When teams agree while disagreeing: Reflexion and reflection in shared cognition

Academy of Management Review

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 399-422

  Healey, Mark P ^a   Vuori, Timo ^b   Hodgkinson, Gerard P ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b AALTO UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84940770757     PISSN: 03637425     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/amr.2013.0154     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. 2006. Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91: 652-661.
2. Anderson, J. R. 1982. Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological Review, 89: 369-406.
3. Arrow, H., McGrath, J. E., & Berdahl, J. L. 2000. Small groups as complex systems: Formation, coordination, development, and adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
4. Ashkanasy, N. M., Hartel, C. E. J., & Daus, C. S. 2002. Diversity and emotion: The new frontiers in organizational behavior research. Journal of Management, 28: 307-338.
5. Ashkanasy, N. M., & Humphrey, R. H. 2011. Current emotion research in organizational behavior. Emotion Review, 3: 214-224.
6. Austin, J. F., & Vancouver, J. B. 1996. Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin, 120: 338-375.
7. Banaji, M. R., Hardin, C., & Rothman, A. J. 1993. Implicit stereotyping in person judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 272-281.
8. Bantel, K. A., & Jackson, S. E. 1989. Top management and innovations in banking-Does the composition of the top team make a difference? Strategic Management Journal, 10: 107-124.
9. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. 1999. The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54: 462-479.
10. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. 2000. The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H. Reis & C. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social psychology: 253-285. New York: Cambridge University Press.
11. Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Trotschel, R. 2001. The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81: 1014-1027.
12. Bargh, J. A., Green, M., & Fitzsimons, G. 2008. The selfish goal: Unintended consequences of intended goal pursuits. Social Cognition, 26: 534-554.
13. Barsade, S. G. 2002. The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47: 644-675.
14. Barsade, S. G., & Gibson, D. E. 2007. Why does affect matter in organizations? Academy ofManagement Perspectives, 21(1): 36-59.
15. Barsade, S. G., Ramarajan, L., & Westen, D. 2009. Implicit affect in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 29: 135-162.
16. Barsade, S. G., Ward, A. J., Turner, J. D. F., & Sonnenfeld, J. A. 2000. To your heart's content: A model of affective diversity in top management teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45: 802-836.
17. Berkowitz, L. 1989. Frustration aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106: 59-73.
18. Bowman, J. M., & Wittenbaum, G. M. 2012. Time pressure affects process and performance in hidden-profile groups. Small Group Research, 43: 295-314.
19. Brandon, D. P., & Hollingshead, A. B. 2004. Transactive memory systems in organizations: Matching tasks, expertise, and people. Organization Science, 15: 633-644.
20. Brown, R. 2000. Group processes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
21. Bunderson, J. S. 2003. Recognizing and utilizing expertise in work groups: A status characteristics perspective. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48: 557-591.
22. Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Salas, E. 2001. Reflections on shared cognition. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22: 195-202.
23. Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., & Converse, S. A. 1993. Shared mental models in expert team decision making. In N. J. Castellan (Ed.), Current issues in individual and group decision making: 221-246. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
24. Carpenter, M. A., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Sanders, W. G. 2004. Upper echelons research revisited: Antecedents, elements, and consequences of top management team composition. Journal of Management, 30: 749-778.
25. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. 1990. Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review, 97: 19-35.
26. Chattopadhyay, P., Glick, W. H., Miller, C. C., & Huber, G. P. 1999. Determinants of executive beliefs: Comparing functional conditioning and social influence. Strategic Management Journal, 20: 763-789.
27. Cohen, M. D., & Bacdayan, P. 1994. Organizational routines are stored as procedural memory-Evidence from a laboratory study. Organization Science, 5: 554-568.
28. Cooke, N. J., Gorman, J. C., Myers, C. W., & Duran, J. L. 2013. Interactive team cognition. Cognitive Science, 37: 255-285.
29. Cooke, N. J., Salas, E., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Stout, R. J. 2000. Measuring team knowledge. Human Factors, 42: 151-173.
30. Cronin, M. A., & Weingart, L. R. 2007. Representational gaps, information processing, and conflict in functionally diverse teams. Academy of Management Review, 32: 761-773.
31. Dane, E., & Pratt, M. G. 2007. Exploring intuition and its role in managerial decision making. Academy of Management Review, 32: 33-54.
32. DeChurch, L. A., & Mesmer-Magnus, J. R. 2010a. The cognitive underpinnings of effective teamwork: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95: 32-53.
33. DeChurch, L. A., & Mesmer-Magnus, J. R. 2010b. Measuring shared team mental models: A meta-analysis. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14: 1-14.
34. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. 2004. Aversive racism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36: 1-52.
35. Druskat, V. U., & Pescosolido, A. T. 2002. The content of effective teamwork mental models in self-managing teams: Ownership, learning and heedful interrelating. Human Relations, 55: 283-314.
36. Edwards, B. D., Day, E. A., Arthur, W., & Bell, S. T. 2006. Relationships among team ability composition, team mental models, and team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 727-736.
37. Eisenhardt, K. M., Kahwajy, J. L., & Bourgeois, L. J. 1997. Conflict and strategic choice: How top management teams disagree. California Management Review, 39(2): 42-62.
38. Elmes, M. B., & Gemmill, G. 1990. The psychodynamics of mindlessness and dissent in small groups. Small Group Research, 21: 28-44.
39. Epstein, S. 1994. Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49: 709-724.
40. Evans, J. S. B. T. 2008. Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59: 255-278.
41. Faraj, S., & Sproull, L. 2000. Coordinating expertise in software development teams. Management Science, 46: 1554-1568.
42. Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. 2003. Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54: 297-327.
43. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. 1986. On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50: 229-238.
44. Finucane, M. L., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P., & Johnson, S. M. 2000. The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13: 1-17.
45. Fiol, C. M. 1994. Consensus, diversity, and learning in organizations. Organization Science, 5: 403-420.
46. Fishbach, A., Friedman, R. S., & Kruglanski, A. W. 2003. Leading us not unto temptation: Momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84: 296-309.
47. Floyd, S. W., & Wooldridge, B. 1992. Managing strategic consensus: The foundation of effective implementation. Academy of Management Executive, 6(4): 27-39.
48. Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Wänke, M. 2008. When impulses take over: Moderated predictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting food choice and consumption behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47: 397-419.
49. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. 2006. Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132: 692-731.
50. Gawronski, B., & LeBel, E. P. 2008. Understanding patterns of attitude change: When implicit measures show change, but explicit measures do not. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44: 1355-1361.
51. Gersick,C. J. G. 1988. Time and transition inwork teams-Toward a new model of group development. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 9-41.
52. Gersick, C. J. G., & Hackman, J. R. 1990. Habitual routines in task-performing groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 47: 65-97.
53. Greene, J. D., Morelli, S. A., Lowenberg, K., Nvstrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. 2008. Cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment. Cognition, 107: 1144-1154.
54. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. 1995. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102: 4-27.
55. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. 2002. A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109: 3-25.
56. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. 1998. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74: 1464-1480.
57. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. 2009. Understanding and using the implicit association test. III: Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97: 17-41.
58. Gregg, A. P., Seibt, B., & Banaji, M. R. 2006. Easier done than undone: Asymmetry in the malleability of implicit preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90: 1-20.
59. Gupta, V. K., Turban, D. B., & Bhawe, N. M. 2008. The effect of gender stereotype activation on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93: 1053-1061.
60. Gurtner, A., Tschan, F., Sernmer, N. K., & Nagele, C. 2007. Getting groups to develop good strategies: Effects of reflexivity interventions on team process, team performance, and shared mental models. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102: 127-142.
61. Guzzo, R. A., & Dickson, M. W. 1996. Teams in organizations: Recent research on performance and effectiveness. Annual Review of Psychology, 47: 307-338.
62. Hackman, J. R. 1987. The design of work teams. In L. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior: 315-342. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
63. Haines, E. L., & Sumner, K. E. 2006. Implicit measurement of attitudes, stereotypes, and self-concepts in organizations- Teaching old dogmas new tricks. Organizational Research Methods, 9: 536-553.
64. Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. 1984. Upper echelons-The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9: 193-206.
65. Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. 2007. What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32: 1199-1228.
66. Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., & Bell, M. P. 1998. Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Academy of Management Journal, 41: 96-107.
67. Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., Gavin, J. H., & Florey, A. T. 2002. Time, teams, and task performance: Changing effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on group functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 1029-1045.
68. Helie, S., & Sun, R. 2010. Incubation, insight, and creative problem solving: A unified theory and a connectionist model. Psychological Review, 117: 994-1024.
69. Higgins, E. T. 1996. Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins & A.W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles: 133-168. New York: Guilford Press.
70. Hodgkinson, G. P., & Healey, M. P. 2008. Cognition in organizations. Annual Review of Psychology, 59: 387-417.
71. Hodgkinson, G. P., & Healey, M. P. 2011. Psychological foundations of dynamic capabilities: Reflexion and reflection in strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 32: 1500-1516.
72. Hodgkinson, G. P., Langan-Fox, J., & Sadler-Smith, E. 2008. Intuition: A fundamental bridging construct in the behavioural sciences. British Journal of Psychology, 99: 1-27.
73. Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F. 2009. Impulse and selfcontrol from a dual-systems perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4: 162-176.
74. Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. 2005. A meta-analysis on the correlation between the implicit association test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31: 1369-1385.
75. Hollingshead, A. B. 1998. Retrieval processes in transactive memory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74: 659-671.
76. Huber, G. P., & Lewis, K. 2010. Cross-understanding: Implications for group cognition and performance. Academy of Management Review, 35: 6-26.
77. Hurley, S., Clark, A., & Kiverstein, J. 2008. The shared circuits model (SCM): How control, mirroring, and simulation can enable imitation, deliberation, andmindreading. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31: 1-58.
78. Isenberg, D. J. 1981. Some effects of time-pressure on vertical structure and decision-making accuracy in small groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 27: 119-134.
79. Janis, I. 1982. Groupthink. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
80. Jehn, K. A. 1995. A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40: 256-282.
81. Johnson, R. E., Tolentino, A. L., Rodopman, O. B., & Cho, E. 2010. We (sometimes) know not how we feel: Predicting job performance with an implicit measure of trait affectivity. Personnel Psychology, 63: 197-219.
82. Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1983. Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
83. Jost, J. T., Rudman, L. A., Blair, I. V., Carney, D. R., Dasgupta, N., Glaser, J., & Hardin, C. D. 2009. The existence of implicit bias is beyond reasonable doubt: A refutation of ideological and methodological objections and executive summary of ten studies that no manager should ignore. Research in Organizational Behavior, 29: 39-69.
84. Joy-Gaba, J. A., & Nosek, B. A. 2010. The surprisingly limited malleability of implicit racial evaluations. Social Psychology, 41: 137-146.
85. Karau, S. J., & Kelly, J. R. 2004. Time pressure and team performance: An attentional focus integration. In S. Blount (Ed.), Research on managing groups and teams. Volume 6: Time in groups: 185-212. New York: Elsevier/Emerald Group Publishing.
86. Kehr, H. M. 2004. Integrating implicit motives, explicit motives, and perceived abilities: The compensatory model of work motivation and volition. Academy of Management Review, 29: 479-499.
87. Kerr, N. L. 1983. Motivation losses in small groups: A social dilemma analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45: 819-828.
88. Kilduff, M., Angelmar, R., & Mehra, A. 2000. Top managementteam diversity and firm performance: Examining the role of cognitions. Organization Science, 11: 21-34.
89. Klein, G., Wiggins, S., & Dominguez, C. O. 2010. Team sensemaking. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 11: 304-320.
90. Knight, D., Pearce, C. L., Smith, K. G., Olian, J. D., Sims, H. P., Smith, K. A., & Flood, P. 1999. Top management team diversity, group process, and strategic consensus. Strategic Management Journal, 20: 445-465.
91. Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Ilgen, D. R. 2006. Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Science, 7: 77-124.
92. Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Klein, K. J. 2000. A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions: 3-90. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
93. Lassonde, K. A., & O'Brien, E. J. 2013. Occupational stereotypes: Activation of male bias in a gender-neutral world. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43: 387-396.
94. Latham, G. P., & Piccolo, R. F. 2012. The effect of contextspecific versus nonspecific subconscious goals on employee performance. Human Resource Management, 51: 511-523.
95. Latham, G. P., Stajkovic, A. D., & Locke, E. A. 2010. The relevance and viability of subconscious goals in the workplace. Journal of Management, 36: 234-255.
96. Lau, D. C., & Murnighan, J. K. 1998. Demographic diversity and faultlines: The compositional dynamics of organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 23: 325-340.
97. Leavitt, K., Fong, C. T., & Greenwald, A. G. 2011. Asking about well-being gets you half an answer: Intra-individual processes of implicit and explicit job attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32: 672-687.
98. Légal, J. B., Meyer, T., & Delouvée, S. 2007. Compatibility of non conscious primes and conscious behavioral goals: The case of a motor task. Current Research in Social Psychology, 12: 80-90.
99. LePine, J. A., & Van Dyne, L. 2001. Peer responses to low performers: An attributional model of helping in the context of groups. Academy of Management Review, 26: 67-84.
100. Lerner, J. S., & Tetlock, P. E. 1999. Accounting for the effects of accountability. Psychological Bulletin, 125: 255-275.
101. Lieberman, M. D. 2007. Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 58: 259-289.
102. Lieberman, M. D., Gaunt, R., Gilbert, D. T., & Trope, Y. 2002. Reflexion and reflection: A social cognitive neuroscience approach to attributional inference. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34: 199-249.
103. Lim, B. C., & Klein, K. J. 2006. Team mental models and team performance: A field study of the effects of team mental model similarity and accuracy. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27: 403-418.
104. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. 2002. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation-A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57: 705-717.
105. Locke, E. A., Saari, L. M., Shaw, K. N., & Latham, G. P. 1981. Goal setting and task-performance: 1969-1980. Psychological Bulletin, 90: 125-152.
106. Lord, R. G., Diefendorff, J. M., Schmidt, A. M., & Hall, R. J. 2010. Self-regulation at work. Annual Review of Psychology, 61: 543-568.
107. Louis, M. R., & Sutton, R. I. 1991. Switching cognitive gears: From habits of mind to active thinking. Human Relations, 44: 55-76.
108. Majchrzak, A., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Hollingshead, A. B. 2007. Coordinating expertise among emergent groups responding to disasters. Organization Science, 18: 147-161.
109. Markoczy, L. 1997. Measuring beliefs: Accept no substitutes. Academy of Management Journal, 40: 1228-1242.
110. Marks, M. A., Sabella, M. J., Burke, C. S., & Zaccaro, S. J. 2002. The impact of cross-training on teameffectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 3-13.
111. Marks, M. A., Zaccaro, S. J., & Mathieu, J. E. 2000. Performance implications of leader briefings and team-interaction training for team adaptation to novel environments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85: 971-986.
112. Mathieu, J. E., Heffner, T. S., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. 2000. The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85: 273-283.
113. McClelland, D. C. 1985. How motives, skills, and values determine what people do. American Psychologist, 40: 812-825.
114. McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. 1989. How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96: 690-702.
115. McGrath, J. E. 1984. Groups: Interaction and performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
116. McMullen, M. N. 1997. Affective contrast and assimilation in counterfactual thinking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33: 77-100.
117. Miller, C. C., Burke, L. M., & Glick, W. H. 1998. Cognitive diversity among upper-echelon executives: Implications for strategic decision processes. Strategic Management Journal, 19: 39-58.
118. Mohammed, S., & Dumville, B. C. 2001. Team mental models in a team knowledge framework: Expanding theory and measurement across disciplinary boundaries. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22: 89-106.
119. Mohammed, S., Ferzandi, L., & Hamilton, K. 2010. Metaphor no more: A 15-year review of the team mental model construct. Journal of Management, 36: 876-910.
120. Mohammed, S., Klimoski, R., & Rentsch, J. R. 2000. The measurement of team mental models: We have no shared schema. Organizational Research Methods, 3: 123-165.
121. Mohammed, S., & Ringseis, E. 2001. Cognitive diversity and consensus in group decision making: The role of inputs, processes, and outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 85: 310-335.
122. Moulton, C. A., Regehr, G., Lingard, L., Merritt, C., & MacRae, H. 2010. Slowing down to stay out of trouble in the operating room: Remaining attentive in automaticity. Academic Medicine, 85: 1571-1577.
123. Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. 2000. Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126: 247-259.
124. Neck, C. P., & Manz, C. C. 1994. From groupthink to teamthink: Toward the creation of constructive thought patterns in self-managing work teams. Human Relations, 47: 929-952.
125. Nosek, B. A. 2007. Implicit-explicit relations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(2): 65-69.
126. Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. 2007. The implicit association test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Social psychology and the unconscious: The automaticity of higher mental processes: 265-292. New York: Psychology Press.
127. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. 2009. Implicit and explicit measures of attitudes: The perspective of the MODE model. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Briñol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures: 19-63. New York: Psychology Press.
128. Paas, F., Renkl, A., & Sweller, J. 2004. Cognitive load theory: Instructional implications of the interaction between information structures and cognitive architecture. Instructional Science, 32: 1-8.
129. Rentsch, J. R., Small, E. E., & Hanges, P. J. 2008. Cognitions in organizations and teams: What is the meaning of cognitive similarity? In D. B. Smith (Ed.), The people make the place: Dynamic linkages between individuals and organizations: 127-155. New York: Taylor & Francis/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
130. Rico, R., Sanchez-Manzanares, M., Gil, F., & Gibson, C. 2008. Team implicit coordination processes: A team knowledgebased approach. Academy of Management Review, 33: 163-184.
131. Rouse, W. B., & Morris, N. M. 1986. On looking into the black box: Prospects and limits in the search for mental models. Psychological Bulletin, 100: 349-363.
132. Rudman, L. A., Ashmore, R. D., & Gary, M. L. 2001. "Unlearning" automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81: 856-868.
133. Salas, E., & Fiore, S. M. (Eds.). 2004. Team cognition: Understanding the factors that drive process and performance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
134. Salas, E., Rosen, M. A., & DiazGranados, D. 2010. Expertisebased intuition and decision making in organizations. Journal of Management, 36: 941-973.
135. Sanchez-Burks, J., & Huy, Q. N. 2009. Emotional aperture and strategic change: The accurate recognition of collective emotions. Organization Science, 20: 22-34.
136. Schmidt, H. G., De Volder, M. L., De Grave, W. S., Moust, J. H., & Patel, V. L. 1989. Explanatory models in the processing of science text: The role of prior knowledge activation through small-group discussion. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81: 610-619.
137. Schultheiss, O. C., Pang, J. S., Robins, R., Fraley, R., & Krueger, R. 2007. Measuring implicit motives. In R. W. Robins, R. Fraley, & R. F. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology: 322-344. New York: Guilford Press.
138. Schwarz, N., & Bohner, G. 2001. The construction of attitudes. In A. Tesser & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intrapersonal processes: 436-457. Oxford: Blackwell.
139. Shah, J. Y., & Kruglanski, A. W. 2002. Priming against your will: How accessible alternatives affect goal pursuit. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38: 368-383.
140. Sloman, S. A. 1996. The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119: 3-22.
141. Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. 2000. Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4: 108-131.
142. Stajkovic, A. D., Locke, E. A., & Blair, E. S. 2006. A first examination of the relationships between primed subconscious goals, assigned conscious goals, and task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 1172-1180.
143. Stewart, G. L. 2006. A meta-analytic review of relationships between team design features and team performance. Journal of Management, 32: 29-55.
144. Stout, R. J., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., & Milanovich, D. M. 1999. Planning, shared mental models, and coordinated performance: An empirical link is established. Human Factors, 41: 61-71.
145. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. 2004. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8: 220-247.
146. Sweller, J. 1988. Cognitive load during problem-solving-Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12: 257-285.
147. Taggar, S., & Neubert, M. 2004. The impact of poor performers on team outcomes: An empirical examination of attribution theory. Personnel Psychology, 57: 935-968.
148. Tetlock, P. E. 1983. Accountability and complexity of thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45: 74-83.
149. Uhlmann, E. L., Leavitt, K., Menges, J. I., Koopman, J., Howe, M., & Johnson, R. E. 2012. Getting explicit about the implicit: A taxonomy of implicit measures and guide for their use in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 15: 553-601.
150. Van der Vegt, G. S., & Bunderson, J. S. 2005. Learning and performance in multidisciplinary teams: The importance of collective team identification. Academy of Management Journal, 48: 532-547.
151. van Knippenberg, D., Kooij-de Bode, H. J., & van Ginkel, W. P. 2010. The interactive effects of mood and trait negative affect in group decision making. Organization Science, 21: 731-744.
152. Wegner, D. M. 1987. Transactive memory: A contemporary analysis of the group mind. In B. Mullen & G. R. Goethals (Eds.), Theories of group behavior: 185-208. New York: Springer.
153. Weick, K. E., & Roberts, K. H. 1993. Collective mind in organizations: Heedful interrelating on flight decks. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 357-381.
154. Welsh, D., & Ordonez, L. 2013. Conscience without cognition: The effects of subconscious priming on ethical behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 57: 723-742.
155. Wenger, E. 1998. Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
156. White, M. J., & White, G. B. 2006. Implicit and explicit occupational gender stereotypes. Sex Roles, 55: 259-266.
157. Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. 2000. A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107: 101-126.
158. Woolley, A. W.,Chabris,C. F., Pentland, A., Hashmi,N., &Malone, T. W. 2010. Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. Science, 330: 686-688.
159. Zellmer-Bruhn, M. E. 2003. Interruptive events and team knowledge acquisition. Management Science, 49: 514-528.