Hemodynamic Management of Septic Shock: Is It Time for "individualized Goal-Directed Hemodynamic Therapy" and for Specifically Targeting the Microcirculation?

Shock

Volumn 43, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 522-529

  Saugel, Bernd ^a   Trepte, Constantin J ^a   Heckel, Kai ^a   Wagner, Julia Y ^a   Reuter, Daniel A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

Author keywords

anesthesiology; critical care medicine; goal directed therapy; hemodynamic monitoring; Macrocirculation; resuscitation; systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Indexed keywords

BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CIRCULATION; FLUID RESUSCITATION; HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; MACROCIRCULATION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MICROCIRCULATION; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); OXYGENATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SEPTIC SHOCK; TISSUE PERFUSION; ACINETOBACTER; CANDIDA ALBICANS; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; SEPSIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS;

ACINETOBACTER; CANDIDA ALBICANS; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; MICROCIRCULATION; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; SEPSIS; SHOCK, SEPTIC; STAPHYLOCOCCUS;

EID: 84942989868     PISSN: 10732322     EISSN: 15400514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000345     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Vincent JL: Cardiovascular alterations in septic shock. J Antimicrob Chemother 41(Suppl A):9-15, 1998.
2. Vincent JL, Ince C, Bakker J: Clinical review: circulatory shockVan update: a tribute to Professor Max Harry Weil. Crit Care 16(6):239, 2012.
3. de Backer D, Donadello K, Taccone FS, Ospina-Tascon G, Salgado D, Vincent JL: Microcirculatory alterations: potential mechanisms and implications for therapy. Ann Intensive Care 1(1):27, 2011.
4. de Backer D, Ortiz JA, Salgado D: Coupling microcirculation to systemic hemodynamics. Curr Opin Crit Care 16(3):250-254, 2010.
5. de Backer D, Creteur J, Dubois MJ, Sakr Y, Vincent JL: Microvascular alterations in patients with acute severe heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Am Heart J 147(1):91-99, 2004.
6. Jung C, Ferrari M, Rodiger C, Fritzenwanger M, Goebel B, Lauten A, Pfeifer R, Figulla HR: Evaluation of the sublingual microcirculation in cardiogenic shock. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 42(2):141-148, 2009.
7. Dubin A, Pozo MO, Ferrara G, Murias G, Martins E, Canullan C, Canales HS, Kanoore Edul VS, Estenssoro E, Ince C: Systemic and microcirculatory responses to progressive hemorrhage. Intensive Care Med 35(3):556-564, 2009.
8. Jhanji S, Lee C, Watson D, Hinds C, Pearse RM: Microvascular flow and tissue oxygenation after major abdominal surgery: association with post-operative complications. Intensive Care Med 35(4):671-677, 2009.
9. de Backer D, Dubois MJ, Schmartz D, Koch M, Ducart A, Barvais L, Vincent JL: Microcirculatory alterations in cardiac surgery: effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and anesthesia. Ann Thorac Surg 88(5):1396-1403, 2009.
10. Marechal X, Favory R, Joulin O, Montaigne D, Hassoun S, Decoster B, Zerimech F, Neviere R: Endothelial glycocalyx damage during endotoxemia coincides with microcirculatory dysfunction and vascular oxidative stress. Shock 29(5):572-576, 2008.
11. Saugel B, Ringmaier S, Holzapfel K, Schuster T, Phillip V, Schmid RM, Huber W: Physical examination, central venous pressure, and chest radiography for the prediction of transpulmonary thermodilutionYderived hemodynamic parameters in critically ill patients: a prospective trial. J Crit Care 26(4): 402-410, 2011.
12. Saugel B, Kirsche SV, Hapfelmeier A, Phillip V, Schultheiss C, Schmid RM, Huber W: Prediction of fluid responsiveness in patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit. J Crit Care 28(4):537e1-537e9, 2013.
13. Reuter DA, Huang C, Edrich T, Shernan SK, Eltzschig HK: Cardiac output monitoring using indicator-dilution techniques: basics, limits, and perspectives. Anesth Analg 110(3):799-811, 2010.
14. Alhashemi JA, Cecconi M, Hofer CK: Cardiac output monitoring: an integrative perspective. Crit Care 15(2):214, 2011.
15. Saugel B, Cecconi M, Wagner JY, Reuter DA: Noninvasive continuous cardiac output monitoring in perioperative and intensive care medicine. Br J Anaesth 114(4):562-575, 2015.
16. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, et al.: Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med 41(2):580-637, 2013.
17. Osman D, Ridel C, Ray P, Monnet X, Anguel N, Richard C, Teboul JL: Cardiac filling pressures are not appropriate to predict hemodynamic response to volume challenge. Crit Care Med 35(1):64-68, 2007.
18. Michard F, Alaya S, Zarka V, Bahloul M, Richard C, Teboul JL: Global enddiastolic volume as an indicator of cardiac preload in patients with septic shock. Chest 124(5):1900-1908, 2003.
19. Reuter DA, Felbinger TW, Schmidt C, Kilger E, Goedje O, Lamm P, Goetz AE: Stroke volume variations for assessment of cardiac responsiveness to volume loading in mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 28(4):392-398, 2002.
20. Cavallaro F, Sandroni C, Marano C, La Torre G, Mannocci A, de Waure C, Bello G, Maviglia R, Antonelli M: Diagnostic accuracy of passive leg raising for prediction of fluid responsiveness in adults: systematic review and metaanalysis of clinical studies. Intensive Care Med 36(9):1475-1483, 2010.
21. Cecconi M, Parsons AK, Rhodes A: What is a fluid challenge? Curr Opin Crit Care 17(3):290-295, 2011.
22. de Backer D, Donadello K, Cortes DO: Monitoring the microcirculation. J Clin Monit Comput 26(5):361-366, 2012.
23. de Boer J, Potthoff H, Mulder PO, Dofferhoff AS, van Thiel RJ, Plijter- Groendijk H, Korf J: Lactate monitoring with subcutaneous microdialysis in patients with shock: a pilot study. Circ Shock 43(2):57-63, 1994.
24. Weil MH, Nakagawa Y, Tang W, Sato Y, Ercoli F, Finegan R, Grayman G, Bisera J: Sublingual capnometry: a new noninvasive measurement for diagnosis and quantitation of severity of circulatory shock. Crit Care Med 27(7): 1225-1229, 1999.
25. Ristagno G, Tang W, Sun S, Weil MH: Role of buccal PCO2 in the management of fluid resuscitation during hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med 34(Suppl 12): S442YS446, 2006.
26. Vallee F, Mateo J, Dubreuil G, Poussant T, Tachon G, Ouanounou I, Payen D: Cutaneous ear lobe PCO(2) at 37 degrees C to evaluate microperfusion in patients with septic shock. Chest 138(5):1062-1070, 2010.
27. Groner W, Winkelman JW, Harris AG, Ince C, Bouma GJ, Messmer K, Nadeau RG: Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation. Nat Med 5(10):1209-1212, 1999.
28. Goedhart PT, Khalilzada M, Bezemer R, Merza J, Ince C: Sidestream Dark Field (SDF) imaging: a novel stroboscopic LED ring-based imaging modality for clinical assessment of the microcirculation. Opt Express 15(23): 15101-15114, 2007.
29. Jobsis FF: Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters. Science 198(4323):1264-1267, 1977.
30. de Backer D, Ospina-Tascon G, Salgado D, Favory R, Creteur J, Vincent JL: Monitoring the microcirculation in the critically ill patient: current methods and future approaches. Intensive Care Med 36(11):1813-1825, 2010.
31. Wahr JA, Tremper KK, Samra S, Delpy DT: Near-infrared spectroscopy: theory and applications. J Cardiothor Vasv Anesth 10(3):406-418, 1996.
32. Siegemund M, van Bommel J, Ince C: Assessment of regional tissue oxygenation. Intensive Care Med 25(10):1044-1060, 1999.
33. Doerschug KC, Delsing AS, Schmidt GA, Haynes WG: Impairments in microvascular reactivity are related to organ failure in human sepsis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293(2):H1065YH1071, 2007.
34. Boerma EC, Koopmans M, Konijn A, Kaiferova K, Bakker AJ, van Roon EN, Buter H, Bruins N, Egbers PH, Gerritsen RT, et al.: Effects of nitroglycerin on sublingual microcirculatory blood flow in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock after a strict resuscitation protocol: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Crit Care Med 38(1):93-100, 2010.
35. Pinsky MR: Hemodynamic evaluation and monitoring in the ICU. Chest 132(6):2020-2029, 2007.
36. Vincent JL, de Backer D: Circulatory shock. N Engl J Med 370(6):583, 2014.
37. Cecconi M, de Backer D, Antonelli M, Beale R, Bakker J, Hofer C, Jaeschke R, Mebazaa A, Pinsky MR, Teboul JL, et al.: Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 40(12):1795-1815, 2014.
38. Monnet X, Teboul JL: Passive leg raising. Intensive Care Med 34(4): 659-663, 2008.
39. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M: Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345(19):1368-1377, 2001.
40. Rivers EP, Katranji M, Jaehne KA, Brown S, Abou Dagher G, Cannon C, Coba V: Early interventions in severe sepsis and septic shock: a review of the evidence one decade later. Minerva Anestesiol 78(6):712-724, 2012.
41. Gu WJ, Wang F, Bakker J, Tang L, Liu JC: The effect of goal-directed therapy on mortality in patients with sepsis - earlier is better: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 18(5):570, 2014.
42. Marik PE, Baram M, Vahid B: Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares. Chest 134(1):172-178, 2008.
43. Marik PE, Cavallazzi R: Does the central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? An updated meta-analysis and a plea for some common sense. Crit Care Med 41(7):1774-1781, 2013.
44. Kelm DJ, Perrin JT, Cartin-Ceba R, Gajic O, Schenck L, Kennedy CC: Fluid overload in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock treated with early-goal directed therapy is associated with increased acute need for fluid-related medical interventions and hospital death. Shock 43(1):68-73, 2015.
45. Boyd JH, Forbes J, Nakada TA, Walley KR, Russell JA: Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med 39(2):259-265, 2011.
46. Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF, Grelon F, Megarbane B, Anguel N, Mira JP, Dequin PF, Gergaud S, Weiss N, et al.: High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 370(17):1583-1593, 2014.
47. ProCESS Investigators, Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, Pike F, Terndrup T, Wang HE, Hou PC, LoVecchio F, et al.: A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 370(18):1683-1693, 2014.
48. ARISE Investigators, ANZICS Clinical Trials Group, Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cameron PA, Cooper DJ, Higgins AM, Holdgate A, Howe BD, Webb SA, Williams P: Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock: goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 371(16):1496-1506, 2014.
49. Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R: Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012. JAMA 311(13):1308-1316, 2014.
50. Gattas DJ, Dan A, Myburgh J, Billot L, Lo S, Finfer S, Committee CM: Fluid resuscitation with 6% hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4 and 130/0.42) in acutely ill patients: systematic review of effects on mortality and treatment with renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 39(4):558-568, 2013.
51. Caironi P, Tognoni G, Masson S, Fumagalli R, Pesenti A, Romero M, Fanizza C, Caspani L, Faenza S, Grasselli G, et al.: LBIOS Study Investigators: Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. N Engl J Med 370(15):1412-1421, 2014.
52. de Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, Brasseur A, Defrance P, Gottignies P, Vincent JL, SOAP II Investigators: Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 362(9): 779-789, 2010.
53. Saugel B, Klein M, Hapfelmeier A, Phillip V, Schultheiss C, Meidert AS, Messer M, Schmid RM, Huber W: Effects of red blood cell transfusion on hemodynamic parameters: a prospective study in intensive care unit patients. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 21:21, 2013.
54. Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S, Johansson PI, Aneman A, Vang ML, Winding R, et al.: Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med 371(15): 1381-1391, 2014.
55. Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, Tweeddale M, Schweitzer I, Yetisir E: A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 340(6):409-417, 1999.
56. Marik PE, Corwin HL: Efficacy of red blood cell transfusion in the critically ill: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 36(9):2667-2674, 2008.
57. Weinberg JA, MacLennan PA, Vandromme-Cusick MJ, Magnotti LJ, Kerby JD, Rue LW 3rd, Angotti JM, Garrett CA, Hendrick LE, Croce MA, et al.: The deleterious effect of red blood cell storage on microvascular response to transfusion. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 75(5):807-812, 2013.
58. Donati A, Damiani E, Luchetti MM, Domizi R, Scorcella C, Carsetti A, Gabbanelli V, Carletti P, Bencivenga R, Vink H, et al.: Microcirculatory effects of the transfusion of leukodepleted or non-leukodepleted red blood cells in septic patients: a pilot study. Crit Care 18(1):R33, 2014.
59. Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB, Waxman K, Lee TS: Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 94(6):1176-1186, 1988.
60. Gattinoni L, Brazzi L, Pelosi P, Latini R, Tognoni G, Pesenti A, Fumagalli R: A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. SvO2 Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 333(16):1025-1032, 1995.
61. Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EH, Palazzo M, Watson D, Hinds CJ: Oxygen transport patterns in patients with sepsis syndrome or septic shock: influence of treatment and relationship to outcome. Crit Care Med 25(6):926-936, 1997.
62. Wodack KH, Poppe AM, Lena T, Bachmann KA, Strobel CM, Bonk S, Havel J, Heckel K, Gocht A, Saugel B, et al.: Individualized early goal-directed therapy in systemic inflammation: is full utilization of preload reserve the optimal strategy? Crit Care Med 42(12):e741Ye751, 2014.
63. Marik PE: Iatrogenic salt water drowning and the hazards of a high central venous pressure. Ann Intensive Care 4:21, 2014.
64. Wolf S, Riess A, Landscheidt JF, Lumenta CB, Friederich P, Schurer L: Global end-diastolic volume acquired by transpulmonary thermodilution depends on age and gender in awake and spontaneously breathing patients. Crit Care 13(6): R202, 2009.
65. Wolf S, Riess A, Landscheidt JF, Lumenta CB, Schurer L, Friederich P: How to perform indexing of extravascular lung water: a validation study. Crit Care Med 41(4):990-998, 2013.
66. Huber W, Mair S, Gotz SQ, Tschirdewahn J, Siegel J, Schmid RM, Saugel B: Extravascular lung water and its association with weight, height, age, and gender: a study in intensive care unit patients. Intensive Care Med 39(1): 146-150, 2013.
67. Eichhorn V, Goepfert MS, Eulenburg C, Malbrain ML, Reuter DA: Comparison of values in critically ill patients for global end-diastolic volume and extravascular lung water measured by transcardiopulmonary thermodilution: a meta-analysis of the literature. Med Intensiva 36(7):467-474, 2012.
68. Goepfert MS, Richter HP, Eulenburg CZ, Gruetzmacher J, Rafflenbeul E, Roeher K, Sandersleben AV, Diedrichs S, Reichenspurner H, Goetz AE, et al.: Individually optimized hemodynamic therapy reduces complications and length of stay in the intensive care unit: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology 119(4):824-836, 2013.
69. Salzwedel C, Puig J, Carstens A, Bein B, Molnar Z, Kiss K, Hussain A, Belda J, Kirov MY, Sakka SG, et al.: Perioperative goal-directed hemodynamic therapy based on radial arterial pulse pressure variation and continuous cardiac index trending reduces postoperative complications after major abdominal surgery: a multi-center, prospective, randomized study. Crit Care 17(5):R191, 2013.
70. Trzeciak S, McCoy JV, Phillip Dellinger R, Arnold RC, Rizzuto M, Abate NL, Shapiro NI, Parrillo JE, Hollenberg SM: Early increases in microcirculatory perfusion during protocol-directed resuscitation are associated with reduced multi-organ failure at 24 h in patients with sepsis. Intensive Care Med 34(12): 2210-2217, 2008.
71. Sakr Y, Dubois MJ, de Backer D, Creteur J, Vincent JL: Persistent microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 32(9):1825-1831, 2004.
72. de Backer D, Creteur J, Preiser JC, Dubois MJ, Vincent JL: Microvascular blood flow is altered in patients with sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166(1):98-104, 2002.
73. de Backer D, Donadello K, Sakr Y, Ospina-Tascon G, Salgado D, Scolletta S, Vincent JL: Microcirculatory alterations in patients with severe sepsis: impact of time of assessment and relationship with outcome. Crit Care Med 41(3): 791-799, 2013.
74. de Backer D, Creteur J, Dubois MJ, Sakr Y, Koch M, Verdant C, Vincent JL: The effects of dobutamine on microcirculatory alterations in patients with septic shock are independent of its systemic effects. Crit Care Med 34(2): 403-408, 2006.
75. Dubin A, Pozo MO, Casabella CA, Palizas F Jr., Murias G, Moseinco MC, Kanoore Edul VS, Palizas F, Estenssoro E, Ince C: Increasing arterial blood pressure with norepinephrine does not improve microcirculatory blood flow: a prospective study. Crit Care 13(3):R92, 2009.
76. Jhanji S, Stirling S, Patel N, Hinds CJ, Pearse RM: The effect of increasing doses of norepinephrine on tissue oxygenation and microvascular flow in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 37(6):1961-1966, 2009.
77. Ospina-Tascon G, Neves AP, Occhipinti G, Donadello K, Büchele G, Simion D, Chierego ML, Silva TO, Fonseca A, Vincent JL, et al.: Effects of fluids on microvascular perfusion in patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med 36(6):949-955, 2010.
78. Pottecher J, Deruddre S, Teboul JL, Georger JF, Laplace C, Benhamou D, Vicaut E, Duranteau J: Both passive leg raising and intravascular volume expansion improve sublingual microcirculatory perfusion in severe sepsis and septic shock patients. Intensive Care Med 36(11):1867-1874, 2010.
79. Pranskunas A, Koopmans M, Koetsier PM, Pilvinis V, Boerma EC: Microcirculatory blood flow as a tool to select ICU patients eligible for fluid therapy. Intensive Care Med 39(4):612-619, 2013.
80. Georger JF, Hamzaoui O, Chaari A, Maizel J, Richard C, Teboul JL: Restoring arterial pressure with norepinephrine improves muscle tissue oxygenation assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in severely hypotensive septic patients. Intensive Care Med 36(11):1882-1889, 2010.
81. Hernandez G, Bruhn A, Luengo C, Regueira T, Kattan E, Fuentealba A, Florez J, Castro R, Aquevedo A, Pairumani R, et al.: Effects of dobutamine on systemic, regional and microcirculatory perfusion parameters in septic shock: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Intensive Care Med 39(8):1435-1443, 2013.
82. Morelli A, Donati A, Ertmer C, Rehberg S, Lange M, Orecchioni A, Cecchini V, Landoni G, Pelaia P, Pietropaoli P, et al.: Levosimendan for resuscitating the microcirculation in patients with septic shock: a randomized controlled study. Crit Care 14(6):R232, 2010.
83. Gramm J, Smith S, Gamelli RL, Dries DJ: Effect of transfusion on oxygen transport in critically ill patients. Shock 5(3):190-193, 1996.
84. Sakr Y, Chierego M, Piagnerelli M, Verdant C, Dubois MJ, Koch M, Creteur J, Gullo A, Vincent JL, de Backer D: Microvascular response to red blood cell transfusion in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 35(7): 1639-1644, 2007.
85. Sadaka F, Aggu-Sher R, Krause K, O-Brien J, Armbrecht ES, Taylor RW: The effect of red blood cell transfusion on tissue oxygenation and microcirculation in severe septic patients. Ann Intensive Care 1(1):46, 2011.
86. Spronk PE, Ince C, Gardien MJ, Mathura KR, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Zandstra DF: Nitroglycerin in septic shock after intravascular volume resuscitation. Lancet 360(9343):1395-1396, 2002.
87. Büchele GL, Silva E, Ospina-Tascon GA, Vincent JL, de Backer D: Effects of hydrocortisone on microcirculatory alterations in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 37(4):1341-1347, 2009.
88. de Backer D, Verdant C, Chierego M, Koch M, Gullo A, Vincent JL: Effects of drotrecogin alfa activated on microcirculatory alterations in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 34(7):1918-1924, 2006.
89. Hoffmann JN, Vollmar B, Romisch J, Inthorn D, Schildberg FW, Menger MD: Antithrombin effects on endotoxin-induced microcirculatory disorders are mediated mainly by its interaction with microvascular endothelium. Crit Care Med 30(1):218-225, 2002.