Weapons of the wealthy: Predatory regimes and elite-led protests in Central Asia

Weapons of the Wealthy: Predatory Regimes and Elite-Led Protests in Central Asia

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-232

  Radnitz, Scott ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84940272885     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (476)

1. Monica Whitlock, Land beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002), 55.
2. Mark R. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 210-11.
3. Valerie Bunce, “Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience,” World Politics 55, no. 2 (2003): 167-92
4. Michael McFaul, “The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship,” World Politics 54, no. 2 (2002): 212-44.
5. Marc Morje Howard, The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
6. Timur Kuran, “Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989,” World Politics 44 (1991): 7M8.
7. Peter Hedstrom, “Contagious Collectivities: On the Spatial Diffusion of Swedish Trade Unions, 1890-1940,” American Journal of Sociology 99, no. 4 (1994): 1157-79
8. Daniel J. Myers, “Racial Rioting in the 1960s: An Event History Analysis of Local Conditions,” American Sociological Review 62, no. 1 (1997): 94-112
9. Dingxin Zhao, “Ecologies of Social Movements: Student Mobilization during the 1989 Prodemocracy Movement in Beijing,” American Journal of Sociology 103, no. 6 (1998): 1493-1529.
10. Karl W. Deutsch, “Social Mobilization and Political Development,” American Political Science Review 55, no. 3 (1961): 493-514
11. Mark R. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
12. Richard Pomfret, The Central Asian Economies since Independence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).
13. James C. Davies, “Toward a Theory of Revolution,” American Sociological Review 27 (1962): 5-19
14. Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970).
15. J. Craig Jenkins, “Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements,” Annual Review of Sociology 9 (1983): 527-53
16. Bob Edwards and John D. McCarthy, “Resources and Social Movement Mobilization,” in The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. David A. Snow, Sarah Anne Soule, and Hanspeter Kriesi (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2004), 116-52
17. Grzegorz Ekiert and Jan Kubik, “Contentious Politics in New Democracies: East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, 1989-93,” World Politics 50, no. 4 (1998): 547-81.
18. Richard Rose, “Russia as an Hourglass Society: A Constitution without Citizens,” East European Constitutional Review 4, no. 3 (1995): 34-42.
19. Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966).
20. Douglass North and Barry Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England,” Journal of Economic History 49, no. 4 (1989): 803-32.
21. Guillermo A. O’Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1973)
22. John Waterbury, “Democracy without Democrats? The Potential for Political Liberalization in the Middle East,” in Democracy without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World, ed. Ghassan Salame (London: I. B. Taurus, 1994), 23-47
23. Kellee S. Tsai, “Capitalists without a Class: Political Diversity among Private Entrepreneurs in China,” Comparative Political Studies 38, no. 9 (2005): 1130-58.
24. Leigh Payne, Brazilian Industrialists and Democratic Change (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994)
25. Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995)
26. Eva Bellin, “Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries,” World Politics 52 (2000): 175-205.
27. Timothy Garton Ash, The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of’89Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin, and Prague (New York: Random House, 1990)
28. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), 146
29. Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000)
30. Grzegorz Ekiert and Jan Kubik, Rebellious Civil Society: Popular Protest and Democratic Consolidation in Poland, 1989-1993 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001).
31. Samuel L. Popkin, The Rational Peasant (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979); Mark Irving Lichbach, The Rebel's Dilemma (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1995).
32. Grzegorz Ekiert and Stephen Hanson, eds., Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe: Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule (New York: Cambridge, 2003), 20.
33. Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 140.
34. Ludwig Gibelgauss, “V stolitse Kyrgyzii proshel miting oppozitsii,” Nemetskaia Volna, June 14, 2004
35. Alla Piatibratova, “Kyrgyzy vystupili protiv torgovtsev iz Kitaia [Kyrgyz went against traders from China],” kyrgyzby.narod.ru, April 12, 2004
36. Jason Seawright and John Gerring, “Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options,” Political Research Quarterly 61 (2008): 302.
37. Arend Lijphart, “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method,” American Political Science Review 65, no. 3 (1971): 682-693
38. Ali Kazancigil, “The Deviant Case in Comparative Analysis: High Stateness in a Muslim Society; The Case of Turkey,” in Comparing Nations: Concepts, Strategies, Substance, ed. Ali Kazancigil and Mattei Dogan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
39. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 3.
40. Sidney Tarrow, Democracy and Disorder: Protest and Politics in Italy 1965-1975 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 8.
41. James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).
42. Jessica Weiss, “Powerful Patriots: Nationalism, Diplomacy, and the Strategic Logic of Anti-Foreign Protest” (PhD diss., University of California, San Diego, 2008).
43. Anne Applebaum, “Teddy Bear Tyranny,” Washington Post, December 4, 2007
44. Jytte Klausen, The Cartoons That Shook the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).
45. Quintan Wiktorowicz, “Civil Society as Social Control: State Power in Jordan,” Comparative Politics 33, no. 1 (2000): 43-61
46. Andreas Schedler, “The Menu of Manipulation,” Journal of Democracy 13, no. 2 (2002): 36-50
47. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism,” Journal of Democracy 13, no. 2 (2002): 51-65
48. Thomas Carothers, “The End of the Transition Paradigm,” Journal of Democracy 13, no. 1 (2002): 5-21
49. Marina Ottaway, Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 2003).
50. Leigh Payne, Brazilian Industrialists and Democratic Change (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994)
51. Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
52. Eva-Lotta E. Hedman, In the Name of Civil Society: From Free Election Movements to People Power in the Philippines (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006)
53. John Higley and Michael Burton, Elite Foundations of Liberal Democracy (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006).
54. Eva Etzioni-Halevy, The Elite Connection: Problems and Potential of Western Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993), 29.
55. Carles Boix, Democracy and Redistribution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
56. Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (New York: Cambridge, 2005).
57. Douglass North and Barry Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England,” Journal of Economic History 49, no. 4 (1989): 803-32
58. Hilton Root, “Tying the King’s Hands,” Rationality and Society 1 (October 1989): 240-58.
59. Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2005)
60. Maxim Boycko, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny, Privatizing Russia (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995).
61. Konstantin Sonin, “Why the Rich May Favor Poor Protection of Property Rights,” Journal of Comparative Economics 31, no. 4 (2003): 715-31
62. Leonid Polishchuk and Alexei Savvateev, “Spontaneous (Non)Emergence of Property Rights,” Economics of Transition 12, no. 1 (2004): 103-27.
63. Kellee Tsai, Capitalism without Democracy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007), 38.
64. Alena V. Ledeneva, How Russia Really Works (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006)
65. Gretchen Helmke and Steven Levitsky, Informal Institutions and Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
66. Albert O. Hirschman, “Exit, Voice, and the State,” World Politics 31, no. 1 (1978): 90-107
67. Ronald Rogowski, “Democracy, Capital, Skill, and Country Size: Effects of Asset Mobility and Regime Monopoly on the Odds of Democratic Rule,” in The Origins of Liberty: Political and Economic Liberalization in the Modern World, ed. Paul W. Drake and Mathew D. McCubbins (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).
68. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)
69. Stephen Haber, Armando Razo, and Noel Maurer, The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876-1929 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
70. Beatriz Magaloni, Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
71. David Waldner, State Building and Late Development (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999)
72. Eva Bellin, Stalled Democracy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002).
73. Mancur Olson, “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development,” American Political Science Review 87, no. 3 (1993): 567-76
74. Barry R. Weingast, “The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law,” American Political Science Review 91, no. 2 (1997): 245-63
75. Robert Bates, Avner Greif, and Smita Singh, “Organizing Violence,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46, no. 5 (2002): 599-628.
76. Bellin, B., Stalled Democracy
77. Scott Greenwood, “Bad for Business? Entrepreneurs and Democracy in the Arab World,” Comparative Political Studies 41 (2008): 837-60.
78. Michael Hechter, Principles of Group Solidarity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
79. 23.Michael Taylor, “Rationality and Revolutionary Collective Action,” in Rationality and Revolution, ed. Michael Taylor (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 68.
80. James C. Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia (New Haven: Yale University, 1976)
81. Jeffery M. Paige, Agrarian Revolution: Social Movements and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978)
82. Eric R. Wolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999).
83. Samuel L. Popkin, The Rational Peasant (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).
84. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983).
85. Hechter H., Principles; Margaret Levi, Consent, Dissent, and Patriotism (New York: Cambridge University Press: 1997), 25.
86. Leslie Anderson, The Political Ecology of the Modern Peasant (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994)
87. Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Amrita G. Daniere, and Lois M. Takahashi, “Cooperation, Trust, and Social Capital in Southeast Asian Urban Slums,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 55, no. 4 (2004): 533-51.
88. Rupert Brown, Group Processes: Dynamics within and between Groups (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000).
89. Edward C. Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1958)
90. Charlotte Viall Wiser and William Henricks Wiser, Behind Mud Walls, 1930-1960 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963)
91. Oscar Lewis, Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztldn Restudied (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
92. Aleksander Smolar, “From Opposition to Atomization,” Journal of Democracy 7, no. 1 (1996): 24-38
93. Hank Flap and Beate Volker, “Communist Societies, the Velvet Revolution, and Weak Ties: The Case of East Germany,” in Social Capital and the Transition to Democracy, ed. Eric Uslaner and Gabriel Badescu (New York: Routledge, 2003).
94. Steven Pfaff, Exit-Voice Dynamics and the Collapse of East Germany: The Crisis of Leninism and the Revolution of 1989 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), chapter 3, 61-80.
95. Scott S., Weapons of the Weak; Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
96. Scott, S., Moral Economy; Anderson, Political Ecology.
97. Michael Taylor, Anarchy and Cooperation (New York: Wiley, 1976)
98. Russell Hardin, One for All (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 102.
99. Mark Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociology 78, no. 6 (1973): 1360-80
100. Nan Lin, Social Capital (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 60-69.
101. Michael Mann, States, War, and Capitalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), 5.
102. Paul Samuelson, “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure,” Review of Economics and Statistics 36, no. 4 (1954): 387-89.
103. Lily Tsai, Accountability without Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 5.
104. Lant Pritchett and Michael Woolcock, “Solutions When the Solution Is the Problem: Arraying the Disarray in Development,” World Development 32, no. 2 (2004): 191-212.
105. Barry Weingast, “Constitutions as Governance Structures: The Political Foundations of Secure Markets,” Journal of Institutional &Theoretical Economics 149, no. 1 (1993): 286-311.
106. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow, The Logic of Political Survival (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003)
107. Nicolas Van de Walle, “Meet the New Boss, Same as the Old Boss? The Evolution of Political Clientelism in Africa,” in Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, ed. Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 50-67.
108. Peter B. Evans, ed., State-Society Synergy: Government and Social Capital in Development (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
109. Kelly M. McMann, Economic Autonomy and Democracy: Hybrid Regimes in Russia and Kyrgyzstan (Cambridge: University Press, 2006)
110. M. Steven Fish and Omar Choudry, “Democratization and Economic Liberalization in the Postcommunist World,” Comparative Political Studies 40, no. 3 (2007): 254-282
111. Ian Bremmer, “The Return to State Capitalism,” Survival 50, no. 3 (2008): 55-64.
112. Robert Bates, Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981).
113. Jonathan Wheatley, Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution (London: Ashgate Press, 2005), 106.
114. Susan C. Stokes, “Political Clientelism,” in Handbook of Comparative Politics, ed. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 605.
115. Kitschelt and Wilkinson, Patrons, Clients, and Policies, 7.
116. Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson, “Citizen-Politician Linkages: An Introduction,” in Kitschelt and Wilkinson, Patrons, Clients, and Policies, 23.
117. William Josiah Goode, The Celebration of Heroes: Prestige as a Social Control System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 7.
118. William Josiah Goode, The Celebration of Heroes: Prestige as a Social Control System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 272-73.
119. Joseph Henrich and Francisco J. Gil-White, “The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission,” Evolution and Human Behavior 22 (2001): 165-96
120. Mark Van Vugt and Charlie L. Hardy, “Nice Guys Finish First: The Competitive Altruism Hypothesis,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32, no. 10 (2006): 1402-13.
121. Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 142.
122. Roger V. Gould, “Power and Social Structure in Community Elites,” Social Forces 68, no. 2 (1989)
123. John F. Padgett and Christopher Ansell, “Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434,” American Journal of Sociology 98, (1993): 1259-1319
124. Ronald S. Burt, Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995)
125. Mario Diani, “‘Leaders’ or Brokers? Positions and Influence in Social Movement Networks,” in Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action, ed. Mario Diani and Doug McAdam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 105-122
126. Ronald S. Burt, Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
127. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993)
128. Amaney Jamal, Barriers to Democracy: The Other Side of Social Capital in Palestine and the Arab World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).
129. William Brustein and Margaret Levi, “The Geography of Rebellion: Rulers, Rebels, and Regions, 1500-1700,” Theory and Society 16, no. 4 (1987): 487
130. Margaret Levi, Of Rule and Revenue (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 63.
131. Gerald Easter, Reconstructing the State: Personal Networks and Elite Identity in Soviet Russia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 47
132. Volker Perthes, “Politics and Elite Change in the Arab World,” in Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change, ed. Volker Perthes (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2004), 1-32
133. Bill Martin, “Continuity and Discontinuity in the Politics of the Sixties Generation: A Reassessment,” Sociological Forum 9, no. 3 (1994): 403-30
134. Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988)
135. Szonja S. and Ivan Szelenyi and Imre Kovach, “The Making of the Hungarian Postcommunist Elite: Circulation in Politics, Reproduction in the Economy,” Theory and Society 24, no. 5 (1995): 697-722.
136. Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
137. Charles D. Brockett, “The Structure of Political Opportunities and Peasant Mobilization in Central America,” Comparative Politics 23, no. 3 (1991): 253-74
138. Sidney Tarrow, “State and Opportunities: The Political Structuring of Social Movements,” in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, ed. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, Mayer D. Zald (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
139. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement (New York: Cambridge, 1994), chapter 9.
140. Scott S, “Patron-Client Politics”; Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt and Luis Roniger, “Patron-Client Relations as a Model of Structuring Social Exchange,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22, no. 1 (1980): 42-77.
141. David A. Lake, “Anarchy, Hierarchy, and the Variety of International Relations, International Organization 50, no. 1 1996: 1-34
142. Valerie Bunce, Subversive Institutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
143. Daniel Nexon and Thomas Wright, “What’s at Stake in the American Empire Debate,” American Political Science Review 101, no. 2 (2007): 253-71
144. Alexander Motyl, Revolutions, Nations, Empires: Conceptual Limits and Theoretical Possibilities (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999)
145. Alexander Cooley, Logics of Hierarchy: The Organization of Empires, States, and Military Occupations (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005).
146. Sharon Kettering, Patrons, Brokers, and Clients in Seventeenth-Century France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986)
147. Sharon Kettering, “The Historical Development of Political Clientelism,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 3 (1988): 419-47
148. Karen Barkey, “Rebellious Alliances: The State and Peasant Unrest in Early Seventeenth-Century France and the Ottoman Empire,” American Sociological Review 56, no. 6 (1991): 699-715
149. Peter S. Bearman, Relations into Rhetorics (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1993)
150. Roger V. Gould, “Patron-Client Ties, State Centralization, and the Whiskey Rebellion,” American Journal of Sociology 102, no. 2 (1996): 400-429
151. Wayne te Brake, Shaping History: Ordinary People in European Politics, 1500-1700 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
152. Theda Skocpol, “How Americans Became Civic,” in Civic Engagement and American Democracy, ed. Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1999), 27-80
153. Jim Igoe, “Scaling Up Civil Society: Donor Money, NGOs, and the Pastoralist Land Rights Movement in Tanzania,” Development and Change 34, no. 5 (2003): 863-85.
154. Oliver E. Williamson, Markets and Hierarchies (New York: Free Press, 1975); John Winsor Pratt and Richard Zeckhauser, Principals and Agents: The Structure of Business (Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press, 1985)
155. Gary J. Miller, Managerial Dilemmas: The Political Economy of Hierarchy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
156. Will Moore, “Rational Rebels: Overcoming the Free-Rider Problem,” Political Research Quarterly 48, no. 2 (1995): 417-54
157. Kurt Schock, Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005).
158. Karen Barkey, Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994)
159. Mario Diani, “Networks and Social Movements: A Research Program,” in Social Movements and Networks, ed. Diani and McAdam, 310
160. Daniel H. Nexon, The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe: Religious Conflict, Dynastic Empires, and International Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009).
161. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice,” Science 211 (1981): 453-58
162. Payne P, Brazilian Industrialists, 12-13
163. Daniel Masters, “Support and Nonsupport for Nationalist Rebellion: A Prospect Theory Approach,” Political Psychology 25, no. 5 (2004): 703-26.
164. Pamela Oliver, Gerald Marwell, and Ruy Texeira, “A Theory of the Critical Mass I: Interdependence, Group Heterogeneity, and the Production of Collective Action,” American Journal of Sociology 91, no. 3 (1983): 522-56
165. Rasma Karklins and Roger Petersen, “Decision Calculus of Protesters and Regimes: Eastern Europe 1989,” Journal of Politics 55, no. 3 (1993): 588-64
166. Roger V. Gould, “Collective Action and Network Structure,” American Sociological Review 58, no. 2 (1993): 182-96.
167. Barry R. Weingast, “The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law,” American Political Science Review 91, no. 2 (1997): 245-63.
168. Daniel S. Treisman, After the Deluge: Regional Crises and Political Consolidation in Russia (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999)
169. Barbara F. Walter, “Building Reputation: Why Governments Fight Some Separatists but Not Others,” American Journal of Political Science 50, no. 2 (2006): 313-30.
170. Randall Schweller, “Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In,” International Security 19, no. 1 (1994): 72-107.
171. Weingast, W., “Political Foundations” Nexon makes a similar point (Struggle for Power, 111).
172. Roger V. Gould, Insurgent Identities: Class, Community, and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1995)
173. Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, “Why Emotions Matter,” in Passionate Politics, ed. Goodwin, Jasper, and Polletta (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001)
174. Roger D. Petersen, Resistance and Rebellion (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
175. Elisabeth Jean Wood, Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
176. Florence Passy, “Social Networks Matter, but How?” in Social Movements and Networks, ed. Mario Diani and Doug McAdam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 21-48.
177. Martha Brill Olcott, “Central Asia’s Catapult to Independence,” Foreign Affairs 71, no. 3 (Summer 1992): 108-30.
178. Olcott, O, “Central Asia’s Catapult,” 109
179. Daene C. McKinney, “Cooperative Management of Transboundary Water Resources in Central Asia,” in In the Tracks of Tamerlane: Central Asia's Path to the 21st Century, ed. Dan Burghart and Theresa Sabonis-Helf (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2005), 187-219.
180. John P. Willerton, Patronage and Politics in the USSR (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992)
181. Aleksander Smolar, “From Opposition to Atomization,” Journal of Democracy 7, no. 1 (1996): 24-38.
182. Besile Kerblay, Modern Soviet Society (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983), 185.
183. Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998)
184. Marc Morjé Howard, The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
185. Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 3-10
186. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
187. Eric W. Sievers, “Uzbekistan’s Mahalla: From Soviet to Absolutist Residential Community Associations,” Journal of International and Comparative Law at Chicago-Kent 2 (2002): 91-158
188. Neema Noori, “Delegating Coercion: Linking Decentralization to State Formation in Uzbekistan” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 2005).
189. Leslie Anderson, The Political Ecology of the Modern Peasant (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 8-9.
190. Theodore H. Friedgut, Political Participation in the USSR (Princeton: University Press, 1979), 284.
191. Roger V. Gould, “Collective Action and Network Structure,” American Sociological Review 58, no. 2 (1993): 184.
192. Brad Knickerbocker, “America Wrestles with Privacy vs. Security,” Christian Science Monitor (July 22, 2005).
193. Michael Hechter, Principles of Group Solidarity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 59.
194. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989).
195. Jon Elster calls this the norm of fairness: The Cement of Society (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 123.
196. Chrystia Freeland, Sale of the Century: The Inside Story of the Second Russian Revolution (New York: Little, Brown, 2000)
197. Stefan Hedlund, “Property without Rights: Dimensions of Russian Privatisation,” Studies 53, no. 2 (2001): 213-37
198. Andrew Scott Barnes, Owning Russia: The Struggle over Factories, Farms, and Power (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006).
199. Henry E. Hale, The Foundations of Ethnic Politics: Separatism of States and Nations in Eurasia and the World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
200. Richard Pomfret, The Central Asian Economies since Independence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), 1-24.
201. Kathryn H. Anderson and Richard W. T. Pomfret, Consequences of Creating a Market Economy: Evidence from Household Surveys in Central Asia (Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003), 146
202. Alisher Ilkhamov, “The Limits of Centralization: Regional Challenges in Uzbekistan,” in The Transformation of Central Asia, ed. Pauline Jones Luong (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004), 163.
203. Gregory Gleason, “Political Reform Strategies: Early Starters, Late Starters, and NonStarters,” in In the Tracks of Tamerlane, ed. Daniel L. Burghart and Theresa Sabonis-Helf (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University, 2004), 43-64.
204. Neil Melvin, “Authoritarian Pathways in Central Asia,” in Democracy and Pluralism in Muslim Eurasia, ed. Yaacov Ro'i (New York: Frank Cass, 2004), 136.
205. Keith Darden, Economic Liberalism and Its Rivals: The Formation of International Institutions among the Post-Soviet States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
206. Donald S. Carlisle, “Power and Politics in Soviet Uzbekistan,” in Soviet Central Asia, ed. William Fierman (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 93-130
207. Kathleen Collins, Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 262-64.
208. Kathleen Collins, Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 274-75.
209. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow, The Logic of Political Survival (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003), 51-55.
210. Vladimir Shlapentokh, Christopher K. Vanderpool, Boris Zusmanovich Doktorov, The New Elite in Post-Communist Eastern Europe (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1999), 3-23.
211. Mark Baker, “Uzbekistan: Som Restrictions Reluctantly Relaxed, but How Real Is the Commitment?” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), October 20, 2003.
212. Matlyuba Azamatova and Hamdam Sulaimonov, “Uzbekistan: Furious Traders Riot,” Institute of War and Peace Reporting (IWPR), November 2, 2004.
213. Pauline Jones Luong, Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 106-20.
214. John Anderson, Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy? (Amsterdam: Harwood, 1999).
215. Richard Pomfret, The Economies of Central Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 113-14.
216. Oleh Havrylyshyn and Donal McGettigan, “Privatization in Transition Countries: A Sampling of the Literature,” IMF Working Paper, 99/6, 1999, 7.
217. Kyrgyzstan: The Transition to a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1993), 123.
218. Anders Äslund, Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Bloc (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
219. Peter C. Bloch and Kathryn Rasmussen, “Land Reform in Kyrgyzstan,” in Land Reform in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, ed. Stephen K. Wegren (New York: Routledge, 1998), 125
220. Peter C. Bloch, “Land Privatization and Land Market Development: The ‘Unsuccessful’ Cases of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan,” in Building Market Institutions in Post-communist Agriculture: Land, Credit, and Assistance, ed. David A. J. Macey, William Pyle, Stephen K. Wegren (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2004), 19.
221. Jessica Allina-Pisano, The Post-Soviet Potemkin Village (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
222. Gregory Gleason, Markets and Politics in Central Asia (New York: Routledge, 2003), 74.
223. Vladimir Khanin, “Political Clans and Political Conflicts in Contemporary Kyrgyzstan,” in Ro’i, Democracy and Pluralism, 219.
224. Daniel Kimmage, “Kyrgyzstan: Follow the Money—The Akaev Investigation,” RFE/RL, May 4, 2005
225. Regine A. Spector, “Securing Property in Contemporary Kyrgyzstan,” Post-Soviet Affairs 24, no. 2 (2008): 160.
226. David C. Kang, Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
227. Eugene Huskey, “Kyrgyzstan: The Fate of Political Liberalization,” in Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, ed. Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 266
228. Leigh Payne, Brazilian Industrialists and Democratic Change (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994)
229. Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
230. Naryn Idinov and Bruce Pannier, “Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek Mayor Resigns as Investigation Begins,” RFE/RL, April 28, 1999
231. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 14.
232. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 7.
233. Marc Morje Howard, The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 32-38.
234. Jones Luong, Institutional Change, 123.
235. ones Luong, Institutional Change, 123-125
236. Eric W. Sievers, The Post-Soviet Decline of Central Asia (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003), 114.
237. Quintan Wiktorowicz, introduction to Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, ed. Quintan Wiktorowicz (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004).
238. Adeeb Khalid, Islam after Communism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 171.
239. Abdumannob Polat, “Can Uzbekistan Build Democracy and Civil Society?” in Civil Society in Central Asia, ed. M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel Clarke Waugh (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999), 144.
240. Daneel Kislov and Andrei Kudriashov, “News, Views and the Internet,” Index on Censorship 43, no. 1 (2005).
241. Islam Karimov, Uzbekistan on the Threshold of the Twenty-First Century (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 99.
242. Gregory Koldys, “Constraining Democratic Development: Institutions and Party System Formation in Kyrgyzstan,” Demokratizatsiya 5, no. 3 (1997): 351-75.
243. Mira Karybaeva, “Development of a Multiparty System in Central Asia,” Central Asia and the Caucasus 2, no. 32 (2005).
244. John Anderson, “Creating a Framework for Civil Society in Kyrgyzstan,” Studies 52, no. 1 (2000): 82.
245. Kelly M. McMann, “The Civic Realm in Kyrgyzstan,” in Jones Luong, Transformation, 220.
246. Kelly McMann, Economic Autonomy and Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
247. Pauline Jones Luong and Erika Weinthal, “The NGO Paradox: Democratic Goals and Non-democratic Outcomes in Kazakhstan,” Europe-Asia Studies 51, no. 7 (1999): 1267-84.
248. Jeffrey S. Kopstein and David A. Reilly, “Geographic Diffusion and the Transformation of the Postcommunist World,” World Politics 53, no. 1 (2000): 1-37.
249. Anderson A., Kyrgyzstan, 55-58.
250. Anderson A., “Creating a Framework,” 84-85.
251. Nazgul Baktybekova, “Resignation and Extension Campaigns Face Off in Kyrgyzstan,” Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, February 9, 2005.
252. T. H. Rigby, “The Origins of the Stalinist Political System,” Soviet Studies 33, no. 1 (1981): 3-28
253. Graeme Gill, The Origins of the Stalinist Political System (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990)
254. John P. Willerton, Patronage and Politics in the USSR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
255. Gregory Gleason, “Fealty and Loyalty: Informal Authority Structures in Soviet Asia,” Soviet Studies 43, no. 4 (1991): 618
256. Olivier Roy, The New Central Asia (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000), 89
257. Kathleen Collins, Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 132, 140.
258. Gregory Gleason, “Nationalism or Organised Crime-The Case of the Cotton Scandal in the USSR,” Corruption and Reform 5, no. 2 (1990): 87-108
259. James Critchlow, “Prelude to ‘Independence’: How the Uzbek Party Apparatus Broke Moscow’s Grip on Elite Recruitment,” in Soviet Central Asia, ed. William Fierman (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 131.
260. Steven L. Burg, “Central Asian Elite Mobility and Political Change in the Soviet Union,” Central Asian Survey 5, nos. 3-4 (1986): 77-89
261. Pauline Jones Luong, Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 70.
262. James Critchlow, Nationalism in Uzbekistan (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 45.
263. Olivier Roy, The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2000), 93.
264. Erika Weinthal, State Making and Environmental Cooperation: Linking Domestic and International Politics in Central Asia (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002), 100.
265. Boris Rumer, Soviet Central Asia: A Tragic Experiment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 151.
266. Javier Auyero, Poor People's Politics (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000)
267. Susan C. Stokes, “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina,” American Political Science Review 99, no. 3 (2005): 315-25
268. Beatriz Magaloni, Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
269. Sharon Kettering, Patrons, Brokers, and Clients in Seventeenth-Century France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986)
270. Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993)
271. Peter S. Bearman, Relations into Rhetorics: Local Elite Social Structure in Norfolk, England, 1540-1640 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1993)
272. John F. Padgett and Christopher Ansell, “Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434,” American Journal of Sociology 98 (1993): 1259-1319
273. Anna Grzymala-Busse, “Beyond Clientelism: Incumbent State Capture and State Formation,” Comparative Political Studies 41 (2008): 638-73.
274. James C. Scott, “Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia,” American Political Science Review 66, no. 1 (1972): 91-113
275. James C. Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia (New Haven: Yale University, 1976)
276. René Lemarchand, “Political Clientelism and Ethnicity in Tropical Africa: Competing Solidarities in Nation-Building,” American Political Science Review 66, no. 1 (1972): 68-90
277. Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
278. Beatriz Magaloni, Alberto Diaz-Cayeros, and Federico Estevez, “Clientelism and Portfolio Diversification: A Model of Electoral Investment with Applications to Mexico,” in Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, ed. Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 182-205.
279. Samuel L. Popkin, The Rational Peasant (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 61.
280. Lily Tsai, Accountability without Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
281. Javier Auyero, “‘From the Client’s Point of View’: How Poor People Perceive and Evaluate Political Clientelism,” Theory and Society 28, no. 2 (1999): 297-334.
282. J. P. Olivier de Sardan, “A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa?” Journal of Modern African Studies 37, no. 1 (1999): 25-52.
283. Shmuel N. Eisenstadt and Luis Roniger, eds., Patrons, Clients and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984)
284. Frank O’Gorman, “Electoral Deference in ‘Unreformed’ England: 1760-1832," Journal of Modern History 56, no. 3 (1984): 392-429
285. Luis Roniger and Ayse Güne§-Ayata, Democracy, Clientelism, and Civil Society (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1994)
286. Ronald S. Burt, “The Social Capital of Opinion Leaders,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 566, no. 1 (1999): 37-54
287. Ronald S. Burt, Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 84-86.
288. Timothy Frye, “Original Sin, Good Works, and Property Rights in Russia,” World Politics 58, no. 4 (2006): 495.
289. Georgi M. Derluguian, Bourdieus Secret Admirer in the Caucasus: A World-System Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 280.
290. Vladimir Pokrovsky, Andrey Allakhverdov, and Marina Astvatsaturyan, “Russian Billionaires Launch Science Fund,” Science 291, 5510 (2001): 1878
291. Andrew York, “Business and Politics in Kras-noyrsk Krai,” Europe-Asia Studies 55, no. 2 (2003): 246
292. Vladimir Popov, “Fiscal Federalism in Russia: Rules versus Electoral Politics,” Comparative Economic Studies 46 (2004): 521
293. Marshall I. Goldman, “Putin and the Oligarchs,” Foreign Affairs 83, no. 6 (2004): 33-44.
294. 35.William Josiah Goode, The Celebration of Heroes: Prestige as a Social Control System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 7.
295. Lily L. Tsai, “Solidarity Groups, Informal Accountability, and Local Public Goods Provision in Rural China,” American Political Science Review 101, no. 2 (2007): 355-72.
296. Sarah M. Terry, “Thinking about Post Communist Transitions: How Different Are They?” Slavic Review 52, no. 2 (1993): 333-37
297. Stephen Kotkin, “Modern Times: The Soviet Union and the Interwar Conjuncture,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2, no. 1 (2001): 111-64
298. Kelly McMann, “The Shrinking of the Welfare State: Central Asians’ Assessments of Soviet and PostSoviet Governance,” in Everyday Life in Central Asia, ed. Jeff Sahadeo and Russell Zanca (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 234.
299. Kelly M. McMann, Economic Autonomy and Democracy: Hybrid Regimes in Russia and Kyrgyzstan (Cambridge: University Press, 2006), 157-62.
300. Eugene Huskey, “Kyrgyzstan: The Fate of Political Liberalization,” in Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, ed. Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 253.
301. Alisher Ilkhamov, “The Limits of Centralization: Regional Challenges in Uzbekistan,” in The Transformation of Central Asia, ed. Pauline Jones Luong (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004), 169-70.
302. Sergei Abashin, “Ok suiak: musul'manskaia elita tsentral'noi Azii,” Central Asia and the Caucasus 6 (2000)
303. Anita Sengupta, The Formation of the Uzbek Nation-state: A Study in Transition (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2003), 60-61
304. Eric McGlinchey, “The Making of Militants: The State and Islam in Central Asia,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 25, no. 3 (2005): 554-66.
305. Patricia Carley, “The Soviet Legacy and the Prospects for Civil Society in Central Asia,” in Political Culture and Civil Society in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, ed. Vladimir Tismaneanu (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1995)
306. Jeffrey S. Kopstein and David A. Reilly, “Geographic Diffusion and the Transformation of the Postcommunist World,” World Politics 53, no. 1 (2000): 1-37
307. M. Steven Fish, “The Dynamics of Democratic Erosion,” in Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy, ed. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, Philip G. Roeder (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
308. B. O. Oruzbaeva, ed., Oshskaia Oblast (Frunze: glavnaia redaktsiia Kyrgyzskoi Sovestkoi en-tsiklopedii, 1987), 228.
309. Peter C. Bloch, “Land Privatization and Land Market Development: The ‘Unsuccessful Cases of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan,” in Building Market Institutions in Post-communist Agriculture: Land, Credit, and Assistance, ed. David A. J. Macey, William Pyle, and Stephen K. Wegren (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2004)
310. Max Spoor, “Agrarian Transition in Former Soviet Central Asia: A Comparative Study of Uzbekistan and Kyrgystan,” Journal of Peasant Studies 23, no. 1 (1995): 46-63.
311. Alfred Evans, “Equalization of Urban and Rural Living Levels in Soviet Society,” Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 8, no. 1 (1981): 38-61
312. Cynthia Buckley, “Rural/Urban Differentials in Demographic Processes: The Central Asian States,” Population Research and Policy Review 17, no. 1 (1998): 71-89
313. Stephen K. Wegren, “Russian Agrarian Reform and Rural Capitalism Reconsidered,” Journal of Peasant Studies (1998): 82-111.
314. Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970)
315. Joan Neff Gurney and Kathleen J. Tierney, “Relative Deprivation and Social Movements: A Critical Look at Twenty Years of Theory and Research,” Sociological Quarterly 23, no. 1 (1982): 33-47.
316. Emil Alymkulov and Marat Kulatov, Local Governments in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia (Budapest: Soros Foundation, 2000), 545-46
317. Pranab Bardhan, “Decentralization of Governance and Development,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 4 (2002): 185-205.
318. Kathleen Thelen, “Timing and Temporality in the Analysis of Institutional Evolution and Change,” Studies in American Political Development 14 (2000): 105.
319. Stephen D. Krasner, “Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective,” Comparative Political Studies 21 (1988): 66-94.
320. Petersen P., Resistance and Rebellion, 18
321. Elisabeth Jean Wood, Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 12, 119
322. Steven Pfaff, Exit-Voice Dynamics and the Collapse of East Germany (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), 9-10.
323. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 72
324. Samuel L. Popkin, The Rational Peasant (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 252-59.
325. Timur Kuran, “Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989,” World Politics 44 (1991): 7-48
326. Susanne Lohmann, “The Dynamics of Information Cascades: The Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989-1991,” World Politics 47 (1994): 42-101.
327. Javier Auyero, Poor People's Politics (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000), 94-98
328. Ronald S. Burt, Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
329. Samuel L. Popkin, “Political Entrepreneurs and Peasant Movements in Vietnam,” in Rationality and Revolution, ed. Michael Taylor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 9-62.
330. L. G. Churchward, The Soviet Intelligentsia: An Essay on the Social Structure and Roles of Soviet Intellectuals during the 1960s (Boston: Routledge, 1973), 24.
331. Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 12.
332. Ronald S. Burt, “The Social Capital of Opinion Leaders,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 566 (1999): 37-54
333. Ronald S. Burt, Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
334. Vladimir Khanin, “Ethnic Pluralism and Political Conflict,” Central Asia and the Caucasus (2000)
335. Kathleen Collins, “The Political Role of Clans in Central Asia,” Comparative Politics 35, no. 2 (2003): 171-90.
336. Eric R. Wolf, “Aspects of Group Relations in a Complex Society: Mexico,” American Anthropologist 58, no. 6 (1956): 1075.
337. Anara Tabyshalieva, “Hizb ut-Tahrir’s Increasing Activity in Central Asia,” Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst (2004)
338. Tyler Rauert, “The Next Threat from Central Asia,” Journal of International Security Affairs 9 (2005)
339. Mira Karybaeva, “Development of a Multiparty System in Central Asia,” Central Asia and the Caucasus 2, no. 32 (2005).
340. Erica Marat, “Upcoming Elections in Kyrgyzstan: Breakthrough or Sheer Ritual?” Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst, February 23 (2005).
341. Michael McFaul, “Transitions from Postcommunism,” Journal of Democracy 16 (2005): 5-19.
342. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981)
343. Ross E. Burkhart and Michael S. Lewis-Beck, “Comparative Democracy: The Economic Development Thesis,” American Political Science Review 88 (1994): 903-10
344. William Easterly, “The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development,” Journal of Economic Growth 6, no. 4 (2001): 317-35.
345. Kelly M. McMann, Economic Autonomy and Democracy: Hybrid Regimes in Russia and Kyrgyzstan (Cambridge: University Press, 2006).
346. Stephen Crowley, “Explaining Labor Weakness in Post-Communist Europe: Historical Legacies and Comparative Perspective,” East European Politics & Societies 18, no. 3 (2004): 394-429.
347. Adeeb Khalid, Islam after Communism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007)
348. David W. Montgomery, “Namaz, Wishing Trees, and Vodka: The Diversity of Everyday Religious Life in Central Asia,” in Everyday Life in Central Asia, ed. Jeff Sahadeo and Russell Zanca (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 339-70.
349. Erica Marat, The Tulip Revolution: Kyrgyzstan One Year After (Washington, D.C.: Jamestown Foundation, 2006)
350. Scott Radnitz, “A Horse of a Different Color: Revolution and Regression in Kyrgyzstan,” in Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Postcommunist World, ed. Valerie Bunce, Michael A. McFaul, and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
351. Fiona Hill and Kevin Jones, “Fear of Democracy or Revolution,” Washington Quarterly 29, no. 3 (2006): 111-25.
352. Arthur Stinchcombe, Theoretical Methods in Social History (New York: Academic Press, 1978).
353. Charles Tilly, “To Explain Political Processes,” American Journal of Sociology 100, no. 6 (1995): 1602
354. Doug McAdam, Sidney G. Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
355. Galima Bukharbaeva, “Rights Crackdown Mars Uzbek Independence Day,” IWPR, September 8, 2003.
356. Timur Kuran, “Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989,” World Politics 44 (1991): 7-48
357. Rasma Karklins and Roger Petersen, “Decision Calculus of Protesters and Regimes: Eastern Europe 1989,” Journal of Politics 55, no. 3 (1993): 588-64
358. Karen Rasler, “Concessions, Repression, and Political Protest in the Iranian Revolution,” American Sociological Review 61, no. 1 (1996): 132-52.
359. Mark R. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 75.
360. Anthony Kuhn, “Inside China’s Angry Villages,” Los Angeles Times, February 11, 2006.
361. Ian F. W. Beckett, Modern Insurgencies and Counterinsurgencies (New York: Routledge, 2001), 74
362. Tetsuya Kataoka, Resistance and Revolution in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 104.
363. Jonathan Unger, The Transformation of Rural China (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 11.
364. Anne F. Thurston, “Muddling toward Democracy: Political Change in Grassroots China,” United States Institute of Peace, August 1998, 8
365. Jean C. Oi, “The Role of the Local State in China’s Transitional Economy,” China Quarterly 144 (1995): 1137
366. Jean C. Oi, Rural China Takes Off: Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 62.
367. Jean Oi, “Communism and Clientelism: Rural Politics in China,” World Politics 37, no. 2 (1985): 256.
368. Unge U., Transformation, 143-46.
369. Kellee Tsai, “Capitalists without a Class: Political Diversity among Private Entrepreneurs in China,” Comparative Political Studies 38, no. 9 (2005): 1130-58.
370. Elizabeth J. Perry and Mark Selden, “Introduction: Reform and Resistance in Contemporary China,” in Chinese Society: Change, Conflict, and Resistance, ed. Elizabeth J. Perry and Mark Selden (New York: Routledge, 2000), 7.
371. Yang Zhong, Local Government and Politics in China: Challenges from Below (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 146-53.
372. Kathy Wilhelm, “China’s Peasants Angered by Economic, Political Abuses,” Associated Press, July 21, 1993.
373. Kevin J. O’Brien, “Collective Action in the Chinese Countryside,” China Journal 48 (July 2002): 146.
374. Kevin J. O’Brien, “Collective Action in the Chinese Countryside,” China Journal 48 (July 2002), 144.
375. Thomas P. Bernstein and Xiaobo Lu, Taxation without Representation in Contemporary Rural China (New York: Cambridge, 2003), 148-49.
376. Bruce Gilley, “Civil Society: China’s Organizing Outsiders,” Asian Wall Street Journal, February 15, 2001.
377. Yongding Y, “China’s Color-Coded Crackdown,” Foreign Policy, October 18, 2005
378. Thomas Carothers, “The Backlash against Democracy Promotion,” Foreign Affairs 85, no. 2 (2006): 55-68.
379. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983)
380. Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1990 (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1990).
381. Yves-Marie Berce, History of Peasant Revolts: The Social Origins of Rebellion in Early Modern France (Oxford: Polity Press, 1990), 326.
382. Peter F. Guardino, Peasants, Politics, and the Formation of Mexico's National State: Guerrero, 1800-1857 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), 18. 104.
383. Roger V. Gould and Roberto M. Fernandez, “Structures of Mediation: A Formal Approach to Brokerage in Transaction Networks,” Sociological Methodology 19 (1989): 89-126.
384. Barkey B., “Rebellious Alliances”; Karen Barkey, Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994).
385. Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000)
386. Kurt Schock, Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005).
387. Kenneth Medhurst, “Spain’s Evolutionary Pathway from Dictatorship to Democracy,” West European Politics 7, no. 2 (1984): 30-49
388. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 59-72
389. Robert E. Bedeski, The Transformation of South Korea: Reform and Reconstitution in the Sixth Republic under Roh Tae Woo, 1987-1992 (London: Routledge, 1994)
390. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes “Endogenous Democratization,” World Politics 55, no. 4 (2003): 517-49.
391. Barry R. Weingast, “Constitutions as Governance Structures: The Political Foundations of Secure Markets,” Journal of International and Theoretical Economics 149 (1993): 287.
392. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981)
393. Ross E. Burkhart and Michael S. Lewis-Beck, “Comparative Democracy: The Economic Development Thesis,” American Political Science Review 88 (Dec. 1994): 903-10.
394. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)
395. Kenneth F. Greene, Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico's Democratization in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
396. Huntington H., Third Wave; Kellee Tsai, Capitalism without Democracy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007).
397. Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)
398. Michael L. Ross, “Does Oil Hinder Democracy?” World Politics 53 (April 2001): 325-61.
399. Pauline Jones Luong and Erika Weinthal, “Prelude to the Resource Curse: Explaining Oil and Gas Development Strategies in the Soviet Successor States and Beyond,” Comparative Political Studies 34, no. 4 (2001): 367-99.
400. Harley Balzer, “The Putin Thesis and Russian Energy Policy,” Post-Soviet Affairs 21, no. 3 (2005): 210-25
401. Paul Domjan and Matt Stone, “A Comparative Study of Resource Nationalism in Russia and Kazakhstan 2004-2008,” Europe-Asia Studies 61, no. 1 (2010): 35-62
402. Sidney G. Tarrow, Democracy and Disorder: Protest and Politics in Italy, 1965-1975 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989)
403. Hanspeter Kriesi, “The Political Opportunity Structure of New Social Movements,” in The Politics of Social Protest: Comparative Perspectives on States and Social Movements, ed. Craig Jenkins and Bert Klandermans (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 167-98.
404. William A. Gamson and David S. Meyer, “Framing Political Opportunity,” in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, ed. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer D. Zald (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 275.
405. Kelly M. McMann, Economic Autonomy and Democracy: Hybrid Regimes in Russia and Kyrgyzstan (Cambridge: University Press, 2006).
406. Scott Radnitz, “The Color of Money: Privatization, Economic Dispersion and the Post-Soviet ‘Revolutions,’” Comparative Politics 43, no. 1 (2010): 127-46.
407. Thomas Carothers, “The End of the Transition Paradigm,” Journal of Democracy 13, no. 1 (2002): 5-21.
408. Andreas Schedler, “The Menu of Manipulation,” Journal of Democracy 13, no. 1 (2002): 36-50
409. Harley Balzer, “Managed Pluralism: Vladimir Putin’s Emerging Regime,” Post-Soviet Affairs 19, no. 3 (2003): 189-226
410. Jason Brownlee, Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
411. Susan C. Stokes, “Political Clientelism,” in Handbook of Comparative Politics, ed. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)
412. Philip Keefer, “Clientelism, Credibility, and the Policy Choices of Young Democracies,” American Journal of Political Science 51, no. 4 (2007): 804-21.
413. Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993)
414. John T. Sidel, Capital, Coercion, and Crime: Bossism in the Philippines (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
415. Alberto Diaz-Cayeros, Beatriz Magaloni, and Barry R. Weingast, “Democratization and the Economy in Mexico: Equilibrium (PRI) Hegemony and Its Demise.” Unpublished manuscript (Stanford University, 2001).
416. Luis Medina and Susan Stokes, “Clientelism as Political Monopoly,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 28, 2002
417. Beatriz Magaloni, Alberto Diaz-Cayeros, and Federico Estevez, “Clientelism and Portfolio Diversification: A Model of Electoral Investment with Applications to Mexico,” in Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, ed. Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 182-205.
418. Dan Slater, “Can Leviathan be Democratic? Competitive Elections, Robust Mass Politics, and State Infrastructural Power,” Studies in Comparative International Development 43, no. 3 (2008): 252-72.
419. Graeme Robertson, “Strikes and Labor Organization in Hybrid Regimes,” American Political Science Review 101, no. 4 (2007): 781-98.
420. Andrew Wilson, Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005)
421. Keith Darden, “The Integrity of Corrupt States: Graft as an Informal Political Institution,” Politics and Society 36, no. 1 (2008): 35-59
422. Gulnaz Sharafutdinova, “What Explains Corruption Perceptions? The Dark Side of Political Competition in Russia’s Regions,” Comparative Politics 43, no. 1 (2010): 147-66.
423. Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995)
424. Roger D. Petersen, Resistance and Rebellion (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
425. Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism, and Political Change in Egypt (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).
426. Erica Marat, The State-Crime Nexus in Central Asia: State Weakness, Organized Crime, and Corruption in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (Washington, D.C.: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, October 2006)
427. Regine A. Spector, “Securing Property in Contemporary Kyrgyzstan,” Post-Soviet Affairs 24, no. 2 (2008): 149-76.
428. Leila Saralaeva and Sultan Jumagulov, “Kyrgyzstan: Protesting About Everything,” Institute of War and Peace Reporting, April 29, 2005.
429. Scott Radnitz, “A Horse of a Different Color: Revolution and Regression in Kyrgyzstan,” in Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Postcommunist World, ed. Valerie Bunce, Michael A. McFaul, and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
430. Eric McGlinchey, “Running in Circles in Kyrgyzstan,” New York Times, April 10, 2010.
431. Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (New York: Random House, 1978).
432. William H. Sewell, Jr., “Historical Events as Transformations of Structures: Inventing Revolution at the Bastille,” Theory and Society 25, no. 6 (1996): 841-881
433. Mark R. Beissinger, “Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions,” Perspectives on Politics 5, no. 2 (2007): 259-276.
434. Valerie Bunce and Sharon Wolchik, “Bringing Down Dictators: American Democracy Promotion and Electoral Revolutions in Postcommunist Eurasia.” Working Paper, Cornell University, 2007.
435. McFaul M, “Transitions from Postcommunism,” Journal of Democracy 16, no. 3 (July 2005): 5-19
436. Anders Aslund and Michael McFaul, eds., Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine's Democratic Breakthrough (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006)
437. Taras Kuzio, “Democratic Breakthroughs and Revolutions in Five Postcommunist Countries: Comparative Perspectives on the Fourth Wave,” Demokratizatsiya 16, no. 1 (2008): 97-112.
438. Jeffrey Kopstein, “The Transatlantic Divide over Democracy Promotion,” Washington Quarterly 29, no. 2 (2006): 85-98.
439. Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986)
440. Guillermo O’Donnell, “In Partial Defense of an Evanescent ‘Paradigm,’” Journal of Democracy 13, no. 3 (2002): 6-12.
441. Paul D’Anieri. “What Has Changed in Ukrainian Politics? Assessing the Implications of the Orange Revolution,” Problems of Post-Communism 52, no. 5 (2005): 82-91.
442. Ivan Katchanovski, “The Orange Evolution? The ‘Orange Revolution’ and Political Changes in Ukraine,” Post-Soviet Affairs 24, no. 4 (2008): 351-82
443. David Lane, “The Orange Revolution: ‘People’s Revolution’ or Revolutionary Coup?” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 10, no. 4 (2008): 525-49.
444. Jonathan Wheatley, Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution (London: Ashgate Press, 2005).
445. Clifford J. Levy, “Georgia’s Future Looks Like More of the Past,” New York Times, November 15, 2007
446. Miriam Lanskoy and Giorgi Areshidze, “Georgia’s Year of Turmoil,” Journal of Democracy 19, no. 4 (2008): 154-68
447. Vicken Cheterian, “Georgia’s Rose Revolution: Change or Repetition? Tension between State-building and Modernization Projects,” Nationalities Papers 36, no. 4 (2008): 689-712.
448. Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986)
449. Terry Lynn Karl, “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America,” Comparative Politics 23, no. 1 (1990): 1-21
450. Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990)
451. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
452. Michael McFaul, “The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship,” World Politics 54, no. 2 (2002): 212M
453. Valerie Bunce, “Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience,” World Politics 55, no. 2 (2003): 167-92.
454. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 161.
455. Anders Aslund, “The Ancien Regime: Kuchma and the Oligarchs,” in Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine's Democratic Breakthrough, ed. Anders Aslund and Michael McFaul (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 2006).
456. Paul D’Anieri, “Explaining the Success and Failure of Post-Communist Revolutions,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39 (2006)
457. Henry E. Hale, “Democracy or Autocracy on the March? The Colored Revolutions as Normal Dynamics of Patronal Presidentialism,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39 (2006): 305-29.
458. Barbara Geddes, The Politician's Dilemma (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
459. Juan J. Linz, “Transitions to Democracy,” Washington Quarterly 2 (Summer 1990): 145-59.
460. Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, Funding Civil Society: Foreign Assistance and NGO Development in Russia (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006).
461. Robert Gay, Popular Organization and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro: A Tale of Two Favelas (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994)
462. Jonathan Fox, “The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico,” World Politics 46 (1994): 151-84.
463. Mark Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociology 78, no. 6 (1973): 1360-80
464. Geof Wood, “Staying Secure, Staying Poor: The Faustian Bargain,” World Development (2003): 455-71
465. Aaron Schneider and Rebeca Zúniga-Hamlin, “A Strategic Approach to Rights: Lessons from Clientelism in Rural Peru,” Development Policy Review 23, no. 5 (2005): 567-84.
466. Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson, “Citizen-Politician Linkages: An Introduction,” in Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, ed. Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 33.
467. Kathleen M. Blee and Verta Taylor, “Semi-structured Interviewing in Social Movement Research,” in Methods of Social Movement Research, ed. Bert Klandermans and Suzanne Staggenborg (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 108.
468. Jessica Allina-Pisano, “How to Tell an Axe Murderer: An Essay on Ethnography, Truth, and Lies,” in Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Power, ed. Edward Schatz (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).
469. Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 10.
470. Francesca Polletta, “Contending Stories: Narrative in Social Movements,” Qualitative Sociology 21, no. 4 (1998): 419-46
471. Charles Tilly, “The Trouble with Stories,” in The Social Worlds of Higher Education: Handbook for Teaching in a New Century, ed. Ronald Aminzade and Bernice Pescosolido (Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press, 1999).
472. Theda Skocpol, “Rentier State and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution,” Theory and Society 11, no. 3 (1982): 265-83
473. Misagh Parsa, Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution (Rutgers University Press, 1989).
474. Eric Swank and John D. Clapp, “Some Methodological Concerns When Estimating the Size of Organizing Activities,” Journal of Community Practice 6 (1999): 49-71
475. Jennifer Earl, Andrew Martin, John D. McCarthy, and Sarah A. Soule, “The Use of Newspaper Data in the Study of Collective Action,” Annual Review of Sociology 30 (2004): 65-80.
476. Scott Radnitz, Jonathan Wheatley, and Christoph Zuercher, “The Origins of Social Capital: Evidence from a Survey of Post-Soviet Central Asia,” Comparative Political Studies 42, no. 6 (2009): 707-32.