The glass cliff: Evidence that women are over-represented in precarious leadership positions

British Journal of Management

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 81-90

  Ryan, Michelle K ^a   Haslam, S Alexander ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 20744432513     PISSN: 10453172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00433.x     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Adler, N. (2000). 'An international perspective on the barriers to the advancement of women managers', Applied Psychology: An International Review, 42, pp. 289-300.
2. Bartol, K. M. and D. A. Butterfield (1976). 'Sex effects in evaluating leaders', Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, pp. 446-454.
3. th 2004 from http://news.bbc.co.Uk/1/hi/ business/3440247.stm
4. th 2004 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3043692.stm
5. th 2004 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3196260.stm
6. Bowen, C. C., J. K. Swim and R. R. Jacobs (2000). 'Evaluating gender biases on actual job performance of real people: A meta-analysis', Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, pp. 2194-2215.
7. Brickley, J., J. Linck and J. Coles (1999). 'What happens to CEOs after they retire? New evidence on career concerns, horizon problems, and CEO incentives', Journal of Financial Economics, 52, pp. 341-377.
8. Capelli, P. and P. D. Sherer (1991). The missing role of context in OB: The need for a meso-level approach'. In B. Staw and L. L. Cummings (eds), Research in Organizational Behavior, 13, 55-110. JAI Press, Greenwich.
9. Davidson, M. and R. Burke (2000). 'Women in management: Current research issues'. In M. J. Davidson and R. J. Burke (eds), Women in Management, pp. 1-7. Sage, London.
10. Davidson, M. J. and C. L. Cooper (1992). Shattering the glass ceiling: The woman manager. Paul Chapman Publishing, London.
11. Dreher, G. F. (2003). 'Breaking the glass ceiling: The effects of sex ratios and work-life programs on female leadership at the top', Human Relations, 56, pp. 541-562.
12. Eagly, A. H., M. C. Johannesen-Schmidt and M. van Engen (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men', Psychological Bulletin, 129, pp. 569-591.
13. Eagly, A. H. and S. J. Karau (2002). 'Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders', Psychological Review, 109, pp. 573-598.
14. Eagly, A. H. and S. J. Karau (1991). 'Gender and the emergence of leaders: A meta-analysis', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, pp. 685-710.
15. Eagly, A. H., S. J. Karau and M. G. Makhijani (1995). 'Gender and leader effectiveness: A meta-analysis', Psychological Bulletin, 117, pp. 125-145.
16. Eagly, A. H., M. G. Makhijani and B. G. Klonsky (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis', Psychological Bulletin, 111, pp. 3-22.
17. Fama, E. and M. Jensen (1983). 'Separation of ownership and control', Journal of Law and Economics, 26, pp. 301-326.
18. Ferris, S. P., M. Jagannathan and A. C. Pritchard (2003). Too busy to mind the business? Monitoring by directors with multiple board appointment', The Journal of Finance, 58, pp. 1087-1111.
19. Furtado, E. and M. S. Rozeff (1987). The wealth effects of company initiated management changes', Journal of Financial Economics, 18, pp. 147-161.
20. Gilson, S. (1990). 'Bankruptcy, boards, banks and blockholders: Evidence on changes in corporate ownership and control when firms default', Journal of Financial Economics, 27. pp. 355-387.
21. Goodman, J. S., D. L. Fields and T. C. Blum (2003). 'Cracks in the glass ceiling: In what kinds of organizations do women make it to the top?', Group and Organization Management, 28. pp. 475-501.
22. Haslam, S. A. (2001). Psychology in organizations: The social identity approach. Sage, London.
23. Haslam, S. A., T. Postmes and N. Ellemers (2003). 'More than a metaphor: Organizational identity makes organizational life possible', British Journal of Management, 14, pp. 357-369.
24. Haslam, S. A. and C. McGarty (2003). 'Experimental design and causality in social psychological research'. In C. Sanson, C. C. Morf and A. T. Panter (eds) Handbook of methods in social psychology, pp. 235-264. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
25. Haslam, S. A., M. J. Platow, J. C. Turner, K. J. Reynolds, C. McGarty, P. J. Oakes, S. Johnson, M. K. Ryan and K. Veenstra (2001). 'Social identity and the romance of leadership: The importance of being seen to be 'doing it for us", Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 4, pp. 191-205.
26. Judge, E. (2003, November 11). 'Women on board: Help or hindrance?', The Times, p. 21.
27. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and Women of the Corporation. Basic Books, New York.
28. Kaplan, S. N. (1995). 'Corporate governance and incentives in German companies: Evidence from top executive turnover and firm performance', European Financial Management, 1, pp. 23-36.
29. Kaplan, S. N. and B. Minton (1994). 'Appointments of out-siders to Japanese boards: Determinants and implications for managers', Journal of Financial Economics, 36, pp. 225-259.
30. Laugheed, J. (2000). 'Attitudes toward women leaders analyzed by gender and occupation (1984-1998)', Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 1, 1-6.
31. London Stock Exchange Trading Summaries (n.d). Retrieved December 2003-January 2004, from http://www. londonstockexchange.com/market/statssummary.asp
32. Lord, R. G. and K. J. Maher (1991). Leadership and information processing: Linking perceptions and performance. Unwin Hyman, London.
33. LSE Share Monitoring Service (n.d). Retrieved 16 December 2003 from http://www.prism.londonstockexchange.com/customise.asp.
34. McRae, S. (1995). Women at the top: Progress after five years. Follow up Report to the Hansard Society Commission on Women at the Top, King-Hill Paper no 2. Hansard Society, UK.
35. Meindl, J. R. (1993). 'Reinventing leadership: A radical, social psychological approach'. In J. K. Murningham (ed.), Social psychology in organizations: Advances in theory and research. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
36. Meindl, J. R., S. B. Ehrlich and J. M. Dukerich (1985). 'The romance of leadership', Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, pp. 78-102.
37. Miller, D. T., B. Taylor and M. L. Buck (1991). 'Gender gaps: Who needs to be explained?', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, pp. 5-12.
38. Morisson, A. M., R. P. White and E. Van Velsor (1987). Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of America's largest corporations? Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
39. Nieva, V. F. and B. A. Gutek (1980). 'Sex effects on evaluation', Academy of Management Review, 5, pp. 267-276.
40. Ryan, M. K. and B. David (2003). 'Gender differences in ways of knowing: The context dependence of The Attitudes Toward Thinking and Learning Survey', Sex Roles, 49, 693-699.
41. Ryan, M. K., B. David and K. J. Reynolds (2004). Who cares?: The effect of context on self-concept and moral reasoning', Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, pp. 246-255.
42. Ryan, M. K. and S. A. Haslam (in prep-a). Choosing the right 'man' for the job: An analysis of the role of glass cliffs in the selection of female leaders. University of Exeter.
43. Ryan, M. K. and S. A. Haslam (in prep-b). Why women fail in politics: Further evidence for the existence of the glass cliff. University of Exeter.
44. Schein, V. E. (2001). 'A global look at psychological barriers to women's progress in management', Journal of Social Issues, 57, pp. 675-688.
45. Schmitt, M. T., N. Ellemers and N. R. Branscombe (2003). 'Perceiving and responding to gender discrimination in organizations'. In S. A. Haslam, D. van Knippenberg, M. J. Platow and N. Ellemers (eds), Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice, pp. 277-292. Psychology Press, New York.
46. Sczesny, S. (2003). The perception of leadership competence by female and male leaders', Zeitscrift fur Socialpsychologie, 34, pp. 133-145.
47. Simon, R. J. and J. M. Landis (1989). 'Women's and men's attitudes about a woman's place and role', Public Opinion Quarterly, 53, pp. 265-276.
48. Singh, V. and S. Vinnicombe (2003). The 2003 Female FTSE Index. Women Pass a Milestone: 101 Directorships on the FTSE 100 Boards. Cranfield School of Management, Cranfield.
49. Stroh, L. K., C. L. Langlands and P. A. Simpson (2004). 'Shattering the glass ceiling in the new millenium'. In M. S. Stockdale and F. J. Crosby (eds), The psychology and management of workplace diversity, pp. 147-167. Blackwell Publishers, Maiden, MA.
50. Sutton, C. D. and K. K. Moore (1985). 'Executive women: 20 years later', Harvard Business Review, 63, pp. 43-66.
51. Vinnicombe, S (2000). 'The position of women in management in Europe'. In M. Davidson and R. Burke (eds) Women in management: Current research issues, 2. Sage, London.
52. Wall Street Journal (1986). The Corporate Woman: A special report', 32 page supplement, 24 March.
53. Williams, C. L. (1992). The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in the 'female' professions', Social Problems, 39, pp. 253-267.