. Springer, Heildelberg, vol. 1. W. Wiesser, D.G. Robinson, R.C. Starr (Eds.).
195. Whyte J.N.C. Biochemical composition and energy content of six species of phytoplankton used in mariculture of bivalves. Aquaculture 1987, 60:231-241.
196. Wijesinghe W.A.J.P., Jeon Y.J. Enzyme-assistant extraction (EAE) of bioactive components: A useful approach for recovery of industrially important metabolites from seaweeds: A review. Fitoterapia 2012, 83:6-12.
197. Wong K.H., Cheung P.C.K. Nutritional evaluation of some subtropical red and green seaweeds: Part I. Proximate composition, amino acid profiles and some physico-chemical properties. Food Chem. 2000, 71:475-482.
198. Wong K.H., Cheung P.C.K. Nutritional evaluation of some subtropical red and green seaweeds: Part II. In vitro protein digestibility and amino acid profiles of protein concentrates. Food Chem. 2001, 72(1):11-17.
199. Xu W.J., Liao X.J., Xu S.H., Diao J.Z., Du B., Zhou X.L., Pan S.S. Isolation, structure determination, and synthesis of galaxamide, a rare cytotoxic cyclic pentapeptide from a marine algae Galaxaura filamentosa. Org. Lett. 2008, 10:4569-4572.
200. Yokoyama T., Kan-No N., Ogata T., Kotaki Y., Sato M., Nagahisa E. Presence of free D-amino acids in microalgae. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2003, 67(2):388-392.