From glass ceiling to glass cliff: Women in senior executive service

Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 399-426

  Sabharwal, Meghna ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84940822956     PISSN: 10531858     EISSN: 14779803     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jopart/mut030     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Adams, Susan, Gupta, Atul, and John Leeth. 2009. Are female executives over-represented in precarious leadership positions? British Journal of Management 20 (1):1-12.
2. Agars, Mark. 2004. Reconsidering the impact of gender stereotypes on the advancement of women in organizations. Psychology of Women Quarterly 28 (2):103-11.
3. Alexander, Sheldon, and Marian Ruderman. 1987. The role of procedural and distributive justice in organizational behavior. Social Justice Research 1 (2):177-98.
4. Alkadry, Mohammed, and Leslie Tower. 2006. Unequal pay: The role of gender. Public Administration Review 66 (6):888-98.
5. Alkadry, Mohammed, and Leslie Tower. 2011. Covert pay discrimination: How authority predicts pay differences between women and men. Public Administration Review 71 (5):740-50.
6. Allen, David, Shore, Lynn, and Rodger Griffeth (2003). The role of perceived organizational support and supportive human resource practices in the turnover process. Journal of Management, 29 (1):99-118.
7. Aryee, Samuel, Budhwar, Pawan, and Zen Xiong Chen. (2002). Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: Test of a social exchange model. Journal of Organizational Behavior 23 (3):267-85.
8. Associated Press. 2011. Michele Flournoy, Pentagon's senior female official, steps down. http://www. politico.com/news/stories/1211/70315.html#ixzz2JgjVORVu Accessed February 8, 2012.
9. Bailey, Diane, and Nancy Kurland. 2002. A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior 23 (4):383-400.
10. Bandura, Albert. 1986. The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 4 (3):359-73.
11. Bertelli, Anthony. 2007. Determinants of bureaucratic turnover intention: Evidence from the department of the treasury. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17 (2):235-58.
12. Blau, Francine, and Lawrence Kahn. 2000. Gender Differences in Pay. Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (4):75-99.
13. Bond, James, and Ellen Galinsky. 2006. What workplace flexibility is available to entry-level, hourly employees. New York, NY: Families and Work Institute.
14. Bowen, David, and Edward Lawler. 1992. Total quality-oriented human resources management. Organizational Dynamics 20 (4):29-41.
15. Bowling, Cynthia, Kelleher, Christine, Jones, Jennifer, and Deil Wright. 2006. Cracked ceilings, firmer floors, and weakening walls: Trends and patterns in gender representation among executives leading American state agencies, 1970-2000. Public Administration Review 66 (6):823-36.
16. Brenner, O. C., Tomkiewicz, J., and Schein, V. E. 1989. Research notes: The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics revisited. Academy of management journal 32 (3):662-69.
17. Bright, Leonard. 2008. Does public service motivation really make a difference on the job satisfaction and turnover intentions of public employees? The American Review of Public Administration 38 (2):149-66.
18. Brudney, Jeffrey, Hebert, Ted, and Deil Wright. 2000. From organizational values to organizational roles: Examining representative bureaucracy in state administration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10 (3):491-512.
19. Bullard, Angela, and Deil Wright. 1993. Circumventing the glass ceiling: Women executives in American state governments. Public Administration Review 53 (3):189-202.
20. Burke, Michael, and Russell R Day.1986. A cumulative study of the effectiveness of managerial training. Journal of Applied Psychology; Journal of Applied Psychology 71 (2):232.
21. Caillier, James. 2012. Satisfaction With Work-Life Benefits and Organizational Commitment/Job Involvement: Is There a Connection? Review of Public Personnel Administration. Published online May 8, 2012. DOI:10.1177/0734371X12443266
22. Cho, Yoon Jik, and Na Sai. 2012. Does Organizational Justice Matter in the Federal Workplace?. Review of Public Personnel Administration. Published online September 13. DOI:10.1177/073 4371X12458126
23. Choi, Sungjoo. 2011. Organizational justice and employee work attitudes: The federal case. The American Review of Public Administration 41 (2):185-204.
24. Conger, Jay A., and Rabindra N. Kanungo. 1988. The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review 13 (3):471-82.
25. Connell, Raewyn. 2006. Glass ceilings or gendered institutions? Mapping the gender regimes of public sector worksites. Public Administration Review 66 (6):837-49.
26. Cornwell, Christopher, and J. Edward Kellough. 1994. Women and minorities in federal government agencies: Examining new evidence from panel data. Public Administration Review 54 (3):265-70.
27. Cotton, John L., Vollrath, David A., Froggatt, Kirk L., Lengnick-Hall, Mark L., and Kenneth R. Jennings. 1988. Employee participation: Diverse forms and different outcomes. Academy of Management Review 13 (1):8-22.
28. Crewson, Philip E. 1997. Public-service motivation: Building empirical evidence of incidence and effect. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 7 (4):499-518.
29. Croson, Rachel, and Uri Gneezy. 2009. Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature 47 (2):448-74.
30. Crozpanzano, Russel, and Robert A. Baron. 1991. Injustice and organizational conflict: The moderating effect of power restoration. International Journal of Conflict Management 2: 5-26.
31. Crum, John, and Katherine C. Naff. 1997. Looking like America: The continuing importance of affirmative action in federal employment. Public Productivity & Management Review 20 (3):272-87.
32. Dalton, Dan R., Johnson, Jonathan L., and Catherine M. Daily. 1999. On the use of intent to⋯ variables in organizational research: An empirical and cautionary assessment. Human Relations 52 (10):1337-50.
33. Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. 1985. The general causality orientations scale: Selfdetermination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality 19 (2):109-34.
34. Dolan, Julie. 2000. The senior executive service: Gender, attitudes, and representative bureaucracy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10 (3):513-30.
35. Dolan, Julie. 2004. Gender equity: Illusion or reality for women in the federal executive service? Public Administration Review 64 (3):299-308.
36. Dreher, George F. 2003. Breaking the glass ceiling: The effects of sex ratios and work-life programs on female leadership at the top. Human Relations 56 (5):541-62.
37. Duehr, Emily E., and Joyce E. Bono. 2006. Men, women, and managers: are stereotypes finally changing? Personnel Psychology 59 (4):815-46.
38. Durst, Samantha L. 1999. Assessing the effect of family friendly programs on public organizations. Review of Public Personnel Administration 19 (3):19-33.
39. Eagly, Alice H. 1987. Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
40. Eagly, Alice H. 2005. Achieving relational authenticity in leadership: Does gender matter? The Leadership Quarterly 16 (3):459-74.
41. Eagly, Alice H., and Linda L. Carli. 2003. The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence. The leadership quarterly 14 (6):807-834.
42. Eagly, Alice H., and Linda L. Carli. 2007. Women and the labyrinth of leadership. Harvard Business Review, 85 (9):62: 1-9.
43. Eagly, Alice H., and Steven J. Karau. 2002. Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review 109: 573-98.
44. Eagly, Alice H., Mona G. Makhijani, and Bruce G. Klonsky. 1992. Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin 111 (1): 3-22.
45. Eagly, Alice H., Wendy Wood, and Amanda B. Diekman. 2000. Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In The developmental social psychology of gender, eds. Eckes, Thomas, and Hanns Martin Trautner, pp.123-174. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
46. Ezra, Marni, and Melissa Deckman. 1996. Balancing work and family responsibilities: Flextime and child care in the federal government. Public Administration Review 56 (2):174-79.
47. Facer II, Rex L., and Lori Wadsworth. 2008. Alternative work schedules and Work-Family balance. Review of Public Personnel Administration 28 (2):166-77.
48. Fernandez, Sergio, and Tima Moldogaziev. 2011. Empowering public sector employees to improve performance: Does it work? The American Review of Public Administration 41 (1):23-47.
49. Findler, Liora, Wind, Leslie H 2007: The challenge of workforce management in a global society. Administration in Social Work 31(3) 63-63.
50. Folger, Robert. 1993. Reactions to mistreatment at work. In Social psychology in organizations: Advances in theory and research, ed. J. Keith Murmighan, 161-83. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
51. Fox, Suzy, Spector, Paul E., and Don Miles. 2001. Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior 59 (3):291-309.
52. Geurts, Sabine A., Schaufeli, Wilmar B., and Christel G. Rutte. 1999. Absenteeism, turnover intention and inequity in the employment relationship. Work & Stress, 13 (3):253-67.
53. Glass, Jennifer L., and Sarah Beth Estes. 1997. The family responsive workplace. Annual Review of Sociology 23:289-313.
54. Golden, Timothy D., Veiga, John F., and Richard N. Dino. 2008. The impact of professional isolation on teleworker job performance and turnover intentions: Does time spent teleworking, interacting face-to-face, or having access to communication-enhancing technology matter? Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (6):1412.
55. Greenberg, Jerald. 1990. Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management 16 (2):399-432.
56. Guy, Mary Ellen., and Merideth A. Newman. 2004. Women's jobs, men's jobs: Sex segregation and emotional labor. Public Administration Review 64 (3):289-98.
57. Heilman, Madeline E., Block, Caryn J., Martell, Richard F., and Michael C. Simon. 1989. Has anything changed? Current characterizations of men, women, and managers. Journal of applied psychology 4 (6):935.
58. Hewlett, Sylvia A., and Carolyn Buck Luce. 2005. Off-ramps and on-ramps: Keeping talented women on the road to success. Harvard Business Review 83 (3):1-12.
59. Horan, Thomas, and Kimberly Wells. 2005. Digital communities of practice: Investigation of actionable knowledge for local information networks. Knowledge, Technology & Policy 18 (1):27-42.
60. Hornung, Severin, Rousseau, Denise M., and Jurgen Glaser. 2008. Creating flexible work arrangements through idiosyncratic deals. Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (3):655.
61. House, James S., Umberson, Debra., and Karl R. Landis. 1988. Structures and processes of social support. Annual Review of Sociology 14:293-318.
62. Hsieh, Chih-Wei, and Elizabeth Winslow. 2006. Gender representation in the federal workforce. Review of Public Personnel Administration 26 (3):276-95.
63. Huddleston, Mark W., and William W. Boyer. 1996. The higher civil service in the United States: Quest for reform. University of Pittsburgh Press.
64. Hughes, Joanna, and Nikos Bozionelos. 2007. Work-life balance as source of job dissatisfaction and withdrawal attitudes: An exploratory study on the views of male workers. Personnel Review 36 (1):145-54.
65. Hymowitz, Carol, and Timothy D. Schellhardt. 1986. The glass ceiling: Why women can't seem to break the invisible barrier that blocks them from the top jobs. The Wall Street Journal.
66. Ingersoll, Richard M. 2001. Teacher turnover and teacher shortages: An organizational analysis. American Educational Research Journal 38 (3):499-534.
67. Jacobson, Willow S., Palus, Christine Kelleher, and Cynthia J. Bowling. 2010. A woman's touch? Gendered management and performance in state administration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 20 (2):477-504.
68. Jackson, Janet Cooper. 2001. Women middle managers' perception of the glass ceiling. Women in Management Review 16 (1):30-41.
69. Johnsrud, Linda K., and Ronald H. Heck. 1994. Administrative promotion within a university: The cumulative impact of gender. The Journal of Higher Education 65 (1):23-44.
70. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation, vol. 5049. New York: Basic Books.
71. Kellough, Edward J. 1989. The 1978 civil service reform and federal equal employment opportunity. The American Review of Public Administration 19 (4):313-24.
72. Kelly, Rita Mae, Guy E., Mary, Bayes, Jane, Duerst-Lahti, Georgia, Duke, Lois L., Johnson, Cathy, Hale, Mary M., Kawar, Amal, and Jeanie R. Stanley. 1991. Public managers in the states: A comparison of career advancement by sex. Public Administration Review 51 (5):402-12.
73. Kelly, Rita Mae, and Meredith Newman. 2001. The gendered bureaucracy. Women & Politics, 22 (3):1-33.
74. Kenney, Sally J. 1996. New research on gendered political institutions. Political Research Quarterly 49 (2): 445-466.
75. Kerr, Brinck, Miller, Will, and Margaret Reid. 2002. Sex-Based occupational segregation in US state bureaucracies, 1987-97. Public Administration Review 62 (4):412-23.
76. Kim, Jungin, and Mary Ellen Wiggins. 2011. Family-Friendly human resource policy: Is it still working in the public sector? Public Administration Review 71 (5):728-39.
77. Kim, Soonhee. 2002. Participative management and job satisfaction: Lessons for management leadership. Public Administration Review 62 (2):231-41.
78. Kim, Soonhee. 2005. Factors affecting state government information technology employee turnover intentions. The American Review of Public Administration 35 (2):137-56.
79. Kloot, Louise. 2004. Women and leadership in universities: A case study of women academic managers. International Journal of Public Sector Management 17 (6):470-85.
80. Koenig, Anne M., Eagly, Alice H., Mitchell, Abigail A., and Tina Ristikari. 2011. Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin 137 (4):616.
81. Kohli, Jitinder, Gans, John., and James Hairston. 2011. A better, more diverse Senior Executive Service. Report by the Center for American Progress. Retrieved December 8, 2012 from: http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/09/pdf/ses-paper.pdf
82. Lawler, Edward. E., and G. Douglas Jenkins.1992. Strategic reward systems. In Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 2nd Edition, ed. M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough, 1009-1055. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
83. Lee, Haksoo, Cayer, N. Joseph, and G. Zhiyong Lan. 2006. Changing federal government employee attitudes since the civil service reform act of 1978. Review of Public Personnel Administration 26 (1):21-51.
84. Lee, Soo-Young, and Jeong Hwa Hong. 2011. Does Family-Friendly policy matter? Testing its impact on turnover and performance. Public Administration Review 71 (6):870-79.
85. Lee, Soo-Young, and Andrew B. Whitford. 2008. Exit, voice, loyalty, and pay: evidence from the public workforce. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18 (4):647-71.
86. Lewis, Gregory B. 1996. Gender integration of occupations in the federal civil service: Extent and effects on male-female earnings. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49 (3):472-83.
87. Lewis, Gregory B. 1997. Race, sex, and performance ratings in the federal service. Public Administration Review 57 (6):479-89.
88. Lewis, Gregory B. 1998. Continuing progress toward racial and gender pay equality in the federal service. Review of Public Personnel Administration 18 (2):23-40.
89. Lewis, Gregory B., and Mark A. Emmert. 1986. The sexual division of labor in federal employment. Social Science Quarterly 67 (1):143-56.
90. Lewis, Gregory B., and David Nice. 1994. Race, sex, and occupational segregation in state and local governments. The American Review of Public Administration 24 (4):393-410.
91. Lincoln, Nicola Denham, Travers, Cheryl, Ackers, Peter, and Adrian Wilkinson. 2002. The meaning of empowerment: The interdisciplinary etymology of a new management concept. International Journal of Management Reviews 4 (3):271-90.
92. Lockwood, Nancy R.; Society for Human Resource Management (US). 2003. The aging workforce: The reality of the impact of older workers and eldercare in the workplace SHRM Research Department.
93. Lowi, Theodore J. 1985. The state in politics: The relation between policy and administration. In Regulatory Policy and the Social Sciences, ed. R. G. Noll, 67-105. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
94. Mani, Bonnie G. 1997. Gender and the federal senior executive service: Where is the glass ceiling. Public Personnel Management, 26 (4):545-59.
95. Martínez-Sánchez, A., Pérez-Pérez, M., De-Luis-Carnicer, P., and Vela-Jiménez, M. J. 2007. Telework, human resource flexibility and firm performance. New Technology, Work and Employment 22 (3): 208-223.
96. McClelland, David C. 1975. Power: The inner experience. Irvington Press, New York.
97. McGuire, Gail M. 2002. Gender, race, and the shadow structure a study of informal networks and inequality in a work organization. Gender & Society 16 (3):303-22.
98. Meier, Kenneth J., and John Bohte. 2001. Structure and discretion: Missing links in representative bureaucracy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 11 (4):455-70.
99. Meier, Kenneth J., Mastracci, Sharon H., and Kristin Wilson. 2006. Gender and emotional labor in public organizations: An empirical examination of the link to performance. Public Administration Review 66 (6):899-909.
100. Miller, Katherine I., and Peter R. Monge. 1986. Participation, satisfaction, and productivity: A meta-analytic review. Academy of Management Journal 29 (4):727-53.
101. Miller, Will, Kerr, Brinck, and Margaret Reid. 1999. A national study of gender-based occupational segregation in municipal bureaucracies: Persistence of glass walls? Public Administration Review 59 (3):218-30.
102. Moorman, Robert H. 1991. Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology 76 (6):845.
103. Morrison, Ann M., White, Randall P., and Ellen Van Velsor. 1987. The narrow band. Leadership in Action 7 (2):1-7.
104. Moynihan, Donald P., and Noel Landuyt. 2008. Explaining Turnover Intention in State Government Examining the Roles of Gender, Life Cycle, and Loyalty. Review of Public Personnel Administration 28 (2):120-43.
105. Naff, Katherine C. 1994. Through the glass ceiling: Prospects for the advancement of women in the federal civil service. Public Administration Review 54 (6):507-14.
106. Naff, Katherine C. 2001. To look like America. Dismantling barriers for women and minorities in government. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
107. Naff, Katherine C., and John Crum. 1999. Working for America. Review of Public Personnel Administration 19 (4):5-16.
108. Naff, Katherine C., and Sue Thomas. 1994. The glass ceiling revisited: Determinants of federal job advancement. Review of Policy Research 13 (3-4):249-72.
109. Newman, Meredith, and Kay Mathews. 1999. Federal family-friendly workplace policies. Review of Public Personnel Administration 19 (3):34-48.
110. Newman, Meredith. 1993. Career advancement: Does gender make a difference? The American Review of Public Administration 23 (4):361-84.
111. Newman, Meredith. 1994. Women in management: Problem or opportunity? Public Productivity & Management Review 17 (4):405-10.
112. Newman, Meredith. 1996. Equal employment opportunity and glass ceilings: a contradiction in terms? Public Administration Quarterly, 19 (4):420-34.
113. Park, Sung Min, and M. Emita Joaquin. 2012. Of alternating waves and shifting shores: the configuration of reform values in the US federal bureaucracy. International Review of Administrative Sciences 78 (3):514-36.
114. Park, Sung Min, and Hal G. Rainey. 2007. Antecedents, mediators, and consequences of affective, normative, and continuance commitment. Review of Public Personnel Administration 27 (3):197-26.
115. Parkins, Stacie-Jo N. 2008. Budgeting in times of fiscal stress: explaining strategies for reducing agency expenditures. Unpublished Dissertation. UMI Number: 3348287.
116. Pereira, Gloria M., and Hobart G. Osburn. 2007. Effects of participation in decision making on performance and employee attitudes: A quality circles meta-analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology 22 (2):145-53.
117. Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Alison Davis-Blake. 1987. The effect of the proportion of women on salaries: The case of college administrators. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32 (1):1-24.
118. Pitts, David, Marvel, John, and Sergio Fernandez. 2011. So hard to say goodbye? Turnover intention among US federal employees. Public Administration Review, 71 (5):751-60.
119. Powell, Gary N., D. Anthony Butterfield, and Jane D. Parent. 2002. Gender and managerial stereotypes: have the times changed? Journal of Management 28 (2): 177-193.
120. Reid, Margaret, Miller, Will, and Brinck Kerr. 2004. Sex-based glass ceilings in US state-level bureaucracies, 1987-1997. Administration & Society 36 (4):377-405.
121. Reid, Margaret F., Kerr, Brinck, and Will Miller. 2003. Glass walls and glass ceilings: Women's representation in state and municipal bureaucracies. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
122. Riccucci, Norma M. 2009. The pursuit of social equity in the federal government: A road less traveled? Public Administration Review 69 (3):373-82.
123. Rubin, Ellen V. 2009. The role of procedural justice in public personnel management: Empirical results from the Department of Defense. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 19, 125-43.
124. Ryan, Michelle K., and S. Alexander Haslam. 2005. The glass cliff: Evidence that women are overrepresented in precarious leadership positions. British Journal of Management 16, 81-90.
125. Ryan, Michelle K., and S. Alexander Haslam. 2006. The glass cliff: The stress of working on the edge. European Business Forum 27, 42-7.
126. Ryan, Michelle K., and S. Alexander Haslam. 2007. The glass cliff: Exploring the dynamics surrounding the appointment of women to precarious leadership positions. Academy of Management Review 32 (2):549-72.
127. Ryan, Michelle K., Haslam, S. Alexander, Hersby, Mette D., Kulich, Clara, and Cate Atkins. 2007. Opting out or pushed off the edge? the glass cliff and the precariousness of women's leadership positions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 1 (1):266-79.
128. Sabattini, Laura, and Faye Crosby. 2008. Overcoming resistance: Structures and attitudes. In DiversityResistance in Organizations, ed. Keia M. Thomas, 273-301. Taylor & Francis, New York, NY.
129. Saidel, Judith R., and Karyn Loscocco. 2005. Agency leaders, gendered institutions, and representative bureaucracy. Public Administration Review 65 (2):158-70.
130. Saltzstein, Alan L., Ting, Yuan, and Grace Hall Saltzstein. 2001. Work-family balance and job satisfaction: The impact of family-friendly policies on attitudes of federal government employees. Public Administration Review 61 (4):452-67.
131. Schein, Virginia E. 1975. Relationships between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics among female managers. Journal of Applied Psychology 60 (3):340.
132. Schein, Virginia E. 2001. A global look at psychological barriers to women's progress in management. Journal of Social Issues 57 (4):675-88.
133. Schein, Virginia E., and Ruediger Mueller. 1992. Sex role stereotyping and requisite management characteristics: A cross cultural look. Journal of Organizational Behavior 13 (5):439-47.
134. Secret, Mary., and Jennifer Swanberg. 2008. Work-Family insight of municipal government employees: A case study. Public Personnel Management 37 (2):199-222.
135. Skarlicki, Daniel P., and Robert Folger. 1997. Retaliation in the workplace: The roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (3):434.
136. Smith, Ryan A. 2002. Race, gender, and authority in the workplace: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology 28:509-42.
137. Sneed, Bethany G. 2007. Glass walls in state bureaucracies: Examining the difference departmental function can make. Public Administration Review 67 (5):880-91.
138. Sowa, Jessica E., and Sally Coleman Selden. 2003. Administrative discretion and active representation: An expansion of the theory of representative bureaucracy. Public Administration Review 63 (6):700-10.
139. Steel, Robert P., and Nestor K. Ovalle. 1984. A review and meta-analysis of research on the relationship between behavioral intentions and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69 (4):673.
140. Stivers, Camilla. 1993. Rationality and romanticism in constitutional argument. Public Administration Review 53 (3):254-57.
141. Stivers, Camilla. 2000. Bureau men, settlement women: Constructing public administration in the progressive era. Univ. Press of Kansas Lawrence.
142. Stroh, Linda K., Brett, Jeanne M., and Anne H. Reilly. 1992. All the right stuff: A comparison of female and male managers' career progression. Journal of Applied Psychology 77 (3):251.
143. Tamerius, Karin L. 2010. Sex, gender, and leadership in the representation of women. In Women, Gender, and Politics: A reader, ed. Mona L. Krook and Sara Childs, 243-50. New York: Oxford University Press.
144. Tett, Robert P., and John P. Meyer. 1993. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings. Personnel Psychology 46 (2):259-93.
145. Thielemann, Gregory S., and Joseph Stewart Jr. 1996. A demand-side perspective on the importance of representative bureaucracy: AIDS, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation. Public Administration Review 56 (2):168-73.
146. Tower, Leslie E., and Mohamad G. Alkadry. 2008. The social costs of career success for women. Review of Public Personnel Administration 28 (2):144-65.
147. Vinkenburg, Claartie J., van Engen, Marloes L., Eagly, Alice H., and Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt. 2011. An exploration of stereotypical beliefs about leadership styles: Is transformational leadership a route to women's promotion? The Leadership Quarterly 22 (1):10-21.
148. Wilson, Fiona M. 2002. Theme: Gender, the professions and public management: Management and the professions: How cracked is that glass ceiling? Public Money and Management 22 (1):15-20.
149. Wilson, Patricia A. 1994. Power, politics, and other reasons why senior executives leave the federal government. Public Administration Review 54 (1):12-9.
150. Wirth, Linda. 2001. Breaking through the glass ceiling: Women in management. International Labour Organization.
151. Wright, Bradley E., and Soonhee Kim. 2004. Participation's influence on job satisfaction: The importance of job characteristics. Review of Public Personnel Administration 24 (1):18-40.
152. Yang, Seung-Bum, and Keon-Hyung Lee. 2009. Linking empowerment and job enrichment to turnover intention: The influence of job satisfaction. International Review of Public Administration 14 (2):13-23.