Secondary osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and management

European Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 173, Issue 3, 2015, Pages R131-R151

  Mirza, Faryal ^a   Canalis, Ernesto ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; BIOLOGIC FACTORS AND AGENTS ACTING ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CALCIUM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGENTS; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIURETIC AGENT; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENT; GLUCOCORTICOID; GONADORELIN DERIVATIVE; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; THYROID HORMONE; VITAMIN D; ANTINEOPLASTIC HORMONE AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS; GONADORELIN; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; THYROXINE;

ACROMEGALY; ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BONE MASS; CELIAC DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; CORTICOSTEROID INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG SAFETY; EATING DISORDER; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HORMONE INHIBITION; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOGONADISM; IDIOPATHIC HYPERCALCIURIA; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; KIDNEY TUBULE ACIDOSIS; LIVER DISEASE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL DISORDER; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SECONDARY OSTEOPOROSIS; STOMACH BYPASS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS; THALASSEMIA MAJOR; AGONISTS; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; COMPLICATION; DEFICIENCY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY;

ACROMEGALY; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL; AROMATASE INHIBITORS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CELIAC DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; HUMANS; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, PRIMARY; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOGONADISM; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; OSTEOPOROSIS; RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY; THYROXINE;

EID: 84940646705     PISSN: 08044643     EISSN: 1479683X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-15-0118     Document Type: Review

References (262)

1. Painter SE, Kleerekoper M & Camacho PM. Secondary osteoporosis: a review of the recent evidence. Endocrine Practice 2006 12 436-445. (doi:10.4158/EP.12.4.436)
2. Harper KD & Weber TJ. Secondary osteoporosis. Diagnostic considerations. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 1998 27 325-348. (doi:10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70008-6)
3. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001 285 785-795. (doi:10.1001/jama.285.6.785)
4. Panico A, Lupoli GA, Fonderico F, Marciello F, Martinelli A, Assante R & Lupoli G. Osteoporosis and thyrotropin-suppressive therapy: reduced effectiveness of alendronate. Thyroid 2009 19 437-442. (doi:10.1089/thy.2008.0428)
5. Giusti A, Barone A, Pioli G, Girasole G, Siccardi V, Palummeri E & Bianchi G. Alendronate and indapamide alone or in combination in the management of hypercalciuria associated with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial of two drugs and three treatments. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 2009 24 1472-1477. (doi:10.1093/ndt/gfn690)
6. Lindahl K, Langdahl B, Ljunggren O & Kindmark A. Treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta in adults. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014 171 R79-R90. (doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0017)
7. Barbour KE, Lui LY, Ensrud KE, Hillier TA, LeBlanc ES, Ing SW, Hochberg MC, Cauley JA & Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research G. Inflammatory markers and risk of hip fracture in older white women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2014 29 2057-2064. (doi:10.1002/jbmr.2245)
8. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A & McCloskey EV. Guidance for the adjustment of FRAXaccording to the dose of glucocorticoids. Osteoporosis International 2011 22 809-816. (doi:10.1007/s00198-010-1524-7)
9. van Staa TP, Leufkens HG & Cooper C. The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International 2002 13 777-787. (doi:10.1007/s001980200108)
10. van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Abenhaim L, Zhang B & Cooper C. Use of oral corticosteroids and risk of fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000 15 993-1000. (doi:10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.6.993)
11. Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ, Brown JP, Hawkins F, Goemaere S, Thamsborg G, Liberman UA, Delmas PD, Malice MP et al. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine 1998 339 292-299. (doi:10.1056/NEJM199807303390502)
12. DeVriesF,BrackeM,LeufkensHG, Lammers JW,Cooper C & VanStaaTP. Fracture risk with intermittent high-dose oral glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2007 56 208-214. (doi:10.1002/art.22294)
13. Israel E, Banerjee TR, Fitzmaurice GM, Kotlov TV, LaHive K & LeBoff MS. Effects of inhaled glucocorticoids on bone density in premenopausal women. New England Journal of Medicine 2001 345 941-947. (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa002304)
14. Canalis E, Mazziotti G, Giustina A & Bilezikian JP. Glucocorticoidinduced osteoporosis: pathophysiology and therapy. Osteoporosis International 2007 18 1319-1328. (doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0394-0)
15. Hofbauer LC, Gori F, Riggs BL, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Spelsberg TC & Khosla S. Stimulation of osteoprotegerin ligand and inhibition of osteoprotegerin production by glucocorticoids in human osteoblastic lineage cells: potential paracrine mechanisms of glucocorticoidinduced osteoporosis. Endocrinology 1999 140 4382-4389. (doi:10.1210/endo.140.10.7034)
16. Kim HJ, Zhao H, Kitaura H, Bhattacharyya S, Brewer JA, Muglia LJ, Ross FP & Teitelbaum SL. Glucocorticoids suppress bone formation via the osteoclast. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006 116 2152-2160. (doi:10.1172/JCI28084)
17. Pereira RC, Delany AM & Canalis E. Effects of cortisol and bone morphogenetic protein-2 on stromal cell differentiation: correlation with CCAAT-enhancer binding protein expression. Bone 2002 30 685-691. (doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00687-7)
18. Canalis E. Wnt signalling in osteoporosis: mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 2013 9 575-583. (doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.154)
19. Smith E & Frenkel B. Glucocorticoids inhibit the transcriptional activity of LEF/TCF in differentiating osteoblasts in a glycogen synthase kinase-3b-dependent and -independent manner. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005 280 2388-2394. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M406294200)
20. Delany AM, Durant D & Canalis E. Glucocorticoid suppression of IGFI transcription in osteoblasts. Molecular Endocrinology 2001 15 1781-1789. (doi:10.1210/mend.15.10.0704)
21. Giustina A, Mazziotti G & Canalis E. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocrine Reviews 2008 29 535-559. (doi:10.1210/er.2007-0036)
22. Dallas SL, Prideaux M & Bonewald LF. The osteocyte: an endocrine cell . and more. Endocrine Reviews 2013 34 658-690. (doi:10.1210/er.2012-1026)
23. Giustina A & Veldhuis JD. Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human. Endocrine Reviews 1998 19 717-797. (doi:10.1210/edrv.19.6.0353)
24. Canalis E. Clinical review 83: Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in bone: implications to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996 81 3441-3447. (doi:10.1210/jcem.81.10.8855781)
25. Diederich S, Quinkler M, Burkhardt P, Grossmann C, Bahr V & Oelkers W. 11Beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase isoforms: tissue distribution and implications for clinical medicine. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2000 30 (Suppl 3) 21-27. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.0300s3021.x)
26. Tannin GM, Agarwal AK, Monder C, New MI & White PC. The human gene for 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Structure, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1991 266 16653-16658.
27. CooperMS, Rabbitt EH, Goddard PE, Bartlett WA, Hewison M& Stewart PM. Osteoblastic 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity increaseswith ageandglucocorticoid exposure. Journal ofBoneand Mineral Research 2002 17 979-986. (doi:10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.6.979)
28. CooperMS, Walker EA, Bland R, Fraser WD, HewisonM& Stewart PM. Expression and functional consequences of 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human bone. Bone 2000 27 375-381. (doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(00)00344-6)
29. Canalis E. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2003 15 454-457. (doi:10.1097/00002281-200307000-00013)
30. Angeli A, Guglielmi G, Dovio A, Capelli G, de Feo D, Giannini S, Giorgino R, Moro L & Giustina A. High prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fractures in post-menopausal women receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy: a cross-sectional outpatient study. Bone 2006 39 253-259. (doi:10.1016/j.bone.2006.02.005)
31. Grossman JM, Gordon R, Ranganath VK, Deal C, Caplan L, Chen W, Curtis JR, Furst DE, McMahon M, Patkar NM et al. American College of Rheumatology 2010 recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Care & Research 2010 62 1515-1526. (doi:10.1002/acr.20295)
32. van Staa TP, Laan RF, Barton IP, Cohen S, Reid DM & Cooper C. Bone density threshold and other predictors of vertebral fracture in patients receiving oral glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003 48 3224-3229. (doi:10.1002/art.11283)
33. Lekamwasam S, Adachi JD, Agnusdei D, Bilezikian J, Boonen S, Borgstrom F, Cooper C, Diez Perez A, Eastell R, Hofbauer LC et al. A framework for the development of guidelines for the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 2012 23 2257-2276. (doi:10.1007/s00198-012-1958-1)
34. Dovio A, Perazzolo L, Osella G, Ventura M, Termine A, Milano E, Bertolotto A & Angeli A. Immediate fall of bone formation and transient increase of bone resorption in the course of high-dose, shortterm glucocorticoid therapy in young patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 4923-4928. (doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0164)
35. Szappanos A, Toke J, Lippai D, Patocs A, Igaz P, Szucs N, Futo L, Glaz E, Racz K & Toth M. Bone turnover in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome before and after successful treatment. Osteoporosis International 2010 21 637-645. (doi:10.1007/s00198-009-0978-y)
36. Buckley LM, Leib ES, Cartularo KS, Vacek PM & Cooper SM. Calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation prevents bone loss in the spine secondary to low-dose corticosteroids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1996 125 961-968. (doi:10.7326/0003-4819-125-12-199612150-00004)
37. Godschalk M, Levy JR & Downs RW Jr. Glucocorticoids decrease vitamin D receptor number and gene expression in human osteosarcoma cells. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1992 7 21-27. (doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650070105)
38. Hidalgo AA, Deeb KK, Pike JW, Johnson CS & Trump DL. Dexamethasone enhances 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 effects by increasing vitamin D receptor transcription. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011 286 36228-36237. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.244061)
39. Adachi JD, Bensen WG, Bianchi F, Cividino A, Pillersdorf S, Sebaldt RJ, Tugwell P, Gordon M, Steele M, Webber C et al. Vitamin D and calcium in the prevention of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis: a 3 year followup. Journal of Rheumatology 1996 23 995-1000.
40. Reid DM, Devogelaer JP, Saag K, Roux C, Lau CS, Reginster JY, Papanastasiou P, Ferreira A, Hartl F, Fashola T et al. Zoledronic acid and risedronate in the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoidinduced osteoporosis (HORIZON): a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009 373 1253-1263. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60250-6)
41. Thomas T, Horlait S, Ringe JD, Abelson A, Gold DT, Atlan P & Lange JL. Oral bisphosphonates reduce the risk of clinical fractures in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in clinical practice. Osteoporosis International 2013 24 263-269. (doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2060-4)
42. Saag KG, Shane E, Boonen S, Marin F, Donley DW, Taylor KA, Dalsky GP & Marcus R. Teriparatide or alendronate in glucocorticoidinduced osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2007 357 2028-2039. (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa071408)
43. Bassett JH & Williams GR. Critical role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in bone. Bone 2008 43 418-426. (doi:10.1016/j.bone. 2008.05.007)
44. Bassett JH & Williams GR. The molecular actions of thyroid hormone in bone. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 14 356-364. (doi:10.1016/S1043-2760(03)00144-9)
45. Bauer DC, Ettinger B, Nevitt MC, Stone KL & Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research G . Risk for fracture in women with low serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001 134 561-568. (doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-7-200104030-00009)
46. Abrahamsen B, Jorgensen HL, Laulund AS, Nybo M, Brix TH & Hegedus L. Low serum thyrotropin level and duration of suppression as a predictor of major osteoporotic fractures - the OPENTHYRO register cohort. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2014 29 2040-2050. (doi:10.1002/jbmr.2244)
47. Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, BrownerWS, Stone K, Fox KM, Ensrud KE, Cauley J, Black D & VogtTM.Risk factors forhipfracture inwhitewomen. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. New England Journal of Medicine 1995 332 767-773. (doi:10.1056/NEJM199503233321202)
48. Vestergaard P & Mosekilde L. Fractures inpatientswithhyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: a nationwide follow-up study in 16,249 patients. Thyroid 2002 12 411-419. (doi:10.1089/105072502760043503)
49. Abe E, Marians RC, Yu W, Wu XB, Ando T, Li Y, Iqbal J, Eldeiry L, Rajendren G, Blair HC et al. TSH is a negative regulator of skeletal remodeling. Cell 2003 115 151-162. (doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00771-2)
50. van Rijn LE, Pop VJ & Williams GR. Low bone mineral density is related to high physiological levels of free thyroxine in perimenopausal women. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014 170 461-468. (doi:10.1530/EJE-13-0769)
51. Biondi B & Wartofsky L. Treatment with thyroid hormone. Endocrine Reviews 2014 35 433-512. (doi:10.1210/er.2013-1083)
52. Heemstra KA, Hamdy NA, Romijn JA & Smit JW. The effects of thyrotropin-suppressive therapy on bone metabolism in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2006 16 583-591. (doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.583)
53. Sheppard MC, Holder R & Franklyn JA. Levothyroxine treatment and occurrence of fracture of the hip. Archives of Internal Medicine 2002 162 338-343. (doi:10.1001/archinte.162.3.338)
54. Tuck SP & Francis RM. Testosterone, bone and osteoporosis. Frontiers of Hormone Research 2009 37 123-132. (doi:10.1159/000176049)
55. Krupski TL, Smith MR, Lee WC, Pashos CL, Brandman J, Wang Q, Botteman M & Litwin MS. Natural history of bone complications in men with prostate carcinoma initiating androgen deprivation therapy. Cancer 2004 101 541-549. (doi:10.1002/cncr.20388)
56. Malcolm JB, Derweesh IH, Kincade MC, DiBlasio CJ, Lamar KD, Wake RW & Patterson AL. Osteoporosis and fractures after androgen deprivation initiation for prostate cancer. Canadian Journal of Urology 2007 14 3551-3559.
57. Leder BZ, LeBlanc KM, Schoenfeld DA, Eastell R & Finkelstein JS. Differential effects of androgens and estrogens on bone turnover in normal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 204-210. (doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021036)
58. Hofbauer LC & Khosla S. Androgen effects on bone metabolism: recent progress and controversies. European Journal of Endocrinology 1999 140 271-286. (doi:10.1530/eje.0.1400271)
59. Pederson L, Kremer M, Judd J, Pascoe D, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL & Oursler MJ. Androgens regulate bone resorption activity of isolated osteoclasts in vitro. PNAS 1999 96 505-510. (doi:10.1073/pnas.96.2.505)
60. Kasperk CH, Wakley GK, Hierl T & Ziegler R. Gonadal and adrenal androgens are potent regulators of human bone cell metabolism in vitro. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1997 12 464-471. (doi:10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.3.464)
61. Huber DM, Bendixen AC, Pathrose P, Srivastava S, Dienger KM, Shevde NK & Pike JW. Androgens suppress osteoclast formation induced by RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Endocrinology 2001 142 3800-3808. (doi:10.1210/endo.142.9.8402)
62. Behre HM, Kliesch S, Leifke E, Link TM& Nieschlag E. Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bonemineral density in hypogonadal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1997 82 2386-2390. (doi:10.1210/jcem.82.8.4163)
63. Giusti A & BianchiG. Treatment of primary osteoporosis inmen. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2015 10 105-115. (doi:10.2147/CIA.S44057)
64. Pepene CE, Crisan N & Coman I. Elevated serum receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand and osteoprotegerin levels in late-onset male hypogonadism. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Médecine Clinique et Experimental 2011 34 E232.
65. Parthan A, Kruse M, Agodoa I, Silverman S & Orwoll E. Denosumab: a cost-effective alternative for older men with osteoporosis from a Swedish payer perspective. Bone 2014 59 105-113. (doi:10.1016/j.bone.2013.11.002)
66. Pavone ME & Bulun SE. Clinical review: The use of aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction and superovulation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 98 1838-1844. (doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1328)
67. Legro RS, Brzyski RG, Diamond MP, Coutifaris C, Schlaff WD, Casson P, Christman GM, Huang H, Yan Q, Alvero R et al. Letrozole versus clomiphene for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 2014 371 119-129. (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1313517)
68. Coleman RE, Banks LM, Girgis SI, Kilburn LS, Vrdoljak E, Fox J, Cawthorn SJ, Patel A, Snowdon CF, Hall E et al. Skeletal effects of exemestane on bone-mineral density, bone biomarkers, and fracture incidence in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer participating in the Intergroup Exemestane Study (IES): a randomised controlled study. Lancet Oncology 2007 8 119-127. (doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70003-7)
69. Eastell R, Hannon RA, Cuzick J, DowsettM, Clack G, Adams JE & ATAC Trialists' group. Effect of an aromatase inhibitor on BMD and bone turnover markers: 2-year results of the Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial (18233230). Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2006 21 1215-1223. (doi:10.1359/jbmr.060508)
70. Howell A, Cuzick J, Baum M, Buzdar A, Dowsett M, Forbes JF, Hoctin-Boes G, Houghton J, Locker GY, Tobias JS et al. Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet 2005 365 60-62. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74803-0)
71. Kaunitz AM, Arias R & McClung M. Bone density recovery after depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable contraception use. Contraception 2008 77 67-76. (doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.10.005)
72. Cann CE. Bone densitometry as an adjunct to GnRH agonist therapy. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1998 43 321-330.
73. Pierce SJ, Gazvani MR & Farquharson RG. Long-term use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs and hormone replacement therapy in the management of endometriosis: a randomized trial with a 6-year follow-up. Fertility and Sterility 2000 74 964-968. (doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01537-5)
74. Greenspan SL, Coates P, Sereika SM, Nelson JB, Trump DL & Resnick NM. Bone loss after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005 90 6410-6417. (doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0183)
75. Lopez AM, Pena MA, Hernandez R, Val F, Martin B & Riancho JA. Fracture risk in patients with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy. Osteoporosis International 2005 16 707-711. (doi:10.1007/s00198-004-1799-7)
76. Shahinian VB, Kuo YF, Freeman JL & Goodwin JS. Risk of fracture after androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2005 352 154-164. (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041943)
77. Smith MR, LeeWC, Brandman J, Wang Q, BottemanM & Pashos CL. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and fracture risk: a claimsbasedcohort study ofmenwithnonmetastatic prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005 23 7897-7903. (doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.00.6908)
78. Townsend MF, Sanders WH, Northway RO & Graham SD Jr. Bone fractures associated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists used in the treatment of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1997 79 545-550. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970201)79:3!545::AIDCNCR17O3.0. CO;2-3)
79. Hamilton EJ, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Gianatti E, Lim-Joon D, Bolton D, Zebaze R, Seeman E, Zajac JD & Grossmann M. Structural decay of bone microarchitecture in men with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010 95 E456-E463. (doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0902)
80. Greenspan SL, Nelson JB, Trump DL & Resnick NM. Effect of onceweekly oral alendronate on bone loss in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2007 146 416-424. (doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-6-200703200-00006)
81. Greenspan SL. Approach to the prostate cancer patient with bone disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 93 2-7. (doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1402)
82. Kearns AE, Northfelt DW, Dueck AC, Atherton PJ, Dakhil SR, Rowland KM Jr, Fuloria J, Flynn PJ, Dentchev T & Loprinzi CL. Osteoporosis prevention in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen ablation therapy: placebo-controlled double-blind study of estradiol and risedronate: N01C8. Supportive Care in Cancer 2010 18 321-328. (doi:10.1007/s00520-009-0655-x)
83. Smith MR, Fallon MA, Lee H & Finkelstein JS. Raloxifene to prevent gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-induced bone loss in men with prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 3841-3846. (doi:10.1210/jc. 2003-032058)
84. Smith MR, Malkowicz SB, Chu F, Forrest J, Sieber P, Barnette KG, Rodriquez D & Steiner MS. Toremifene improves lipid profiles in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: interim analysis of a multicenter phase III study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 26 1824-1829. (doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.13.5517)
85. Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernandez Toriz N, Feldman R, Tammela TL, Saad F, Heracek J, Szwedowski M, Ke C, Kupic A et al. Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2009 361 745-755. (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0809003)
86. Bandeira F, Cusano NE, Silva BC, Cassibba S, Almeida CB, Machado VC & Bilezikian JP. Bone disease in primary hyperparathyroidism. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia 2014 58 553-561. (doi:10.1590/0004-2730000003381)
87. Christiansen P. The skeleton in primary hyperparathyroidism: a review focusing on bone remodeling, structure, mass, and fracture. APMIS. Supplementum 2001 [In press].
88. Khosla S, Melton LJ III, Wermers RA, Crowson CS, O'Fallon W & Riggs B. Primary hyperparathyroidism and the risk of fracture: a population-based study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1999 14 1700-1707. (doi:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.10.1700)
89. Vestergaard P, Mollerup CL, Frokjaer VG, Christiansen P, Blichert-Toft M & Mosekilde L. Cohort study of risk of fracture before and after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. BMJ 2000 321 598-602. (doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7261.598)
90. Khan A, Grey A & Shoback D. Medical management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the Third International Workshop. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 373-381. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1762)
91. Fountas A, Andrikoula M, Giotaki Z, Limniati C, Tsakiridou E, Tigas S & Tsatsoulis A. The emerging role of denosumab in the long-term management of parathyroid carcinoma-related refractory hypercalcemia. Endocrine Practice 2015 21 468-473. (doi:10.4158/EP14410.OR)
92. Karuppiah D, Thanabalasingham G, Shine B, Wang LM, Sadler GP, Karavitaki N & Grossman AB. Refractory hypercalcaemia secondary to parathyroid carcinoma: response to high-dose denosumab. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014 171 K1-K5. (doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0166)
93. Nadarasa K, Theodoraki A, Kurzawinski TR, Carpenter R, Bull J, Chung TT & Drake WM. Denosumab for management of refractory hypercalcaemia in recurrent parathyroid carcinoma. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014 171 L7-L8. (doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0482)
94. Tong CV, Hussein Z, Noor NM, Mohamad M & Ng WF. Use of denosumab in parathyroid carcinoma with refractory hypercalcemia. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 2015 108 49-50. (doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcu166)
95. Camozzi V, Luisetto G, Basso SM, Cappelletti P, Tozzoli R & Lumachi F. Treatment of chronic hypercalcemia. Medicinal Chemistry 2012 8 556-563. (doi:10.2174/157340612801216355)
96. Janghorbani M, Feskanich D, Willett WC & Hu F. Prospective study of diabetes and risk of hip fracture: the Nurses' Health Study. Diabetes Care 2006 29 1573-1578. (doi:10.2337/dc06-0440)
97. Nicodemus KK, Folsom AR & Iowa Women's Health S . Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and incident hip fractures in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2001 24 1192-1197. (doi:10.2337/diacare.24.7.1192)
98. Vestergaard P.Discrepancies inbonemineral density andfracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes - a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International 2007 18 427-444. (doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0253-4)
99. Leidig-Bruckner G, Grobholz S, Bruckner T, Scheidt-Nave C, Nawroth P & Schneider JG. Prevalence and determinants of osteoporosis in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocrine Disorders 2014 14 33. (doi:10.1186/1472-6823-14-33)
100. Leslie WD, Aubry-Rozier B, Lamy O, Hans D & Manitoba Bone Density P. TBS (trabecular bone score) and diabetes-related fracture risk. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 98 602-609. (doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3118)
101. Ali AA, Weinstein RS, Stewart SA, Parfitt AM, Manolagas SC & Jilka RL. Rosiglitazone causes bone loss in mice by suppressing osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Endocrinology 2005 146 1226-1235. (doi:10.1210/en.2004-0735)
102. Shockley KR, Rosen CJ, Churchill GA & Lecka-Czernik B. PPARg2 regulates a molecular signature of marrow mesenchymal stem cells. PPAR Research 2007 2007 81219. (doi:10.1155/2007/81219)
103. Wan Y, Chong LW & Evans RM. PPAR-g regulates osteoclastogenesis in mice. Nature Medicine 2007 13 1496-1503. (doi:10.1038/nm1672)
104. Habib ZA, Havstad SL, Wells K, Divine G, Pladevall M & Williams LK. Thiazolidinedione use and the longitudinal risk of fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010 95 592-600. (doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1385)
105. Schwartz AV, Sellmeyer DE, Vittinghoff E, Palermo L, Lecka-Czernik B, Feingold KR, Strotmeyer ES, Resnick HE, Carbone L, Beamer BA et al. Thiazolidinedione use and bone loss in older diabetic adults. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 3349-3354. (doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2226)
106. Kuzma M & Payer J. Growth hormone deficiency, its influence on bone mineral density and risk of osteoporotic fractures. Casops Lékaru Ceských 2010 149 211-216.
107. Aimaretti G, Corneli G, Rovere S, Croce CG, Ghigo E & Procopio M. Is GH therapy useful to preserve bone mass in transition-phase patients with GH deficiency? Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2005 28 28-32.
108. Mazziotti G, Bianchi A, Bonadonna S, Nuzzo M, Cimino V, Fusco A, De Marinis L & Giustina A. Increased prevalence of radiological spinal deformities in adult patients with GH deficiency: influence of GH replacement therapy. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2006 21 520-528. (doi:10.1359/jbmr.060112)
109. Mazziotti G, Chiavistelli S & Giustina A. Pituitary diseases and bone. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 2015 44 171-180. (doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2014.10.014)
110. Mazziotti G, Biagioli E, Maffezzoni F, Spinello M, Serra V, Maroldi R, Floriani I & Giustina A. Bone turnover, bone mineral density, and fracture risk in acromegaly: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2015 100 384-394. (doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2937)
111. Mazziotti G, Bianchi A, Porcelli T, Mormando M, Maffezzoni F, Cristiano A, Giampietro A, De Marinis L & Giustina A. Vertebral fractures in patients with acromegaly: a 3-year prospective study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 98 3402-3410. (doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1460)
112. Meyer D, Stavropolous S, Diamond B, Shane E & Green PH. Osteoporosis in a North American adult population with celiac disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2001 96 112-119. (doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03507.x)
113. Guevara Pacheco G, Chavez Cortes E & Castillo-Duran C. Micronutrient deficiencies and celiac disease in pediatrics. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatra 2014 112 457-463. (doi:10.1590/S0325-00752014000500012)
114. Duerksen DR& Leslie WD. Positive celiac disease serology and reduced bone mineral density in adult women. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 2010 24 103-107.
115. Heikkila K, Pearce J, MakiM& Kaukinen K. Coeliac disease and bone fractures: a systematic review andmeta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014 100 25-34. (doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1858)
116. Di Stefano M, Mengoli C, Bergonzi M & Corazza GR. Bone mass and mineral metabolism alterations in adult celiac disease: pathophysiology and clinical approach. Nutrients 2013 5 4786-4799. (doi:10.3390/nu5114786)
117. Corazza GR, Di Stefano M, Maurino E & Bai JC. Bones in coeliac disease: diagnosis and treatment. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology 2005 19 453-465. (doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2005.01.002)
118. Bernstein CN, Leslie WD & Leboff MS. AGA technical review on osteoporosis in gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterology 2003 124 795-841. (doi:10.1053/gast.2003.50106)
119. van Staa TP, Cooper C, Brusse LS, Leufkens H, Javaid MK & Arden NK. Inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of fracture. Gastroenterology 2003 125 1591-1597. (doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2003.09.027)
120. Laakso S, Valta H, Verkasalo M, Toiviainen-Salo S & Makitie O. Compromised peak bone mass in patients with inflammatory bowel disease - a prospective study. Journal of Pediatrics 2014 164 1436-1443.e1. (doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.073)
121. Targownik LE, Bernstein CN, Nugent Z, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA & Leslie WD. Inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of fracture after controlling for FRAX. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2013 28 1007-1013. (doi:10.1002/jbmr.1848)
122. Mahida YR, Wu K & Jewell DP. Enhanced production of interleukin 1-b by mononuclear cells isolated from mucosa with active ulcerative colitis of Crohn's disease. Gut 1989 30 835-838. (doi:10.1136/gut.30.6.835)
123. Paganelli M, Albanese C, Borrelli O, Civitelli F, Canitano N, Viola F, Passariello R & Cucchiara S. Inflammation is the main determinant of low bone mineral density in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2007 13 416-423. (doi:10.1002/ibd. 20039)
124. Kumar S, Votta BJ, Rieman DJ, Badger AM, Gowen M & Lee JC. IL-1- and TNF-induced bone resorption is mediated by p38 mitogen activated protein kinase. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2001 187 294-303. (doi:10.1002/jcp.1082)
125. Zhang YH, Heulsmann A, Tondravi MM, Mukherjee A & Abu-Amer Y. Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF) stimulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via coupling of TNF type 1 receptor and RANK signaling pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2001 276 563-568. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M008198200)
126. Mauro M, Radovic V & Armstrong D. Improvement of lumbar bone mass after infliximab therapy in Crohn's disease patients. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 2007 21 637-642.
127. Ezri J, Marques-Vidal P & Nydegger A. Impact of disease and treatments on growth and puberty of pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion 2012 85 308-319. (doi:10.1159/000336766)
128. Gokhale R, Favus MJ, Karrison T, Sutton MM, Rich B & Kirschner BS. Bone mineral density assessment in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1998 114 902-911. (doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70309-9)
129. Lopes LH, Sdepanian VL, Szejnfeld VL, de Morais MB & Fagundes-Neto U. Risk factors for low bone mineral density in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2008 53 2746-2753. (doi:10.1007/s10620-008-0223-0)
130. Driscoll RH Jr, Meredith SC, Sitrin M & Rosenberg IH. Vitamin D deficiency and bone disease in patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1982 83 1252-1258.
131. Leichtmann GA, Bengoa JM, Bolt MJ & Sitrin MD. Intestinal absorption of cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in patients with both Crohn's disease and intestinal resection. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991 54 548-552.
132. Lim H, Kim HJ, Hong SJ & Kim S. Nutrient intake and bone mineral density by nutritional status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Bone Metabolism 2014 21 195-203. (doi:10.11005/jbm.2014.21.3.195)
133. Zittel TT, Zeeb B, Maier GW, Kaiser GW, Zwirner M, Liebich H, Starlinger M & Becker HD. High prevalence of bone disorders after gastrectomy. American Journal of Surgery 1997 174 431-438. (doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(97)00123-2)
134. Faje AT, Karim L, Taylor A, Lee H, Miller KK, Mendes N, Meenaghan E, Goldstein MA, Bouxsein ML, Misra M et al. Adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa have impaired cortical and trabecular microarchitecture and lower estimated bone strength at the distal radius. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 98 1923-1929. (doi:10.1210/jc.2012-4153)
135. Misra M & Klibanski A. Anorexia nervosa and bone. Journal of Endocrinology 2014 221 R163-R176. (doi:10.1530/JOE-14-0039)
136. Valenti L, Varenna M, Fracanzani AL, Rossi V, Fargion S & Sinigaglia L. Association between iron overload and osteoporosis in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Osteoporosis International 2009 20 549-555. (doi:10.1007/s00198-008-0701-4)
137. Guggenbuhl P, Brissot P & Loreal O.Miscellaneous non-inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions. Haemochromatosis: the bone and the joint. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology 2011 25 649-664. (doi:10.1016/j.berh.2011.10.014)
138. Gatta A, Verardo A, Di Pascoli M, Giannini S & Bolognesi M. Hepatic osteodystrophy. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism 2014 11 185-191.
139. Carey EJ, Balan V, KremersWK & Hay JE. Osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with end-stage liver disease caused by hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease: not just a cholestatic problem. Liver Transplantation 2003 9 1166-1173. (doi:10.1053/jlts.2003.50242)
140. Pares A & Guanabens N. Osteoporosis in primary biliary cirrhosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Clinics in Liver Disease 2008 12 407-424, x. (doi:10.1016/j.cld.2008.02.005)
141. Guanabens N, Cerda D, Monegal A, Pons F, Caballeria L, Peris P & Pares A. Low bone mass and severity of cholestasis affect fracture risk in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2010 138 2348-2356. (doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.02.016)
142. Guanabens N, Pares A, Ros I, Alvarez L, Pons F, Caballeria L, Monegal A, Martinez de Osaba MJ, Roca M, Peris P et al. Alendronate is more effective than etidronate for increasing bone mass in osteopenic patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2003 98 2268-2274. (doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07639.x)
143. Zein CO, Jorgensen RA, Clarke B, Wenger DE, Keach JC, Angulo P & Lindor KD. Alendronate improves bone mineral density in primary biliary cirrhosis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 2005 42 762-771. (doi:10.1002/hep.20866)
144. Guanabens N, Monegal A, Cerda D, Muxi A, Gifre L, Peris P & Pares A. Randomized trial comparing monthly ibandronate and weekly alendronate for osteoporosis in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2013 58 2070-2078. (doi:10.1002/hep.26466)
145. Freeman AJ, Dore GJ, Law MG, Thorpe M, Von Overbeck J, Lloyd AR, Marinos G & Kaldor JM. Estimating progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2001 34 809-816. (doi:10.1053/jhep.2001.27831)
146. Lai JC,ShobackDM,Zipperstein J, LizaolaB,Tseng S & Terrault NA. Bone mineral density, bone turnover, and systemic inflammation in noncirrhotics with chronic hepatitis C. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2015 60 1813-1819. (doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3507-6)
147. Orsini LG, Pinheiro MM, Castro CH, Silva AE & Szejnfeld VL. Bone mineral density measurements, bone markers and serum vitamin D concentrations in men with chronic non-cirrhotic untreated hepatitis C. PLoS ONE 2013 8 e81652. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081652)
148. Pelazas-Gonzalez R, Gonzalez-Reimers E, Aleman-Valls MR, Santolaria-Fernandez F, Lopez-Prieto J, Gonzalez-Diaz A, Gomez-Sirvent JL & de la Vega-Prieto MJ. Bone alterations in hepatitis C virus infected patients. European Journal of Internal Medicine 2013 24 92-96. (doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2012.09.007)
149. Maalouf NM, Zhang S, Drechsler H, Brown GR, Tebas P & Bedimo R. Hepatitis C co-infection and severity of liver disease as risk factors for osteoporotic fractures among HIV-infected patients. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2013 28 2577-2583. (doi:10.1002/jbmr.1988)
150. InternationalMyeloma Working G. Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies,multiplemyeloma and related disorders: a report of the InternationalMyelomaWorking Group. British Journal of Haematology 2003 121749-757. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04355.x)
151. Melton LJ III, Rajkumar SV, Khosla S, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL & Kyle RA. Fracture risk in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004 19 25-30. (doi:10.1359/jbmr.0301212)
152. Bida JP, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Melton LJ III, Plevak MF, Larson DR, Dispenzieri A, Katzmann JA & Rajkumar SV. Disease associations with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a population-based study of 17,398 patients. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2009 84 685-693. (doi:10.4065/84.8.685)
153. Melton LJ III, Kyle RA, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL & Rajkumar SV. Fracture risk with multiple myeloma: a population-based study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2005 20 487-493. (doi:10.1359/JBMR.041131)
154. Kristinsson SY, Tang M, Pfeiffer RM, Bjorkholm M, Blimark C, Mellqvist UH, Wahlin A, Turesson I & Landgren O. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and risk of skeletal fractures: a population-based study. Blood 2010 116 2651-2655. (doi:10.1182/blood-2010-04-282848)
155. Edwards BJ, Langman CB, Bunta AD, Vicuna M & Favus M. Secondary contributors to bone loss in osteoporosis related hip fractures. Osteoporosis International 2008 19 991-999. (doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0525-7)
156. Kristensen IB, Christensen JH, Lyng MB, Moller MB, Pedersen L, Rasmussen LM, Ditzel HJ & Abildgaard N. Expression of osteoblast and osteoclast regulatory genes in the bone marrow microenvironment in multiple myeloma: only up-regulation of Wnt inhibitors SFRP3 and DKK1 is associated with lytic bone disease. Leukemia & Lymphoma 2014 55 911-919. (doi:10.3109/10428194.2013.820288)
157. Giuliani N, Morandi F, Tagliaferri S, Lazzaretti M, Donofrio G, Bonomini S, Sala R, Mangoni M & Rizzoli V. Production of Wnt inhibitors by myeloma cells: potential effects on canonical Wnt pathway in the bone microenvironment. Cancer Research 2007 67 7665-7674. (doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4666)
158. Oshima T, Abe M, Asano J, Hara T, Kitazoe K, Sekimoto E, Tanaka Y, Shibata H, Hashimoto T, Ozaki S et al. Myeloma cells suppress bone formation by secreting a soluble Wnt inhibitor, sFRP-2. Blood 2005 106 3160-3165. (doi:10.1182/blood-2004-12-4940)
159. Tian E, Zhan F, Walker R, Rasmussen E, Ma Y, Barlogie B & Shaughnessy JD Jr. The role of the Wnt-signaling antagonist DKK1 in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma. New England Journal of Medicine 2003 349 2483-2494. (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030847)
160. Terpos E, Christoulas D, Katodritou E, Bratengeier C, Gkotzamanidou M, Michalis E, Delimpasi S, Pouli A, Meletis J, Kastritis E et al. Elevated circulating sclerostin correlates with advanced disease features and abnormal bone remodeling in symptomatic myeloma: reduction post-bortezomib monotherapy. International Journal of Cancer 2012 131 1466-1471. (doi:10.1002/ijc.27342)
161. Colucci S, Brunetti G, Oranger A, Mori G, Sardone F, Specchia G, Rinaldi E, Curci P, Liso V, Passeri G et al. Myeloma cells suppress osteoblasts through sclerostin secretion. Blood Cancer Journal 2011 1 e27. (doi:10.1038/bcj.2011.22)
162. DrakeMT.Unveiling skeletal fragility inpatientsdiagnosedwithMGUS: no longer a condition of undetermined significance? Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2014 29 2529-2533. (doi:10.1002/jbmr.2387)
163. Pepe J, Petrucci MT, Mascia ML, Piemonte S, Fassino V, Romagnoli E & Minisola S. The effects of alendronate treatment in osteoporotic patients affected by monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Calcified Tissue International 2008 82 418-426. (doi:10.1007/s00223-008-9145-2)
164. Berenson JR, Yellin O, Boccia RV, Flam M,Wong SF, Batuman O, MoeziMM,Woytowitz D, Duvivier H, Nassir Y et al. Zoledronic acid markedly improves bone mineral density for patients withmonoclonal gammopathyof undetermined significance and bone loss. Clinical Cancer Research 2008 14 6289-6295. (doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0666)
165. Sezer O, Heider U, Zavrski I, Kuhne CA & Hofbauer LC. RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin in myeloma bone disease. Blood 2003 101 2094-2098. (doi:10.1182/blood-2002-09-2684)
166. Terpos E, Szydlo R, Apperley JF, Hatjiharissi E, Politou M, Meletis J, Viniou N, Yataganas X, Goldman JM & Rahemtulla A. Soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand-osteoprotegerin ratio predicts survival in multiple myeloma: proposal for a novel prognostic index. Blood 2003 102 1064-1069. (doi:10.1182/blood-2003-02-0380)
167. Roodman GD. Novel targets for myeloma bone disease. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 2008 12 1377-1387. (doi:10.1517/14728222.12. 11.1377)
168. Mhaskar R, Redzepovic J, Wheatley K, Clark OA, Miladinovic B, Glasmacher A, Kumar A&Djulbegovic B. Bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012 5 CD003188. (doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003188.pub3)
169. Hageman K, Patel KC,Mace K & CooperMR. The role of denosumab for prevention of skeletal-related complications inmultiplemyeloma. Annals ofPharmacotherapy2013471069-1074. (doi:10.1345/aph.1R776)
170. Brumsen C, Papapoulos SE, Lentjes EG, Kluin PM & Hamdy NA. A potential role for the mast cell in the pathogenesis of idiopathic osteoporosis in men. Bone 2002 31 556-561. (doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00875-X)
171. Rossini M, Zanotti R, Bonadonna P, Artuso A, Caruso B, Schena D, Vecchiato D, Bonifacio M, Viapiana O, Gatti D et al. Bone mineral density, bone turnover markers and fractures in patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis. Bone 2011 49 880-885. (doi:10.1016/j.bone.2011.07.004)
172. von Bubnoff N, Gorantla SH, Kancha RK, Lordick F, Peschel C & Duyster J. The systemicmastocytosis-specific activating cKit mutation D816V can be inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor AMN107. Leukemia 2005 19 1670-1671. (doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403887)
173. Theoharides TC, Boucher W & Spear K. Serum interleukin-6 reflects disease severity and osteoporosis in mastocytosis patients. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2002 128 344-350. (doi:10.1159/000063858)
174. Rabenhorst A, Christopeit B, Leja S, Gerbaulet A, Kleiner S, Forster A, Raap U, Wickenhauser C & Hartmann K. Serum levels of bone cytokines are increased in indolent systemic mastocytosis associated with osteopenia or osteoporosis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 132 1234-1237.e7. (doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.019)
175. Marshall A, Kavanagh RT & Crisp AJ. The effect of pamidronate on lumbar spine bone density and pain in osteoporosis secondary to systemic mastocytosis. British Journal of Rheumatology 1997 36 393-396. (doi:10.1093/rheumatology/36.3.393)
176. Rossini M, Zanotti R, Viapiana O, Tripi G, Idolazzi L, Biondan M, Orsolini G, Bonadonna P, Adami S & Gatti D. Zoledronic acid in osteoporosis secondary to mastocytosis. American Journal of Medicine 2014 127 1127.e1-4. (doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.06.015)
177. Haidar R, Musallam KM & Taher AT. Bone disease and skeletal complications in patients with b thalassemia major. Bone 2011 48 425-432. (doi:10.1016/j.bone.2010.10.173)
178. Giusti A. Bisphosphonates in the management of thalassemiaassociated osteoporosis: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2014 32 606-615. (doi:10.1007/s00774-014-0584-8)
179. Lauderdale DS, Thisted RA, Wen M & Favus MJ. Bone mineral density and fracture among prevalent kidney stone cases in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2001 16 1893-1898. (doi:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.10.1893)
180. Heilberg IP & Weisinger JR. Bone disease in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 2006 15 394-402. (doi:10.1097/01.mnh.0000232880.58340.0c)
181. Urivetzky M, Anna PS & Smith AD. Plasma osteocalcin levels in stone disease. A potential aid in the differential diagnosis of calcium nephrolithiasis. Journal of Urology 1988 139 12-14.
182. Weisinger JR, Alonzo E, Bellorin-Font E, Blasini AM, Rodriguez MA, Paz-Martinez V & Martinis R. Possible role of cytokines on the bone mineral loss in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Kidney International 1996 49 244-250. (doi:10.1038/ki.1996.34)
183. Coe FL, Favus MJ, Crockett T, Strauss AL, Parks JH, Porat A, Gantt CL & Sherwood LM. Effects of low-calcium diet on urine calcium excretion, parathyroid function and serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and in normal subjects. American Journal of Medicine 1982 72 25-32. (doi:10.1016/0002-9343(82)90567-8)
184. Favus MJ, Karnauskas AJ, Parks JH & Coe FL. Peripheral blood monocyte vitamin D receptor levels are elevated in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 4937-4943. (doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0412)
185. Krieger NS & Bushinsky DA. The relation between bone and stone formation. Calcified Tissue International 2013 93 374-381. (doi:10.1007/s00223-012-9686-2)
186. Friedman PA & Bushinsky DA. Diuretic effects on calcium metabolism. Seminars in Nephrology 1999 19 551-556.
187. Coe FL, Parks JH, Bushinsky DA, Langman CB & Favus MJ. Chlorthalidone promotes mineral retention in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Kidney International 1988 33 1140-1146. (doi:10.1038/ki.1988.122)
188. Breslau N, Moses AM & Weiner IM. The role of volume contraction in the hypocalciuric action of chlorothiazide. Kidney International 1976 10 164-170. (doi:10.1038/ki.1976.91)
189. Dvorak MM, De Joussineau C, Carter DH, Pisitkun T, Knepper MA, Gamba G, Kemp PJ & Riccardi D. Thiazide diuretics directly induce osteoblast differentiation and mineralized nodule formation by interacting with a sodium chloride co-transporter in bone. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007 18 2509-2516. (doi:10.1681/ASN.2007030348)
190. Pearle MS, Roehrborn CG & Pak CY. Meta-analysis of randomized trials for medical prevention of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Journal of Endourology 1999 13 679-685. (doi:10.1089/end.1999.13.679)
191. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P & Mosekilde L. Reduced fracture risk in users of thiazide diuretics. Calcified Tissue International 2005 76 167-175. (doi:10.1007/s00223-004-0084-2)
192. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ & Colditz GA. A prospective study of thiazide use and fractures in women. Osteoporosis International 1997 7 79-84. (doi:10.1007/BF01623465)
193. Sigurdsson G & Franzson L. Increased bone mineral density in a population-based group of 70-year-old women on thiazide diuretics, independent of parathyroid hormone levels. Journal of Internal Medicine 2001 250 51-56. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00850.x)
194. Hall TJ & Schaueblin M. Hydrochlorothiazide inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro. Calcified Tissue International 1994 55 266-268. (doi:10.1007/BF00310404)
195. Lalande A, Roux S, Denne MA, Stanley ER, Schiavi P, Guez D & De Vernejoul MC. Indapamide, a thiazide-like diuretic, decreases bone resorption in vitro. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2001 16 361-370. (doi:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.2.361)
196. Krieger NS, Frick KK & Bushinsky DA. Mechanism of acid-induced bone resorption. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 2004 13 423-436. (doi:10.1097/01.mnh.0000133975.32559.6b)
197. Green J & Kleeman CR. Role of bone in regulation of systemic acid-base balance. Kidney International 1991 39 9-26. (doi:10.1038/ki.1991.2)
198. Weger M, Deutschmann H, Weger W, Kotanko P & Skrabal F. Incomplete renal tubular acidosis in 'primary' osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 1999 10 325-329. (doi:10.1007/s001980050235)
199. Frick KK, LaPlante K & Bushinsky DA. RANK ligand and TNF-a mediate acid-induced bone calcium efflux in vitro. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 2005 289 F1005-F1011. (doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00420.2004)
200. Jamal SA, West SL & Miller PD. Fracture risk assessment in patients with chronic kidney disease. Osteoporosis International 2012 23 1191-1198. (doi:10.1007/s00198-011-1781-0)
201. Sakhaee K & Gonzalez GB. Update on renal osteodystrophy: pathogenesis and clinical management. American Journal of Medical Sciences 1999 317 251-260. (doi:10.1097/00000441-199904000-00008)
202. Miller PD. Bone disease in CKD: a focus on osteoporosis diagnosis and management. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2014 64 290-304. (doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.12.018)
203. Huusko TM, Korpela M, Karppi P, Avikainen V, Kautiainen H & Sulkava R. Threefold increased risk of hip fractures with rheumatoid arthritis in Central Finland. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2001 60 521-522. (doi:10.1136/ard.60.5.521)
204. Brennan SL, Toomey L, Kotowicz MA, Henry MJ, Griffiths H & Pasco JA. Rheumatoid arthritis and incident fracture in women: a case-control study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2014 15 13. (doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-13)
205. Geusens PP, Landewe RB, Garnero P, Chen D, Dunstan CR, Lems WF, Stinissen P, van der Heijde DM, van der Linden S & Boers M. The ratio of circulating osteoprotegerin to RANKL in early rheumatoid arthritis predicts later joint destruction. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2006 54 1772-1777. (doi:10.1002/art.21896)
206. Vis M, Havaardsholm EA, Haugeberg G, Uhlig T, Voskuyl AE, van de Stadt RJ, Dijkmans BA, Woolf AD, Kvien TK & LemsWF. Evaluation of bone mineral density, bone metabolism, osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of the NFkB ligand serum levels during treatment with infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2006 65 1495-1499. (doi:10.1136/ard.2005. 044198)
207. Miao CG, Yang YY, He X, Li XF, Huang C, Huang Y, Zhang L, Lv XW, Jin Y & Li J. Wnt signaling pathway in rheumatoid arthritis, with special emphasis on the different roles in synovial inflammation and bone remodeling. Cellular Signalling 2013 25 2069-2078. (doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.04.002)
208. Terpos E, Fragiadaki K, Konsta M, Bratengeier C, Papatheodorou A & Sfikakis PP. Early effects of IL-6 receptor inhibition on bone homeostasis: a pilot study in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2011 29 921-925.
209. Ross DW. Differences in cell cycle kinetics during induced granulocytic versus monocytic maturation of HL-60 leukemia cells. Cancer Research 1985 45 1308-1313.
210. Yee CS, Crabtree N, Skan J, Amft N, Bowman S, Situnayake D & Gordon C. Prevalence and predictors of fragility fractures in systemic lupus erythematosus. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2005 64 111-113. (doi:10.1136/ard.2003.018127)
211. Kipen Y, Buchbinder R, Forbes A, Strauss B, Littlejohn G & Morand E. Prevalence of reduced bone mineral density in systemic lupus erythematosus and the role of steroids. Journal of Rheumatology 1997 24 1922-1929.
212. Borba VZ, Vieira JG, Kasamatsu T, Radominski SC, Sato EI & Lazaretti-Castro M. Vitamin D deficiency in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Osteoporosis International 2009 20 427-433. (doi:10.1007/s00198-008-0676-1)
213. Prieto-Alhambra D, Munoz-Ortego J, De Vries F, Vosse D, Arden NK, Bowness P, Cooper C, Diez-Perez A & Vestergaard P. Ankylosing spondylitis confers substantially increased risk of clinical spine fractures: a nationwide case-control study. Osteoporosis International 2014 26 85-91. (doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2939-3)
214. Nigil Haroon N, Sriganthan J, Al Ghanim N, Inman RD & Cheung AM. Effect of TNF-a inhibitor treatment on bone mineral density in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2014 44 155-161. (doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.05.008)
215. Weinstock-Guttman B, Gallagher E, Baier M, Green L, Feichter J, Patrick K, Miller C,Wrest K & Ramanathan M. Risk of bone loss in men with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis 2004 10 170-175. (doi:10.1191/1352458504ms993oa)
216. Dennison EM, Compston JE, Flahive J, Siris ES, Gehlbach SH, Adachi JD, Boonen S, Chapurlat R, Diez-Perez A, Anderson FA Jr et al. Effect of co-morbidities on fracture risk: findings from the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW). Bone 2012 50 1288-1293. (doi:10.1016/j.bone.2012.02.639)
217. Sioka C, Fotopoulos A, Georgiou A, Papakonstantinou S, Pelidou SH, Kyritsis AP & Kalef-Ezra JA. Body composition in ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 2011 14 465-470. (doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2011.04.012)
218. Gibson JC & Summers GD. Bone health in multiple sclerosis. Osteoporosis International 2011 22 2935-2949. (doi:10.1007/s00198-011-1644-8)
219. Eom CS, Lee HK, Ye S, Park SM & Cho KH. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of fracture: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2012 27 1186-1195. (doi:10.1002/jbmr.1554)
220. Moura C, Bernatsky S, Abrahamowicz M, Papaioannou A, Bessette L, Adachi J, Goltzman D, Prior J, Kreiger N, Towheed T et al. Antidepressant use and 10-year incident fracture risk: the populationbased Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMoS). Osteoporosis International 2014 25 1473-1481. (doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2649-x)
221. Shea ML, Garfield LD, Teitelbaum S, Civitelli R, Mulsant BH, Reynolds CF III, Dixon D, Dore P & Lenze EJ. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor therapy in late-life depression is associated with increased marker of bone resorption. Osteoporosis International 2013 24 1741-1749. (doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2170-z)
222. Sheth RD, Gidal BE & Hermann BP. Pathological fractures in epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2006 9 601-605. (doi:10.1016/j.yebeh. 2006.08.003)
223. Ensrud KE, Walczak TS, Blackwell T, Ensrud ER, Bowman PJ & Stone KL. Antiepileptic drug use increases rates of bone loss in older women: a prospective study. Neurology 2004 62 2051-2057. (doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000125185.74276.D2)
224. Vestergaard P, Tigaran S, Rejnmark L, Tigaran C, Dam M & Mosekilde L. Fracture risk is increased in epilepsy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1999 99 269-275. (doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1999. tb00675.x)
225. Fitzpatrick LA. Pathophysiology of bone loss in patients receiving anticonvulsant therapy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2004 5 (Suppl 2) S3-S15. (doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.026)
226. Petty SJ, O'Brien TJ & Wark JD. Anti-epileptic medication and bone health. Osteoporosis International 2007 18 129-142. (doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0185-z)
227. Anderson GD & Hakimian S. Pharmacokinetic of antiepileptic drugs in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2014 53 29-49. (doi:10.1007/s40262-013-0107-0)
228. Shen C, Chen F, Zhang Y, Guo Y & DingM. Association between use of antiepileptic drugs and fracture risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Bone 2014 64 246-253. (doi:10.1016/j.bone.2014.04.018)
229. Jones G, Prosser DE & Kaufmann M. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of vitamin D. Journal of Lipid Research 2014 55 13-31. (doi:10.1194/jlr.R031534)
230. Lazzari AA, Dussault PM, Thakore-James M, Gagnon D, Baker E, Davis SA & Houranieh AM. Prevention of bone loss and vertebral fractures in patients with chronic epilepsy-antiepileptic drug and osteoporosis prevention trial. Epilepsia 2013 54 1997-2004. (doi:10.1111/epi.12351)
231. Fraser LA, Adachi JD, Leslie WD, Goltzman D, Josse R, Prior J, Kaiser S, Kreiger N, Kovacs CS, Anastassiades TP et al. Effect of anticholinergic medications on falls, fracture risk, and bone mineral density over a 10-year period. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2014 48 954-961. (doi:10.1177/1060028014535363)
232. Leidig-Bruckner G, Hosch S, Dodidou P, Ritschel D, Conradt C, Klose C, Otto G, Lange R, Theilmann L, Zimmerman R et al. Frequency and predictors of osteoporotic fractures after cardiac or liver transplantation: a follow-up study. Lancet 2001 357 342-347. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03641-2)
233. Orcel P, Denne MA & de Vernejoul MC. Cyclosporin-A in vitro decreases bone resorption, osteoclast formation, and the fusion of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Endocrinology 1991 128 1638-1646. (doi:10.1210/endo-128-3-1638)
234. Sun L, Blair HC, Peng Y, Zaidi N, Adebanjo OA,Wu XB, Wu XY, Iqbal J, Epstein S, Abe E et al. Calcineurin regulates bone formation by the osteoblast. PNAS 2005 102 17130-17135. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0508480102)
235. Yeo H, Beck LH, Thompson SR, Farach-Carson MC, McDonald JM, Clemens TL & Zayzafoon M. Conditional disruption of calcineurin B1 in osteoblasts increases bone formation and reduces bone resorption. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2007 282 35318-35327. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M702435200)
236. Takayanagi H, Kim S, Koga T, Nishina H, Isshiki M, Yoshida H, Saiura A, Isobe M, Yokochi T, Inoue J et al. Induction and activation of the transcription factor NFATc1 (NFAT2) integrate RANKL signaling in terminal differentiation of osteoclasts. Developmental Cell 2002 3 889-901. (doi:10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00369-6)
237. Zanotti S, Smerdel-Ramoya A & Canalis E. Reciprocal regulation of Notch and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT)c1 transactivation in osteoblasts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011 286 4576-4588. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.161893)
238. Zanotti S, Smerdel-Ramoya A & Canalis E. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (Nfat)c2 inhibits Notch signaling in osteoblasts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2013 288 624-632. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.340455)
239. Krol CG, Dekkers OM, Kroon HM, Rabelink TJ, van Hoek B & Hamdy NA. No association between BMD and prevalent vertebral fractures in liver transplant recipients at time of screening before transplantation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014 99 3677-3685. (doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1469)
240. Ebeling PR. Approach to the patient with transplantation-related bone loss. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 1483-1490. (doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0205)
241. Triant VA, Brown TT, Lee H & Grinspoon SK. Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large U.S. healthcare system. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 93 3499-3504. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0828)
242. Shiau S, Broun EC, Arpadi SM & Yin MT. Incident fractures in HIVinfected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 2013 27 1949-1957. (doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328361d241)
243. Pan G, Yang Z, Ballinger SW & McDonald JM. Pathogenesis of osteopenia/osteoporosis induced by highly active anti-retroviral therapy for AIDS. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2006 1068 297-308. (doi:10.1196/annals.1346.057)
244. Muir JM, Andrew M, Hirsh J, Weitz JI, Young E, Deschamps P & Shaughnessy SG. Histomorphometric analysis of the effects of standard heparin on trabecular bone in vivo. Blood 1996 88 1314-1320.
245. Rajgopal R, Bear M, Butcher MK & Shaughnessy SG. The effects of heparin and low molecular weight heparins on bone. Thrombosis Research 2008 122 293-298. (doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2006.10.025)
246. IrieA,TakamiM,KuboH, Sekino-SuzukiN,Kasahara K & SanaiY.Heparin enhances osteoclastic bone resorption by inhibiting osteoprotegerin activity. Bone 2007 41 165-174. (doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.04.190)
247. Dahlman TC. Osteoporotic fractures and the recurrence of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium in 184 women undergoing thromboprophylaxis with heparin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993 168 1265-1270. (doi:10.1016/0002-9378(93)90378-V)
248. Douketis JD, Ginsberg JS, Burrows RF, Duku EK, Webber CE & Brill-Edwards P. The effects of long-term heparin therapy during pregnancy on bone density. A prospective matched cohort study. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1996 75 254-257.
249. MonrealM, Lafoz E, Olive A, del Rio L & Vedia C. Comparison of subcutaneous unfractionated heparin with a low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) in patients with venous thromboembolism and contraindications tocoumarin. Thrombosis andHaemostasis1994 717-811.
250. Price PA & Williamson MK. Effects of warfarin on bone. Studies on the vitamin K-dependent protein of rat bone. Journal of Biochemistry 1981 256 12754-12759.
251. Jamal SA, Browner WS, Bauer DC & Cummings SR. Warfarin use and risk for osteoporosis in elderly women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998 128 829-832. (doi:10.7326/0003-4819-128-10-199805150-00006)
252. Woo C, Chang LL, Ewing SK, Bauer DC & Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study G. Single-point assessment of warfarin use and risk of osteoporosis in elderly men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008 56 1171-1176. (doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01786.x)
253. van Diepen S, Majumdar SR, Bakal JA, McAlister FA & Ezekowitz JA. Heart failure is a risk factor for orthopedic fracture: a population-based analysis of 16,294 patients. Circulation 2008 118 1946-1952. (doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.784009)
254. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Andreasen F & Mosekilde L. Loop diuretics increase bone turnover and decrease BMD in osteopenic postmenopausal women: results from a randomized controlled study with bumetanide. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2006 21 163-170. (doi:10.1359/JBMR.051003)
255. Carbone LD, Johnson KC, Bush AJ, Robbins J, Larson JC, Thomas A & LaCroix AZ. Loop diuretic use and fracture in postmenopausal women: findings from the Women's Health Initiative. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009 169 132-140. (doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.526)
256. Lim LS, Fink HA, Kuskowski MA, Taylor BC, Schousboe JT, Ensrud KE & Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study G. Loop diuretic use and increased rates of hip bone loss in older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008 168 735-740. (doi:10.1001/archinte.168.7.735)
257. Cauley JA, Cummings SR, Seeley DG, Black D, BrownerW, Kuller LH & Nevitt MC. Effects of thiazide diuretic therapy on bone mass, fractures, and falls. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Annals of Internal Medicine 1993 118 666-673. (doi:10.7326/0003-4819-118-9-199305010-00002)
258. Solomon DH, Diem SJ, Ruppert K, Lian Y, Liu CC, Wohlfart A, Greendale GA & Finkelstein JS. Bone mineral density changes among women initiating proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor antagonists: a SWAN cohort study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2014 30 232-239. (doi:10.1002/jbmr.2344)
259. Fraser LA, LeslieWD,Targownik LE, PapaioannouA,Adachi JD & CaMos ResearchG. The effect of protonpump inhibitors onfracture risk: report from the Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporosis International 2013 24 1161-1168. (doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2112-9)
260. Gray SL, LaCroix AZ, Larson J, Robbins J, Cauley JA, Manson JE & Chen Z. Proton pump inhibitor use, hip fracture, and change in bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010 170 765-771. (doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.94)
261. Targownik LE, Lix LM, Metge CJ, Prior HJ, Leung S & Leslie WD. Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of osteoporosis-related fractures. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 2008 179 319-326. (doi:10.1503/cmaj.071330)
262. de Klerk G, Hegeman JH, van der Velde D, van der Palen J, van Bergeijk L & Duis HJ. The value of laboratory tests in diagnosing secondary osteoporosis at a fracture and osteoporosis outpatient clinic. Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation 2013 4 53-57. (doi:10.1177/2151458513501176)