The role of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and other related diseases: A systematic review of randomized human clinical trials

BioMed Research International

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Saez Lara, Maria Jose ^a   Gomez Llorente, Carolina ^a   Plaza Diaz, Julio ^a   Gil, Angel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROBIOTIC AGENT; SYNBIOTIC AGENT; LACTIC ACID;

BIFIDOBACTERIACEAE; CHOLANGITIS; CROHN DISEASE; HUMAN; ILEITIS; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; LACTIC ACID BACTERIUM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; ANIMAL; BIFIDOBACTERIUM; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; LACTOBACILLALES; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

SCOPUS;

ANIMALS; BIFIDOBACTERIUM; HUMANS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; LACTIC ACID; LACTOBACILLALES; PROBIOTICS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84924546208     PISSN: 23146133     EISSN: 23146141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/505878     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. D. J. Mulder, A. J. Noble, C. J. Justinich, and J. M. Duffin, "A tale of two diseases: The history of inflammatory bowel disease," Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, Vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 341-348, 2014.
2. C. Wijmenga, "Expressing the differences between Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis," PLoS Medicine, Vol. 2, no. 8, article e230, 2005.
3. D. L. Topping and P. M. Clifton, "Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides," Physiological Reviews, Vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 1031-1064, 2001.
4. A. L. Kau, P. P. Ahern, N. W. Griffin, A. L. Goodman, and J. I. Gordon, "Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system," Nature, Vol. 474, no. 7351, pp. 327-336, 2011.
5. M. Bermudez-Brito, J. Plaza-Díaz, S. Muñoz-Quezada, C. Gómez-Llorente, and A. Gil, "Probiotic mechanisms of action," Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, Vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 160-174, 2012.
6. L. Fontana, M. Bermudez-Brito, J. Plaza-Diaz, S. Muñoz-Quezada, and A. Gil, "Sources, isolation, characterisation and evaluation of probiotics," The British Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 109, no. supplement 2, pp. S35-S50, 2013.
7. B. Mattu and A. Chauhan, "Lactic acid bacteria and its use in probiotics," Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegradation, Vol. 4, article e140, p. 8, 2013.
8. P. Tian, B. Xu, and G. An, "A new therapies for intestinal flora imbalance used ampicillin resistant probiotics," Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1300-1312, 2014.
9. E. Mani-López, E. Palou, and A. López-Malo, "Probiotic viability and storage stability of yogurts and fermented milks prepared with several mixtures of lactic acid bacteria," Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 2578-2590, 2014.
10. O. C. Thompson-Chagoyán, J. Maldonado, and A. Gil, "Colonization and impact of disease and other factors on intestinal microbiota," Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 2069-2077, 2007.
11. O. C. Thompson-Chagoyán, J. Maldonado, and A. Gil, "Aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): role of intestinal microbiota and gut-associated lymphoid tissue immune response," Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 339-352, 2005.
12. FAO/WHO, Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2001, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0512e/a0512e00.pdf.
13. D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, D. G. Altman, and PRISMA Group, "Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement," PLoS Medicine, Vol. 6, no. 6, Article ID e1000097, 2009.
14. P. Jantchou, S. Morois, F. Clavel-Chapelon, M.-C. Boutron-Ruault, and F. Carbonnel, "Animal protein intake and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: the E3N prospective study," The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 105, no. 10, pp. 2195-2201, 2010.
15. A. Tragnone, D. Valpiani, F. Miglio et al., "Dietary habits as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease," European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 47-51, 1995.
16. J. K. Hou, B. Abraham, and H. El-Serag, "Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature," The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 563-573, 2011.
17. T. Kanai, K. Matsuoka, M. Naganuma, A. Hayashi, and T. Hisamatsu, "Diet, microbiota, and inflammatory bowel disease: lessons from Japonese foods," The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, Vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 409-415, 2014.
18. C. Zallot, D. Quilliot, J.-B. Chevaux et al., "Dietary beliefs and behavior among inflammatory bowel disease patients," Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 66-72, 2013.
19. C. Hwang, V. Ross, and U. Mahadevan, "Popular exclusionary diets for inflammatory bowel disease: the search for a dietary culprit," Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 732-741, 2014.
20. M. B. Lopes, R. Rocha, A. C. Lyra et al., "Restriction of dairy products; a reality in inflammatory bowel disease patients," Nutricion Hospitalaria, Vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 575-581, 2014.
21. C. E. G. M. Spooren, M. J. Pierik, M. P. Zeegers, E. J. M. Feskens, A. A. M. Masclee, and D. M. A. E. Jonkers, "The association of diet with onset and relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 1172-1187, 2013.
22. C. R. H. Hedin, M. Mullard, E. Sharratt et al., "Probiotic and prebiotic use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study," Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 2099-2108, 2010.
23. E. Miele, F. Pascarella, E. Giannetti, L. Quaglietta, R. N. Baldassano, and A. Staiano, "Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis," The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 437-443, 2009.
24. K. O. Laake, A. Bjørneklett, G. Aamodt et al., "Outcome of four weeks' intervention with probiotics on symptoms and endoscopic appearance after surgical reconstruction with a J-configurated ileal-pouch-anal-anastomosis in ulcerative colitis," Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 43-51, 2005.
25. M. E. Sanders and J. Huis In't Veld, "Bringing a probiotic-containing functional food to the market: microbiological, product, regulatory and labeling issues," Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 76, no. 1-4, pp. 293-315, 1999.
26. A. Saggioro, "Probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome," Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, Vol. 38, no. 6, pp. S104-S106, 2004.
27. M. Mercer, M. A. Brinich, G. Geller et al., "How patients view probiotics: findings from a multicenter study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome," Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, Vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 138-144, 2012.
28. M. Rauch and S. V. Lynch, "The potential for probiotic manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome," Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 192-201, 2012.
29. J. A. Hawrelak and S. P. Myers, "The causes of intestinal dys-biosis: a review," Alternative Medicine Review, Vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 180-197, 2004.
30. R. E. Click, "Successful treatment of asymptomatic or clinically terminal bovine Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratubercu-losis infection (Johne's disease) with the bacterium Dietzia used as a probiotic alone or in combination with dexamethasone: adaption to chronic human diarrheal diseases," Vir ulence, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 131-143, 2011.
31. M. Patricio Retamal, M. Caroll Beltrán, P. Pedro Abalos, P. Rodrigo Quera, and R. Marcela Hermoso, "Possible association between Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection and crohn's disease," Revista Medica de Chile, Vol. 139, no. 6, pp. 794-801, 2011.
32. J. L. Benjamin, C. R. H. Hedin, A. Koutsoumpas et al., "Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fructo-oligosaccharides in active Crohn's disease," Gut, Vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 923-929, 2011.
33. A. A. Nanji and F. G. Denardi, "Primary adult lactose intolerance protects against development of inflammatory bowel disease," Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 1986.
34. A. Saadatzadeh, F. Atyabi, M. R. Fazeli et al., "Biochemical and pathological evidences on the benefit of a new biodegradable nanoparticles of probiotic extract in murine colitis," Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 589-598, 2012.
35. E. Cario, "Toll-like receptors in inflammatory bowel diseases: a decade later," Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 1583-1597, 2010.
36. S. de Kivit, M. C. Tobin, C. B. Forsyth, A. Keshavarzian, and A. L. Landay, "Regulation of intestinal immune responses through TLR activation: implications for pro- and prebiotics," Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 5, p. 60, 2014.
37. L. H. Zeuthen, L. N. Fink, and H. Frøkiær, "Toll-like receptor 2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 play divergent roles in the recognition of gut-derived lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in dendritic cells," Immunology, Vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 489-502, 2008.
38. E. R. Mann and X. Li, "Intestinal antigen-presenting cells in mucosal immune homeostasis: crosstalk between dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells," World Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 20, no. 29, pp. 9653-9664, 2014.
39. M. Bermudez-Brito, S. Muñoz-Quezada, C. Gomez-Llorente et al., "Human intestinal dendritic cells decrease cytokine release against Salmonella infection in the presence of Lactobacillus paracasei upon TLR activation," PLoS ONE, Vol. 7, no. 8, Article ID e43197, 2012.
40. M. Bermudez-Brito, S. Muñoz-Quezada, C. Gomez-Llorente et al., "Cell-free culture supernatant of Bifidobacterium breve CNCM I-4035 decreases pro-inflammatorycytokinesinhuman dendritic cells challenged with Salmonella typhi through TLR activation," PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, no. 3, Article ID e59370, 2013.
41. M. Lorea Baroja, P. V. Kirjavainen, S. Hekmat, and G. Reid, "Anti-inflammatory effects of probiotic yogurt in inflammatory bowel disease patients," Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 470-479, 2007.
42. C. Di Giacinto, M. Marinaro, M. Sanchez, W. Strober, and M. Boirivant, "Probiotics ameliorate recurrent Th1-mediated murine colitis by inducing IL-10 and IL-10-dependent TGF-β-bearing regulatory cells," The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 174, no. 6, pp. 3237-3246, 2005.
43. + Th17 cells with suppressor activity and modulation in inflammatory bowel disease," PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, no. 2, Article ID e87956, 2014.
44. R. B. Sartor, "Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases," Gastroenterology, Vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 577-594, 2008.
45. J. A. Katz, "Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with corticosteroids," Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 171-189, 2004.
46. S. Friedman, "General principles of medical therapy of inflam-matory bowel disease," Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 191-208, 2004.
47. R. De Franchis, P. Omodei, T. Ranzi et al., "Controlled trial of oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for the prevention of early relapse in Crohn's disease," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 845-852, 1997.
48. C. Prantera, F. Pallone, G. Brunetti, M. Cottone, and M. Miglioli, "Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (asacol) in the maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease," Gastroenterology, Vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 363-368, 1992.
49. C. Prantera and M. L. Scribano, "Probiotics and Crohn's disease," Digestive and Liver Disease, Vol. 34, no. 2, pp. S66-S67, 2002.
50. C. Prantera, M. L. Scribano, G. Falasco, A. Andreoli, and C. Luzi, "Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn's disease: a randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG," Gut, Vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 405-409, 2002.
51. M. Schultz, A. Timmer, H. H. Herfarth, R. B. Sartor, J. A. Vanderhoof, and H. C. Rath, "Lactobacillus GG in inducing and maintaining remission of Crohn's disease," BMC Gastroenterology, Vol. 4, article 5, 2004.
52. A. Bousvaros, S. Guandalini, R. N. Baldassano et al., "A randomized, double-blind trial of lactobacillus GG versus placebo in addition to standard maintenance therapy for children with Crohn's disease," inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 833-839, 2005.
53. P. Marteau, M. Lémann, P. Seksik et al., "Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 for prophylaxis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled GETAID trial," Gut, Vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 842-847, 2006.
54. A. van Gossum, O. Dewit, E. Louis et al., "Multicenter random-ized-controlled clinical trial of probiotics (Lactobacillus john-sonii. LA1) on early endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease after ileo-caecal resection," inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 135-142, 2007.
55. S. Fujimori, A. Tatsuguchi, K. Gudis et al., "High dose probiotic and prebiotic cotherapy for remission induction of active Crohn's disease," Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 1199-1204, 2007.
56. I. Chermesh, A. Tamir, R. Reshef et al., "Failure of synbiotic 2000 to prevent postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease," Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 385-389, 2007.
57. H. Steed, G. T. MacFarlane, K. L. Blackett et al., "Clinical trial: the microbiological and immunological effects of synbiotic consumption-a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study in active Crohn's disease," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 872-883, 2010.
58. H. Sokol, B. Pigneur, L. Watterlot et al., "Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium iden-tified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 105, no. 43, pp. 16731-16736, 2008.
59. C. Ramirez-Farias, K. Slezak, Z. Fuller, A. Duncan, G. Holtrop, and P. Louis, "Effect of inulin on the human gut microbiota: stimulation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Faecalibac-terium prausnitzii," The British Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 541-550, 2009.
60. H. Ishikawa, I. Akedo, Y. Umesaki, R. Tanaka, A. Imaoka, and T. Otani, "Randomized controlled trial of the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on ulcerative colitis," Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 56-63, 2003.
61. A. Tursi, G. Brandimarte, A. Papa et al., "Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: a doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled study," The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 105, no. 10, pp. 2218-2227, 2010.
62. K. Kato, S. Mizuno, Y. Umesaki et al., "Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on active ulcerative colitis," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1133-1141, 2004.
63. A.-P. Bai, Q. Ouyang, X.-R. Xiao, and S.-F. Li, "Probiotics modulate inflammatory cytokine secretion from inflamed mucosa in active ulcerative colitis," International Journal of Clinical Practice, Vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 284-288, 2006.
64. S. Wildt, I. Nordgaard, U. Hansen, E. Brockmann, and J. J. Rumessen, "A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis," Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, Vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 115-121, 2011.
65. H.-H. Cui, C.-L. Chen, J.-D. Wang et al., "Effects of probiotic on intestinal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis," World Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1521-1525, 2004.
66. D. Groeger, L. O'Mahony, E. F. Murphy et al., "Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 modulates host inflammatory processes beyond the gut," Gut Microbes, Vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 325-339, 2013.
67. M. A. Zocco, L. Z. dal Verme, F. Cremonini et al., "Eficacy of Lactobacillus GG in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1567-1574, 2006.
68. S. K. Hegazy and M. M. El-Bedewy, "Effect of probiotics on pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κb activation in ulcerative colitis," World Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 16, no. 33, pp. 4145-4151, 2010.
69. S. Oliva, G. di Nardo, F. Ferrari et al., "Randomised clinical trial: the effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri ATC C 5 573 0 rectal enema in children with active distal ulcerative colitis," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 327-334, 2012.
70. R. D'Incà, M. Barollo, M. Scarpa et al., "Rectal administration of Lactobacillus casei DG modifies flora composition and tolllike receptor expression in colonic mucosa of patients with mild ulcerative colitis," Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1178-1187, 2011.
71. E. Furrie, S. Macfarlane, A. Kennedy et al., "Synbiotic therapy (Bifidobacterium longum/Synergy 1) initiates resolution of inflammation in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled pilot trial," Gut, Vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 242-249, 2005.
72. S. Fujimori, K. Gudis, K. Mitsui et al., "A randomized controlled trial on the eficacy of synbiotic versus probiotic or prebiotic treatment to improve the quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis," Nutrition, Vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 520-525, 2009.
73. H. Ishikawa, S. Matsumoto, Y. Ohashi et al., "Beneficial effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium and galacto-oligosaccharide in patients with ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled study," Digestion, Vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 128-133, 2011.
74. A. Venturi, P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello et al., "Impact on the composition of the faecal flora by a new probiotic preparation: preliminary data on maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1103-1108, 1999.
75. A. Tursi, G. Brandimarte, G. M. Giorgetti, G. Forti, M. E. Modeo, and A. Gigliobianco, "Low-dose balsalazide plus a high-potency probiotic preparation is more effective than balsalazide alone or mesalazine in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis," Medical Science Monitor, Vol. 10, no. 11, pp. PI126-PI131, 2004.
76. R. Bibiloni, R. N. Fedorak, G. W. Tannock et al., "VSL#3 probiotic-mixture induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis," American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 1539-1546, 2005.
77. P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello, C. Morselli et al., "High-dose probi-otics for the treatment of active pouchitis," Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, Vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 2075-2082, 2007.
78. T. Kühbacher, S. J. Ott, U. Helwig et al., "Bacterial and fungal microbiota in relation to probiotic therapy (VSL#3) in pouchi-tis," Gut, Vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 833-841, 2006.
79. A. Pronio, C. Montesani, C. Butteroni et al., "Probiotic administration in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcer-ative colitis is associated with expansion of mucosal regulatory cells," inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 662-668, 2008.
80. N. Waugh, E. Cummins, P. Royle et al., "Faecal calprotectin testing for diferentiating amongst inflammatory and non-inflammatory bowel diseases: systematic review and economic evaluation," Health Technology Assessment, Vol. 17, no. 55, pp. 1-211, 2013.
81. K. Whelan and E. M. M. Quigley, "Probiotics in the management of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease," Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, Vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 184-189, 2013.
82. J.-R. Malagelada, "A symptom-based approach to making a positive diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation," International Journal of Clinical Practice, Vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 57-63, 2006.
83. R. Spiller and K. Garsed, "Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome," Gastroenterology, Vol. 136, no. 6, pp. 1979-1988, 2009.
84. Y.-S. Hong, K. S. Hong, M.-H. Park et al., "Metabonomic understanding of probiotic effects in humans with irritable bowel syndrome," Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, Vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 415-425, 2011.
85. L. Dughera, C. Elia, M. Navino et al., "Effects of symbiotic preparations on constipated irritable bowel syndrome symptoms," Acta Biomedica de l'Ateneo Parmense, Vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 111-116, 2007.
86. T. P. Kinney, "Management of ascending cholangitis," Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America, Vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 289-306, 2007.
87. F. P. Vleggaar, J. F. Monkelbaan, and K. J. van Erpecum, "Probiotics in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover pilot study," European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 688-692, 2008.
88. M. Shimizu, H. Iwasaki, S. Mase, and A. Yachie, "Successful treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis with a steroid and a probiotic," Case Reports in Gastroenterology, Vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 249-253, 2012.
89. D. J. Mulder, A. J. Noble, C. J. Justinich, and J. M. Duffin, "A tale of two diseases: The history of inflammatory bowel disease," Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, Vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 341-348, 2014.
90. C. Wijmenga, "Expressing the differences between Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis," PLoS Medicine, Vol. 2, no. 8, article e230, 2005.
91. D. L. Topping and P. M. Clifton, "Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides," Physiological Reviews, Vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 1031-1064, 2001.
92. A. L. Kau, P. P. Ahern, N. W. Griffin, A. L. Goodman, and J. I. Gordon, "Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system," Nature, Vol. 474, no. 7351, pp. 327-336, 2011.
93. M. Bermudez-Brito, J. Plaza-Díaz, S. Muñoz-Quezada, C. Gómez-Llorente, and A. Gil, "Probiotic mechanisms of action," Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, Vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 160-174, 2012.
94. L. Fontana, M. Bermudez-Brito, J. Plaza-Diaz, S. Muñoz-Quezada, and A. Gil, "Sources, isolation, characterisation and evaluation of probiotics," The British Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 109, no. supplement 2, pp. S35-S50, 2013.
95. B. Mattu and A. Chauhan, "Lactic acid bacteria and its use in probiotics," Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegradation, Vol. 4, article e140, p. 8, 2013.
96. P. Tian, B. Xu, and G. An, "A new therapies for intestinal flora imbalance used ampicillin resistant probiotics," Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1300-1312, 2014.
97. E. Mani-López, E. Palou, and A. López-Malo, "Probiotic viability and storage stability of yogurts and fermented milks prepared with several mixtures of lactic acid bacteria," Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 2578-2590, 2014.
98. O. C. Thompson-Chagoyán, J. Maldonado, and A. Gil, "Colonization and impact of disease and other factors on intestinal microbiota," Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 2069-2077, 2007.
99. O. C. Thompson-Chagoyán, J. Maldonado, and A. Gil, "Aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): role of intestinal microbiota and gut-associated lymphoid tissue immune response," Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 339-352, 2005.
100. FAO/WHO, Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2001, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0512e/a0512e00.pdf.
101. D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, D. G. Altman, and PRISMA Group, "Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement," PLoS Medicine, Vol. 6, no. 6, Article ID e1000097, 2009.
102. P. Jantchou, S. Morois, F. Clavel-Chapelon, M.-C. Boutron-Ruault, and F. Carbonnel, "Animal protein intake and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: the E3N prospective study," The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 105, no. 10, pp. 2195-2201, 2010.
103. A. Tragnone, D. Valpiani, F. Miglio et al., "Dietary habits as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease," European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 47-51, 1995.
104. J. K. Hou, B. Abraham, and H. El-Serag, "Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature," The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 563-573, 2011.
105. T. Kanai, K. Matsuoka, M. Naganuma, A. Hayashi, and T. Hisamatsu, "Diet, microbiota, and inflammatory bowel disease: lessons from Japonese foods," The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, Vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 409-415, 2014.
106. C. Zallot, D. Quilliot, J.-B. Chevaux et al., "Dietary beliefs and behavior among inflammatory bowel disease patients," Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 66-72, 2013.
107. C. Hwang, V. Ross, and U. Mahadevan, "Popular exclusionary diets for inflammatory bowel disease: the search for a dietary culprit," Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 732-741, 2014.
108. M. B. Lopes, R. Rocha, A. C. Lyra et al., "Restriction of dairy products; a reality in inflammatory bowel disease patients," Nutricion Hospitalaria, Vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 575-581, 2014.
109. C. E. G. M. Spooren, M. J. Pierik, M. P. Zeegers, E. J. M. Feskens, A. A. M. Masclee, and D. M. A. E. Jonkers, "The association of diet with onset and relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 1172-1187, 2013.
110. C. R. H. Hedin, M. Mullard, E. Sharratt et al., "Probiotic and prebiotic use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study," Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 2099-2108, 2010.
111. E. Miele, F. Pascarella, E. Giannetti, L. Quaglietta, R. N. Baldassano, and A. Staiano, "Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis," The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 437-443, 2009.
112. K. O. Laake, A. Bjørneklett, G. Aamodt et al., "Outcome of four weeks' intervention with probiotics on symptoms and endoscopic appearance after surgical reconstruction with a J-configurated ileal-pouch-anal-anastomosis in ulcerative colitis," Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 43-51, 2005.
113. M. E. Sanders and J. Huis In't Veld, "Bringing a probiotic-containing functional food to the market: microbiological, product, regulatory and labeling issues," Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 76, no. 1-4, pp. 293-315, 1999.
114. A. Saggioro, "Probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome," Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, Vol. 38, no. 6, pp. S104-S106, 2004.
115. M. Mercer, M. A. Brinich, G. Geller et al., "How patients view probiotics: findings from a multicenter study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome," Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, Vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 138-144, 2012.
116. M. Rauch and S. V. Lynch, "The potential for probiotic manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome," Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 192-201, 2012.
117. J. A. Hawrelak and S. P. Myers, "The causes of intestinal dys-biosis: a review," Alternative Medicine Review, Vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 180-197, 2004.
118. R. E. Click, "Successful treatment of asymptomatic or clinically terminal bovine Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratubercu-losis infection (Johne's disease) with the bacterium Dietzia used as a probiotic alone or in combination with dexamethasone: adaption to chronic human diarrheal diseases," Vir ulence, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 131-143, 2011.
119. M. Patricio Retamal, M. Caroll Beltrán, P. Pedro Abalos, P. Rodrigo Quera, and R. Marcela Hermoso, "Possible association between Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection and crohn's disease," Revista Medica de Chile, Vol. 139, no. 6, pp. 794-801, 2011.
120. J. L. Benjamin, C. R. H. Hedin, A. Koutsoumpas et al., "Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fructo-oligosaccharides in active Crohn's disease," Gut, Vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 923-929, 2011.
121. A. A. Nanji and F. G. Denardi, "Primary adult lactose intolerance protects against development of inflammatory bowel disease," Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 1986.
122. A. Saadatzadeh, F. Atyabi, M. R. Fazeli et al., "Biochemical and pathological evidences on the benefit of a new biodegradable nanoparticles of probiotic extract in murine colitis," Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 589-598, 2012.
123. E. Cario, "Toll-like receptors in inflammatory bowel diseases: a decade later," Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 1583-1597, 2010.
124. S. de Kivit, M. C. Tobin, C. B. Forsyth, A. Keshavarzian, and A. L. Landay, "Regulation of intestinal immune responses through TLR activation: implications for pro- and prebiotics," Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 5, p. 60, 2014.
125. L. H. Zeuthen, L. N. Fink, and H. Frøkiær, "Toll-like receptor 2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 play divergent roles in the recognition of gut-derived lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in dendritic cells," Immunology, Vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 489-502, 2008.
126. E. R. Mann and X. Li, "Intestinal antigen-presenting cells in mucosal immune homeostasis: crosstalk between dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells," World Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 20, no. 29, pp. 9653-9664, 2014.
127. M. Bermudez-Brito, S. Muñoz-Quezada, C. Gomez-Llorente et al., "Human intestinal dendritic cells decrease cytokine release against Salmonella infection in the presence of Lactobacillus paracasei upon TLR activation," PLoS ONE, Vol. 7, no. 8, Article ID e43197, 2012.
128. M. Bermudez-Brito, S. Muñoz-Quezada, C. Gomez-Llorente et al., "Cell-free culture supernatant of Bifidobacterium breve CNCM I-4035 decreases pro-inflammatorycytokinesinhuman dendritic cells challenged with Salmonella typhi through TLR activation," PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, no. 3, Article ID e59370, 2013.
129. M. Lorea Baroja, P. V. Kirjavainen, S. Hekmat, and G. Reid, "Anti-inflammatory effects of probiotic yogurt in inflammatory bowel disease patients," Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 470-479, 2007.
130. C. Di Giacinto, M. Marinaro, M. Sanchez, W. Strober, and M. Boirivant, "Probiotics ameliorate recurrent Th1-mediated murine colitis by inducing IL-10 and IL-10-dependent TGF-β-bearing regulatory cells," The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 174, no. 6, pp. 3237-3246, 2005.
131. + Th17 cells with suppressor activity and modulation in inflammatory bowel disease," PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, no. 2, Article ID e87956, 2014.
132. R. B. Sartor, "Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases," Gastroenterology, Vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 577-594, 2008.
133. J. A. Katz, "Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with corticosteroids," Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 171-189, 2004.
134. S. Friedman, "General principles of medical therapy of inflam-matory bowel disease," Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 191-208, 2004.
135. R. De Franchis, P. Omodei, T. Ranzi et al., "Controlled trial of oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for the prevention of early relapse in Crohn's disease," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 845-852, 1997.
136. C. Prantera, F. Pallone, G. Brunetti, M. Cottone, and M. Miglioli, "Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (asacol) in the maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease," Gastroenterology, Vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 363-368, 1992.
137. C. Prantera and M. L. Scribano, "Probiotics and Crohn's disease," Digestive and Liver Disease, Vol. 34, no. 2, pp. S66-S67, 2002.
138. C. Prantera, M. L. Scribano, G. Falasco, A. Andreoli, and C. Luzi, "Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn's disease: a randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG," Gut, Vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 405-409, 2002.
139. M. Schultz, A. Timmer, H. H. Herfarth, R. B. Sartor, J. A. Vanderhoof, and H. C. Rath, "Lactobacillus GG in inducing and maintaining remission of Crohn's disease," BMC Gastroenterology, Vol. 4, article 5, 2004.
140. A. Bousvaros, S. Guandalini, R. N. Baldassano et al., "A randomized, double-blind trial of lactobacillus GG versus placebo in addition to standard maintenance therapy for children with Crohn's disease," inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 833-839, 2005.
141. P. Marteau, M. Lémann, P. Seksik et al., "Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 for prophylaxis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled GETAID trial," Gut, Vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 842-847, 2006.
142. A. van Gossum, O. Dewit, E. Louis et al., "Multicenter random-ized-controlled clinical trial of probiotics (Lactobacillus john-sonii. LA1) on early endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease after ileo-caecal resection," inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 135-142, 2007.
143. S. Fujimori, A. Tatsuguchi, K. Gudis et al., "High dose probiotic and prebiotic cotherapy for remission induction of active Crohn's disease," Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 1199-1204, 2007.
144. I. Chermesh, A. Tamir, R. Reshef et al., "Failure of synbiotic 2000 to prevent postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease," Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 385-389, 2007.
145. H. Steed, G. T. MacFarlane, K. L. Blackett et al., "Clinical trial: the microbiological and immunological effects of synbiotic consumption-a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study in active Crohn's disease," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 872-883, 2010.
146. H. Sokol, B. Pigneur, L. Watterlot et al., "Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium iden-tified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 105, no. 43, pp. 16731-16736, 2008.
147. C. Ramirez-Farias, K. Slezak, Z. Fuller, A. Duncan, G. Holtrop, and P. Louis, "Effect of inulin on the human gut microbiota: stimulation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Faecalibac-terium prausnitzii," The British Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 541-550, 2009.
148. H. Ishikawa, I. Akedo, Y. Umesaki, R. Tanaka, A. Imaoka, and T. Otani, "Randomized controlled trial of the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on ulcerative colitis," Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 56-63, 2003.
149. A. Tursi, G. Brandimarte, A. Papa et al., "Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: a doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled study," The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 105, no. 10, pp. 2218-2227, 2010.
150. K. Kato, S. Mizuno, Y. Umesaki et al., "Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on active ulcerative colitis," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1133-1141, 2004.
151. A.-P. Bai, Q. Ouyang, X.-R. Xiao, and S.-F. Li, "Probiotics modulate inflammatory cytokine secretion from inflamed mucosa in active ulcerative colitis," International Journal of Clinical Practice, Vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 284-288, 2006.
152. S. Wildt, I. Nordgaard, U. Hansen, E. Brockmann, and J. J. Rumessen, "A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis," Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, Vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 115-121, 2011.
153. H.-H. Cui, C.-L. Chen, J.-D. Wang et al., "Effects of probiotic on intestinal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis," World Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1521-1525, 2004.
154. D. Groeger, L. O'Mahony, E. F. Murphy et al., "Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 modulates host inflammatory processes beyond the gut," Gut Microbes, Vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 325-339, 2013.
155. M. A. Zocco, L. Z. dal Verme, F. Cremonini et al., "Eficacy of Lactobacillus GG in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1567-1574, 2006.
156. S. K. Hegazy and M. M. El-Bedewy, "Effect of probiotics on pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κb activation in ulcerative colitis," World Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 16, no. 33, pp. 4145-4151, 2010.
157. S. Oliva, G. di Nardo, F. Ferrari et al., "Randomised clinical trial: the effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri ATC C 5 573 0 rectal enema in children with active distal ulcerative colitis," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 327-334, 2012.
158. R. D'Incà, M. Barollo, M. Scarpa et al., "Rectal administration of Lactobacillus casei DG modifies flora composition and tolllike receptor expression in colonic mucosa of patients with mild ulcerative colitis," Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1178-1187, 2011.
159. E. Furrie, S. Macfarlane, A. Kennedy et al., "Synbiotic therapy (Bifidobacterium longum/Synergy 1) initiates resolution of inflammation in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled pilot trial," Gut, Vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 242-249, 2005.
160. S. Fujimori, K. Gudis, K. Mitsui et al., "A randomized controlled trial on the eficacy of synbiotic versus probiotic or prebiotic treatment to improve the quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis," Nutrition, Vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 520-525, 2009.
161. H. Ishikawa, S. Matsumoto, Y. Ohashi et al., "Beneficial effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium and galacto-oligosaccharide in patients with ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled study," Digestion, Vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 128-133, 2011.
162. A. Venturi, P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello et al., "Impact on the composition of the faecal flora by a new probiotic preparation: preliminary data on maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1103-1108, 1999.
163. A. Tursi, G. Brandimarte, G. M. Giorgetti, G. Forti, M. E. Modeo, and A. Gigliobianco, "Low-dose balsalazide plus a high-potency probiotic preparation is more effective than balsalazide alone or mesalazine in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis," Medical Science Monitor, Vol. 10, no. 11, pp. PI126-PI131, 2004.
164. R. Bibiloni, R. N. Fedorak, G. W. Tannock et al., "VSL#3 probiotic-mixture induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis," American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 1539-1546, 2005.
165. P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello, C. Morselli et al., "High-dose probi-otics for the treatment of active pouchitis," Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, Vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 2075-2082, 2007.
166. T. Kühbacher, S. J. Ott, U. Helwig et al., "Bacterial and fungal microbiota in relation to probiotic therapy (VSL#3) in pouchi-tis," Gut, Vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 833-841, 2006.
167. A. Pronio, C. Montesani, C. Butteroni et al., "Probiotic administration in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcer-ative colitis is associated with expansion of mucosal regulatory cells," inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 662-668, 2008.
168. N. Waugh, E. Cummins, P. Royle et al., "Faecal calprotectin testing for diferentiating amongst inflammatory and non-inflammatory bowel diseases: systematic review and economic evaluation," Health Technology Assessment, Vol. 17, no. 55, pp. 1-211, 2013.
169. K. Whelan and E. M. M. Quigley, "Probiotics in the management of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease," Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, Vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 184-189, 2013.
170. J.-R. Malagelada, "A symptom-based approach to making a positive diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation," International Journal of Clinical Practice, Vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 57-63, 2006.
171. R. Spiller and K. Garsed, "Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome," Gastroenterology, Vol. 136, no. 6, pp. 1979-1988, 2009.
172. Y.-S. Hong, K. S. Hong, M.-H. Park et al., "Metabonomic understanding of probiotic effects in humans with irritable bowel syndrome," Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, Vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 415-425, 2011.
173. L. Dughera, C. Elia, M. Navino et al., "Effects of symbiotic preparations on constipated irritable bowel syndrome symptoms," Acta Biomedica de l'Ateneo Parmense, Vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 111-116, 2007.
174. T. P. Kinney, "Management of ascending cholangitis," Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America, Vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 289-306, 2007.
175. F. P. Vleggaar, J. F. Monkelbaan, and K. J. van Erpecum, "Probiotics in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover pilot study," European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 688-692, 2008.
176. M. Shimizu, H. Iwasaki, S. Mase, and A. Yachie, "Successful treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis with a steroid and a probiotic," Case Reports in Gastroenterology, Vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 249-253, 2012.