A low toxicity synthetic cinnamaldehyde derivative ameliorates renal inflammation in mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and its related signaling pathways

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

Volumn 91, Issue , 2016, Pages 10-24

  Ka, Shuk Man ^a   Kuoping Chao, Louis ^b   Lin, Jung Chen ^c   Chen, Shui Tein ^d   Li, Wen Tai ^e   Lin, Chien Nan ^f   Cheng, Jen Che ^f   Jheng, Huei Ling ^c   Chen, Ann ^c   Hua, Kuo Feng ^c,f  

^a NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER   (Taiwan)

^b CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c TRI SERVICE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^d INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY   (Taiwan)

^e NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CHINESE MEDICINE   (Taiwan)

^f NATIONAL ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Cinnamaldehyde; NLRP3 inflammasome; Renal inflammation

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYCINNAMALDEHYDE GALACTOSAMINE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; CINNAMALDEHYDE DERIVATIVE; CRYOPYRIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INFLAMMASOME; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA CONVERTING ENZYME; INTERLEUKIN 6; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE C ALPHA; PROTEIN KINASE C DELTA; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; SUPEROXIDE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; 4-HYDROXYCINNAMALDEHYDE-GALACTOSAMINE; ACROLEIN; CCL2 PROTEIN, MOUSE; GALACTOSAMINE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; NLRP3 PROTEIN, MOUSE; TLR4 PROTEIN, MOUSE;

ALBUMINURIA; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; CD3+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL VIABILITY; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOKINE RELEASE; CYTOTOXICITY; DISEASE CONTROL; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG SYNTHESIS; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME INDUCTION; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; FEMALE; GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; GLYCOSYLATION; IC50; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MACROPHAGE; MOUSE; NEPHRITIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEINURIA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; UPREGULATION; WEIGHT GAIN; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; ANIMAL; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; C57BL MOUSE; CELL SURVIVAL; DRUG EFFECTS; IMMUNOLOGY; KIDNEY; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PRECLINICAL STUDY; RAW 264.7 CELL LINE;

ACROLEIN; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; CELL SURVIVAL; CHEMOKINE CCL2; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; FEMALE; GALACTOSAMINE; INFLAMMASOMES; INTERLEUKIN-6; KIDNEY; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MICE; MICE, INBRED C57BL; NEPHRITIS; NF-KAPPA B; NLR FAMILY, PYRIN DOMAIN-CONTAINING 3 PROTEIN; RAW 264.7 CELLS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4;

EID: 84951099749     PISSN: 08915849     EISSN: 18734596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.003     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. R.S. Goldszmid, and G. Trinchieri The price of immunity Nat. Immunol. 13 2012 932 938
2. E. Latz, T.S. Xiao, and A. Stutz Activation and regulation of the inflammasomes Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13 2013 397 411
3. D. De Nardo, and E. Latz NLRP3 inflammasomes link inflammation and metabolic disease Trends Immunol. 32 2011 373 379
4. H. Wen, J.P. Ting, and L.A. O'Neill A role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in metabolic diseases - did Warburg miss inflammation? Nat. Immunol. 13 2012 352 357
5. H.J. Anders, and D.A. Muruve The inflammasomes in kidney disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22 2011 1007 1018
6. J.C. Leemans, L. Kors, H.J. Anders, and S. Florquin Pattern recognition receptors and the inflammasome in kidney disease Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 10 2014 398 414
7. S.R. Mulay, O.P. Kulkarni, K.V. Rupanagudi, A. Migliorini, M.N. Darisipudi, A. Vilaysane, D. Muruve, Y. Shi, F. Munro, H. Liapis, and H.J. Anders Calcium oxalate crystals induce renal inflammation by NLRP3-mediated IL-1beta secretion J. Clin. Invest. 123 2013 236 246
8. A. Vilaysane, J. Chun, M.E. Seamone, W. Wang, R. Chin, S. Hirota, Y. Li, S.A. Clark, J. Tschopp, K. Trpkov, B.R. Hemmelgarn, P.L. Beck, and D.A. Muruve The NLRP3 inflammasome promotes renal inflammation and contributes to CKD J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 21 2010 1732 1744
9. J. Zhao, H. Wang, C. Dai, H. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Huang, S. Wang, F. Gaskin, N. Yang, and S.M. Fu P2X7 blockade attenuates murine lupus nephritis by inhibiting activation of the NLRP3/ASC/caspase 1 pathway Arthritis Rheum. 65 2013 3176 3185
10. J. Zhao, H. Wang, Y. Huang, H. Zhang, S. Wang, F. Gaskin, N. Yang, and S.M. Fu Lupus nephritis: glycogen synthase kinase 3beta promotion of renal damage through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in lupus-prone mice Arthritis Rheumatol. 67 2015 1036 1044
11. S. Granata, V. Masola, E. Zoratti, M.T. Scupoli, A. Baruzzi, M. Messa, F. Sallustio, L. Gesualdo, A. Lupo, and G. Zaza NLRP3 inflammasome activation in dialyzed chronic kidney disease patients Plos One 10 2015 e0122272
12. T.M. Chan Treatment of severe lupus nephritis: the new horizon Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 11 2015 46 61
13. A.T. Borchers, N. Leibushor, S.M. Naguwa, G.S. Cheema, Y. Shoenfeld, and M.E. Gershwin Lupus nephritis: a critical review Autoimmun. Rev. 12 2012 174 194
14. Q.H. Hu, X. Zhang, Y. Pan, Y.C. Li, and L.D. Kong Allopurinol, quercetin and rutin ameliorate renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipid accumulation in fructose-fed rats Biochem. Pharmacol. 84 2012 113 125
15. Q. Shan, Y. Zheng, J. Lu, Z. Zhang, D. Wu, S. Fan, B. Hu, X. Cai, H. Cai, P. Liu, and F. Liu Purple sweet potato color ameliorates kidney damage via inhibiting oxidative stress mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in high fat diet mice Food Chem. Toxicol. 69 2014 339 346
16. C. Wang, Y. Pan, Q.Y. Zhang, F.M. Wang, and L.D. Kong Quercetin and allopurinol ameliorate kidney injury in STZ-treated rats with regulation of renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipid accumulation Plos. One 7 2012 e38285
17. Y.P. Chang, S.M. Ka, W.H. Hsu, A. Chen, L.K. Chao, C.C. Lin, C.C. Hsieh, M.C. Chen, H.W. Chiu, C.L. Ho, Y.C. Chiu, M.L. Liu, and K.F. Hua Resveratrol inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by preserving mitochondrial integrity and augmenting autophagy J. Cell. Physiol. 230 2015 1567 1579
18. K.F. Hua, S.M. Yang, T.Y. Kao, J.M. Chang, H.L. Chen, Y.J. Tsai, A. Chen, S.S. Yang, L.K. Chao, and S.M. Ka Osthole mitigates progressive IgA nephropathy by inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation and NF-kappaB/NLRP3 pathway Plos One 8 2013 e77794
19. P.Y. Tsai, S.M. Ka, J.M. Chang, H.C. Chen, H.A. Shui, C.Y. Li, K.F. Hua, W.L. Chang, J.J. Huang, S.S. Yang, and A. Chen Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents lupus nephritis development in mice via enhancing the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51 2011 744 754
20. S.M. Yang, Y.L. Chan, K.F. Hua, J.M. Chang, H.L. Chen, Y.J. Tsai, Y.J. Hsu, L.K. Chao, Y. Feng-Ling, Y.L. Tsai, S.H. Wu, Y.F. Wang, C.L. Tsai, A. Chen, and S.M. Ka Osthole improves an accelerated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis model in the early stage by activating the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and subsequently inhibiting NF-kappaB-mediated COX-2 expression and apoptosis Free Radic. Biol. Med. 73 2014 260 269
21. S.M. Yang, K.F. Hua, Y.C. Lin, A. Chen, J.M. Chang, L. Kuoping Chao, C.L. Ho, and S.M. Ka Citral is renoprotective for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis and activating Nrf2 pathway in mice Plos One 8 2013 e74871
22. S.M. Yang, S.M. Ka, K.F. Hua, T.H. Wu, Y.P. Chuang, Y.W. Lin, F.L. Yang, S.H. Wu, S.S. Yang, S.H. Lin, J.M. Chang, and A. Chen Antroquinonol mitigates an accelerated and progressive IgA nephropathy model in mice by activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting T cells and NLRP3 inflammasome Free Radic. Biol. Med. 61 2013 285 297
23. L.K. Chao, K.F. Hua, H.Y. Hsu, S.S. Cheng, I.F. Lin, C.J. Chen, S.T. Chen, and S.T. Chang Cinnamaldehyde inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion from monocytes/macrophages through suppression of intracellular signaling Food Chem. Toxicol. 46 2008 220 231
24. E.N. Faikoh, Y.H. Hong, and S.Y. Hu Liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde enhances zebrafish (Danio rerio) immunity and survival when challenged with Vibrio vulnificus and Streptococcus agalactiae Fish. Shellfish. Immunol. 38 2014 15 24
25. J.Y. Guo, H.R. Huo, B.S. Zhao, H.B. Liu, L.F. Li, Y.Y. Ma, S.Y. Guo, and T.L. Jiang Cinnamaldehyde reduces IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 activity in rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells Eur. J. Pharmacol. 537 2006 174 180
26. B.C. Liao, C.W. Hsieh, Y.C. Liu, T.T. Tzeng, Y.W. Sun, and B.S. Wung Cinnamaldehyde inhibits the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules in endothelial cells by suppressing NF-kappaB activation: effects upon IkappaB and Nrf2 Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 229 2008 161 171
27. L.T. Lin, C.J. Tai, S.P. Chang, J.L. Chen, S.J. Wu, and C.C. Lin Cinnamaldehyde-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 cells involves the mitochondrial death pathway and is sensitive to inhibition by cyclosporin A and z-VAD-fmk Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 13 2013 1565 1574
28. M.J. Hooth, R.C. Sills, L.T. Burka, J.K. Haseman, K.L. Witt, D.P. Orzech, A.F. Fuciarelli, S.W. Graves, J.D. Johnson, and J.R. Bucher Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of microencapsulated trans-cinnamaldehyde in rats and mice Food Chem. Toxicol. 42 2004 1757 1768
29. M. Theurer, N. Shaik, and F. Lang Stimulation of suicidal erythrocyte death by trans-cinnamaldehyde Phytomedicine 20 2013 1119 1123
30. J.X. Zhai, Z.X. Zhang, Y.J. Feng, S.S. Ding, X.H. Wang, L.W. Zou, and D.Q. Ye PDTC attenuate LPS-induced kidney injury in systemic lupus erythematosus-prone MRL/lpr mice Mol. Biol. Rep. 39 2012 6763 6771
31. S.M. Ka, Y.C. Kuo, P.J. Ho, P.Y. Tsai, Y.J. Hsu, W.J. Tsai, Y.L. Lin, C.C. Shen, and A. Chen (S)-armepavine from Chinese medicine improves experimental autoimmune crescentic glomerulonephritis Rheumatology (Oxford) 49 2010 1840 1851
32. S.M. Ka, T.T. Hsieh, S.H. Lin, S.S. Yang, C.C. Wu, H.K. Sytwu, and A. Chen Decoy receptor 3 inhibits renal mononuclear leukocyte infiltration and apoptosis and prevents progression of IgA nephropathy in mice Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol. 301 2011 F1218 F1230
33. S.M. Ka, Y.C. Yeh, X.R. Huang, T.K. Chao, Y.J. Hung, C.P. Yu, T.J. Lin, C.C. Wu, H.Y. Lan, and A. Chen Kidney-targeting Smad7 gene transfer inhibits renal TGF-beta/MAD homologue (SMAD) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signalling pathways, and improves diabetic nephropathy in mice Diabetologia 55 2012 509 519
34. S.M. Ka, H.K. Sytwu, D.M. Chang, S.L. Hsieh, P.Y. Tsai, and A. Chen Decoy receptor 3 ameliorates an autoimmune crescentic glomerulonephritis model in mice J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18 2007 2473 2485
35. S.M. Ka, C.W. Cheng, H.A. Shui, W.M. Wu, D.M. Chang, Y.C. Lin, and A. Chen Mesangial cells of lupus-prone mice are sensitive to chemokine production Arthritis Res. Ther. 9 2007 R67
36. F.H. Carpenter The anhydride of benzylpenicillin J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70 1948 2964 2966
37. J. Kerekgyarto, Z. Szurmai, and A. Liptak Synthesis of p-trifluoroacetamidophenyl 6-deoxy-2-O-(3-O-[2-O-methyl-3-O-(2-O-methyl-alpha-d-rhamnopyranosyl)-alpha-l-fucopyranosyl]-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-alpha-l-talopyranoside: a spacer armed tetrasaccharide glycopeptidolipid antigen of Mycobacterium avium serovar 20 Carbohydr. Res. 245 1993 65 80
38. F. Bauernfeind, E. Bartok, A. Rieger, L. Franchi, G. Nunez, and V. Hornung Cutting edge: reactive oxygen species inhibitors block priming, but not activation, of the NLRP3 inflammasome J. Immunol. 187 2011 613 617
39. P.C. Liao, L.K. Chao, J.C. Chou, W.C. Dong, C.N. Lin, C.Y. Lin, A. Chen, S.M. Ka, C.L. Ho, and K.F. Hua Lipopolysaccharide/adenosine triphosphate-mediated signal transduction in the regulation of NLRP3 protein expression and caspase-1-mediated interleukin-1beta secretion Inflamm. Res. 62 2013 89 96
40. K. Takeda, T. Kaisho, and S. Akira Toll-like receptors Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21 2003 335 376
41. K.F. Hua, S.H. Wang, W.C. Dong, C.Y. Lin, C.L. Ho, and T.H. Wu High glucose increases nitric oxide generation in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages by enhancing activity of protein kinase C-alpha/delta and NF-kappaB Inflamm. Res. 61 2012 1107 1116
42. S.C. Su, K.F. Hua, H. Lee, L.K. Chao, S.K. Tan, H. Lee, S.F. Yang, and H.Y. Hsu LTA and LPS mediated activation of protein kinases in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines expression in macrophages Clin. Chim. Acta 374 2006 106 115
43. J. Tschopp, and K. Schroder NLRP3 inflammasome activation: The convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10 2010 210 215
44. C.M. Cruz, A. Rinna, H.J. Forman, A.L. Ventura, P.M. Persechini, and D.M. Ojcius ATP activates a reactive oxygen species-dependent oxidative stress response and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages J. Biol. Chem. 282 2007 2871 2879
45. P.Y. Tsai, S.M. Ka, J.M. Chang, J.H. Lai, M.S. Dai, H.L. Jheng, M.T. Kuo, P. Chen, and A. Chen Antroquinonol differentially modulates T cell activity and reduces interleukin-18 production, but enhances Nrf2 activation, in murine accelerated severe lupus nephritis Arthritis Rheum. 64 2012 232 242
46. I. Batal, S.A. De Serres, B.G. Mfarrej, M. Grafals, G.S. Pinkus, A. Kalra, A. Weins, V. Bijol, H.G. Rennke, I. Guleria, R. Abdi, A. Chandraker, and N. Najafian Glomerular inflammation correlates with endothelial injury and with IL-6 and IL-1beta secretion in the peripheral blood Transplantation 97 2014 1034 1042
47. H.R. Vianna, C.M. Soares, K.D. Silveira, G.S. Elmiro, P.M. Mendes, M. de Sousa Tavares, M.M. Teixeira, D.M. Miranda, and E.S.A.C. Simoes Cytokines in chronic kidney disease: potential link of MCP-1 and dyslipidemia in glomerular diseases Pediatr. Nephrol. 28 2013 463 469
48. K.F. Hua, J.C. Chou, Y. Lam, Y.L. Tasi, A. Chen, S.M. Ka, Z. Fang, M.L. Liu, F.L. Yang, Y.L. Yang, Y.C. Chiu, and S.H. Wu Polyenylpyrrole derivatives inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation and inflammatory mediator expression by reducing reactive oxygen species production and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation Plos. One 8 2013 e76754
49. M.R. Clatworthy, and K.G. Smith B cells in glomerulonephritis: focus on lupus nephritis Semin. Immunopathol. 29 2007 337 353
50. R.A. Cohen, G. Bayliss, J.C. Crispin, G.F. Kane-Wanger, C.A. Van Beek, V.C. Kyttaris, I. Avalos, C.Y. Yu, G.C. Tsokos, and I.E. Stillman T cells and in situ cryoglobulin deposition in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis Clin. Immunol. 128 2008 1 7
51. T.M. El-Achkar, M. Hosein, and P.C. Dagher Pathways of renal injury in systemic gram-negative sepsis Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 38 Suppl. 2 2008 S39 S44
52. L. Verstrepen, T. Bekaert, T.L. Chau, J. Tavernier, A. Chariot, and R. Beyaert TLR-4, IL-1R and TNF-R signaling to NF-kappaB: variations on a common theme Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 65 2008 2964 2978
53. L.K. Chao, C.H. Lin, H.W. Chiu, W.T. Wong, H.W. Chiu, Y.L. Tasi, Y.H. Kuo, Y.C. Chiu, M.L. Liu, C.L. Ho, K.F. Hua, Peroxyauraptenol inhibits inflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation and preserving mitochondrial integrity, J. Agric. Food Chem. (2015).
54. S. Hong, and Y. Lu Omega-3 fatty acid-derived resolvins and protectins in inflammation resolution and leukocyte functions: targeting novel lipid mediator pathways in mitigation of acute kidney injury Front. Immunol. 4 2013 13
55. P.R. Mayeux, and L.A. MacMillan-Crow Pharmacological targets in the renal peritubular microenvironment: implications for therapy for sepsis-induced acute kidney injury Pharmacol. Ther. 134 2012 139 155
56. H.J. Anders, B. Banas, and D. Schlondorff Signaling danger: toll-like receptors and their potential roles in kidney disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15 2004 854 867
57. M.G. Robson Toll-like receptors and renal disease Nephron. Exp. Nephrol. 113 2009 e1 e7
58. I.T. Lee, R.H. Shih, C.C. Lin, J.T. Chen, and C.M. Yang Role of TLR4/NADPH oxidase/ROS-activated p38 MAPK in VCAM-1 expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in human renal mesangial cells Cell. Commun. Signal.: CCS 10 2012 33
59. S.M. Yang, S.M. Ka, H.L. Wu, Y.C. Yeh, C.H. Kuo, K.F. Hua, G.Y. Shi, Y.J. Hung, F.C. Hsiao, S.S. Yang, Y.S. Shieh, S.H. Lin, C.W. Wei, J.S. Lee, C.Y. Yang, and A. Chen Thrombomodulin domain 1 ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in mice via anti-NF-kappaB/NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation, enhancement of NRF2 antioxidant activity and inhibition of apoptosis Diabetologia 57 2014 424 434
60. C.L. Ho, C.Y. Lin, S.M. Ka, A. Chen, Y.L. Tasi, M.L. Liu, Y.C. Chiu, and K.F. Hua Bamboo vinegar decreases inflammatory mediator expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation and protein kinase C-alpha/delta activation Plos One 8 2013 e75738
61. P.C. Liao, S.C. Chien, C.L. Ho, E.I. Wang, S.C. Lee, Y.H. Kuo, N. Jeyashoke, J. Chen, W.C. Dong, L.K. Chao, and K.F. Hua Osthole regulates inflammatory mediator expression through modulating NF-kappaB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase C, and reactive oxygen species J. Agric. Food Chem. 58 2010 10445 10451
62. F.G. Bauernfeind, G. Horvath, A. Stutz, E.S. Alnemri, K. MacDonald, D. Speert, T. Fernandes-Alnemri, J. Wu, B.G. Monks, K.A. Fitzgerald, V. Hornung, and E. Latz Cutting edge: NF-kappaB activating pattern recognition and cytokine receptors license NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating NLRP3 expression J. Immunol. 183 2009 787 791
63. R. Zhou, A.S. Yazdi, P. Menu, and J. Tschopp A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation Nature 469 2011 221 225
64. H. Ka, H.J. Park, H.J. Jung, J.W. Choi, K.S. Cho, J. Ha, and K.T. Lee Cinnamaldehyde induces apoptosis by ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells Cancer Lett. 196 2003 143 152
65. I. Jialal, A.M. Major, and S. Devaraj Global toll-like receptor 4 knockout results in decreased renal inflammation, fibrosis and podocytopathy J. Diabetes Complicat. 28 2014 755 761
66. J. Ma, S.J. Chadban, C.Y. Zhao, X. Chen, T. Kwan, U. Panchapakesan, C.A. Pollock, and H. Wu TLR4 activation promotes podocyte injury and interstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy Plos One 9 2014 e97985
67. J.A. Smith, L.J. Stallons, J.B. Collier, K.D. Chavin, and R.G. Schnellmann Suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis through toll-like receptor 4-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 352 2015 346 357
68. H.S. Youn, J.K. Lee, Y.J. Choi, S.I. Saitoh, K. Miyake, D.H. Hwang, and J.Y. Lee Cinnamaldehyde suppresses toll-like receptor 4 activation mediated through the inhibition of receptor oligomerization Biochem. Pharmacol. 75 2008 494 502
69. G.M. Keseru, and G.M. Makara Hit discovery and hit-to-lead approaches Drug. Discov. today 11 2006 741 748
70. E.H. Chew, A.A. Nagle, Y. Zhang, S. Scarmagnani, P. Palaniappan, T.D. Bradshaw, A. Holmgren, and A.D. Westwell Cinnamaldehydes inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce Nrf2: potential candidates for cancer therapy and chemoprevention Free. Radic. Biol. Med. 48 2010 98 111
71. X. Li, J. Sheng, G. Huang, R. Ma, F. Yin, D. Song, C. Zhao, and S. Ma Design, synthesis and antibacterial activity of cinnamaldehyde derivatives as inhibitors of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ Eur. J. Med. Chem. 97 2015 32 41
72. Y. Cui, G. Liang, Y.H. Hu, Y. Shi, Y.X. Cai, H.J. Gao, Q.X. Chen, and Q. Wang Alpha-substituted derivatives of cinnamaldehyde as tyrosinase inhibitors: inhibitory mechanism and molecular analysis J. Agric. Food Chem. 63 2015 716 722
73. J.Y. Kwon, S.H. Hong, S.D. Park, S.G. Ahn, J.H. Yoon, B.M. Kwon, and S.A. Kim 2′-Benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde inhibits nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells via regulation of AP-1 pathway Eur. J. Pharmacol. 696 2012 179 186
74. A.M. Reddy, J.H. Seo, S.Y. Ryu, Y.S. Kim, Y.S. Kim, K.R. Min, and Y. Kim Cinnamaldehyde and 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde as NF-kappaB inhibitors from Cinnamomum cassia Planta Med. 70 2004 823 827