Medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activities

Natural Product Research

Volumn 30, Issue 12, 2016, Pages 1343-1352

  Maione, Francesco ^a   Russo, Rosa ^a   Khan, Haroon ^b   Mascolo, Nicola ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Inflammation; medicinal plants; natural compounds

Indexed keywords

ACTAEA RACEMOSA; AMORPHOPHALLUS; ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; AQUILARIA; ARTHRITIS; CARDIOVASCULAR INFLAMMATION; CEDRUS; CHROMOLAENA ODORATA; COMMIPHORA; CULLEN CORYLIFOLIUM; CURCUMA LONGA; DERMATITIS; EVERNIA PRUNASTRI; FORSYTHIA; GINSENG; GRAPE; HUMAN; JUNIPERUS; LIGUSTICUM CHUANXIONG; LONICERA JAPONICA; LOQUAT; MANGO; MEDICINAL PLANT; OLIVE TREE; PEANUT; POMEGRANATE; REVIEW; SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA; SATSUMA; SCHISANDRA; SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS; SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS; VITEX ROTUNDIFOLIA; ZANTHOXYLUM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHEMISTRY; INFLAMMATION; PHYTOTHERAPY; PROCEDURES; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ARTHRITIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DERMATITIS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANTS, MEDICINAL;

EID: 84939155042     PISSN: 14786419     EISSN: 14786427     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1062761     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. R.M.Barrientos, M.M.Kitt, L.R.Watkins, S.F.Maier. 2015. Neuroinflammation in the normal aging hippocampus. Neuroscience. Mar 12. pii: S0306-4522(15)00222-5. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.007. [Epub ahead of print].
2. R.A.Benson, I.B.McInnes, J.M.Brewer, P.Garside. 2015. Cellular imaging in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. Jun;11:357–367. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.34. Epub 2015 Mar 24.
3. R.Berent, H.Sinzinger. 2011. Aspirin - resistance? A few critical considerations on definition, terminology, diagnosis, clinical value, natural course of atherosclerotic disease, and therapeutic consequences. Vasa. 40:429–438.10.1024/0301-1526/a000145
4. M.C.Bonito, C.Cicala, M.C.Marcotullio, F.Maione, N.Mascolo. 2011. Biological activity of bicyclic and tricyclic diterpenoids from Salvia species of immediate pharmacological and pharmaceutical interest. Nat Prod Commun. 6:1205–1215.
5. V.Brancaleone, A.J.Iqbal, N.Paschalidis, F.Maione. 2015. Erratum to “Adaptive Immunity and Inflammation”. Int J Inflam. 2015:514686. doi: 10.1155/2015/514686. Epub 2015 May 11.
6. F.Buttgereit, J.S.Smolen, A.N.Coogan, C.Cajochen. 2015. Clocking in: chronobiology in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. Jun;11:349–356. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2015.31. Epub 2015 Mar 24.
7. S.E.Byeon, Y.G.Lee, J.C.Kim, J.G.Han, H.Y.Lee, J.Y.Cho. 2008. Hinokitiol, a natural tropolone derivative, inhibits TNF-alpha production in LPS-activated macrophages via suppression of NF-kappaB. Planta Med. 74:828–833.
8. C.Y.Chen, W.H.Peng, L.C.Wu, C.C.Wu, S.L.Hsu. 2010. Luteolin ameliorates experimental lung fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro: implications for therapy of lung fibrosis. J Agric Food Chem. 58:11653–11661.10.1021/jf1031668
9. Y.W.Choi, H.J.Kim, S.S.Park, J.H.Chung, H.W.Lee, S.O.Oh, B.S.Kim, J.B.Kim, H.Y.Chung, B.P.Yu,. 2009. Inhibition of endothelial cell adhesion by the new anti-inflammatory agent α-iso-cubebene. Vasc Pharmacol. 51:215–224.10.1016/j.vph.2009.05.008
10. X.Ci, R.Ren, K.Xu, H.Li, Q.Yu, Y.Song, D.Wang, R.Li, X.Deng. 2010. Schisantherin A exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by down-regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Inflammation. 33:126–136.10.1007/s10753-009-9166-7
11. F.D’Acquisto, F.Maione, M.Pederzoli-Ribeil. 2010. From IL-15 to IL-33: the never-ending list of new players in inflammation. Is it time to forget the humble aspirin and move ahead? Biochem Pharmacol. 79:525–534.10.1016/j.bcp.2009.09.015
12. J.Y.Fang, C.F.Hung, H.C.Chiu, J.J.Wang, T.F.Chan. 2003. Efficacy and irritancy of enhancers on the in vitro and in vivo percutaneous absorption of curcumin. J Pharm Pharmacol. 55:593–601.10.1211/002235703765344496
13. Y.Fu, H.Zhou, M.Wang, J.Cen, Q.Wei. 2014. Immune regulation and anti-inflammatory effects of isogarcinol extracted from Garcinia mangostana L. against collagen-induced arthritis. J Agric Food Chem. 62:4127–4134.10.1021/jf405790q
14. Y.Fu, H.Zhou, S.Wang, Q.Wei. 2014. Glycyrol suppresses collagen-induced arthritis by regulating autoimmune and inflammatory responses. PLoS ONE. 9:e98137.10.1371/journal.pone.0098137
15. E.H.Heiss, T.V.Tran, K.Zimmermann, S.Schwaiger, C.Vouk, B.Mayerhofer, C.Malainer, A.G.Atanasov, H.Stuppner, V.M.Dirsch. 2014. Identification of chromomoric acid C-I as an Nrf2 activator in chromolaena odorata. J Nat Prod. 77:503–508.10.1021/np400778m
16. K.Hensley, M.E.Harris-White. 2015. Redox regulation of autophagy in healthy brain and neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis. Mar 11. pii: S0969-9961(15)00063-7. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.002. [Epub ahead of print].
17. L.Huang, T.Guan, Y.Qian, M.Huang, X.Tang, Y.Li, H.Sun. 2011. Anti-inflammatory effects of maslinic acid, a natural triterpene, in cultured cortical astrocytes via suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B. Eur J Pharmacol. 672:169–174.10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.175
18. H.J.Kim, J.Hong, J.W.Jung, T.H.Kim, J.A.Kim, Y.H.Kim, S.Y.Kim. 2010. Gymnasterkoreayne F inhibits osteoclast formation by suppressing NFATc1 and DC-STAMP expression. Int Immunopharmacol. 10:1440–1447.10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.017
19. J.H.Kim, S.J.Kim. 2014. Overexpression of microRNA-25 by withaferin A induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in rabbit articular chondrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci. 125:83–90.10.1254/jphs.13232FP
20. S.J.Kim, S.A.Sancheti, S.S.Sancheti, B.H.Um, S.M.Yu, S.Y.Seo. 2010. Effect of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose on elastase and hyaluronidase activities and its type II collagen expression. Acta Pol Pharm. 67:145–150.
21. C.H.Lee, S.L.Wu, J.C.Chen, C.C.Li, H.Y.Lo, W.Y.Cheng, J.G.Lin, Y.H.Chang, C.Y.Hsiang, T.Y.Ho. 2008. Eriobotrya japonica leaf and its triterpenes inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokines and inducible enzyme production via the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway in lung epithelial cells. Am J Chin Med. 36:1185–1198.10.1142/S0192415X0800651X
22. H.Lee, A.R.Han, Y.Kim, S.H.Choi, E.Ko, N.Y.Lee, J.H.Jeong, S.H.Kim, H.Bae. 2009. A new compound, 1H,8H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1,8-dione, suppresses airway epithelial cell inflammatory responses in a murine model of asthma. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 22:591–603.
23. J.Lee, K.T.Lim. 2010. Inhibitory effect of phytoglycoprotein (24kDa) on allergy-related factors in compound 48/80-induced mast cells in vivo and in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol. 10:591–599.10.1016/j.intimp.2010.02.009
24. H.Lim, J.G.Lee, S.H.Lee, Y.S.Kim. 2008. Anti-inflammatory activity of phylligenin, a lignan from the fruits of Forsythia koreana, and its cellular mechanism of action. J Ethnopharmacol. 118:113–117.10.1016/j.jep.2008.03.016
25. H.P.Liu, Z.H.Gao, S.X.Cui, D.F.Sun, Y.Wang, C.R.Zhao, H.X.Lou, X.J.Qu. 2012. Inhibition of intestinal adenoma formation in APC(Min/+) mice by Riccardin D, a natural product derived from liverwort plant Dumortiera hirsute. PLoS One. 7:e33243. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033243. Epub 2012 Mar 14.
26. J.Liu, Z.T.Wang, B.X.Ge. 2008. Andrograpanin isolated from Andrographis paniculata, exhibits anti-inflammatory property in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage cells through down-regulating the p38 MAPKs signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol. 8:951–958.10.1016/j.intimp.2007.12.014
27. G.Lopalco, L.Cantarini, A.Vitale, F.Iannone, M.G.Anelli, L.Andreozzi, G.Lapadula, M.Galeazzi, D.Rigante. 2015. Interleukin-1 as a common denominator from autoinflammatory to autoimmune disorders: premises, perils, and perspectives. Mediators Inflamm. 2015:194864. doi:10.1155/2015/194864. Epub 2015 Feb 16.
28. F.Maione, M.C.Bonito, M.Colucci, V.Cozzolino, A.Bisio, G.Romussi, C.Cicala, S.Pieretti, N.Mascolo. 2009. First evidence for an anxiolytic effect of a diterpenoid from Salvia cinnabarina. Nat Prod Commun. 4:469–472.
29. F.Maione, V.Cantone, M.G.Chini, V.De Feo, N.Mascolo, G.Bifulco. 2015. Molecular mechanism of tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone in platelet anti-aggregating effects: an integrated study of pharmacology and computational analysis. Fitoterapia. 100:174–178.10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.024
30. F.Maione, C.Cicala, G.Musciacco, V.De Feo, A.G.Amat, A.Ialenti, N.Mascolo. 2013. Phenols, alkaloids and terpenes from medicinal plants with antihypertensive and vasorelaxant activities. A review of natural products as leads to potential therapeutic agents. Nat Prod Commun. 8:539–544.
31. F.Maione, V.De Feo, E.Caiazzo, L.De Martino, C.Cicala, N.Mascolo. 2014. Tanshinone IIA, a major component of Salvia milthorriza Bunge, inhibits platelet activation via Erk-2 signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 155:1236–1242.10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.010
32. J.C.Mason, P.Libby. 2015. Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic inflammation: mechanisms underlying premature cardiovascular events in rheumatologic conditions. Eur Heart J. 36:482–489.10.1093/eurheartj/ehu403
33. A.Mencarelli, B.Renga, G.Palladino, E.Distrutti, S.Fiorucci. 2009. The plant sterol guggulsterone attenuates inflammation and immune dysfunction in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Pharmacol. 78:1412–1423.
34. T.Miyagaki, M.Sugaya. 2015. Recent advances in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: genetic background, barrier function, and therapeutic targets. J Dermatol Sci. May;78:89–94. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.02.010. Epub 2015 Feb 25.
35. G.Mózsik, T.Past, O.M.Abdel Salam, M.Kuzma, P.Perjési. 2009. Interdisciplinary review for correlation between the plant origin capsaicinoids, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, gastrointestinal mucosal damage and prevention in animals and human beings. Inflammopharmacology. 17:113–150.10.1007/s10787-009-0002-3
36. N.Muhammad, R.Lal Shrestha, A.Adhikari, A.Wadood, H.Khan, A.Z.Khan, F.Maione, N.Mascolo, V.De Feo. 2015. First evidence of the analgesic activity of govaniadine, an alkaloid isolated from Corydalis govaniana Wall. Nat Prod Res. 29:430–437. doi:10.1080/14786419.2014.951933. Epub 2014 Aug 26.10.1080/14786419.2014.986659
37. M.E.Munroe, J.L.Arbiser, G.A.Bishop. 2007. Honokiol, a natural plant product, inhibits inflammatory signals and alleviates inflammatory arthritis. J Immunol. 179:753–763.10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.753
38. X.Niu, Y.Wang, W.Li, Q.Mu, H.Li, H.Yao, H.Zhang. 2015. Protective effects of Isofraxidin against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 24:432–439.10.1016/j.intimp.2014.12.041
39. H.J.Noh, D.Hwang, E.S.Lee, J.W.Hyun, P.H.Yi, G.S.Kim, S.E.Lee, C.Pang, Y.J.Park, K.H.Chung,. 2015. Anti-inflammatory activity of a new cyclic peptide, citrusin XI, isolated from the fruits of Citrus unshiu. J Ethnopharmacol. Apr 2;163:106–112. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.024. Epub 2015 Jan 24.
40. H.Nomura, Y.Isshiki, K.Sakuda, K.Sakuma, S.Kondo. 2012. The antibacterial activity of compounds isolated from oakmoss against Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella spp. Biol Pharm Bull. 35:1560–1567.10.1248/bpb.b12-00452
41. T.Onitake, Y.Ueno, S.Tanaka, S.Sagami, R.Hayashi, K.Nagai, M.Hide, K.Chayama. 2014. Pulverized konjac glucomannan ameliorates oxazolone-induced colitis in mice. Eur J Nutr. Sep 25. [Epub ahead of print].
42. T.C.Or, C.L.Yang, A.H.Law, J.C.Li, A.S.Lau. 2011. Isolation and identification of anti-inflammatory constituents from Ligusticum chuanxiong and their underlying mechanisms of action on microglia. Neuropharmacol. 60:823–831.10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.12.002
43. F.Orallo. 2006. Comparative studies of the antioxidant effects of cis- and trans-resveratrol. Curr Med Chem. 13:87–98.10.2174/092986706775197962
44. B.Orlikova, N.Legrand, J.Panning, M.Dicato, M.Diederich. 2014. Anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs from nature. Cancer Treat Res. 159:123–143.10.1007/978-3-642-38007-5
45. T.A.Pádua, B.S.de Abreu, T.E.Costa, M.J.Nakamura, L.M.Valente, M.D.Henriques, A.C.Siani, E.C.Rosas. 2014. Anti-inflammatory effects of methyl ursolate obtained from a chemically derived crude extract of apple peels: potential use in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Pharmacal Res. 37:1487–1495.10.1007/s12272-014-0345-1
46. C.H.Pan, E.S.Kim, S.H.Jung, C.W.Nho, J.K.Lee. 2008. Tectorigenin inhibits IFN-γ/LPS-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Arch Pharmacal Res. 31:1447–1456.10.1007/s12272-001-2129-7
47. R.Pan, Y.Dai, X.Gao, Y.Xia. 2009. Scopolin isolated from Erycibe obtusifolia Benth stems suppresses adjuvant-induced rat arthritis by inhibiting inflammation and angiogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol. 9:859–869.10.1016/j.intimp.2009.02.019
48. P.Patrignani, C.Patrono. 2015. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors: from pharmacology to clinical read-outs. Biochim Biophys Acta, Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 1851:422–432.10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.016
49. M.Perretti, F.D’Acquisto. 2009. Annexin A1 and glucocorticoids as effectors of the resolution of inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 9:62–70.10.1038/nri2470
50. N.Prakash Babu, S.Saravanan, P.Pandikumar, K.Bala Krishna, M.Karunai Raj, S.Ignacimuthu. 2014. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of 3-hydroxy, 2-methoxy sodium butanoate from the leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. Inflammation Res. 63:127–138.10.1007/s00011-013-0681-5
51. K.Radulovic, J.H.Niess. 2015. CD69 is the crucial regulator of intestinal inflammation: a new target molecule for IBD treatment. J Immunol Res. 2015:497056. doi:10.1155/2015/497056. Epub 2015 Feb 22.
52. J.Rana, G.Diwakar, L.Saito, J.D.Scholten, T.Mulder. 2013. Inhibition of melanin content by Punicalagins in the super fruit pomegranate (Punica granatum). J Cosmet Sci. 64:445–453.
53. D.G.Rivera, I.H.Balmaseda, A.A.León, B.C.Hernández, L.M.Montiel, G.G.Garrido, R.D.Hernández, S.Cuzzocrea. 2006. Anti-allergic properties of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and contribution of its glucosylxanthone mangiferin. J Pharm Pharmacol. 58:385–392.10.1211/jpp.58.3.0014
54. M.J.Saez-Lara, C.Gomez-Llorente, J.Plaza-Diaz, A.Gil. 2015. The role of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and other related diseases: a systematic review of randomized human clinical trials. Biomed Res Int. 2015:505878. doi:10.1155/2015/505878. Epub 2015 Feb 22.
55. A.Saklani, B.Hegde, P.Mishra, R.Singh, M.Mendon, D.Chakrabarty, D.V.Kamath, A.Lobo, P.D.Mishra, N.M.Dagia,. 2012. NF-κB dependent anti-inflammatory activity of chlorojanerin isolated from Saussurea heteromalla. Phytomedicine. 19:988–997.10.1016/j.phymed.2012.05.016
56. Y.W.Shin, E.A.Bae, S.S.Kim, Y.C.Lee, D.H.Kim. 2005. Effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K in chronic oxazolone-induced mouse dermatitis. Int Immunopharmacol. 5:1183–1191.10.1016/j.intimp.2005.02.016
57. N.Sultana, Z.S.Saify. 2012. Naturally occurring and synthetic agents as potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulants. Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Allergy Agents Med Chem. 11:3–19.10.2174/187152312803476264
58. T.Tatsuno, M.Jinno, Y.Arima, T.Kawabata, T.Hasegawa, N.Yahagi, F.Takano, T.Ohta. 2012. Anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic proanthocyanidin oligomers from peanut skin. Biol Pharm Bull. 35:909–916.10.1248/bpb.35.909
59. S.Tomassetti, S.Piciucchi, P.Tantalocco, A.Dubini, V.Poletti. 2015. The multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a patient case-based review. Eur Respir Rev. 24:69–77.10.1183/09059180.00011714
60. V.Voiculescu, M.Lupu, L.Papagheorghe, C.Giurcaneanu, E.Micu. 2014. Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome – scientific evidence and therapeutic implications. J Med Life. 7:468–471.
61. L.J.Wang, J.Xiong, S.T.Liu, X.H.Liu, J.F.Hu. 2014. Sesquiterpenoids from chloranthus henryi and their anti-neuroinflammatory activities. Chem Biodiversity. 11:919–928.10.1002/cbdv.v11.6
62. W.Xin, C.Huang, X.Zhang, G.Zhang, X.Ma, L.Sun, C.Wang, D.Zhang, T.Zhang, G.Du. 2013. Evaluation of the new anti-inflammatory compound ethyl salicylate 2-O-β-d-glucoside and its possible mechanism of action. Int Immunopharmacol. 15:303–308.10.1016/j.intimp.2012.11.014
63. J.Xiong, X.H.Liu, V.B.Bui, Z.L.Hong, L.J.Wang, Y.Zhao, H.Fan, G.X.Yang, J.F.Hu. 2014. Phenolic constituents from the leaves of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. Pruniflorum. Fitoterapia. Apr;94 114–119. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2014.02.002. Epub 2014 Feb 15.
64. D.K.Yadav, V.Mudgal, J.Agrawal, A.K.Maurya, D.U.Bawankule, C.S.Chanotiya, F.Khan, S.T.Thul. 2013. Molecular docking and ADME studies of natural compounds of Agarwood oil for topical anti-inflammatory activity. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des. 9:360–370.10.2174/1573409911309030012
65. C.L.Yang, S.C.Chik, J.C.Li, B.K.Cheung, A.S.Lau. 2009. Identification of the bioactive constituent and its mechanisms of action in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of black cohosh and related cimicifuga species on human primary blood macrophages. J Med Chem. 52:6707–6715.10.1021/jm9006164
66. H.J.Yang, H.Youn, K.M.Seong, Y.J.Yun, W.Kim, Y.H.Kim, J.Y.Lee, C.S.Kim, Y.W.Jin, B.Youn. 2011. Psoralidin, a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX, regulates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced pulmonary inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol. 82:524–534.10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.027
67. Y.Ye, F.Chen, H.Sun, X.Li, S.Xu. 2008. Stemucronatoside K, a novel C21 steroidal glycoside from Stephanotis mucronata, inhibited the cellular and humoral immune response in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 8:1231–1238.10.1016/j.intimp.2008.04.014
68. S.H.Yeh, F.R.Chang, Y.C.Wu, Y.L.Yang, S.K.Zhuo, T.L.Hwang. 2005. An anti-inflammatory ent -kaurane from the stems of annona squamosa that inhibits various human neutrophil functions. Planta Med. 71:904–909.10.1055/s-2005-871234
69. K.W.Zeng, S.Wang, X.Dong, Y.Jiang, P.F.Tu. 2014. Sesquiterpene dimer (DSF-52) from Artemisia argyi inhibits microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via suppression of NF-κB, JNK/p38 MAPKs and Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathways. Phytomedicine. 21:298–306.10.1016/j.phymed.2013.08.016
70. K.W.Zeng, Q.Yu, F.J.Song, L.X.Liao, M.B.Zhao, X.Dong, Y.Jiang, P.F.Tu. 2015. Deoxysappanone B, a homoisoflavone from the Chinese medicinal plant Caesalpinia sappan L., protects neurons from microglia-mediated inflammatory injuries via inhibition of IκB kinase (IKK)-NF-κB and p38/ERK MAPK pathways. Eur J Pharmacol. Feb 5;748:18–29. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.12.013. Epub 2014 Dec 18.
71. K.W.Zeng, M.B.Zhao, Z.Z.Ma, Y.Jiang, P.F.Tu. 2012. Protosappanin A inhibits oxidative and nitrative stress via interfering the interaction of transmembrane protein CD14 with Toll-like receptor-4 in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglia. Int Immunopharmacol. 14:558–569.10.1016/j.intimp.2012.09.004
72. Q.Zhang, Z.Chang, J.Yang, Q.Wang. 2008. Antiatherogenic property of triterpenoids-enriched extract from the aerial parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phytother Res. 22:1040–1045.10.1002/ptr.2426
73. L.Zhou, B.Y.Zhou. 2009. Influence of baicalin on TNF-alpha and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in rats infected with Pneumocystis carinii. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 27:144–147.