Prevention and control of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: Recommendations from a Joint Working Party

Journal of Hospital Infection

Volumn 92, Issue , 2016, Pages S1-S44

  Wilson, A P R ^a   Livermore, D M ^b   Otter, J A ^c   Warren, R E ^d   Jenks, P ^e   Enoch, D A ^f   Newsholme, W ^g   Oppenheim, B ^h   Leanord, A ⁱ   McNulty, C ^j   Tanner, G ^k   Bennett, S ^l   Cann, M ^m   Bostock, J ⁿ   Collins, E ^o   Peckitt, S ^p   Ritchie, L ^q   Fry, C ^r   Hawkey, P ^s  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE HEALTHCARE NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^d PRINCESS ROYAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e PLYMOUTH HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^f ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^g ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^h QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ SOUTHERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^j GLOUCESTERSHIRE ROYAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^k Bristol   (United Kingdom)

^l Service Users Research Forum   (United Kingdom)

^m MRSA Action   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ Rethink Mental Illness   (United Kingdom)

^o LEICESTER ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^p Infection Prevention and Control Lead for North Yorkshire and Humber Commissioning Support Unit   (United Kingdom)

^q HEALTH PROTECTION SCOTLAND   (United Kingdom)

^r Department of Health   (United Kingdom)

^s BIRMINGHAM HEARTLANDS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

AUTHOR; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; CLEANING; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; CONSULTATION; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; GRAM NEGATIVE INFECTION; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HOME CARE; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; LEARNING STYLE; MEDICAL ETHICS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NONHUMAN; ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PROTOCOL COMPLIANCE; SHORT SURVEY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PROCEDURES; STANDARDS;

DISEASE TRANSMISSION, INFECTIOUS; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HEALTH PLAN IMPLEMENTATION; HEALTH PLANNING GUIDELINES; HUMANS; INFECTION CONTROL;

EID: 84952917307     PISSN: 01956701     EISSN: 15322939     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.007     Document Type: Short Survey

References (358)

1. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network SIGN 50: a guideline developer's handbook 2014, Revised edition, Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Edinburgh, Available at:, [last accessed December 2014]. http://www.sign.ac.uk.
2. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0 2011, Cochrane Collaboration, London. J.P.T. Higgins, S. Green (Eds.).
3. Brouwers M., Kho M.E., Browman G.P., et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in healthcare. CMAJ 2010, 182:E839-E842. AGREE Next Steps Consortium.
4. Public Health England English surveillance programme for antimicrobial utilisation and resistance (ESPAUR) 2014, PHE, London, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/362374/ESPAUR_Report_2014__3_.pdf [last accessed October 2014].
5. Hawkey P. Treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria - recommendations from a Joint Working Party. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015, (submitted).
6. Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Review Group EPOC resources 2013, Cochrane Collaboration, London, Available at: http://epoc.cochrane.org/epoc-resources [last accessed June 2014].
7. Borenstein M., Hedges L.V., Higgins J.P.T., Rothstein H.R. Introduction to meta-analysis 2009, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester.
8. Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.1. 2011, Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen.
9. Rooney P.J., O'Leary M.C., Loughrey A.C., et al. Nursing homes as a reservoir of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009, 64:635-641.
10. Leaper D., Tanner J., Kiernan M. Surveillance of surgical site infection: more accurate definitions and intensive recording needed. J Hosp Infect 2013, 83:83-86.
11. Zimmerman F.S., Assous M.V., Bdolah-Abram T., Lachish T., Yinnon A.M., Wiener-Well Y. Duration of carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae following hospital discharge. Am J Infect Control 2013, 41:190-194.
12. Villegas M.V., Hartstein A.I. Acinetobacter outbreaks, 1977-2000. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003, 24:284-295.
13. Casewell M.W., Desai N. Survival of multiply-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes and other Gram-negative bacilli on finger-tips. J Hosp Infect 1983, 4:350-360.
14. Jawad A., Seifert H., Snelling A.M., Heritage J., Hawkey P.M. Survival of Acinetobacter baumannii on dry surfaces: comparison of outbreak and sporadic isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1998, 36:1938-1941.
15. Novais A., Rodrigues C., Branquinho R., Antunes P., Grosso F., Boaventura L. Spread of an OmpK36-modified ST15 Klebsiella pneumoniae variant during an outbreak involving multiple carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae species and clones. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012, 31:3057-3063.
16. Suh B., Bae I.K., Kim J., Jeong S.H., Yong D., Lee K. Outbreak of meropenem-resistant Serratia marcescens comediated by chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamase overproduction and outer membrane protein loss. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010, 54:5057-5061.
17. García-Fernández A., Miriagou V., Papagiannitsis C.C., et al. An ertapenem-resistant extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clone carries a novel OmpK36 porin variant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010, 54:4178-4184.
18. Swaminathan M., Sharma S., Poliansky Blash S., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for acquisition of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the setting of endemicity. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013, 34:809-817.
19. Woodford N., Turton J.F., Livermore D.M. Multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria: the role of high-risk clones in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011, 35:736-755.
20. Banerjee R., Johnston B., Lohse C., Porter S.B., Clabots C., Johnson J.R. Escherichia coli sequence type 131 is a dominant, antimicrobial-resistant clonal group associated with healthcare and elderly hosts. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013, 34:361-369.
21. Xu L., Shabir S., Bodah T., et al. Regional survey of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae reveals marked heterogeneity in the distribution of the ST131 clone. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:505-511.
22. Munoz-Price L.S., Poirel L., Bonomo R.A., et al. Clinical epidemiology of the global expansion of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases. Lancet Infect Dis 2013, 13:785-796.
23. Edelstein M.V., Skleenova E.N., Shevchenko O.V., et al. Spread of extensively resistant VIM-2-positive ST235 Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia: a longitudinal epidemiological and clinical study. Lancet Infect Dis 2013, 13:867-876.
24. Wright L.L., Turton J.F., Livermore D.M., Hopkins K.L., Woodford N. Dominance of international 'high-risk clones' among metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015, 70:103-110.
25. Coelho J.M., Turton J.F., Kaufmann M.E., et al. Occurrence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clones at multiple hospitals in London and Southeast England. J Clin Microbiol 2006, 44:3623-3627.
26. Colpan A., Johnston B., Porter S., et al. VICTORY (Veterans Influence of Clonal Types on Resistance: Year 2011) Investigators. Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) subclone H30 as an emergent multidrug-resistant pathogen among US veterans. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57:1256-1265.
27. Novais A., Sousa C., de Dios Caballero J., et al. MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry as a tool for the discrimination of high-risk Escherichia coli clones from phylogenetic groups B2 (ST131) and D (ST69, ST405,ST393). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014, 33:2071-2075.
28. Dhanji H., Patel R., Wall R., et al. Variation in the genetic environments of bla(CTX-M-15) in Escherichia coli from the faeces of travellers returning to the United Kingdom. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:1005-1012.
29. Vlek A.L.M., Cooper B.S., Kypraios T., Cox A., Edgeworth J.D., Auguet O.T. Clustering of antimicrobial resistance outbreaks across bacterial species in the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57:65-76.
30. Conlan S., Thomas P.J., Deming C., et al. Single-molecule sequencing to track plasmid diversity of hospital-associated carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Sci Transl Med 2014, 6. 254ra126.
31. Munoz-Price L.S., Fajardo-Aquino Y., Arheart K.L., et al. Aerosolization of Acinetobacter baumannii in a trauma ICU. Crit Care Med 2013, 41:1915-1918.
32. Gijón D., Curiao T., Baquero F., Coque T.M., Cantón R. Fecal carriage of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: a hidden reservoir in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients. J Clin Microbiol 2012, 50:1558-1563.
33. Crespo M.P., Woodford N., Sinclair A., et al. Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing VIM-8, a novel metallo-beta-lactamase, in a tertiary care center in Cali, Colombia. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42:5094-5101.
34. Loveday H.P., Wilson J.A., Kerr K., Pitchers R., Walker J.T., Browne J. Association between healthcare water systems and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a rapid systematic review. J Hosp Infect 2014, 86:7-15.
35. Breathnach A.S., Cubbon M.D., Karunaharan R.N., Pope C.F., Planche T.D. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreaks in two hospitals: association with contaminated hospital waste-water systems. J Hosp Infect 2012, 82:19-24.
36. Department of Health Pseudomonas aeruginosa - advice for augmented care units 2014, Health Technical Memorandum 04-01: Addendum, Department of Health, London, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/140105/Health_Technical_Memorandum_04-01_Addendum.pdf [last accessed June 2014].
37. Nicolas-Chanoine M.H., Jarlier V. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in long-term-care facilities. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14(Suppl. 1):111-116.
38. Brisse S., Diancourt L., Laouénan C., et al. Phylogenetic distribution of CTX-M- and non-extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates: group B2 isolates, except clone ST131, rarely produce CTX-M enzymes. J Clin Microbiol 2012, 50:2974-2981. Coli β Study Group.
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidance for control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae 2014, CDC, Atlanta, GA, Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hai/pdfs/cre/cre-guidance-508.pdf [last accessed August 2014].
40. Lievesley N., Crosby G., Bowman C. The changing role of care homes 2011, BUPA, London, Available at: http://www.cpa.org.uk/information/reviews/changingroleofcarehomes.pdf [last accessed June 2014].
41. Frijters D.H.M., van der Roest H.G., Carpenter I.G.I., et al. The calculation of quality indicators for long term care facilities in 8 countries (SHELTER project). BMC Health Serv Res 2013, 13:138.
42. Who should care for the elderly? An east-west value divide 2000, Singapore University Press, Singapore. W.T. Liu, H. Kendig (Eds.).
43. World Health Organization Key policy issues in long-term care 2003, WHO, Geneva, Available at: http://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/policy_issues_ltc.pdf [last accessed June 2014].
44. March A., Aschbacher R., Dhanji H., et al. Colonization of residents and staff of a long-term-care facility and adjacent acute-care hospital geriatric unit by multiresistant bacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010, 16:934-944.
45. Gruber I., Heudorf U., Werner G., et al. Multidrug-resistant bacteria in geriatric clinics, nursing homes, and ambulant care - prevalence and risk factors. Int J Med Microbiol 2013, 303:405-409.
46. Viau R.A., Hujer A.M., Marshall S.H., et al. 'Silent' dissemination of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates bearing K. pneumoniae carbapenemase in a long-term care facility for children and young adults in Northeast Ohio. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 54:1314-1321.
47. Feldman N., Adler A., Molshatzki N., et al. Gastrointestinal colonization by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae following hospital discharge: duration of carriage and risk factors for persistent carriage. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013, 19:E190-E196.
48. Mavroidi A., Miriagou V., Malli E., et al. Emergence of Escherichia coli sequence type 410 (ST410) with KPC-2 β-lactamase. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012, 39:247-250.
49. Lin M.Y., Lyles-Banks R.D., Lolans K., et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epicenters Program. The importance of long-term acute care hospitals in the regional epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57:1246-1252.
50. Prabaker K., Lin M.Y., McNally M., et al. Transfer from high-acuity long-term care facilities is associated with carriage of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: a multihospital study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012, 33:1193-1199. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epicenters Program.
51. Aschbacher R., Pagani L., Doumith M., et al. Metallo-β-lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae from routine samples in an Italian tertiary-care hospital and long-term care facilities during 2008. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011, 17:181-189.
52. Dhanji H., Doumith M., Rooney P.J., et al. Molecular epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant ST131 Escherichia coli producing CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in nursing homes in Belfast, UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:297-303.
53. Doumith M., Dhanji H., Ellington M.J., Hawkey P., Woodford N. Characterization of plasmids encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases and their addiction systems circulating among Escherichia coli clinical isolates in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012, 67:878-885.
54. Wickramasinghe N.H., Xu L., Eustace A., Shabir S., Saluja T., Hawkey P.M. High community faecal carriage rates of CTX-M ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in a specific population group in Birmingham, UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012, 67:1108-1113.
55. Pitout J.D., Campbell L., Church D.L., Gregson D.B., Laupland K.B. Molecular characteristics of travel-related extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from the Calgary Health Region. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53:2539-2543.
56. Gupta N., Limbago B.M., Patel J.B., Kallen A.J. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: epidemiology and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:60-67.
57. Canton R., Akova M., Carmeli Y., et al. Rapid evolution and spread of carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012, 18:413-431.
58. Higgins P.G., Dammhayn C., Hackel M., Seifert H. Global spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:233-238.
59. Day K.M., Ali S., Mirza I.A., et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Enterobacteriaceae producing NDM-1 carbapenemase at a military hospital in Pakistan and evaluation of two chromogenic media. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013, 75:187-191.
60. Perry J.D., Naqvi S.H., Mirza I.A., et al. Prevalence of faecal carriage of Enterobacteriaceae with NDM-1 carbapenemase at military hospitals in Pakistan, and evaluation of two chromogenic media. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:2288-2294.
61. Aaron S.D., Vandemheen K.L., Ramotar K., et al. Infection with transmissible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and clinical outcomes in adults with cystic fibrosis. JAMA 2010, 304:2145-2153.
62. Fothergill J.L., Walshaw M.J., Winstanley C. Transmissible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lung infections. Eur Respir J 2012, 40:227-238.
63. Ashish A., Shaw M., Winstanley C., Humphreys L., Walshaw M.J. Halting the spread of epidemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an adult cystic fibrosis centre: a prospective cohort study. JRSM Short Rep 2013, 4:1.
64. Ashish A., Paterson S., Mowat E., Fothergill J.L., Walshaw M.J., Winstanley C. Extensive diversification is a common feature of Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations during respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2013, 12:790-793.
65. Ewers C., Bethe A., Semmler T., Guenther S., Wieler L.H. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from livestock and companion animals, and their putative impact on public health: a global perspective. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012, 18:646-655.
66. Johnson J.R., Clabots C., Kuskowski M.A. Multiple-host sharing, long-term persistence, and virulence of Escherichia coli clones from human and animal household members. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:4078-4082.
67. Warren R.E., Ensor V.M., O'Neill P.M., et al. Imported chicken meat as a potential source of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 61:504-508.
68. Leverstein-van Hall M.A., Dierikx C.M., Cohen Stuart J., et al. National ESBL surveillance group. Dutch patients, retail chicken meat and poultry share the same ESBL genes, plasmids and strains. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011, 17:873-880.
69. Randall L.P., Clouting C., Horton R.A., et al. Prevalence of Escherichia coli carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (CTX-M and TEM52) from broiler chickens and turkeys in Great Britain between 2006 and 2009. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:86-95.
70. Dhanji H., Murphy N.M., Doumith M., et al. Cephalosporin resistance mechanisms in Escherichia coli from raw chicken imported into the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:2534-2537.
71. Wu G., Day M.J., Mafura M.T., et al. Comparative analysis of ESBL-positive Escherichia coli isolates from animals and humans from the UK, The Netherlands and Germany. PLoS One 2013, 8:e75392.
72. Kiernan M. ARHAI E. coli Subgroup final report 2014, Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infection, London, Available at: https://app.box.com/ARHAI-Minutes-Papers/1/2152374732/18606260536/1 [last accessed October 2014].
73. Freeman J.T., Anderson D.J., Sexton D.J. Seasonal peaks in Escherichia coli infections: possible explanations and implications. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009, 15:951-953.
74. Perencevich E.N., McGregor J.C., Shardell M., et al. Summer peaks in the incidences of Gram-negative bacterial infection among hospitalized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29:1124-1131.
75. Al-Hasan M.N., Lahr B.D., Eckel-Passow J.E., Baddour L.M. Seasonal variation in Escherichia coli bloodstream infection: a population-based study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009, 15:947-950.
76. Wilson J., Elgohari S., Livermore D.M., et al. Trends among pathogens reported as causing bacteraemia in England, 2004-2008. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011, 17:451-458.
77. Schwaber M.J., Carmeli Y. An ongoing national intervention to contain the spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis 2014, 58:697-703.
78. Lepelletier D., Cady A., Caroff N., et al. Imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa gastrointestinal carriage among hospitalized patients: risk factors and resistance mechanisms. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010, 66:1-6.
79. Hussein K., Sprecher H., Mashiach T., Oren I., Kassis I., Finkelstein R. Carbapenem resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: risk factors, molecular characteristics, and susceptibility patterns. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30:666-671.
80. Sheng W.H., Liao C.H., Lauderdale T.L., et al. A multicenter study of risk factors and outcome of hospitalized patients with infections due to carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Infect Dis 2010, 14:e764-e769.
81. Wegner C., Hübner N.O., Gleich S., Thalmaier U., Krüger C.M., Kramer A. One-day point prevalence of emerging bacterial pathogens in a nationwide sample of 62 German hospitals in 2012 and comparison with the results of the one-day point prevalence of 2010. GMS Hyg Infect Control 2013, 8. Doc12.
82. Moore L.S., Freeman R., Gilchrist M.J., et al. Homogeneity of antimicrobial policy, yet heterogeneity of antimicrobial resistance: antimicrobial non-susceptibility among 108717 clinical isolates from primary, secondary and tertiary care patients in London. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014, 69:3409-3422.
83. Zarb P., Coignard B., Griskeviciene J., et al. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) pilot point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use. Euro Surveill 2012, 17. National Contact Points for the ECDC pilot point prevalence survey; Hospital Contact Points for the ECDC pilot point prevalence survey, pii:20316.
84. O'Fallon E., Schreiber R., Kandel R., D'Agata E.M. Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria at a long-term care facility: assessment of residents, healthcare workers, and inanimate surfaces. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30:1172-1179.
85. Endimiani A., Depasquale J.M., Forero S., et al. Emergence of blaKPC-containing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a long-term acute care hospital: a new challenge to our healthcare system. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009, 64:1102-1110.
86. Perez F., Endimiani A., Ray A.J., et al. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae across a hospital system: impact of post-acute care facilities on dissemination. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:1807-1818.
87. Nicolas-Chanoine M.H., Bertrand X., Madec J.Y. Escherichia coli ST131, an intriguing clonal group. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014, 27:543-574.
88. Wang S.A., Levine R.B., Carson L.A., et al. An outbreak of Gram-negative bacteremia in hemodialysis patients traced to hemodialysis machine waste drain ports. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999, 20:746-751.
89. Bancroft E.A., English L., Terashita D., Yasuda L. Outbreak of Escherichia coli infections associated with a contaminated transesophageal echocardiography probe. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013, 34:1121-1123.
90. Soulier A., Barbut F., Ollivier J.M., Petit J.C., Lienhart A. Decreased transmission of Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in an intensive care unit by nursing reorganization. J Hosp Infect 1995, 31:89-97.
91. van der Zwet W.C., van Riessen N., Bergervoet P.W., van der Laan J.R., Savelkoul P.H., Sebens F.W. Outbreak of multiresistant Escherichia coli on a surgical ward: course, measures and consequences for future admissions of contaminated patients. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2005, 149:2281-2286.
92. Warren R.E., Harvey G., Carr R., Ward D., Doroshenko A. Control of infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms in hospitals and the community. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14(Suppl. 1):124-133.
93. Ena J., Arjona F., Martinez P.C., Lopez-Perezagua M.D., Amador C. Epidemiology of urinary infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Urology 2014, 68:1169-1174.
94. Wiener J., Quinn J.P., Bradford P.A., et al. Multiple antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella and Escherichia coli in nursing homes. JAMA 1999, 281:517-523.
95. Peña C., Gudiol C., Tubau F., et al. Risk-factors for acquisition of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli among hospitalised patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006, 12:279-284.
96. Siedelman L., Kline S., Duval S. Risk factors for community- and health facility-acquired extended-spectrum-lactamase-producing bacterial infections in patients at the University of Minnesota Medical Center, Fairview. Am J Infect Control 2012, 40:849-853.
97. Han J.H., Kasahara K., Edelstein P.H., Bilker W.B., Lautenbach E. Risk factors for infection or colonization with CTX-M extended-spectrum-lactamase-positive Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Ag Chemother 2012, 56:5575-5580.
98. Jeon M.H., Choi S.H., Kwak Y.G., et al. Risk factors for the acquisition of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli among hospitalized patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 62:402-406.
99. Mitchell S.L., Shaffer M.L., Loeb M.B., et al. Infection management and multidrug-resistant organisms in nursing home residents with advanced dementia. JAMA Intern Med 2014, 174:1660-1667.
100. Fournier P.E., Richet H. The epidemiology and control of Acinetobacter baumannii in health care facilities. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42:692-699.
101. Roberts S.A., Findlay R., Lang S.D. Investigation of an outbreak of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care burns unit. J Hosp Infect 2001, 48:228-232.
102. Wendt C., Dietze B., Dietz E., Rüden H. Survival of Acinetobacter baumannii on dry surfaces. J Clin Microbiol 1997, 35:1394-1397.
103. Denton M., Wilcox M.H., Parnell P., et al. Role of environmental cleaning in controlling an outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii on a neurosurgical intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2004, 56:106-110.
104. Enoch D.A., Summers C., Brown N.M., et al. Investigation and management of an outbreak of multidrug-carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Cambridge, UK. J Hosp Infect 2008, 70:109-118.
105. Ray A., Perez F., Beltramini A.M., et al. Use of vaporized hydrogen peroxide decontamination during an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection at a long-term acute care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31:1236-1241.
106. Manian F.A., Griesenauer S., Senkel D., et al. Isolation of Acinetobacter baumannii complex and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from hospital rooms following terminal cleaning and disinfection: can we do better?. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011, 32:667-672.
107. Landelle C., Legrand P., Lesprit P., et al. Protracted outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii after intercontinental transfer of colonised patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013, 34:119-124.
108. Chmielarczyk A., Higgins P.G., Wojkowska-Mach J., et al. Control of an outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii infections using vaporized hydrogen peroxide. J Hosp Infect 2012, 81:239-245.
109. Barbut F., Yezli S., Mimoun M., Pham J., Chaouat M., Otter J.A. Reducing the spread of Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a burns unit through the intervention of an infection control bundle. Burns 2013, 39:395-403.
110. Ayats J., Corbella X., Ardanuy C., et al. Epidemiological significance of cutaneous, pharyngeal, and digestive tract colonization by multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii in ICU patients. J Hosp Infect 1997, 37:287-295.
111. Valencia R., Arroyo L.A., Conde M., et al. Nosocomial outbreak of infection with pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a tertiary care university hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30:257-263.
112. Corbella X., Montero A., Pujol M., et al. Emergence and rapid spread of carbapenem resistance during a large and sustained hospital outbreak of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38:4086-4095.
113. Urban C., Segal-Maurer S., Rahal J.J. Considerations in control and treatment of nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:1268-1274.
114. Otter J.A., Patel A., Cliff P.R., Halligan E.P., Tosas O., Edgeworth J.D. Selection for qacA carriage in CC22, but not CC30, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection isolates during a successful institutional infection control programme. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013, 68:992-999.
115. Suwantarat N., Carroll K.C., Tekle T., et al. High prevalence of reduced chlorhexidine susceptibility in organisms causing central line-associated bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014, 35:1183-1186.
116. Rodríguez-Baño J., García L., Ramírez E., et al. Long-term control of hospital-wide, endemic multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii through a comprehensive 'bundle' approach. Am J Infect Control 2009, 37:715-722.
117. Kramer A., Schwebke I., Kampf G. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2006, 6:130.
118. Dancer S.J., Coyne M., Robertson C., Thomson A., Guleri A., Alcock S. Antibiotic use is associated with resistance of environmental organisms in a teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect 2006, 62:200-206.
119. Widmer A.F., Wenzel R.P., Trilla A., Bale M.J., Jones R.N., Doebbeling B.N. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a surgical intensive care unit: probable transmission via hands of a health care worker. Clin Infect Dis 1993, 16:372.
120. Foca M., Jakob K., Whittier S., et al. Endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:695.
121. Nogueras M., Marinsalta N., Roussell M., Notario R. Importance of hand germ contamination in health-care workers as possible carriers of nosocomial infections. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2001, 43:149.
122. Waters V., Larsen E., Wu F., et al. Molecular epidemiology of Gram-negative bacilli from infected neonates and health care workers' hands in neonatal intensive care units. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:1682.
123. Rogues A.M., Boulestreau H., Lasheras A., et al. Contribution of tap water to patient colonisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a medical intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2007, 67:72.
124. Crivaro V., Di Popolo A., Caprio A., et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a neonatal intensive care unit: molecular epidemiology and infection control measures. BMC Infect Dis 2009, 9:70.
125. Moolenaar R.L., Crutcher J.M., San Joaquin V.H., et al. A prolonged outbreak of P. aeruginosa in a neonatal intensive care unit: did staff fingernails play a role in disease transmission?. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000, 21:80.
126. Morgan D.J., Liang S.Y., Smith C.L., et al. Frequent multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii contamination of gloves, gowns, and hands of healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31:716-721.
127. Morgan D.J., Rogawski E., Thom K.A., et al. Transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria to healthcare workers' gloves and gowns after patient contact increases with environmental contamination. Crit Care Med 2012, 40:1045-1051.
128. Saiman L. Infection prevention and control in cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011, 24:390.
129. Clifton U., Pecham D.G. Defining routes of airborne transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2010, 4:519.
130. Tingpej P., Elkins M., Rose B., et al. Clinical profile of adult cystic fibrosis patients with frequent epidemic clones of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respirology 2010, 15:923.
131. Peña C., Suarez C., Tubau F., et al. Nosocomial spread of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing the metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-2 in a Spanish hospital: clinical and epidemiological implications. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007, 13:1026.
132. Cortes J.A., Cuervo S.I., Urdaneta A.M., et al. Identifying and controlling a multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a Latin-American cancer centre and its associated risk factors. Braz J Infect Dis 2009, 13:99.
133. Nagao M., Iinuma Y., Igawa J., et al. Control of an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a haemato-oncology unit. J Hosp Infect 2011, 79:49.
134. Richard P., Le Floch R., Chamoux C., Pannier M., Espaze E., Richet H. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a burn unit: role of antimicrobials in the emergence of multiply resistant strains. J Infect Dis 1994, 170:377.
135. Bert F., Maubec E., Bruneau B., Berry P., Lambert-Zechovsky N. Multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak associated with contaminated tap water in a neurosurgery intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 1998, 39:53.
136. Richet H., Escande M.C., Marie J.P., Zittoun R., Lagrange P.H. Epidemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 016 bacteraemia in hematology-oncology patients. J Clin Microbiol 1989, 27:1992.
137. Martins S.T., Moreira M., Furtado G.H., et al. Application of control measures for infections caused by multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria in intensive care unit patients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004, 99:331-334.
138. Kohlenberg A., Weitzel-Kage D., van der Linden P., et al. Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a surgical intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2010, 74:350.
139. Peña C., Dominguez M.A., Pujol M., Verdaguer R., Gudiol F., Ariza J. An outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a urology ward. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003, 9:938-943.
140. Medcraft J.W., Hawkins J.M., Fletcher B.N., Dadswell J.V. Potential hazard from spray cleaning of floors in hospital wards. J Hosp Infect 1987, 9:151-157.
141. Werry C., Lawrence J.M., Sanderson P.J. Contamination of detergent cleaning solutions during hospital cleaning. J Hosp Infect 1988, 11:44.
142. Woodford N., Pike R., Meunier D., Loy R., Hill R., Hopkins K.L. In vitro activity of temocillin against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp., and evaluation of high-level temocillin resistance as a diagnostic marker for OXA-48 carbapenemase. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014, 69:564-567.
143. Joint Working Group of DARC and ARHAI, 2012 ESBLs - a threat to human and animal health? 2012, Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infection, DEFRA Antimicrobial Resistance Coordination, London, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/215180/dh_132534.pdf [last accessed August 2014].
144. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing EUCAST guidelines for detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical and/or epidemiological importance 2013, Version 1.0, EUCAST, Växjö, Available at: http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Resistance:mechanisms/EUCAST_detection_of_resistance:mechanisms_v1.0_20131211.pdf [last accessed October 2014].
145. Réglier-Poupet H., Naas T., Carrer A., et al. Performance of chromID ESBL, a chromogenic medium for detection of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. J Med Microbiol 2008, 57:310-315.
146. Huang T.D., Bogaerts P., Berhin C., Guisset A., Glupczynski Y. Evaluation of Brilliance ESBL agar, a novel chromogenic medium for detection of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48:2091-2096.
147. Färber J., Moder K.A., Layer F., Tammer I., König W., König B. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase detection with different panels for automated susceptibility testing and with a chromogenic medium. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:3721-3727.
148. Wilkinson K.M., Winstanley T.G., Lanyon C., Cummings S.P., Raza M.W., Perry J.D. Comparison of four chromogenic culture media for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 2012, 50:3102-3104.
149. Livermore D.M., Warner M., Mushtaq S. Evaluation of the chromogenic Cica-beta-test for detecting extended-spectrum, AmpC and metallo-beta-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007, 60:1375-1379.
150. Rubin F.A., Smith D.H. Characterization of R factor beta-lactamases by the acidimetric method. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1973, 3:68-73.
151. Dortet L., Bréchard L., Cuzon G., Poirel L., Nordmann P. Strategy for rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014, 58:2441-2445.
152. Osterblad M., Hakanen A.J., Jalava J. Evaluation of the Carba NP test for carbapenemase detection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014, 58:7553-7556.
153. Burckhardt I., Zimmermann S. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry to detect carbapenem resistance within 1 to 2.5 hours. J Clin Microbiol 2011, 49:3321-3324.
154. Cuzon G., Naas T., Bogaerts P., Glupczynski Y., Nordmann P. Evaluation of a DNA microarray for the rapid detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (TEM, SHV and CTX-M), plasmid-mediated cephalosporinases (CMY-2-like, DHA, FOX, ACC-1, ACT/MIR and CMY-1-like/MOX) and carbapenemases (KPC, OXA-48, VIM, IMP and NDM). J Antimicrob Chemother 2012, 67:1865-1869.
155. Tenover F.C., Canton R., Kop J., et al. Detection of colonization by carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli in patients by use of the Xpert MDRO assay. J Clin Microbiol 2013, 51:3780-3787.
156. Lowman W., Marais M., Ahmed K., Marcus L. Routine active surveillance for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from rectal swabs: diagnostic implications of multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J Hosp Infect 2014, 88:66-71.
157. Livermore D.M., Wain J. Revolutionising bacteriology to improve treatment outcomes and antibiotic stewardship. Infect Chemother 2013, 45:1-10.
158. van Belkum A., Tassios P.T., Dijkshoorn L., et al. Guidelines for the validation and application of typing methods for use in bacterial epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007, 13(Suppl. 3):1-46. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group on Epidemiological Markers (ESGEM).
159. Ironmonger D., Edeghere O., Gossain S., Bains A., Hawkey P.M. AmWeb: a novel interactive web tool for antimicrobial resistance surveillance, applicable to both community and hospital patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013, 68:2406-2413.
160. Magiorakos A., Suetens C., Monnet D.L., Carlo Gagliotti C., Heuer O.E. The rise of carbapenem resistance in Europe: just the tip of the iceberg?. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2013, 2:6. EARS-Net Coordination Group and EARS-Net participants.
161. Tacconelli E., Cataldo M.A., Dancer S.J., et al. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014, 20(Suppl. 1):1-55.
162. Public Health England Acute trust toolkit for the early detection, management and control of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae 2013, PHE, London, Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1317140378646 [last accessed August 2014].
163. Bratu S., Landman D., Haag R., et al. Rapid spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York city: a new threat to our antibiotic armamentarium. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:1430-1435.
164. Harris A.D., Nemoy L., Johnson J.A., et al. Co-carriage rates of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria among a cohort of intensive care unit patients: implications for an active surveillance program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004, 25:105-108.
165. Schlesinger A., Paul M., Gafter-Gvili A., Rubinovitch B., Leibovici L. Infection-control interventions for cancer patients after chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2009, 9:97-107.
166. Loveday H.P., Wilson J.A., Pratt R.J., et al. EPIC3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England. J Hosp Infect 2014, 86:S1-S70.
167. Health Protection Scotland Guidance for neonatal units (NNUs) (levels 1, 2 & 3), adult and paediatric intensive care units (ICUs) in Scotland to minimise the risk of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection from water 2014, HPS, Glasgow, Available at: http://www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/hai/infection-control/guidelines/pseudomonas-2014-07.pdf [last accessed November 2014].
168. European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Risk assessment on the spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) through patient transfer between healthcare facilities, with special emphasis on cross-border transfer 2011, ECDC, Stockholm, Available at: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/110913_Risk_assessment_resistant_CPE.pdf [last accessed August 2014].
169. European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Summary of the results of a survey on carbapenem-resistant bacteria in Europe, 2013 2012, ECDC, Stockholm.
170. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nursing homes and assisted living (long term care facilities) 2012, CDC, Atlanta, GA, Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/longtermcare/ [last accessed November 2014].
171. Public Health Agency of Canada Guidance: infection prevention and control measures for all healthcare workers in all healthcare settings - carbapenem-resistant bacteria Gram-negative bacilli 2010, PHAC, Ottawa, Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/nois-sinp/guide/ipcm-mpci/pdf/guide-eng.pdf [last accessed August 2014].
172. Health Protection Scotland National infection prevention and control manual 2014, HPS, Glasgow, Available at: http://www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/hai/infection-control/ic-manual/ipcm-p-v2-3.pdf [last accessed August 2014].
173. Siegel J.D., Rhinehart E., Jackson M., Chiarello L. 2007 Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings. Am J Infect Control 2007, 35:S65-S164. Health Care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee.
174. World Health Organization WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care 2009, World Health Organization, Geneva, Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf [last accessed August 2014].
175. Advisory Committee Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America Hand Hygiene Task Force Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002, 23(Suppl. 12):S3-S40.
176. Loveday H.P., Lynam S., Singleton J., et al. Clinical glove use: healthcare workers' actions and perceptions. J Hosp Infect 2014, 86:110-116.
177. Gudiol C., Tubau F., Calatayud L., et al. Bacteraemia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in cancer patients: risk factors, antibiotic therapy and outcomes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:657-663.
178. Aoike N., Saga T., Sakata R., et al. Molecular characterization of extraintestinal Escherichia coli isolates in Japan: relationship between sequence types and mutation patterns of quinolone resistance-determining regions analyzed by pyrosequencing. J Clin Microbiol 2013, 51:1692-1698.
179. Vehreschild M.J., Hamprecht A., Peterson L., et al. A multicentre cohort study on colonization and infection with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in high-risk patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014, 6. pii:dku305.
180. Kim J., Lee J.Y., Kim S.I., et al. Rates of fecal transmission of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among patients in intensive care units in Korea. Ann Lab Med 2014, 34:20-25.
181. Han J.H., Bilker W.B., Nachamkin I., et al. The effect of a hospital-wide urine culture screening intervention on the incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013, 34:1160-1166.
182. Rodela A.R., Perez C.D., Sagrado T.S., Ruiz-Garbajosa P.R., Lopez M.J.P., Monge V. Emergence and outbreak of carbapenemase-producing KPC-3 Klebsiella pneumoniae in Spain. September 2009 to Februrary 2010; control measures. Euro Surveil 2012, 17. pii:20086.
183. Larson E.L., Cimiotti J.P., Haas J., et al. Gram-negative bacilli associated with catheter-associated and non-catheter-associated bloodstream infection and hand carriage by healthcare workers in neonatal intensive care units. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005, 6:457-461.
184. Jain A., Hopkins K.L., Turton J., et al. NDM carbapenemases in the United Kingdom: an analysis of the first 250 cases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014, 69:1777-1784.
185. Baillie C.A., Van Zandbergen C., Tait G., et al. The readmission risk flag: using the electronic health record to automatically identify patients at risk for 30-day readmission. J Hosp Med 2013, 8:689-695.
186. Lerner A., Romano J., Chmelnitsky I., Navon-Venezia S., Edgar R., Carmeli Y. Rectal swabs are suitable for quantifying the carriage load of KPC-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013, 57:1474-1479.
187. Apisarnthanarak A., Warren D.K. Screening for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii colonization sites: an implication for combination of horizontal and vertical approaches. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 56:1057-1059.
188. Public Health England UK standards for microbiology investigations. Laboratory detection and reporting of bacteria with carbapenem-hydrolysing B-lactamases (carbapenemases) 2014, PHE, London, 8i1.1.
189. Wybo I., Blommaert L., De Beer T., et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a Belgian university hospital after transfer of patients from Greece. J Hosp Infect 2007, 67:374-380.
190. Playford E.G., Craig J.C., Iredell J.R. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in intensive care unit patients: risk factors for acquisition, infection and their consequences. J Hosp Infect 2007, 65:204-211.
191. Fierobe L., Lucet J.C., Decré D., et al. An outbreak of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in critically ill surgical patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001, 22:35-40.
192. Palmore T.N., Michelin A.V., Bordner M., et al. Use of adherence monitors as part of a team approach to control clonal spread of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a research hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011, 32:1166-1172.
193. Shivaprasad A., Antony B., Shenoy P. Comparative evaluation of four phenotypic tests for detection of metallo-β-lactamase and carbapenemase production in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Clin Diagn Res 2014, 8:DC05-DC08.
194. Livermore D.M., Hill R.L., Thomson H., et al. C-MRAB Study Group. Antimicrobial treatment and clinical outcome for infections with carbapenem- and multiply-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii around London. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010, 35:19-24.
195. Hu Q., Hu Z., Li J., Tian B., Xu H., Li J. Detection of OXA-type carbapenemases and integrons among carbapenem-resistant Acinetobactor baumannii in a teaching hospital in China. J Basic Microbiol 2011, 51:467-472.
196. Inverarity D., Kilgour E., Dunn C., et al. Screening haematology patients for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Infect Prev 2014, 15:50-56.
197. Gregory C.J., Llata E., Stine N., et al. Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Puerto Rico with a novel carbapenemase variant. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31:476-484.
198. Weintrob A.C., Roediger M.P., Barber M., et al. Natural history of colonization with Gram-negative multidrug-resistant organisms among hospitalized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31:330-337.
199. Marchaim D., Navon-Venezia S., Schwartz D., et al. Surveillance cultures and duration of carriage of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:1551-1555.
200. Vonberg R.P., Wolter A., Chaberny I.F., et al. Epidemiology of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: data from an university hospital over a 36-month period. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008, 211:251-257.
201. Bird J., Browning R., Hobson R.P., MacKenzie F.M., Brand J., Gould I.M. Multiply-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: failure of spread in community-based elderly care facilities. J Hosp Infect 1998, 40:243-247.
202. Pacio G.A., Visintainer P., Maguire G., Wormser G.P., Raffalli J., Montecalvo M.A. Natural history of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and resistant Gram-negative bacilli among long-term-care facility residents. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003, 24:246-250.
203. Zahar J.R., Lanternier F., Mechai F., et al. Duration of colonisation by Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and risk factors for persistent faecal carriage. J Hosp Infect 2010, 75:76-78.
204. O'Fallon E., Gautam S., D'Agata E.M. Colonization with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: prolonged duration and frequent co-colonization. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:1375-1381.
205. Lubbert C., Lippmann N., Busch T., et al. Long-term carriage of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2-producing K. pneumoniae after a large single-center outbreak in Germany. Am J Infect Control 2014, 42:376-380.
206. Oostdijk E.A., de Smet A.M., Kesecioglu J., Bonten M.J. Dutch SOD-SDD Trialists Group. The role of intestinal colonization with Gram-negative bacteria as a source for intensive care unit-acquired bacteraemia. Crit Care Med 2011, 39:961-966.
207. Saidel-Odes L., Polachek H., Peled N., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination using oral gentamicin and oral polymyxin E for eradication of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carriage. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012, 33:14-19.
208. Daneman N., Sarwar S., Fowler R.A., Cuthbertson B.H. Effect of selective decontamination on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2013, 13:328-341. SuDDICU Canadian Study Group.
209. Buehlmann M., Bruderer T., Frei R., Widmer A.F. Effectiveness of a new decolonisation regimen for eradication of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J Hosp Infect 2011, 77:113-117.
210. Teltsch D.Y., Hanley J., Loo V., Goldberg P., Gursahaney A., Buckeridge D.L. Infection acquisition following intensive care unit room privatization. Arch Intern Med 2011, 171:32-38.
211. Preston G.A., Larson E.L., Stamm W.E. The effect of private isolation rooms on patient care practices, colonization and infection in an intensive care unit. Am J Med 1981, 70:641-645.
212. McManus A.T., Mason A.D., McManus W.F., Pruitt B.A. A decade of reduced Gram-negative infections and mortality associated with improved isolation of burned patients. Arch Surg 1994, 129:1306-1309.
213. Shirani K.Z., McManus A.T., Vaughan G.M., McManus W.F., Pruitt B.A., Mason A.D. Effects of environment on infection in burn patients. Arch Surg 1986, 121:31-36.
214. Mulin B., Rouget C., Clement C., et al. Association of private isolation rooms with ventilator-associated Acinetobacter baumanii pneumonia in a surgical intensive-care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997, 18:499-503.
215. Levin P.D., Golovanevski M., Moses A.E., Sprung C.L., Benenson S. Improved ICU design reduces acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: a quasi-experimental observational study. Crit Care 2011, 15:R211.
216. Moore G., Ali S., FitzGerald G., et al. Ward assessment of SmartIdeas Project: bringing source isolation to the patient. J Hosp Infect 2010, 76:103-107.
217. Eveillard M., Eb F., Tramier B., et al. Evaluation of the contribution of isolation precautions in prevention and control of multiresistant bacteria in a teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect 2001, 47:116-124.
218. Schultsz C., Bootsma M.C.J., Loan H.T., et al. Effects of infection control measures on acquisition of five antimicrobial drug resistant microorganisms in a tetanus intensive care unit in Vietnam. Intensive Care Med 2013, 39:661.
219. Ben-Abraham R., Keller N., Szold O., et al. Do isolation rooms reduce the rate of nosocomial infections in the pediatric intensive care unit?. J Crit Care 2002, 17:176-180.
220. Stelfox H.T., Bates D.W., Redelmeier D.A. Safety of patients isolated for infection control. JAMA 2003, 290:1899-1905.
221. Kochar S., Sheard T., Sharma R., et al. Success of an infection control program to reduce the spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30:447-452.
222. Landrum M.L., Murray C.K. Ventilator associated pneumonia in a military deployed setting: the impact of an aggressive infection control program. J Trauma 2008, 64:S123-S127. discussion S127-S128.
223. Gbaguidi-Haore H., Legast S., Thouverez M., Bertrand X., Talon D. Ecological study of the effectiveness of isolation precautions in the management of hospitalized patients colonised or infected with Acinetobacter baumannii. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29:1118-1123.
224. Apisarnthanarak A., Pinitchai U., Thongphubeth K., et al. A multifaceted intervention to reduce pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii colonization and infection in 3 intensive care units in a Thai tertiary care center: a 3-year study. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:760-767.
225. Olsen R.J., Lynch P., Coyle M.B., Cummings J., Bokete T., Stamm W.E. Examination gloves as barriers to hand contamination in clinical practice. JAMA 1993, 270:350-353.
226. Wiener-Well Y., Galuty M., Rudensky B., Schlesinger Y., Attias D., Yinnon A.M. Nursing and physician attire as possible source of nosocomial infections. Am J Infect Control 2011, 39:555-559.
227. Hess A.S., Shardell M., Johnson J.K., et al. A randomized controlled trial of enhanced cleaning to reduce contamination of healthcare worker gowns and gloves with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013, 34:487-493.
228. Kotsanas D., Scott C., Gillespie E.E., Korman T.M., Stuart R.L. What's hanging around your neck? Pathogenic bacteria on identity badges and lanyards. Med J Aust 2008, 188:5-8.
229. Babb J.R., Davies J.G., Ayliffe G.A. Contamination of protective clothing and nurses' uniforms in an isolation ward. J Hosp Infect 1983, 4:149-157.
230. Wilson J.A., Loveday H.P., Hoffman P.N., Pratt R.J. Uniform: an evidence review of the microbiological significance of uniforms and uniform policy in the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections. Report to the Department of Health (England). J Hosp Infect 2007, 66:301-307.
231. Pogorzelska M., Stone P.W., Larson E.L. Wide variation in adoption of screening and infection control interventions for multidrug-resistant organisms: a national study. Am J Infect Control 2012, 40:696-700.
232. Lowe C., Katz K., McGeer A., Muller M.P., Toronto E.W.G. Disparity in infection control practices for multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Am J Infect Control 2012, 40:836-839.
233. Conterno L.O., Shymanski J., Ramotar K., Toye B., Zvonar R., Roth V. Impact and cost of infection control measures to reduce nosocomial transmission of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms in a non-outbreak setting. J Hosp Infect 2007, 65:354-360.
234. Souweine B., Traore O., Aublet-Cuvelier B., et al. Role of infection control measures in limiting morbidity associated with multiresistant organisms in critically ill patients. J Hosp Infect 2000, 45:107-116.
235. Domenech de Celles M., Zahar J.R., Abadie V., Guillemot D. Limits of patient isolation measures to control extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: model-based analysis of clinical data in a pediatric ward. BMC Infect Dis 2013, 13:187.
236. Derde L.P., Cooper B.S., Goossens H., et al. Interventions to reduce colonisation and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in intensive care units: an interrupted time series study and cluster randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2014, 14:31-39.
237. Lefebvre A., Gbaguidi-Haore H., Bertrand X., Thouverez M., Talon D. Impact of barrier precautions and antibiotic consumption on the incidence rate of acquired cases of infection or colonization with Acinetobacter baumannii: a 10-year multi-department study. Am J Infect Control 2011, 39:891-894.
238. Landman D., Babu E., Shah N., et al. Transmission of carbapenem-resistant pathogens in New York City hospitals: progress and frustration. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012, 67:1427-1431.
239. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Infection: prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections in primary and community care 2012, NICE Clinical Guideline 139, NICE, London, Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg139 [last accessed August 2014].
240. Fitzgerald G., Moore G., Wilson A.P.R. Hand hygiene after touching a patient's surroundings: the opportunities most commonly missed. J Hosp Infect 2013, 84:27-31.
241. Erasmus V., Daha T.J., Brug H., et al. Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31:283-294.
242. Randle J., Arthur A., Vaughan N. Twenty-four-hour observational study of hospital hand hygiene compliance. J Hosp Infect 2010, 76:252-255.
243. Creedon S.A. Healthcare workers hands decontamination practices: compliance with recommended guidelines. J Adv Nurs 2005, 51:208-210.
244. Larson E.L., Quiros D., Lin S.X. Dissemination of the CDC's hand hygiene guideline and impact on infection rates. Am J Infect Control 2007, 35:666-675.
245. Storr J., Wigglesworth N., Kilpatrick C. Integrating human factors with infection prevention & control 2013, Health Foundation, London.
246. Weber D.J., Rutala W.A., Miller M.B., Huslage K., Sickbert-Bennett E. Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care-associated pathogens: norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter species. Am J Infect Control 2010, 38(Suppl. 1):S25-S33.
247. Otter J.A., Yezli S., Salkeld J.A., French G.L. Evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address contaminated surfaces in hospital settings. Am J Infect Control 2013, 41:S6-S11.
248. Otter J.A., French G.L. Survival of nosocomial bacteria and spores on surfaces and inactivation by hydrogen peroxide vapor. J Clin Microbiol 2009, 47:205-207.
249. Havill N.L., Boyce J.M., Otter J.A. Extended survival of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae on dry surfaces. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014, 35:445-447.
250. Starlander G., Yin H., Edquist P., Melhus Å. Survival in the environment is a possible key factor for the expansion of Escherichia coli strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases. APMIS 2014, 122:59-67.
251. Wagenvoort J.H., Joosten E.J. An outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii that mimics MRSA in its environmental longevity. J Hosp Infect 2002, 52:226-227.
252. Nseir S., Blazejewski C., Lubret R., Wallet F., Courcol R., Durocher A. Risk of acquiring multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli from prior room occupants in the intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011, 17:1201-1208.
253. Maragakis L.L., Perl T.M. Acinetobacter baumannii: epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and treatment options. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:1254-1263.
254. Kelsey M. Pseudomonas in augmented care: should we worry?. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013, 68:2697-2700.
255. Witney A.A., Gould K.A., Pope C.F., et al. Genome sequencing and characterization of an extensively drug-resistant sequence type 111 serotype O12 hospital outbreak strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014, 20:O609-O618.
256. Koo V.S., O'Neill P., Elves A. Multidrug-resistant NDM-1 Klebsiella outbreak and infection control in endoscopic urology. BJU Int 2012, 110:E922-E926.
257. Lerner A., Adler A., Abu-Hanna J., Meitus I., Navon-Venezia S., Carmeli Y. Environmental contamination by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 2013, 51:177-181.
258. Guet-Revillet H., Le Monnier A., Breton N., et al. Environmental contamination with extended-spectrum β-lactamases: is there any difference between Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp?. Am J Infect Control 2012, 40:845-848.
259. Gbaguidi-Haore H., Talon D., Hocquet D., Bertrand X. Hospital environmental contamination with Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase. Am J Infect Control 2013, 41:664-665.
260. Freeman J.T., Nimmo J., Gregory E., et al. Predictors of hospital surface contamination with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: patient and organism factors. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2014, 3:5.
261. Otter J.A., Yezli S., Schouten M.A., van Zanten A.R., Houmes-Zielman G., Nohlmans-Paulssen M.K. Hydrogen peroxide vapor decontamination of an intensive care unit to remove environmental reservoirs of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative rods during an outbreak. Am J Infect Control 2010, 38:754-756.
262. Snitkin E.S., Zelazny A.M., Thomas P.J., et al. Tracking a hospital outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with whole-genome sequencing. Sci Transl Med 2012, 4:148ra116.
263. Ajao A.O., Johnson J.K., Harris A.D., et al. Risk of acquiring extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli from prior room occupants in the intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013, 34:453-458.
264. Moore G., Muzslay M., Wilson A.P. The type, level, and distribution of microorganisms within the ward environment: a zonal analysis of an intensive care unit and a gastrointestinal surgical ward. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013, 34:500-506.
265. Corbella X., Pujol M., Argerich M.J., et al. Environmental sampling of Acinetobacter baumannii: moistened swabs versus moistened sterile gauze pads. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999, 20:458-460.
266. Dancer S.J., White L., Robertson C. Monitoring environmental cleanliness on two surgical wards. Int J Environ Health Res 2008, 18:357-364.
267. Dolan A., Bartlett M., McEntee B., Creamer E., Humphreys H. Evaluation of different methods to recover meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from hospital environmental surfaces. J Hosp Infect 2011, 79:227-230.
268. Dancer S.J. Hospital cleaning in the 21st century. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011, 30:1473-1481.
269. Mulvey D., Redding P., Robertson C., et al. Finding a benchmark for monitoring hospital cleanliness. J Hosp Infect 2011, 77:25-30.
270. Amodio E., Dino C. Use of ATP bioluminescence for assessing the cleanliness of hospital surfaces: a review of the published literature (1990-2012). J Infect Public Health 2014, 7:92-98.
271. Omidbakhsh N., Ahmadpour F., Kenny N. How reliable are ATP bioluminescence meters in assessing decontamination of environmental surfaces in healthcare settings?. PLoS One 2014, 9:e99951.
272. Smith P.W., Beam E., Sayles H., et al. Impact of adenosine triphosphate detection and feedback on hospital room cleaning. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014, 35:564-569.
273. Branch-Elliman W., Robillard E., McCarthy G., Gupta K. Direct feedback with the ATP luminometer as a process improvement tool for terminal cleaning of patient rooms. Am J Infect Control 2014, 42:195-197.
274. Trajtman A.N., Manickam K., Macrae M., Bruning N.S., Alfa M.J. Continuing performance feedback and use of the ultraviolet visible marker to assess cleaning compliance in the healthcare environment. J Hosp Infect 2013, 84:166-172.
275. Jadhav S., Sahasrabudhe T., Kalley V., Gandham N. The microbial colonization profile of respiratory devices and the significance of the role of disinfection: a blinded study. J Clin Diagn Res 2013, 7:1021-1026.
276. Jongerden I.P., Buiting A.G., Leverstein-van Hall M.A., et al. Effect of open and closed endotracheal suctioning on cross-transmission with Gram-negative bacteria: a prospective crossover study. Crit Care Med 2011, 39:1313-1321.
277. Esperatti M., Ferrer M., Theessen A., et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit acquired by mechanically ventilated versus nonventilated patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 182:1533-1539.
278. Walker J.T., Jhutty A., Parks S., et al. Investigation of healthcare acquired infections associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in taps in neonatal units in Northern Ireland. J Hosp Infect 2014, 86:16-23.
279. Zabel L.T., Heeg P., Goelz R. Surveillance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in a neonatal intensive care unit over a one year-period. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004, 207:259-266.
280. Aumeran C., Paillard C., Robin F., et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida outbreak associated with contaminated water outlets in an oncohaematology paediatric unit. J Hosp Infect 2007, 65:47-53.
281. Vianelli N., Giannini M.B., Quarti C., et al. Resolution of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a hematology unit with the use of disposable sterile water filters. Haematologica 2006, 91:983-985.
282. Trautmann M., Halder S., Hoegel J., Royer H., Haller M. Point-of-use water filtration reduces endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections on a surgical intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 2008, 36:421-429.
283. Cervia J.S., Farber B., Armellino D., et al. Point-of-use water filtration reduces healthcare-associated infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2010, 12:238-241.
284. van der Mee-Marquet N., Bloc D., Briand L., Besnier J.M., Quentin R. Non-touch fittings in hospitals: a procedure to eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination. J Hosp Infect 2005, 60:235-239.
285. Hardy K.J., Oppenheim B.A., Gossain S., Gao F., Hawkey P.M. A study of the relationship between environmental contamination with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and patients' acquisition of MRSA. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006, 27:127-132.
286. National Patient Safety Agency, National Resource and Learning Service Revised healthcare cleaning manual 2009, NPSA, London, Available at: www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk/EasySiteWeb/getresource.axd?AssetID=61814 [last accessed September 2014].
287. National Health Service The NHS constitution: the NHS belongs to us all 2013, Department of Health, London, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/170656/NHS_Constitution.pdf [last accessed September 2014].
288. Harbarth S., Tuan Soh S., Horner C., Wilcox M.H. Is reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and antiseptics a risk in healthcare settings? A point/counterpoint review. J Hosp Infect 2014, 87:194-202.
289. Wishart M.M., Riley T.V. Infection with Pseudomonas maltophilia hospital outbreak due to contaminated disinfectant. Med J Aust 1976, 2:710-712.
290. Brooks S.E., Walczak M.A., Hameed R., Coonan P. Chlorhexidine resistance in antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from the surfaces of dispensers of soap containing chlorhexidine. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002, 23:692-695.
291. Aktaş E., Taşpinar E., Alay D., Ögedey E.D., Külah C., Cömert F. Extrinsic contamination of liquid soap with various Gram-negative bacteria in a hospital in Turkey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31:1199-1201.
292. Alfa M.J., Olson N., Buelow-Smith L., Murray B.L. Alkaline detergent combined with a routine ward bedpan washer disinfector cycle eradicates Clostridium difficile spores from the surface of plastic bedpans. Am J Infect Control 2013, 41:381-383.
293. Bryce E., Lamsdale A., Forrester L., et al. Bedpan washer disinfectors: an in-use evaluation of cleaning and disinfection. Am J Infect Control 2011, 39:566-570.
294. Ayliffe G.A., Collins B.J., Deverill C.E. Tests of disinfection by heat in a bedpan washing machine. J Clin Pathol 1974, 27:760-763.
295. Dirlam Langlay A.M., Ofstead C.L., Mueller N.J., Tosh P.K., Baron T.H., Wetzler H.P. Reported gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing lapses: the tip of the iceberg. Am J Infect Control 2013, 41:1188-1194.
296. Apisarnthanarak A., Pinitchai U., Warachan B., Warren D.K., Khawcharoenporn T., Hayden M.K. Effectiveness of infection prevention measures featuring advanced source control and environmental cleaning to limit transmission of extremely-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a Thai intensive care unit: an analysis before and after extensive flooding. Am J Infect Control 2014, 42:116-121.
297. Otter J.A., Yezli S., Perl T.M., Barbut F., French G.L. The role of 'no-touch' automated room disinfection systems in infection prevention and control. J Hosp Infect 2013, 83:1-13.
298. Boyce J.M., Havill N.L., Otter J.A., et al. Impact of hydrogen peroxide vapor room decontamination on Clostridium difficile environmental contamination and transmission in a healthcare setting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29:723-729.
299. Passaretti C.L., Otter J.A., Reich N.G., et al. An evaluation of environmental decontamination with hydrogen peroxide vapor for reducing the risk of patient acquisition of multidrug-resistant organisms. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 56:27-35.
300. Mahida N., Vaughan N., Boswell T. First UK evaluation of an automated ultraviolet-C room decontamination device (Tru-D™). J Hosp Infect 2013, 84:332-335.
301. Bates C.J., Pearse R. Use of hydrogen peroxide vapour for environmental control during a Serratia outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2005, 61:364-366.
302. Gopinath R., Savard P., Carroll K.C., Wilson L.E., Landrum B.M., Perl T.M. Infection prevention considerations related to New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae: a case report. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013, 34:99-100.
303. Perumal P.K., Wand M.E., Sutton J.M., Bock L.J. Evaluation of the effectiveness of hydrogen-peroxide-based disinfectants on biofilms formed by Gram-negative pathogens. J Hosp Infect 2014, 87:227-233.
304. Fu T.Y., Gent P., Kumar V. Efficacy, efficiency and safety aspects of hydrogen peroxide vapour and aerosolized hydrogen oxide room disinfection systems. J Hosp Infect 2012, 80:199-205.
305. Francis J.J., Duncan E.M., Prior M.E., et al. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in critically ill patients treated in intensive care units: a mixed-methods feasibility study (the SuDDICU study). Health Technol Assess 2014, 18:1-170.
306. de Smet A.M., Kluytmans J.A., Cooper B.S., et al. Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:20-31.
307. Liberati A., D'Amico R., Pifferi S., Torri V., Brazzi L., Parmelli E. Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care. Cochrane Database System Rev 2009, 4:CD000022.
308. Canter R.R., Harvey S.E., Harrison D.A., Campbell M.K., Rowan K.M., Cuthbertson B.H. Selective Decontamination of the Digestive tract in critically ill patients treated in Intensive Care Unit (SuDDICU) Investigators. Observational study of current use of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in UK critical care units. Br J Anaesth 2014, 113:610-617.
309. Bastin A.J., Ryanna K.B. Use of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in United Kingdom intensive care units. Anaesthesia 2009, 64:46-49.
310. Oostdijk E.A.N., de Smet A.M.G., Blok H.E.M., et al. Ecological effects of selective decontamination on resistant Gram-negative bacterial colonization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 181:452-457.
311. Lubbert C., Faucheux S., Becker-Rux D., et al. Rapid emergence of secondary resistance to gentamicin and colistin following selective digestive decontamination in patients with KPC-2 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: a single-centre experience. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013, 42:565-570.
312. Buelow E., Gonzalez T.B., Versluis D., et al. Effects of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) on the gut resistome. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014, 69:2215-2223.
313. Derde L.P., Dautzenberg M.J., Bonten M.J. Chlorhexidine body washing to control antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in intensive care units: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2012, 38:931-939.
314. Climo M.W., Yokoe D.S., Warren D.K., et al. Effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infection. N Engl J Med 2013, 368:533-542.
315. Huang S.S., Septimus E., Kleinman K., et al. Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ICU infection. N Engl J Med 2013, 368:2255-2265.
316. Milstone A.M., Elward A., Song X., et al. Daily chlorhexidine bathing to reduce bacteraemia in critically ill children: a multicentre, cluster-randomised, crossover trial. Lancet 2013, 381:1099-1106.
317. Hayden M.K., Lin M.Y., Lolans K., et al. Prevention of colonization and infection by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in long term acute care hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2015, 60:1153-1161.
318. Munoz-Price L.S., Hayden M.K., Lolans K., et al. Successful control of an outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae at a long-term acute care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31:341-347.
319. Palmore T.N., Henderson D.K. Managing transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in healthcare settings: a view from the trenches. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57:1593-1599.
320. Camus C., Bellissant E., Sebille V., et al. Prevention of acquired infections in intubated patients with the combination of two decontamination regimens. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:307-314.
321. Price R., MacLennan G., Glen J. Selective digestive or oropharyngeal decontamination and topical oropharyngeal chlorhexidine for prevention of death in general intensive care: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2014, 348:g2197. SuDDICU Collaboration.
322. Huttner B., Haustein H., Uckay I., et al. Decolonization of intestinal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae with oral colistin and neomycin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013, 68:2375-2382.
323. Agustí C., Pujol M., Argerich M.J., et al. Short-term effect of the application of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on different body site reservoir ICU patients colonised by multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002, 49:205-208.
324. Brun-Buisson C., Legrand P., Rauss A., et al. Intestinal decontamination for control of nosocomial multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli. Study of an outbreak in an intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 1989, 110:873-881.
325. Eveillard M., Lafargue S., Guet L., et al. Association between institutionalization and carriage of multiresistant bacteria in the elderly at the time of admission to a general hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999, 18:133-136.
326. Health Protection Agency Prevention and control of infection in care homes - an information resource 2013, HPA, London, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/214929/Care-home-resource-18-February-2013.pdf [last accessed August 2014].
327. Carbonne A., Thiolet J.M., Fournier S., et al. Control of a multi-hospital outbreak of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae type 2 in France, September to October 2009. Euro Surveill 2010, 15. pii:19734.
328. Ciobotaro P., Oved M., Nadir E., Bardenstein R., Zimhony O. An effective intervention to limit the spread of an epidemic carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain in an acute care setting: from theory to practice. Am J Infect Control 2011, 39:671-677.
329. Schwaber M.J., Lev B., Israeli A., et al. Containment of a country-wide outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Israeli hospitals via a nationally implemented intervention. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52:848-855. Israel Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Working Group.
330. Karah N., Sundsfjord A., Towner K., Samuelsen O. Insights into the global molecular epidemiology of carbapenem non-susceptible clones of Acinetobacter baumannii. Drug Resist Updat 2012, 15:237-247.
331. Lister P.D., Wolter D.J., Hanson N.D. Antibacterial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: clinical impact and complex regulation of chromosomally encoded resistance mechanisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009, 22:582-610.
332. Carmody L.A., Spilker T., LiPuma J.J. Reassessment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia phenotype. J Clin Microbiol 2011, 49:1101-1103.
333. Brooke J.S. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging global opportunistic pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012, 25:2-41.
334. Dijkshoorn L., Nemec A., Seifert H. An increasing threat in hospitals: multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007, 5:939-951.
335. Looney W.J., Narita M., Muhlemann K. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging opportunist human pathogen. Lancet Infect Dis 2009, 9:312-323.
336. Medina-Presentado J.C., Seija V., Vignoli R., et al. Polyclonal endemicity of Acinetobacter baumannii in ventilated patients in an intensive care unit in Uruguay. Int J Infect Dis 2013, 17:e422-427.
337. Paterson D.L. The epidemiological profile of infections with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43(Suppl. 2):S43-S48.
338. Apisarnthanarak A., Fraser V.J., Dunne W.M., et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia intestinal colonization in hospitalized oncology patients with diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:1131-1135.
339. Strenger V., Feierl G., Resch B., et al. Fecal carriage and intrafamilial spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae following colonization at the neonatal ICU. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013, 14:157-163.
340. Apisarnthanarak A., Bailey T.C., Fraser V.J. Duration of stool colonization in patients infected with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:1322-1323.
341. Haverkate M., Dautzenberg M., Ossewaarde T., et al. Within-host and population transmission of OXA-48. ID Week 2013, Abstract 1207.
342. Peleg A.Y., Hooper D.C. Hospital-acquired infections due to Gram-negative bacteria. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:1804-1813.
343. Wainwright C.E., France M.W., O'Rourke P., et al. Cough-generated aerosols of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria from patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2009, 64:926-931.
344. Magiorakos A.P., Srinivasan A., Carey R.B., et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011, 18:268-281.
345. Driscoll J.A., Brody S.L., Kollef M.H. The epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Drugs 2007, 67:351-368.
346. Paterson D.L. Resistance in Gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae. Am J Infect Control 2006, 34:S20-S28. discussion S64-S73.
347. Bogdanovich T., Adams-Haduch J.M., Tian G.B., et al. Colistin-resistant, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae belonging to the international epidemic clone ST258. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:373-376.
348. Diancourt L., Passet V., Nemec A., Dijkshoorn L., Brisse S. The population structure of Acinetobacter baumannii: expanding multiresistant clones from an ancestral susceptible genetic pool. PLoS One 2010, 5:e10034.
349. Peleg A.Y., Seifert H., Paterson D.L. Acinetobacter baumannii: emergence of a successful pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008, 21:538-582.
350. Shorr A.F. Review of studies of the impact on Gram-negative bacterial resistance on outcomes in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:1463-1469.
351. Patel G., Huprikar S., Factor S.H., Jenkins S.G., Calfee D.P. Outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and the impact of antimicrobial and adjunctive therapies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29:1099-1106.
352. Hirsch E.B., Tam V.H. Impact of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection on patient outcomes. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2010, 10:441-451.
353. Falagas M.E., Kastoris A.C., Vouloumanou E.K., Rafailidis P.I., Kapaskelis A.M., Dimopoulos G. Attributable mortality of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections: a systematic review of the literature. Future Microbiol 2009, 4:1103-1109.
354. Falagas M.E., Kopterides P. Risk factors for the isolation of multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a systematic review of the literature. J Hosp Infect 2006, 64:7-15.
355. Ahmed-Bentley J., Chandran A.U., Joffe A.M., French D., Peirano G., Pitout J.D. Gram-negative bacteria that produce carbapenemases causing death attributed to recent foreign hospitalization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013, 57:3085-3091.
356. Eveillard M., Kempf M., Belmonte O., Pailhories H., Joly-Guillou M.L. Reservoirs of Acinetobacter baumannii outside the hospital and potential involvement in emerging human community-acquired infections. Int J Infect Dis 2013, 17:e802-e805.
357. Safdar A., Rolston K.V. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: changing spectrum of a serious bacterial pathogen in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:1602-1609.
358. Moher D., Liberati A., Tetzlaff J., Altman D.G. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 2009, 6:e1000097. PRISMA Group.