메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 57, Issue 9, 2002, Pages 705-717

Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HUMAN; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY;

EID: 84870885674     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (4889)

References (131)
  • 1
    • 0000555745 scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in the study of personality and organizational behavior
    • C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), New York: Wiley
    • Adler, S., & Weiss, H. M. (1988). Recent developments in the study of personality and organizational behavior. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 307-330). New York: Wiley.
    • (1988) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , pp. 307-330
    • Adler, S.1    Weiss, H.M.2
  • 2
    • 0003036077 scopus 로고
    • Towards experimental analysis of human motivation in terms of motives, expectancies and incentives
    • J. Atkinson (Ed.), Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand
    • Atkinson, J. (1958). Towards experimental analysis of human motivation in terms of motives, expectancies and incentives. In J. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action and society (pp. 288-305). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
    • (1958) Motives in Fantasy, Action and Society , pp. 288-305
    • Atkinson, J.1
  • 3
    • 0034340965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The paradox of success: An archival and a laboratory study of strategic persistence following a radical environmental change
    • Audia, P., Locke, E., & Smith, K. (2000). The paradox of success: An archival and a laboratory study of strategic persistence following a radical environmental change. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 837-853.
    • (2000) Academy of Management Journal , vol.43 , pp. 837-853
    • Audia, P.1    Locke, E.2    Smith, K.3
  • 5
    • 84942769655 scopus 로고
    • Self-regulation of motivation and action through internal standards and goal systems
    • L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Bandura, A. (1989). Self-regulation of motivation and action through internal standards and goal systems. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology (pp. 19-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1989) Goal Concepts in Personality and Social Psychology , pp. 19-85
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 7
    • 2542567565 scopus 로고
    • Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems
    • Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983). Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1017-1028.
    • (1983) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 1017-1028
    • Bandura, A.1    Cervone, D.2
  • 9
    • 4043082761 scopus 로고
    • Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test of the mediating effects of goal setting
    • Barrick, M., Mount, M., & Strauss, J. (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test of the mediating effects of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 715-722.
    • (1993) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.78 , pp. 715-722
    • Barrick, M.1    Mount, M.2    Strauss, J.3
  • 12
    • 0000625248 scopus 로고
    • Joint effect of feedback and goal setting on performance: A field study of residential energy conservation
    • Becker, L. (1978). Joint effect of feedback and goal setting on performance: A field study of residential energy conservation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 428-433.
    • (1978) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 428-433
    • Becker, L.1
  • 14
    • 0039250416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of goal setting and self-instruction training on the performance of unionized employees
    • Brown, T. C., & Latham, G. P. (2000a). The effects of goal setting and self-instruction training on the performance of unionized employees. Industrial Relations, 55, 80-94.
    • (2000) Industrial Relations , vol.55 , pp. 80-94
    • Brown, T.C.1    Latham, G.P.2
  • 15
    • 0042963372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of training in verbal self-guidance and goal setting on teamplaying behavior
    • August. Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    • Brown, T. C., & Latham, G. P. (2000b, August). The effects of training in verbal self-guidance and goal setting on teamplaying behavior. Paper presented at the meetings of the Academy of Management, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
    • (2000) Meetings of the Academy of Management
    • Brown, T.C.1    Latham, G.P.2
  • 16
    • 0014092655 scopus 로고
    • Goal setting as a means of increasing motivation
    • Bryan, J., & Locke, E. (1967a). Goal setting as a means of increasing motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51, 274-277.
    • (1967) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 274-277
    • Bryan, J.1    Locke, E.2
  • 20
    • 0000682194 scopus 로고
    • An examination of the relationship among goal difficulty, business strategies, and performance on a complex management simulation task
    • Chesney, A., & Locke, E. (1991). An examination of the relationship among goal difficulty, business strategies, and performance on a complex management simulation task. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 400-424.
    • (1991) Academy of Management Journal , vol.34 , pp. 400-424
    • Chesney, A.1    Locke, E.2
  • 21
    • 0041152567 scopus 로고
    • The investigation of action regulation in uncertain and complex situations
    • J. Rasmussen & B. Brehmer (Eds.), Chichester, England: Wiley
    • Dorner, D. (1991). The investigation of action regulation in uncertain and complex situations. In J. Rasmussen & B. Brehmer (Eds.), Distributed decision making: Cognitive models for cooperative work (pp. 349-354). Chichester, England: Wiley.
    • (1991) Distributed Decision Making: Cognitive Models for Cooperative Work , pp. 349-354
    • Dorner, D.1
  • 22
    • 0001591390 scopus 로고
    • Effects of assigned vs. participatively set goals, knowledge of results, and individual differences on employee behavior when goal difficulty is held constant
    • Dossett, D. L., Latham, G. P., & Mitchell, T. R. (1979). Effects of assigned vs. participatively set goals, knowledge of results, and individual differences on employee behavior when goal difficulty is held constant. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 291-298.
    • (1979) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.64 , pp. 291-298
    • Dossett, D.L.1    Latham, G.P.2    Mitchell, T.R.3
  • 23
    • 0000812836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of leader role, team-set goal difficulty, efficacy, and tactics on team effectiveness
    • Durham, C., Knight, D., & Locke, E. (1997). Effects of leader role, team-set goal difficulty, efficacy, and tactics on team effectiveness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72, 203-231.
    • (1997) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.72 , pp. 203-231
    • Durham, C.1    Knight, D.2    Locke, E.3
  • 24
    • 0347453929 scopus 로고
    • Motivational processes affecting learning
    • Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040-1048.
    • (1986) American Psychologist , vol.41 , pp. 1040-1048
    • Dweck, C.S.1
  • 25
    • 58149372679 scopus 로고
    • A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality
    • Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.
    • (1988) Psychological Review , vol.95 , pp. 256-273
    • Dweck, C.S.1    Leggett, E.L.2
  • 26
    • 0003016528 scopus 로고
    • Goals, strategy development and task performance: Some limits on the efficacy of goal setting
    • Earley, P. C., Connolly, T., & Ekegren, G. (1989). Goals, strategy development and task performance: Some limits on the efficacy of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 24-33.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 24-33
    • Earley, P.C.1    Connolly, T.2    Ekegren, G.3
  • 27
    • 38249038156 scopus 로고
    • Work plan availability and performance: An assessment of task strategy priming on subsequent task completion
    • Earley, P. C., & Perry, B. (1987). Work plan availability and performance: An assessment of task strategy priming on subsequent task completion. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 279-302.
    • (1987) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.39 , pp. 279-302
    • Earley, P.C.1    Perry, B.2
  • 29
    • 58149408498 scopus 로고
    • Feedback: A necessary condition for the goal-performance relationship
    • Erez, M. (1977). Feedback: A necessary condition for the goal-performance relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 624-627.
    • (1977) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 624-627
    • Erez, M.1
  • 30
    • 84970121273 scopus 로고
    • The congruence of goal-setting strategies with socio-cultural values and its effect on performance
    • Erez, M. (1986). The congruence of goal-setting strategies with socio-cultural values and its effect on performance. Journal of Management, 12, 585-592.
    • (1986) Journal of Management , vol.12 , pp. 585-592
    • Erez, M.1
  • 31
    • 0002963080 scopus 로고
    • The impact of participation on goal acceptance and performance: A two step model
    • Erez, M., Earley, P. C., & Hulin, C. L. (1985). The impact of participation on goal acceptance and performance: A two step model. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 50-66.
    • (1985) Academy of Management Journal , vol.28 , pp. 50-66
    • Erez, M.1    Earley, P.C.2    Hulin, C.L.3
  • 32
    • 0020789409 scopus 로고
    • The role of goal congruence in goal setting and task performance
    • Erez, M., & Kanfer, F. H. (1983). The role of goal congruence in goal setting and task performance. Academy of Management Review, 8, 454-463.
    • (1983) Academy of Management Review , vol.8 , pp. 454-463
    • Erez, M.1    Kanfer, F.H.2
  • 33
    • 0002220735 scopus 로고
    • Effects of goal acceptance on the relationship of goal setting and task performance
    • Erez, M., & Zidon, I. (1984). Effects of goal acceptance on the relationship of goal setting and task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 69-78.
    • (1984) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.69 , pp. 69-78
    • Erez, M.1    Zidon, I.2
  • 35
    • 0001063271 scopus 로고
    • The application of social learning theory to employee self-management of attendance
    • Frayne, C. A., & Latham, G. P. (1987). The application of social learning theory to employee self-management of attendance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 387-392.
    • (1987) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 387-392
    • Frayne, C.A.1    Latham, G.P.2
  • 36
    • 0000599903 scopus 로고
    • Action as the core of work psychology: A German approach
    • H. C. Triandis & M. D. Dunnette (Eds.), Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press
    • Frese, M., & Zapf, D. (1994). Action as the core of work psychology: A German approach. In H. C. Triandis & M. D. Dunnette (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 271-340). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
    • (1994) Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2nd Ed. , pp. 271-340
    • Frese, M.1    Zapf, D.2
  • 42
    • 58149372105 scopus 로고
    • An empirical examination of the antecedents of commitment to difficult goals
    • Hollenbeck, J., Williams, C., & Klein, H. (1989). An empirical examination of the antecedents of commitment to difficult goals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 18-23.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 18-23
    • Hollenbeck, J.1    Williams, C.2    Klein, H.3
  • 44
    • 58149205167 scopus 로고
    • Hunter and Hunter (1984) revisited: Interview validity for entry-level jobs
    • Huffcutt, A. I., & Arthur, W. A. (1994). Hunter and Hunter (1984) revisited: Interview validity for entry-level jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 184-190.
    • (1994) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.79 , pp. 184-190
    • Huffcutt, A.I.1    Arthur, W.A.2
  • 45
    • 0000125532 scopus 로고
    • Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk
    • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263-291.
    • (1979) Econometrica , vol.47 , pp. 263-291
    • Kahneman, D.1    Tversky, A.2
  • 46
    • 0002416119 scopus 로고
    • Self-regulation: Research, issues and speculation
    • C. Neuringer & J. L. Michael (Eds.), New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts
    • Kanfer, F. H. (1970). Self-regulation: Research, issues and speculation. In C. Neuringer & J. L. Michael (Eds.), Behavior modification in clinical psychology (pp. 178-220). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
    • (1970) Behavior Modification in Clinical Psychology , pp. 178-220
    • Kanfer, F.H.1
  • 47
    • 0041181019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivation and emotion in behavior therapy
    • K. S. Dobson & K. D. Craig (Eds.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Kanfer, F. H. (1996). Motivation and emotion in behavior therapy. In K. S. Dobson & K. D. Craig (Eds.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral therapy (pp. 1-30). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1996) Advances in Cognitive-behavioral Therapy , pp. 1-30
    • Kanfer, F.H.1
  • 48
    • 0000515289 scopus 로고
    • Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative aptitude treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition
    • Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (1989). Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative aptitude treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 657-690.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 657-690
    • Kanfer, R.1    Ackerman, P.L.2
  • 49
    • 0030534567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect effects of three core charismatic leadership components on performance and attitudes
    • Kirkpatrick, S., & Locke, E. (1996). Direct and indirect effects of three core charismatic leadership components on performance and attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 36-51.
    • (1996) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.81 , pp. 36-51
    • Kirkpatrick, S.1    Locke, E.2
  • 50
    • 0033252517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: Conceptual clarification and empirical synthesis
    • Klein, H., Wesson, M., Hollenbeck, J., & Alge, B. (1999). Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: Conceptual clarification and empirical synthesis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 885-896.
    • (1999) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 885-896
    • Klein, H.1    Wesson, M.2    Hollenbeck, J.3    Alge, B.4
  • 51
    • 0035633724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of team goals, incentives and efficacy to strategic risk, tactical implementation and performance
    • Knight, D., Durham, C., & Locke, E. (2001). The relationship of team goals, incentives and efficacy to strategic risk, tactical implementation and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 326-338.
    • (2001) Academy of Management Journal , vol.44 , pp. 326-338
    • Knight, D.1    Durham, C.2    Locke, E.3
  • 52
    • 0011145641 scopus 로고
    • Employee attitudes: Suggestions from a study in a factory
    • Kernhauser, A. W., & Sharp, A. A. (1932). Employee attitudes: Suggestions from a study in a factory. Personnel Journal, 10, 393-404.
    • (1932) Personnel Journal , vol.10 , pp. 393-404
    • Kernhauser, A.W.1    Sharp, A.A.2
  • 53
  • 54
    • 0035538578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of understanding and changing employee outcome expectancies for gaining commitment to an organizational goal
    • Latham, G. P. (2001). The importance of understanding and changing employee outcome expectancies for gaining commitment to an organizational goal. Personnel Psychology, 54, 707-716.
    • (2001) Personnel Psychology , vol.54 , pp. 707-716
    • Latham, G.P.1
  • 55
    • 0000107837 scopus 로고
    • The "practical significance" of Locke's theory of goal setting
    • Latham, G. P., & Baldes, J. (1975). The "practical significance" of Locke's theory of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 122-124.
    • (1975) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 122-124
    • Latham, G.P.1    Baldes, J.2
  • 56
    • 0000065321 scopus 로고
    • Resolving scientific disputes by the joint design of crucial experiments by the antagonists: Application to the Erez-Latham dispute regarding participation in goal setting
    • Latham, G. P., Erez, M., & Locke, E. (1988). Resolving scientific disputes by the joint design of crucial experiments by the antagonists: Application to the Erez-Latham dispute regarding participation in goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 753-772.
    • (1988) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.73 , pp. 753-772
    • Latham, G.P.1    Erez, M.2    Locke, E.3
  • 57
    • 0001763342 scopus 로고
    • Self-management training for increasing job attendance: A follow-up and a replication
    • Latham, G. P., & Frayne, C. A. (1989). Self-management training for increasing job attendance: A follow-up and a replication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 411-416.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 411-416
    • Latham, G.P.1    Frayne, C.A.2
  • 58
    • 0000174227 scopus 로고
    • Improving job performance through training in goal setting
    • Latham, G. P., & Kinne, S. B. (1974). Improving job performance through training in goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 187-191.
    • (1974) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.59 , pp. 187-191
    • Latham, G.P.1    Kinne, S.B.2
  • 59
    • 0000638635 scopus 로고
    • Increasing productivity with decreasing time limits: A field replication of Parkinson's law
    • Latham, G. P., & Locke, E. A. (1975). Increasing productivity with decreasing time limits: A field replication of Parkinson's law. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 524-526.
    • (1975) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 524-526
    • Latham, G.P.1    Locke, E.A.2
  • 60
    • 0842294259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The high performance cycle: Standing the test of time
    • S. Sonnentag (Ed.), Chichester, England: Wiley
    • Latham, G. P., Locke, E. A., & Fassina, N. E. (2002). The high performance cycle: Standing the test of time. In S. Sonnentag (Ed.), Psychological management of individual performance (pp. 201-228). Chichester, England: Wiley.
    • (2002) Psychological Management of Individual Performance , pp. 201-228
    • Latham, G.P.1    Locke, E.A.2    Fassina, N.E.3
  • 61
    • 84965364231 scopus 로고
    • The effects of self-set, participatively set, and assigned goals on the performance of government employees
    • Latham, G. P., & Marshall, H. A. (1982). The effects of self-set, participatively set, and assigned goals on the performance of government employees. Personnel Psychology, 35, 399-404.
    • (1982) Personnel Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 399-404
    • Latham, G.P.1    Marshall, H.A.2
  • 62
    • 0001688340 scopus 로고
    • The importance of participative goal setting and anticipated rewards on goal difficulty and job performance
    • Latham, G. P., Mitchell, T. R., & Dossett, D. L. (1978). The importance of participative goal setting and anticipated rewards on goal difficulty and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 163-171.
    • (1978) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 163-171
    • Latham, G.P.1    Mitchell, T.R.2    Dossett, D.L.3
  • 63
    • 0000540640 scopus 로고
    • The effects of holding goal difficulty constant on assigned and participatively set goals
    • Latham, G. P., & Saari, L. M. (1979a). The effects of holding goal difficulty constant on assigned and participatively set goals. Academy of Management Journal, 22, 163-168.
    • (1979) Academy of Management Journal , vol.22 , pp. 163-168
    • Latham, G.P.1    Saari, L.M.2
  • 64
    • 0347494738 scopus 로고
    • The importance of supportive relationships in goal setting
    • Latham, G. P., & Saari, L. M. (1979b). The importance of supportive relationships in goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 151-156.
    • (1979) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.64 , pp. 151-156
    • Latham, G.P.1    Saari, L.M.2
  • 65
    • 0009078567 scopus 로고
    • The importance of union acceptance for productivity improvement through goal setting
    • Latham, G. P., & Saari, L. M. (1982). The importance of union acceptance for productivity improvement through goal setting. Personnel Psychology, 69, 569-573.
    • (1982) Personnel Psychology , vol.69 , pp. 569-573
    • Latham, G.P.1    Saari, L.M.2
  • 67
    • 0033163756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of proximal and distal goals on performance on a moderately complex task
    • Latham, G. P., & Seijts, G. H. (1999). The effects of proximal and distal goals on performance on a moderately complex task. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 421-429.
    • (1999) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.20 , pp. 421-429
    • Latham, G.P.1    Seijts, G.H.2
  • 68
    • 0001688155 scopus 로고
    • The motivational effects of participation versus goal setting on performance
    • Latham, G. P., & Steele, T. P. (1983). The motivational effects of participation versus goal setting on performance. Academy of Management Journal. 26, 406-417.
    • (1983) Academy of Management Journal , vol.26 , pp. 406-417
    • Latham, G.P.1    Steele, T.P.2
  • 69
    • 0033249559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the situational interview: An enumerative review of reasons for its validity
    • Latham, G. P., & Sue-Chan, C. (1999). A meta-analysis of the situational interview: An enumerative review of reasons for its validity. Canadian Psychology, 40, 56-67.
    • (1999) Canadian Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 56-67
    • Latham, G.P.1    Sue-Chan, C.2
  • 70
    • 84985239893 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive and motivational effects of participation: A mediator study
    • Latham, G. P., Winters, D., & Locke, E. (1994). Cognitive and motivational effects of participation: A mediator study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 49-63.
    • (1994) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.15 , pp. 49-63
    • Latham, G.P.1    Winters, D.2    Locke, E.3
  • 71
    • 0000280604 scopus 로고
    • Assigned versus participative goal setting with educated and uneducated wood workers
    • Latham, G. P., & Yukl, G. A. (1975). Assigned versus participative goal setting with educated and uneducated wood workers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 299-302.
    • (1975) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 299-302
    • Latham, G.P.1    Yukl, G.A.2
  • 72
    • 0000912587 scopus 로고
    • Effects of assigned and participative goal setting on performance and job satisfaction
    • Latham, G. P., & Yukl, G. (1976). Effects of assigned and participative goal setting on performance and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 166-171.
    • (1976) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.61 , pp. 166-171
    • Latham, G.P.1    Yukl, G.2
  • 73
    • 0002048465 scopus 로고
    • Comparative peer evaluations of organizational behavior theories
    • Lee, C., & Earley, P. C. (1992). Comparative peer evaluations of organizational behavior theories. Organization Development Journal, 10, 37-42.
    • (1992) Organization Development Journal , vol.10 , pp. 37-42
    • Lee, C.1    Earley, P.C.2
  • 74
    • 0031498471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the assigned goal-incentive interaction: The role of self-efficacy and personal goals
    • Lee, T., Locke, E., & Phan, S. (1997). Explaining the assigned goal-incentive interaction: The role of self-efficacy and personal goals. Journal of Management, 23, 541-559.
    • (1997) Journal of Management , vol.23 , pp. 541-559
    • Lee, T.1    Locke, E.2    Phan, S.3
  • 75
    • 21844493929 scopus 로고
    • The effects of goal setting, self-efficacy, competition and personal traits on the performance of an endurance task
    • Lerner, B., & Locke, E. A. (1995). The effects of goal setting, self-efficacy, competition and personal traits on the performance of an endurance task. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 138-152.
    • (1995) Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , vol.17 , pp. 138-152
    • Lerner, B.1    Locke, E.A.2
  • 77
    • 0002385435 scopus 로고
    • Goal theory vs. control theory: Contrasting approaches to understanding work motivation
    • Locke, E. A. (1991a). Goal theory vs. control theory: Contrasting approaches to understanding work motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 15, 9-28.
    • (1991) Motivation and Emotion , vol.15 , pp. 9-28
    • Locke, E.A.1
  • 78
    • 43549112930 scopus 로고
    • The motivation sequence, the motivation hub and the motivation core
    • Locke, E. A. (1991b). The motivation sequence, the motivation hub and the motivation core. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 288-299.
    • (1991) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.50 , pp. 288-299
    • Locke, E.A.1
  • 80
    • 0028825397 scopus 로고
    • Beyond determinism and materialism, or isn't it time we took consciousness seriously?
    • Locke, E. A. (1995). Beyond determinism and materialism, or isn't it time we took consciousness seriously? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 265-273.
    • (1995) Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , vol.26 , pp. 265-273
    • Locke, E.A.1
  • 81
    • 0000134208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The motivation to work: What we know
    • M. Maehr & P. Pintrich (Eds.), Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
    • Locke, E. A. (1997). The motivation to work: What we know. In M. Maehr & P. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (Vol. 10, pp. 375-412). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
    • (1997) Advances in Motivation and Achievement , vol.10 , pp. 375-412
    • Locke, E.A.1
  • 82
    • 0039002252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivation, cognition, and action: An analysis of studies of task goals and knowledge
    • Locke, E. A. (2000). Motivation, cognition, and action: An analysis of studies of task goals and knowledge. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 408-429.
    • (2000) Applied Psychology: An International Review , vol.49 , pp. 408-429
    • Locke, E.A.1
  • 83
    • 0042963370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-set goals and self-efficacy as mediators of incentives and personality
    • M. Erez, H. U. Kleinbeck, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Locke, E. A. (2001). Self-set goals and self-efficacy as mediators of incentives and personality. In M. Erez, H. U. Kleinbeck, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Work motivation in the context of a globalizing economy (pp. 13-26). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (2001) Work Motivation in the Context of a Globalizing Economy , pp. 13-26
    • Locke, E.A.1
  • 84
    • 0000607981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Participation in decision-making: An information exchange perspective
    • G. Ferris (Ed.), Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
    • Locke, E. A., Alavi, M., & Wagner, J. (1997). Participation in decision-making: An information exchange perspective. In G. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 15, pp. 293-331). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
    • (1997) Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management , vol.15 , pp. 293-331
    • Locke, E.A.1    Alavi, M.2    Wagner, J.3
  • 85
    • 0014078366 scopus 로고
    • Performance goals as determinants of level of performance and boredom
    • Locke, E., & Bryan, J. (1967). Performance goals as determinants of level of performance and boredom. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51, 120-130.
    • (1967) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 120-130
    • Locke, E.1    Bryan, J.2
  • 86
    • 0041460460 scopus 로고
    • Goal setting as a determinant of the effects of knowledge of score in performance
    • Locke, E. A., & Bryan, J. (1968). Goal setting as a determinant of the effects of knowledge of score in performance. American Journal of Psychology, 81, 398-406.
    • (1968) American Journal of Psychology , vol.81 , pp. 398-406
    • Locke, E.A.1    Bryan, J.2
  • 91
    • 0000720028 scopus 로고
    • Using self-efficacy theory to resolve the conflict between goal-setting theory and expectancy theory in organizational behavior and industrial/organizational psychology
    • Locke, E. A., Motowidlo, S., & Bobko, P. (1986). Using self-efficacy theory to resolve the conflict between goal-setting theory and expectancy theory in organizational behavior and industrial/organizational psychology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 328-338.
    • (1986) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , vol.4 , pp. 328-338
    • Locke, E.A.1    Motowidlo, S.2    Bobko, P.3
  • 93
  • 95
    • 0000910915 scopus 로고
    • Influence of achievement need on goal setting, performance, and feedback effectiveness
    • Matsui, T., Okada, A., & Kakuyama, T. (1982). Influence of achievement need on goal setting, performance, and feedback effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 645-648.
    • (1982) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.67 , pp. 645-648
    • Matsui, T.1    Okada, A.2    Kakuyama, T.3
  • 98
    • 0001323334 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of goal level to valence and instrumentality
    • Mento, A., Locke, E., & Klein, H. (1992). Relationship of goal level to valence and instrumentality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 395-405.
    • (1992) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 395-405
    • Mento, A.1    Locke, E.2    Klein, H.3
  • 99
    • 0000259727 scopus 로고
    • The validity and usefulness of theories in emerging organizational science
    • Miner, J. B. (1984). The validity and usefulness of theories in emerging organizational science. Academy of Management Review, 9, 296-306.
    • (1984) Academy of Management Review , vol.9 , pp. 296-306
    • Miner, J.B.1
  • 100
    • 0040958429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of mental practice and goal setting as a transfer of training intervention on supervisors' self-efficacy and communication skills: An exploratory study
    • Morin, L., & Latham, G. P. (2000). Effect of mental practice and goal setting as a transfer of training intervention on supervisors' self-efficacy and communication skills: An exploratory study. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 566-578.
    • (2000) Applied Psychology: An International Review , vol.49 , pp. 566-578
    • Morin, L.1    Latham, G.P.2
  • 101
    • 0006797729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feeling without thinking: Affective primacy and the nonconscious processing of emotion
    • J. A. Bargh & D. K. Apsley (Eds.), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • Murphy, S. T. (2001). Feeling without thinking: Affective primacy and the nonconscious processing of emotion. In J. A. Bargh & D. K. Apsley (Eds.), Unraveling the complexities of social life: A festschrift in honor of Robert B. Zajonc (pp. 39-53). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    • (2001) Unraveling the Complexities of Social Life: A Festschrift in Honor of Robert B. Zajonc , pp. 39-53
    • Murphy, S.T.1
  • 104
    • 0000361152 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of purposive systems: Some spadework at the foundations of scientific psychology
    • Powers, W. (1978). Quantitative analysis of purposive systems: Some spadework at the foundations of scientific psychology. Psychological Review, 85, 417-435.
    • (1978) Psychological Review , vol.85 , pp. 417-435
    • Powers, W.1
  • 105
    • 84958347332 scopus 로고
    • Mental practice: A review and discussion: Part I
    • Richardson, A. (1967). Mental practice: A review and discussion: Part I. Research Quarterly, 38, 95-107.
    • (1967) Research Quarterly , vol.38 , pp. 95-107
    • Richardson, A.1
  • 106
    • 0001170705 scopus 로고
    • Impact of management by objectives on organizational productivity
    • Rogers, R., & Hunter, J. (1991). Impact of management by objectives on organizational productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 322-336.
    • (1991) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.76 , pp. 322-336
    • Rogers, R.1    Hunter, J.2
  • 107
    • 0015766460 scopus 로고
    • The effects of goal setting and supervision on worker behavior in an industrial situation
    • Ronan, W. W., Latham, G. P., & Kinne, S. B. (1973). The effects of goal setting and supervision on worker behavior in an industrial situation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 58, 302-307.
    • (1973) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.58 , pp. 302-307
    • Ronan, W.W.1    Latham, G.P.2    Kinne, S.B.3
  • 108
    • 0018477763 scopus 로고
    • Goal-guided learning from text: Inferring a descriptive processing model from inspection times and eye movements
    • Rothkopf, E., & Billington, M. (1979). Goal-guided learning from text: Inferring a descriptive processing model from inspection times and eye movements. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 310-327.
    • (1979) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.71 , pp. 310-327
    • Rothkopf, E.1    Billington, M.2
  • 112
    • 0041961596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can goal orientation be induced? Further exploration of the state versus trait debate
    • June. C. Sue-Chan (Chair), Justice, efficacy, goal orientation, culture, and creativity: New findings in motivation. Symposium conducted St. Foy, Quebec, Canada
    • Seijts, G. H., & Latham, B. W. (2001, June). Can goal orientation be induced? Further exploration of the state versus trait debate. In C. Sue-Chan (Chair), Justice, efficacy, goal orientation, culture, and creativity: New findings in motivation. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, St. Foy, Quebec, Canada.
    • (2001) Annual Meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association
    • Seijts, G.H.1    Latham, B.W.2
  • 113
    • 0042462188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The construct of goal commitment: Measurement and relationships with task performance
    • R. Goffin & E. Helmes (Eds.), Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic
    • Seijts, G. H., & Latham, G. P. (2000a). The construct of goal commitment: Measurement and relationships with task performance. In R. Goffin & E. Helmes (Eds.), Problems and solutions in human assessment (pp. 315-332). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
    • (2000) Problems and Solutions in Human Assessment , pp. 315-332
    • Seijts, G.H.1    Latham, G.P.2
  • 114
    • 0034349233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of goal setting and group size on performance in a social dilemma
    • Seijts, G. H., & Latham, G. P. (2000b). The effects of goal setting and group size on performance in a social dilemma. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 32, 104-116.
    • (2000) Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , vol.32 , pp. 104-116
    • Seijts, G.H.1    Latham, G.P.2
  • 115
    • 0035590509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of learning, outcome, and proximal goals on a moderately complex task
    • Seijts, G. H., & Latham, G. P. (2001). The effect of learning, outcome, and proximal goals on a moderately complex task. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 291-302.
    • (2001) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.22 , pp. 291-302
    • Seijts, G.H.1    Latham, G.P.2
  • 116
  • 117
    • 0018084211 scopus 로고
    • Effects of assigned goal level and knowledge of results on arithmetic compensation: A laboratory study
    • Strang, H. R., Lawrence, E. C., & Fowler, P. C. (1978). Effects of assigned goal level and knowledge of results on arithmetic compensation: A laboratory study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 446-450.
    • (1978) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 446-450
    • Strang, H.R.1    Lawrence, E.C.2    Fowler, P.C.3
  • 118
    • 84973847542 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of goal setting to organizational profitability
    • Terpstra, D. E., & Rozell, E. J. (1994). The relationship of goal setting to organizational profitability. Group and Organization Management, 19, 285-294.
    • (1994) Group and Organization Management , vol.19 , pp. 285-294
    • Terpstra, D.E.1    Rozell, E.J.2
  • 119
    • 3142656819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conscious goal setting versus subconscious motives: Longitudinal and concurrent effects on the performance of entrepreneurial firms
    • August. Chicago, IL
    • Tracy, K., Locke, E., & Renard, M. (1999, August). Conscious goal setting versus subconscious motives: Longitudinal and concurrent effects on the performance of entrepreneurial firms. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL.
    • (1999) Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management
    • Tracy, K.1    Locke, E.2    Renard, M.3
  • 120
    • 85047683407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of goal orientation following performance feedback
    • VandeWalle, D., Cron, W., & Slocum, J. (2001). The role of goal orientation following performance feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 629-640.
    • (2001) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.86 , pp. 629-640
    • VandeWalle, D.1    Cron, W.2    Slocum, J.3
  • 122
    • 84928460447 scopus 로고
    • Effects of societal trends on participation research
    • Wagner, J., & Gooding, R. (1987a). Effects of societal trends on participation research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32, 241-262.
    • (1987) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.32 , pp. 241-262
    • Wagner, J.1    Gooding, R.2
  • 123
    • 0001338088 scopus 로고
    • Shared influence and organizational behavior: A meta-analysis of situational variables expected to moderate participation-outcome relationships
    • Wagner, J., & Gooding, R. (1987b). Shared influence and organizational behavior: A meta-analysis of situational variables expected to moderate participation-outcome relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 30, 524-541.
    • (1987) Academy of Management Journal , vol.30 , pp. 524-541
    • Wagner, J.1    Gooding, R.2
  • 124
    • 0033652491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zur wirkung von Zielsetzungen auf die Informationsverarbeitung bei Buchstabenvergleichsaufgaben
    • Wegge, J., & Dibbelt, S. (2000). Zur wirkung von Zielsetzungen auf die Informationsverarbeitung bei Buchstabenvergleichsaufgaben [Effects of goal setting on information processing in letter-matching tasks]. Zeitschrift fuer Experimentelle Psychologie, 47, 89-114.
    • (2000) Zeitschrift fuer Experimentelle Psychologie , vol.47 , pp. 89-114
    • Wegge, J.1    Dibbelt, S.2
  • 125
    • 0042971896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problems with the Pygmalion effect and some proposed solutions
    • White, S., & Locke, E. (2000). Problems with the Pygmalion effect and some proposed solutions. Leadership Quarterly, 11, 389-415.
    • (2000) Leadership Quarterly , vol.11 , pp. 389-415
    • White, S.1    Locke, E.2
  • 126
    • 0030535215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of learning versus outcome goals on a simple versus a complex task
    • Winters, D., & Latham, G. (1996). The effect of learning versus outcome goals on a simple versus a complex task. Group and Organization Management, 21, 236-250.
    • (1996) Group and Organization Management , vol.21 , pp. 236-250
    • Winters, D.1    Latham, G.2
  • 128
    • 0000744744 scopus 로고
    • Social-cognitive theory of organizational management
    • Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Social-cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of Management Review, 14, 361-384.
    • (1989) Academy of Management Review , vol.14 , pp. 361-384
    • Wood, R.1    Bandura, A.2
  • 129
    • 0002216999 scopus 로고
    • Goal setting and strategy effects on complex tasks
    • B. Staw & L. Cummings (Eds.), Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
    • Wood, R., & Locke, E. (1990). Goal setting and strategy effects on complex tasks. In B. Staw & L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 12, pp. 73-109). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
    • (1990) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.12 , pp. 73-109
    • Wood, R.1    Locke, E.2
  • 130
  • 131
    • 84987012882 scopus 로고
    • Interrelationships among employee participation, individual differences, goal difficulty, goal acceptance, goal instrumentality, and performance
    • Yukl, G. A., & Latham, G. P. (1978). Interrelationships among employee participation, individual differences, goal difficulty, goal acceptance, goal instrumentality, and performance. Personnel Psychology, 31, 305-324.
    • (1978) Personnel Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 305-324
    • Yukl, G.A.1    Latham, G.P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.